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OBJECTIVE: n-3 fatty acid consumption during pregnancy is recommended for optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. We examined characteristics associated with self-reported fish or n-3 supplement intake. DESIGN: Pooled pregnancy cohort studies. SETTING: Cohorts participating in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium with births from 1999 to 2020. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10 800 pregnant women in twenty-three cohorts with food frequency data on fish consumption; 12 646 from thirty-five cohorts with information on supplement use. RESULTS: Overall, 24·6 % reported consuming fish never or less than once per month, 40·1 % less than once a week, 22·1 % 1-2 times per week and 13·2 % more than twice per week. The relative risk (RR) of ever (v. never) consuming fish was higher in participants who were older (1·14, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·18 for 35-40 v.

Simple Summary: In this study, we aimed to understand how different levels of fatty acids in the starter feed affect the growth and health of milk-fed calves. We divided 30 female calves into three groups and fed them starter feeds supplemented with different fatty acids: palm fatty acids (PO), a mix of palm fatty acids and fish oil (PFO), and fish oil (FO). We found that calves receiving FO had slightly greater body weight over the whole period compared to those receiving PFO or PO. However, overall growth rates and intake of feed remained similar across all groups. Additionally, parameters like body size, rumen fermentation, blood composition, and behavioral patterns were not affected by the type of fatty acids in their diet. Our study suggests that altering the ratio of different unsaturated fatty acids in starter feed may not have a substantial impact on the growth and metabolic performance of young calves under normal conditions. These findings contribute to our understanding of calf nutrition and may guide future strategies for optimizing their health and growth during the critical pre-weaning period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the incremental levels of n-3 fatty acids (FA) in starter feed (SF) on growth and metabolic performance of milk-fed calves. From day 3 of age, 30 female calves (39.4 ± 3.1 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: (1) SF supplemented with 3.3% palm fatty acids (PO), (2) SF supplemented with 1.7% of PO and 1.9% fish oil (PFO), or (3) SF supplemented with 3.9% fish oil (FO). Chopped straw (7.5% of DM) was included in the SF of all treatments as total mixed ration (TMR). Diets had similar energy and protein contents. Total n-3 FA (% of total FA) and n-6/n-3 of PO, PFO, and FO were 1.90, 6.80, and 11.8 and 15.5, 4.50, and 2.70, respectively. The BW was greater for calves receiving FO (60.2 ± 0.3 kg) compared with PFO (58.7 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.007) and tended to be greater for calves receiving FO vs. PO (59.0 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.050). Because there was no interaction effect between diet × week of experiment, the greater BW of FO could not be attributed to the dietary treatment. Accordingly, average daily gain, total dry matter intake (DMI), starter DMI, and gain to intake ratio (G:FI) did not differ among dietary treatments during the entire period of the study (p > 0.05). Dietary treatments did not impact body size parameters such as body length, body girth, withers height, heart girth, hip height, and width (p > 0.05). Neither ruminal fermentation parameters nor blood variables were influenced by supplementing the types of oil at different time points. Calves' behavioral parameters, such as standing, lying, eating, and ruminating, were not influenced by different dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The number of days with abnormal fecal score was not different among dietary groups (p > 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that changing the n-6/n-3 ratio in starter feed by incremental replacement of palm fatty acid with fish oil at a moderate supplemental level of ~3% of DM may not affect the growth and metabolic performance of young calves under non-challenged conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: n-3 fatty acid consumption during pregnancy is recommended for optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. We examined characteristics associated with self-reported fish or n-3 supplement intake. Design: Pooled pregnancy cohort studies. Setting: Cohorts participating in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium with births from 1999 to 2020. Participants: A total of 10 800 pregnant women in twenty-three cohorts with food frequency data on fish consumption; 12 646 from thirty-five cohorts with information on supplement use. Results: Overall, 24·6 % reported consuming fish never or less than once per month, 40·1 % less than once a week, 22·1 % 1–2 times per week and 13·2 % more than twice per week. The relative risk (RR) of ever (v. never) consuming fish was higher in participants who were older (1·14, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·18 for 35–40 v.

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation with microalgae (Schizochytrium sp.) on the nutritional characteristics of milk and Camembert cheese from dairy goats. The yield and composition of milk and cheese and the sensory quality of cheese were not affected by the supplementation. As the level of supplementation increased, the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid and total n‐3 fatty acids increased, whereas the ratio of n‐6/n‐3 and total saturated fatty acids decreased in the milk and cheese. In conclusion, supplemented goats, especially goats that received 35 g/head/day produced milk and cheese with better fatty acid composition for human consumption, without affecting the production and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the incremental levels of n-3 fatty acids (FA) in starter feed (SF) on growth and metabolic performance of milk-fed calves. From day 3 of age, 30 female calves (39.4 ± 3.1 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: (1) SF supplemented with 3.3% palm fatty acids (PO), (2) SF supplemented with 1.7% of PO and 1.9% fish oil (PFO), or (3) SF supplemented with 3.9% fish oil (FO). Chopped straw (7.5% of DM) was included in the SF of all treatments as total mixed ration (TMR). Diets had similar energy and protein contents. Total n-3 FA (% of total FA) and n-6/n-3 of PO, PFO, and FO were 1.90, 6.80, and 11.8 and 15.5, 4.50, and 2.70, respectively. The BW was greater for calves receiving FO (60.2 ± 0.3 kg) compared with PFO (58.7 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.007) and tended to be greater for calves receiving FO vs. PO (59.0 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.050). Because there was no interaction effect between diet × week of experiment, the greater BW of FO could not be attributed to the dietary treatment. Accordingly, average daily gain, total dry matter intake (DMI), starter DMI, and gain to intake ratio (G:FI) did not differ among dietary treatments during the entire period of the study (p > 0.05). Dietary treatments did not impact body size parameters such as body length, body girth, withers height, heart girth, hip height, and width (p > 0.05). Neither ruminal fermentation parameters nor blood variables were influenced by supplementing the types of oil at different time points. Calves’ behavioral parameters, such as standing, lying, eating, and ruminating, were not influenced by different dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The number of days with abnormal fecal score was not different among dietary groups (p > 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that changing the n-6/n-3 ratio in starter feed by incremental replacement of palm fatty acid with fish oil at a moderate supplemental level of ~3% of DM may not affect the growth and metabolic performance of young calves under non-challenged conditions.

Estrogen deficiency increases the secretion of inflammatory mediators and can lead to obesity. Consequently, estrogen deficiency can cause metabolic syndrome, particularly insulin resistance during menopause. Both fish oil and perilla oil contain n-3 fatty acids, which may regulate several inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, adjusting the dietary n-3:n-6 fatty-acid ratio to 1:2 may help treat or prevent chronic diseases. Therefore, we investigated the effect of anti-inflammatory and insulin-signaling pathways, not solely in relation to the (n-3:n-6 fatty-acid ratio at 1:2), but also considering the origin of n-3 fatty acids found in fish oil and perilla oil, in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy and obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Female C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups: sham mice on a normal diet; ovariectomized (OVX) mice on a normal diet (OC); OVX mice on a HFD plus lard oil (OL), fish oil (OF), or perilla oil (OP). The dietary n-3:n-6 ratio in the OF and OP groups was adjusted to 1:2. The results showed OF group exhibited significantly lower abdominal adipose tissue weight, fewer liver lipid droplets, and smaller uterine adipocytes, compared with the OL group. Compared with the OL group, the OF and OP groups exhibited higher oral glucose tolerance and lower serum alanine aminotransferase activity, triacylglycerol levels, and total cholesterol levels. Hepatic JAK2, STAT3, and SOCS3 mRNA expression and p–NF–κB p65 and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the OF and OP groups than in the OL group. Only the OF group exhibited an increase in PI3K and Akt mRNA expression, decrease in GLUT2 mRNA expression, and considerable elevation of p-Akt. Both fish and perilla oil reduced inflammatory signaling markers. However, only fish oil improved insulin signaling (PI3K, Akt, and GLUT2). Our data suggest that fish oil can alleviate insulin signaling through activating the PI3K-Akt-GLUT2 cascade signaling pathway.

ABSTRACT: Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) and can be used to enrich chicken tissues with n-3 fatty acids (FA). However, antinutritional factors in flaxseed compromise the live performance of birds coupled with increased oxidative stress. Chromium (Cr) is a trace element with antioxidant properties. It is hypothesized that Cr supplementation will affect the hepatic total lipid profile, phospholipid n-3 and n-6 FA molecular species, lipid oxidation products, and transcription of genes associated with lipid metabolism in broiler chickens fed flaxseed. Ninety (n = 90), day-old Cornish cross chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0% flaxseed (CTR), 10% flaxseed (FLAX), and FLAX + 0.05% organic Cr (FLAXCr) for 42 d. The chicks were kept in 18 pens with 5 chicks per pen. For all response variables, the effect of dietary treatments were compared separately using SAS 9.4. P values were considered significant at ≤0.05. Total lipids, saturated FA, long-chain (≥20C) n-6 FA were reduced while total n-3 FA and long-chain n-3 FA were higher in the liver of FLAX and FLAXCr than CTR (P < 0.05). Hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethnolamine (PE) n-3 species (36:5, 38:6) were higher in FLAX and FLAXCr compared to CTR (P < 0.05). On the contrary, n-6 species in PC (36:4, 38:4) and PE (38:4) were lower in FLAX and FLAXCr compared to CTR (P < 0.05). Addition of Cr to a flaxseed-containing diet led to an increase in PE 36:4 (P < 0.05). A decrease in the transcription of ELOVL6 gene involved in de novo lipid synthesis was observed in FLAXCr (P = 0.01). An increase in the transcription of genes involved in FA oxidation (ACAA2, ACOX1) was observed in FLAX compared to FLAXCr (P = 0. 05; P = 0.02). A trend for a decrease in the transcription of FADS2 and HMGCS1 was observed in FLAXCr than CTR and FLAX (P = 0.06; 0.08). Transcription of other genes involved in de novo lipid synthesis (FASN, PPARA), FA oxidation (CPT1A, CPT2, ACAA1), and oxidative stress response (GPX1, NQO11, GSTA2, SLC40A1, NFE2L2) were not affected by the diets (P > 0.05). Lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver was reduced in FLAXCr than CTR (P < 0.05) and was not different from FLAX (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol and aspartic aminotransferase were reduced in FLAX and FLAXCr compared to CTR (P < 0.05). The serum glucose level was decreased in FLAX compared to CTR (P < 0.05) and a trend in decrease was noticed in FLAXCr vs. CTR (P = 0.10). Serum TBARS were higher in CTR and FLAXCr compared to FLAX (P < 0.05). In conclusion, flaxseed supplementation enhances total and long-chain n-3 FA while reducing total lipids, saturated, and n-6 FA in the liver. Supplementing Cr along with flaxseed increased n-6 FA species in the hepatic PE and decreased the transcription of genes involved in FA oxidation and lipid synthesis.

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate whether consumption of sturgeon fillets reduces the oxidative stress marker urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) in top‐ranked Japanese female long‐distance runners. Methods: In a before‐and‐after study, nine professional long‐distance female athletes ate 100 g/day of sturgeon fillets for 2 weeks. Urinalysis (8OHdG, an oxidative stress marker, and creatinine), blood tests (fatty acids and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD]), exercise intensity, subjective fatigue, muscle elasticity, muscle mass, body fat mass, and nutritional intake using image‐based dietary assessment (IBDA) were compared before, immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention. Results: Consumption of sturgeon fillets suppressed 8OHdG (p < 0.05) in the increased exercise intensity female athletes. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 25OHD levels in blood increased from before to immediately after and 1 month after the intervention (p < 0.05). IBDA showed that intake of n‐3 fatty acid increased after and one month after the intervention, whereas DHA, imidazole dipeptide and vitamin D intake increased after the intervention (p < 0.05) and then decreased after 1 month (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in subjective fatigue, muscle elasticity, muscle mass, and body fat. Conclusions: The results suggest that eating sturgeon fillets during intense training may increase blood levels of EPA, DHA, and 25OHD, which may suppress urinary oxidative stress (8OHdG) in top‐ranked Japanese long‐distance runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of tannins addition to hen diets on the performance and egg quality characterised by the physical characteristics, vitamin content and fatty acid composition of egg yolks. Two hundred and forty 18-week-old Lohmann Brown hens were assigned to three dietary treatments according to the supplementation of chestnut wood tannin (Castanea sativa Mill.; 0, 1 and 10 g/kg) to the diet. The fat source in the diets was rapeseed oil and extruded flaxseed that ensured higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in the feed. No effect of tannin addition on the performance characteristics of hens was observed. Both tannin addition treatments (1 and 10 g/kg) significantly increased the shell breaking strength (p = .050), shell thickness (p = .001), shell index (p = .006) and shell percentage (p = .002). The higher level of tannins (10 g/kg) in feed increased the deposition of α-tocopherol (p

Simple Summary: In the current study we evaluated two fatty acid sources (soybean oil contained n-6 FA vs. linseed oil contained n-3 FA) along with two different starter protein contents (18 vs. 22% CP). Our findings show that different FAs can impact nitrogen utilization efficiency. Moreover, the immune system of calves is influenced by the interaction of FAs and starter protein content. This is the first report on the interaction effect of FAs and nitrogen content of starters in dairy calves, which can be interesting for both farmers and researchers in order to have optimized starter formulation in terms of the fatty acid source and starter protein contents in an accelerated growth program for calves in commercial dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of fatty acid (FA) source [calcium salt of soybean oil (n-6 FA) vs. calcium salt of linseed oil (n-3 FA) both 3% DM basis] with protein content (18% vs. 22% CP, based on DM) on growth performance, blood metabolites, immune function, skeletal growth indices, urinary purine derivatives (PD), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in young dairy calves. Forty 3-day-old calves (20 females and 20 males) with a starting body weight (BW) of 40.2 kg were assigned in a completely randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets were: (1) n-6 FA with 18% CP (n-6-18CP), (2) n-6 FA with 22% CP (n-6-22CP), (3) n-3 FA with 18% CP (n-3-18CP), and (4) n-3 FA with 22% CP (n-3-22CP). Starter feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) were not influenced by experimental diets (p > 0.05). However, before weaning and the entire period, feed efficiency (FE) was greater in calves fed n-3 FA compared to n-6 FA (p < 0.05). Heart girth (weaning, p < 0.05) and hip height (weaning, p < 0.05 and final, p < 0.01) were highest among experimental treatments in calves who received n-3-22CP diets. The greatest blood glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.01) concentrations in the pre-weaning period and the lowest serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (before weaning, p < 0.05) were observed in calves fed the n-3-22CP diet. However, the greatest blood urea N (before weaning, p < 0.05; after weaning, p < 0.05) and urinary N excretion (p < 0.05) were found in calves fed n-6-22CP diets compared to other experimental arrangements. In conclusion, offering calves with Ca-salt of n-3 FA along with 22% CP content may be related to improved nitrogen efficiency and immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deposition in lambs' muscles could be influenced by their mothers' diet. The aim was to study the profile of fatty acids in the muscle of lambs from ewes supplemented with different sources of PUFA to achieve a healthier meat for the consumer. On day 100 of gestation, pregnant ewes grazed on natural grass were divided into three groups (n = 20) and supplemented with PUFA: Group A: 700 g of a ration rich in PUFA, Group B: 700 g of a ration for sheep + 20 mL of fish oil and Group C: 700 g of the same ration. After parturition, each group was subdivided: ten ewes continued with the same diet until the end of lactation; the other ten were fed only natural grass. The values of n-3 and n-6 PUFA and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were analyzed in Longissimus lumborum muscles of lambs at 90 and 120 days of life. The feeding of ewes during lactation favorably influenced the lipid profile of the lamb muscle, increasing the concentration of n-3 and n-6 PUFA, ALA, LA, AA, DHA and EPA. The supplementation of ewes with fish oil and/or a ration rich in PUFA improved the LA/ALA ratio in lambs' meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MND‐2119 is a self‐emulsifying formulation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA‐E) designed to be administered once daily due to improved absorption compared with the nonself‐emulsifying formulation. In these studies, MND‐2119 was administered to healthy adult males in single or multiple doses. In the single administration study, MND‐2119 (0.5–4 g) was administered under fed and fasted conditions to evaluate MND‐2119 pharmacokinetics and safety under these conditions. This study showed that Cmax and AUC0‐72h of plasma EPA concentration after single administration were higher under fed conditions than under fasted conditions, for all doses. In the multiple administration study, subjects received either MND‐2119 (0.5–4 g) immediately after breakfast or EPA‐E (0.9 g) immediately after breakfast and dinner for 11 days to compare pharmacokinetics and safety of MND‐2119 to EPA‐E. In this study, the rate of rise in Cmin of the plasma EPA concentration with MND‐2119 decreased from days 6 to 8 after administration and was thought to have reached a steady state on day 11. The mean Css,max of MND‐2119 administered as 1 g once daily, and the mean Css,min and the mean AUCss,0‐24h of MND‐2119 administered as 2 g once daily were higher than those of EPA‐E administered as 0.9 g twice daily. No safety‐related issues occurred in either study. These results suggest that MND‐2119 administered once daily may achieve equivalent or higher plasma EPA concentrations compared to the nonself‐emulsifying formulation administered twice daily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Precisely assessed intake and circulating fatty acid levels were compared. • Participants had similar genetic backgrounds but varying fish intakes. • Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids showed a high correlation and a linear association. • Biosource is promising for the assessment of marine-derived n-3 fatty acids intake. Accurate assessment of fat intake is essential to examine relationships between diet and disease risk. However, estimating individual intakes of fat quantity by dietary assessment is difficult. We assessed the association of plasma phospholipid fatty acid levels with dietary intake of fatty acids in the INTERMAP/INTERLIPID study, conducted with a standardized protocol. The study participants were 1339 men and women ages 40–59 years from five Japanese populations one from Hawaii; four from Japan. Fatty acid intake was estimated from four standardized 24-hour dietary recalls. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. We illustrated the relationship between intake and circulating fatty acid levels using Spearman's rank-correlation coefficients, mean, and median values. Spearman's rank-correlation coefficients between intake (g/d) and circulating fatty acid levels (µg/ml) were -0.03 to 0.21 for saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids and -0.04 to 0.32 for trans fatty acids. The coefficients for essential n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were moderate to high, especially for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 0.60; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 0.41; and EPA+DHA, 0.51. The circulating levels and intake of marine-derived n-3 fatty acids showed a linear association, at least for the intake of EPA+DHA up to 2.1 g/d. We observed high correlation between intake and circulating levels of marine-derived n-3 fatty acids in participants from Japanese and Japanese-American populations with high and low fish intake. Plasma phospholipid marine-derived n-3 fatty acid measurements are a simple and reliable biomarker for assessing dietary intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of tannins addition to hen diets on the performance and egg quality characterised by the physical characteristics, vitamin content and fatty acid composition of egg yolks. Two hundred and forty 18-week-old Lohmann Brown hens were assigned to three dietary treatments according to the supplementation of chestnut wood tannin (Castanea sativa Mill.; 0, 1 and 10 g/kg) to the diet. The fat source in the diets was rapeseed oil and extruded flaxseed that ensured higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in the feed. No effect of tannin addition on the performance characteristics of hens was observed. Both tannin addition treatments (1 and 10 g/kg) significantly increased the shell breaking strength (p =.050), shell thickness (p =.001), shell index (p =.006) and shell percentage (p =.002). The higher level of tannins (10 g/kg) in feed increased the deposition of α-tocopherol (p <.001), γ-tocopherol (p =.005) and retinol (p <.001) in the yolk. The cholesterol content and n-6/n-3 ratio in the yolk were not influenced by the level of tannins in the diet. A negative effect of tannins was detected in the fatty acid indexes. In conclusion, the inclusion of chestnut wood tannins in the hen diet rich in PUFAs improved eggshell quality, and higher dose of tannin (10 g/kg) increased the deposition of fat-soluble vitamins in the yolk without negatively affecting young hen performance. The tannins increased the eggshell quality and fat-soluble vitamins content in yolks. A dose of 1 g/kg chestnut wood tannins increased the eggshell quality. The increase in fat-soluble vitamins (α- and γ-tocopherol and retinol) content occurred after the addition of 10 g/kg chestnut wood tannins. The dietary tannins changed the levels of myristic, margaric, palmitoleic and eicosenoic fatty acids. Chestnut wood tannins did not affect the performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The effects of dietary fat on health are influenced by its fatty acid profile. We aimed to determine the effects of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)‐rich blended oils (BO) containing a balance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and with a low n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio on the health of rats fed normal or high‐fat diets. The BO was obtained by mixing red palm oil, rice bran oil (RO), tea seed oil and flaxseed oil in appropriate proportions. RESULTS: BO consumption reduced the serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA), insulin (INS), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid peroxide (LPO) and oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) concentrations and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR); it increased the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, and the bone mineral density (BMD) versus control oil‐containing normal and high‐fat diets. BO also reduced the triglyceride (TG), hs‐CRP, MDA, ox‐LDL and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations; and increased the serum HDL‐C and SOD, and BMD versus RO‐containing high‐fat diets. Finally, BO reduced the glucose (GLU) and INS, and HOMA‐IR; it increased HDL‐C, SOD, femoral weight and BMD versus RO‐containing normal diets. CONCLUSION: BOs with an appropriate fatty acid profile have beneficial effects on the glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and bone quality of rats when included in both normal and high‐fat diets. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Supplemental n-3 fatty acids (FA) may support better immune responses than n-6 and n-9 FA in dairy calves. The objective was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA, supplemented as a fish oil product (FO) in the milk replacer (MR), in comparison to n-6 and n-9 FA, supplemented as canola oil (CO), on body weight (BW), daily gain, and immunological parameters of preweaning Holstein calves. The study was conducted from September to December 2019. Calves were randomly allocated to a control group (n = 15; BW = 36.2 ± 1.5 kg; mean ± SEM) supplemented daily with 30 mL of CO and to an experimental group (n = 15; BW = 36.3 ± 1.5 kg) supplemented with 60 g of a product containing 30 g of FO. Both treatments were added to the MR during the morning feeding. All calves were fed 4 L of MR at 12.5% solids at 0700 and 1600 h for wk 1, 6 L from wk 2 to 7, and 3 L once daily (0700 h) during wk 8 until weaning (56 d). Blood samples were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 d of age for serum haptoglobin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and protectin. Dry matter intake was recorded in all experimental calves daily. Seroneutralization titers to vaccination against viral diseases (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza 3, bovine viral diarrhea, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus) were determined. Mixed models for repeated measures were developed to analyze variables over time. Seroneutralization titers were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The other variables were compared by a generalized linear model. Serum FA profile at 35 d of age showed that FO supported higher concentrations of n-3 FA than CO. Final BW [65.2 vs. 62.0 kg, standard error of the mean (SEM) = 2.1 kg] and average daily gain (0.52 vs. 0.46 kg/d, SEM = 0.1 kg/d) tended to be higher for the FO than the CO group. An interaction of treatment × day for dry matter intake was observed, especially during weaning (2.17 kg vs. 1.94 kg, SEM = 0.158 kg, for FO and CO group, respectively). Blood lactate (mmol/L) was higher in the CO than in the FO group at d 7. Haptoglobin and IL-1β were higher for the CO group on d 14 than the FO group. The TNF- α concentrations for the FO group were reduced over time, whereas the concentrations in the CO group remained constant. Protectin was higher in the FO group on d 14, but was lower on d 28, 35, and 49. Seroneutralization antibody titers postvaccination for the PI3 virus were higher for the FO than the CO group. In conclusion, calves supplemented with FO had lower concentrations of blood lactate, haptoglobin, IL-1β and TNF-α than calves supplemented with CO during the study period. The FO supplementation had a higher DMI than CO supplementation. Results of this trial should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of a negative control group as well as the lower birth weight and growth rate observed under heat stress conditions.

ABSTRACT: The study investigated the impact of organic chromium (Cr) and flax seed supplementation on live performance, carcass yield, muscle lipid profile, histopathological aspects, and meat quality parameters in broilers. Ninety (n = 90), day-old Cobb chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0% flax seed (Control), 10% flax seed (Diet 1) and Diet 1 + 0.05% organic Cr (Diet 2). The experiment was a completely randomized design and chicks were placed in 6 pens with 5 chicks per each pen. Pen was the experimental unit for production performance and bird collected from each pen was considered as experimental unit for all other analysis. On d 43, 45, and 48, one bird per pen were euthanized. A one-way ANOVA was performed with diet as the main factor and significance was set at P < 0.05. Significant differences between each treatment were analyzed by GLM Lean Square Method and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test. Weight gain and feed:gain was determined at d (1–11), (12–21), and (22–42). For all response variables, the effects among dietary treatments were compared using ANOVA separately using SAS 9.4. P -values were considered significant at ≤0.05. At d 22, Diet 1 and Diet 2 birds had lower BW and feed:gain than Control (P < 0.05). At d 42, Diet 2 birds were higher in BW with improved feed:gain when compared to Diet 1 (P < 0.05) but were not different from Control (P > 0.05). The overall weight gain was higher in Diet 2 and Control compared to Diet 1 (P < 0.05) and overall feed:gain was the highest in Control than the experimental diets (P < 0.05). Histopathological changes in breast muscle including floccular/vacuolar degeneration, fibrosis, lipidosis, interstitial inflammation, and muscle lysis were less pronounced in Diet 1 compared to Diet 2 (P < 0.05). Breast muscle total fat and cholesterol was lower in Diet 1 compared to Control (P < 0.05). Diet 1 and Diet 2 increased (>2–5 fold) total and long chain (≥20C) n-3 fatty acids (FA) in the breast muscle (P < 0.05) compared to Control. Lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were lower in the breast muscle of Diet 1 and Diet 2 compared to Control (P < 0.05). Phospholipid n-3 FA molecular species in phosphatidylcholine (PC) 36:5, 38:6, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 36:5 were higher in breast muscle of Diet 1 than Control (P < 0.05) and was not different from Diet 2 (P > 0.05). A decrease in n-6 FA species (36:4 and 38:4) was observed in PC and PE of Diet 1and Diet 2 compared to Control (P < 0.05). Drip loss values were reduced in Diet 1 and Diet 2 versus Control (P < 0.05). As consumer demand for n-3 FA-rich poultry products are on the rise, Cr may serve as a feed supplement that could be used in broilers fed flax seed-containing diets for enriching edible tissues with n-3 FA, while enhancing production performance.

• MND-2119 is a self-emulsifying highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. • Long-term administration of MND-2119 was tested in hypertriglyceridemia patients. • Triglyceride levels decreased by Week 4 and were maintained up to Week 52. • Long-term administration of MND-2119 appeared safe and well tolerated. In Japan, eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) is administered twice-daily or three-times-daily for dyslipidemia. We have developed MND-2119, a novel self-emulsifying formulation of highly purified EPA-E which can be administered once-daily. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of long-term administration of MND-2119 in hypertriglyceridemia patients. In this multicenter, 52-week, open-label study, patients with high triglyceride (TG) (TG levels between ≥ 150 and < 500 mg/dL) undergoing lifestyle modification were randomized to MND-2119 2 g/day (n=61) or MND-2119 4 g/day (n=61). The incidence of adverse events in MND-2119 2 g/day and MND-2119 4 g/day was 70.5% and 62.3%, respectively, and the incidence of adverse drug reactions was 9.8% and 8.2%, respectively. There were no notable problems in the safety assessments of both treatment groups. By Week 4, TG levels had decreased from baseline in both groups, and the TG reducing effect continued up to Week 52 (mean percentage change from baseline in TG at Week 52 [two-sided 95% confidence interval]: MND-2119 2 g/day: -16.71% [-26.61, -6.81], MND-2119 4 g/day: -21.01% [-27.86, -14.16]). In both groups, plasma EPA concentration at Week 4 was maintained up until Week 52 and the plasma EPA concentration at Week 52 was 200.5 ± 54.7 μg/mL in MND-2119 2 g/day and 308.6 ± 98.6 μg/mL in MND-2119 4 g/day. Long-term administration of MND-2119 was not associated with any safety-related problems. TG levels decreased by Week 4, and the TG reducing effect continued up to Week 52. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MND-2119 is a self-emulsifying eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. • MND-2119 was tested in hypertriglyceridemia patients. • MND-2119 2 g/day was non-inferior to Epadel 1.8 g/day in lowering TG levels. • MND-2119 4 g/day was superior to MND-2119 2 g/day in lowering TG levels. • MND-2119 appeared safe and well tolerated. In Japan, eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) is administered twice-daily or three-times-daily for dyslipidemia. We have developed MND-2119, a novel self-emulsifying formulation of highly purified EPA-E, which can be administered once-daily. The objective of this study was to assess non-inferiority in the efficacy of MND-2119 in patients with hypertriglyceridemia compared with highly purified EPA-E. In this multicenter, 12-week, double-blind study, patients with high triglyceride (TG levels between ≥ 150 and < 500 mg/dL) undergoing lifestyle modification were randomized to MND-2119 2 g/day (n=145), MND-2119 4 g/day (n=145), EPA-E 1.8 g/day (n=145) or EPA-E 2.7 g/day (n=145). The primary endpoint was percentage change in TG levels from baseline to end of treatment. MND-2119 2, 4 g/day and EPA-E 1.8, 2.7 g/day reduced TG levels from baseline by −10.09%, −15.51%, −9.30%, and −8.80%, respectively. The TG reduction rate of MND-2119 2 g/day was non-inferior to that of EPA-E 1.8 g/day (LS mean difference: -0.42, 95%CI: -5.76 to 4.91). Moreover, the TG reduction rate of MND-2119 4 g/day was superior to that of MND-2119 2 g/day (LS mean difference: -5.74, 95%CI: -10.59 to -0.89). There were no remarkable safety differences between MND-2119 2 g/day and EPA-E 1.8 g/day and between MND-2119 4 g/day and EPA-E 2.7 g/day. Non-inferiority of MND-2119 2 g/day to EPA-E 1.8 g/day for efficacy, and superiority of MND-2119 4 g/day over MND-2119 2 g/day for efficacy were verified. MND-2119 was safe and well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The current study investigated the effect of incorporating two ingredients derived from different types of marine fish rest raw materials in the diet of broiler chickens on live performance, carcass yield, muscle fatty acid (FA) composition, lipid peroxidation products, and blood metabolites. A total of ninety (n = 90), one-day-old Cobb chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet with no marine rest raw material (Control), 5% deboned Pacific hake meal (Diet 1), or 5% Pacific surimi washwater meal (Diet 2) for 42 d (30 birds per treatment kept in 6 replicate pens with 5 chicks per pen). For bird performance (feed consumption, weight gain), each replicate pen was considered as the experimental unit. For determining yield, blood metabolites, and lipid analysis, one bird collected from each replicate is considered as the experimental unit. Bodyweight gain and feed:gain were determined at the starter (1–10), grower (11–21), and finisher (22–42) phases. For all response variables, the effects of Control vs. Diet 1 and Diet 2 were compared separately using analysis of variance. P values were considered significant at ≤0.05. No difference was observed in the body weight gain and feed:gain at day 10 (P > 0.05). At day 21, Diet 1 and Diet 2 birds were higher in body weight than Control (P < 0.05). At day 42, Diet 1 birds were highest in body weight (3,018 g) when compared to Control (2,728 g) (P < 0.05) and was not different from Diet 2 (2,912 g) (P > 0.05). Overall, feed:gain was lowest in Diet 2 (1.52) (P < 0.05) and was not different from Diet 1. A 2 to 5-fold increase in n-3 FA was observed in the breast and thigh muscle of Diet 1 and Diet 2 compared to Control (P < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was the major long chain FA in the breast and thigh muscle and addition of marine rest raw material led to >10-fold increase in the breast and thigh muscle DHA in Diet 1 and Diet 2 when compared to Control (P < 0.05). The total lipid content of thigh muscle was lower in Diet 1 and Diet 2 compared to Control (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the total lipid content of breast muscle (P > 0.05). The relative organ weight and yield of breast and thigh muscles were not different among the three treatments (P > 0.05). No difference was observed in moisture and cholesterol content in breast and thigh muscles (P > 0.05). Blood cholesterol was lower in Diet 1 than Control (P < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were lower in the breast muscle of Diet 1 and Diet 2 compared to Control (P < 0.05). However, no effect of diet on thigh muscle TBARS was observed (P > 0.05). As consumer demands for n-3 FA-rich poultry products are on the rise, products derived from marine rest raw materials may serve as feed supplement that could be used in broiler chicken diets for enriching edible tissues with n-3 FA while increasing bird live performance and promoting ecological poultry production.

Over the last few years, the vegan diet has become increasingly popular in Germany. It has been proposed that this diet is generally lower in fat, but less is known about the impact on fatty acid (FA) profiles. Therefore, the cross-sectional "Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet" (RBVD) study (n = 72) was used to investigate dietary FA intake as well as plasma phospholipid FA in vegans (n = 36) compared to omnivores (n = 36). Vegans had a significantly lower dietary intake of total fat (median 86 g/day, IQR 64–111) in comparison to omnivores (median 104 g/day, IQR 88–143, p = 0.004). Further, vegans had a lower intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p < 0.0001) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p = 0.001) compared to omnivores. Vegans had a higher intake in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA compared to omnivores, but without statistical significance after Bonferroni correction. According to plasma phospholipid profiles, relatively lower proportions of SFA (p < 0.0001), total trans fatty acids (TFA) (p = 0.0004) and omega-3-FA (p < 0.0001), but higher proportions of omega-6-FA (p < 0.0001) were observed in vegans. With the exception of omega-3 PUFA, a vegan diet is associated with a more favorable dietary fat intake and more favorable plasma FA profiles and therefore may reduce cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although some meta-analyses evaluated the risk of cardiovascular biomarkers and the ratio of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FAs), few meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were focused on the relationship between the risk of cardiovascular outcome and the dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio. This meta-analysis can provide a more direct indication (cardiovascular outcome) for cardiovascular disease than biomarkers. In addition to ratio, the absolute amounts of dietary n-6, n-3 fatty acids and total dietary fat should be considered in this association. Therefore, a dose-response meta-analysis and systematic review were performed. The Cochrane databases, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase were searched in August 2023. Randomized controlled trials that investigated the association between the ratio of n-6/n-3 FA, dietary fat, n-6 FAs or n-3 FAs and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, or stroke in adults without other diseases were included. The results showed that higher n-6/n-3 FA was associated with all cardiovascular outcomes when n-3 FA was higher than 1 g/d (1.08, 1.00 to 1.18). Per 500 mg/d increment of n-3 FA was related to a 3% lower risk of 0.97 in cardiovascular events. N-6 FA intake was curvilinearly associated with cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.0094). Thus, a lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio (<7) of diet may be promoted from the above results for cardiovascular disease prevention, including higher n-3 FAs (＞1 g/d). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deposition in lambs’ muscles could be influenced by their mothers’ diet. The aim was to study the profile of fatty acids in the muscle of lambs from ewes supplemented with different sources of PUFA to achieve a healthier meat for the consumer. On day 100 of gestation, pregnant ewes grazed on natural grass were divided into three groups (n = 20) and supplemented with PUFA: Group A: 700 g of a ration rich in PUFA, Group B: 700 g of a ration for sheep + 20 mL of fish oil and Group C: 700 g of the same ration. After parturition, each group was subdivided: ten ewes continued with the same diet until the end of lactation; the other ten were fed only natural grass. The values of n-3 and n-6 PUFA and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were analyzed in Longissimus lumborum muscles of lambs at 90 and 120 days of life. The feeding of ewes during lactation favorably influenced the lipid profile of the lamb muscle, increasing the concentration of n-3 and n-6 PUFA, ALA, LA, AA, DHA and EPA. The supplementation of ewes with fish oil and/or a ration rich in PUFA improved the LA/ALA ratio in lambs’ meat.

This study aimed to investigate the interaction of fatty acid (FA) source [calcium salt of soybean oil (n-6 FA) vs. calcium salt of linseed oil (n-3 FA) both 3% DM basis] with protein content (18% vs. 22% CP, based on DM) on growth performance, blood metabolites, immune function, skeletal growth indices, urinary purine derivatives (PD), and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in young dairy calves. Forty 3-day-old calves (20 females and 20 males) with a starting body weight (BW) of 40.2 kg were assigned in a completely randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets were: (1) n-6 FA with 18% CP (n-6-18CP), (2) n-6 FA with 22% CP (n-6-22CP), (3) n-3 FA with 18% CP (n-3-18CP), and (4) n-3 FA with 22% CP (n-3-22CP). Starter feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) were not influenced by experimental diets (p > 0.05). However, before weaning and the entire period, feed efficiency (FE) was greater in calves fed n-3 FA compared to n-6 FA (p < 0.05). Heart girth (weaning, p < 0.05) and hip height (weaning, p < 0.05 and final, p < 0.01) were highest among experimental treatments in calves who received n-3-22CP diets. The greatest blood glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.01) concentrations in the pre-weaning period and the lowest serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (before weaning, p < 0.05) were observed in calves fed the n-3-22CP diet. However, the greatest blood urea N (before weaning, p < 0.05; after weaning, p < 0.05) and urinary N excretion (p < 0.05) were found in calves fed n-6-22CP diets compared to other experimental arrangements. In conclusion, offering calves with Ca-salt of n-3 FA along with 22% CP content may be related to improved nitrogen efficiency and immune function.

Supplemental n-3 fatty acids (FA) may support better immune responses than n-6 and n-9 FA in dairy calves. The objective was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA, supplemented as a fish oil product (FO) in the milk replacer (MR), in comparison to n-6 and n-9 FA, supplemented as canola oil (CO), on body weight (BW), daily gain, and immunological parameters of preweaning Holstein calves. The study was conducted from September to December 2019. Calves were randomly allocated to a control group (n = 15; BW = 36.2 ± 1.5 kg; mean ± SEM) supplemented daily with 30 mL of CO and to an experimental group (n = 15; BW = 36.3 ± 1.5 kg) supplemented with 60 g of a product containing 30 g of FO. Both treatments were added to the MR during the morning feeding. All calves were fed 4 L of MR at 12.5% solids at 0700 and 1600 h for wk 1, 6 L from wk 2 to 7, and 3 L once daily (0700 h) during wk 8 until weaning (56 d). Blood samples were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 d of age for serum haptoglobin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and protectin. Dry matter intake was recorded in all experimental calves daily. Seroneutralization titers to vaccination against viral diseases (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza 3, bovine viral diarrhea, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus) were determined. Mixed models for repeated measures were developed to analyze variables over time. Seroneutralization titers were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The other variables were compared by a generalized linear model. Serum FA profile at 35 d of age showed that FO supported higher concentrations of n-3 FA than CO. Final BW [65.2 vs. 62.0 kg, standard error of the mean (SEM) = 2.1 kg] and average daily gain (0.52 vs. 0.46 kg/d, SEM = 0.1 kg/d) tended to be higher for the FO than the CO group. An interaction of treatment × day for dry matter intake was observed, especially during weaning (2.17 kg vs. 1.94 kg, SEM = 0.158 kg, for FO and CO group, respectively). Blood lactate (mmol/L) was higher in the CO than in the FO group at d 7. Haptoglobin and IL-1β were higher for the CO group on d 14 than the FO group. The TNF- α concentrations for the FO group were reduced over time, whereas the concentrations in the CO group remained constant. Protectin was higher in the FO group on d 14, but was lower on d 28, 35, and 49. Seroneutralization antibody titers postvaccination for the PI 3 virus were higher for the FO than the CO group. In conclusion, calves supplemented with FO had lower concentrations of blood lactate, haptoglobin, IL-1β and TNF-α than calves supplemented with CO during the study period. The FO supplementation had a higher DMI than CO supplementation. Results of this trial should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of a negative control group as well as the lower birth weight and growth rate observed under heat stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study investigated the effect of carbohydrase enzyme, methionine (Met) (100% above Cobb 500 requirement level), or their combination on growth performance, carcass yield, total tract retention (TTR) of DM, CP, fatty acid (FA), muscle FA composition, lipid peroxidation products, and jejunum histomorphology in broiler chickens fed 10% flaxseed-containing diets. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) day-old Cobb chicks were fed corn-soybean meal–based diet containing 0% flaxseed (control), 10% whole flaxseed (diet 1), diet 1 + 0.05% carbohydrase enzyme (diet 2), diet 1 + 100% more Cobb 500 Met requirement (diet 3), and diet 1 + 0.05% carbohydrase enzyme + 100% more Cobb 500 Met requirement (diet 4) for 42 d. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with 5 treatments with 4 replications in a completely randomized design. At day 42, BW gain was the highest in control when compared to flaxseed-containing diets (P < 0.05). Dry matter TTR was higher in diet 3 and diet 4 than that in diet 1 and diet 2 (P < 0.05), and CP TTR was highest in diet 3 compared with that in diet 1 and diet 2 (P < 0.05). Supplementing Met increased linoleic and α-linolenic acid TTR in birds fed flaxseed (P < 0.05). Total and long-chain (≥20C) n-3 FA was higher in the thigh muscle of broilers fed diet 3 and diet 4 than in those fed diet 1, diet 2, and control (P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation products in the thigh muscle was the highest in birds fed diet 4 (P < 0.05). Jejunal villous height, villous perimeter, and villous surface area were highest in birds fed diet 1 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing Met, or its combination with carbohydrase enzyme, increased DM, CP, and essential FA TTR and thigh muscle n-3 FA in broilers fed flaxseed. However, supplementing Met or its combination reduced BW gain and negatively affected jejunal morphology in broilers fed flaxseed.

SUMMARY: The current study investigated the effect of heat processing or carbohydrase enzyme addition on egg production, egg quality, egg fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, and lipid oxidation products in eggs from layer hens fed flaxseed. A total of ninety-six 23-wk-old white leghorn laying hens were kept in individual cages and were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups, with 6 replicates containing 4 hens per each replicate. The hens were fed corn soybean meal-based diet containing 15 g/100 g raw flaxseed (Flax), 15 g/100 g heated (60°C for 8 h) flaxseed (HFlax), Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E), and HFlax+0.1% enzyme (HFlax+E). The experimental diets were fed for a period of 120 d. Hen-day egg production and egg mass (g/hen/d) were highest for HFlax and HFlax+E and lowest for Flax+E (P < 0.05). No difference was noted in egg, yolk or shell weight, or Haugh unit (P > 0.05). Albumen weight as percentage of egg weight was lower in Flax when compared to HFlax, Flax+E, or HFlax+E (P < 0.05). The yolk:albumen ratio was higher in Flax that in HFlax, Flax+E, and HFlax+E (P < 0.05). Yolk color score was highest for HFlax+E and lowest for Flax+E (P < 0.05). No effect of diet on egg total lipid, palmitic, stearic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic acid content as mg/egg or as percentage of fatty acid methyl esters was observed (P > 0.05). Hens fed HFlax had lower concentration of linoleic acid (mg/egg) than Flax+E and HFlax+E (P < 0.05). The concentrations of oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids (mg/egg) were higher in Flax than those in other treatments (P < 0.05). Eggs from hens fed HFlax+E had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than Flax+E (P < 0.05) and was not different from Flax or HFlax (P > 0.05). No difference was observed in the α-tocopherol content of the eggs (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation and heating of flaxseed increased γ-tocopherol content in Flax+E and HFlax+E eggs (P < 0.05). It is concluded that heating flaxseed prior to consumption increases egg production while reducing oleic acid and linoleic acid (mg/egg). Heating flaxseed or enzyme supplementation had no effect on egg weight, α-linolenic acid, total n-3 fatty acids, total lipid, or total tocopherol content of eggs.

Feeding broilers diets high in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) increases their incorporation into the meat but it may compromise meat quality due to oxidation of lipids and protein. Increased dietary vitamin E (vE) level downregulates this process, but its excessive level might exceed the physiological requirements for the maintenance of redox balance. This study investigated the sensory characteristics and oxidative status of meat from chickens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (FO) with or without gradually increasing doses of vE. The meat samples were obtained from a total of 27 female broilers of Ross 308 strain (9 birds per each of 3 dietary treatments), which were housed according to the standard management practice for commercial chicken houses over a period of 36 days. Chickens were fed diets containing 80 g/kg of supplemental fat, but the diets differed in fat composition; control diet (80 g/kg diet beef tallow as supplemental fat and a basal vE dose); 40 IU of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate; diet containing mixture of FO and beef tallow as supplemental fat (50:30 w/w g/kg diet) and a basal vE dose (E1), or diet (E2) as diet E1 but with gradually increasing vE dose (120/240 IU/kg diet fed between days 8–21 and days 22–36, respectively). The highest sensory quality and the lowest oxidative status of meat was found in the control chickens. FO decreased the sensory quality of the meat and increased lipid oxidation as well it had an impact on the lipid profile in muscle tissue (PUFA, n-3 ALA, EPA, DHA). Administration of a graded vE dose increased the sensory quality of the meat and did not limit lipid oxidation but maintained protein oxidation balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is the primary culture species in the US along with its hybrid made with male blue catfish, I. furcatus. In an effort to improve the nutritional value of channel catfish, the masou salmon Δ5-desaturase like gene (D5D) driven by the common carp beta-actin promoter (βactin) was inserted into channel catfish. The objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of βactin-D5D for improving n-3 fatty acid production in F1 transgenic channel catfish, as well as examine pleiotropic effects on growth, proximate analysis, disease resistance, and other performance traits. Transgenic F1 channel catfish showed a 33% increase in the relative proportion of n-3 fatty acids coupled with a 15% decrease in n-6 fatty acids and a 17% decrease in n-9 fatty acids when compared to non-transgenic full-siblings (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01). However, while the relative proportion of n-3 fatty acids was achieved, the total amount of fatty acids in the transgenic fish decreased resulting in a reduction of all fatty acids. Insertion of the βactin-D5D transgene into channel catfish also had large effects on the body composition, and growth of channel catfish. Transgenic channel catfish grew faster, were more disease resistant, had higher protein and moisture percentage, but lower fat percentage than full-sib controls. There were sex effects as performance changes were more dramatic and significant in males. The βactin-D5D transgenic channel catfish were also more uniform in their fatty acid composition, growth and other traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since fatty acids are natural ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), involved in a wide spectrum of metabolic activities, we explored the protein expression and localisation of PPARγ, as well as susceptibility to lipoperoxidation (LPO), in reproductive tissues of rabbits fed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diets. Methods: Nine rabbit bucks were divided into three groups and fed different diets: FLAX diet supplemented with 10% extruded flaxseed, FISH diet containing 3.5% fish oil and standard diet as control. Protein expression by western blot analysis, localisation of PPARγ by immunofluorescence and susceptibility to LPO by measuring F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) were explored. Results: Down-regulation of PPARγ expression was observed in control rabbit testes compared with FLAX (p < 0.01) and FISH (p < 0.05) dietary groups. On the contrary, an up-regulation in rabbit epididymis was observed in both n-3 PUFAs dietary groups compared with the control (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescent staining of PPARγ showed a strong expression in the interstitial tissue and seminiferous tubules of testes from groups fed n-3 PUFA-enriched diets compared to controls; the PPARγ signal was brighter in the epididymis of controls than in those of rabbits fed n-3 PUFA-enriched diets. Interestingly, F2-IsoP levels were significantly higher in testis and epididymal tissue of control compared to n-3 PUFAs dietary groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: PPARγ is present in male reproductive tissues, in particular in the epididymis and interstitial testicular tissue. PPARγ expression appears to be influenced by n-3 PUFAs dietary sources and to play a role in supporting sperm maturation. n-3 PUFAs diets, reducing F2-IsoP levels, commonly considered proinflammatory molecules linked to oxidative injuries, may also support PPARγ activity.

Managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) often involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and medications aiming to decrease the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this article is to discuss possible omega-3 ( n -3) fatty acid-statin interactions in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and to provide evidence to consider for clinical practice, highlighting novel insights in this field. Statins and n -3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are commonly used to control cardiovascular risk factors in order to treat ASCVD. Statins are an important lipid-lowering therapy, primarily targeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while n -3 fatty acids address triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Both statins and n -3 fatty acids have pleiotropic actions which overlap, including improving endothelial function, modulation of inflammation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, both statins and n -3 fatty acids potentially mitigate the residual cardiovascular risk that remains beyond lipid lowering, such as persistent inflammation. EPA and DHA are both substrates for the synthesis of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a relatively recently recognized feature of their ability to combat inflammation. Interestingly, statins seem to have the ability to promote the production of some SPMs, suggesting a largely unrecognized interaction between statins and n -3 fatty acids with relevance to the control of inflammation. Although n -3 fatty acids are the major substrates for the production of SPMs, these signaling molecules may have additional therapeutic benefits beyond those provided by the precursor n -3 fatty acids themselves. In this article, we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports SPMs as a novel therapeutic tool and the possible statin- n -3 fatty acid interactions relevant to the prevention and treatment of ASCVD.

The present study investigated the effect of carbohydrase enzyme, methionine (Met) (100% above Cobb 500 requirement level), or their combination on growth performance, carcass yield, total tract retention (TTR) of DM, CP, fatty acid (FA), muscle FA composition, lipid peroxidation products, and jejunum histomorphology in broiler chickens fed 10% flaxseed-containing diets. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) day-old Cobb chicks were fed corn-soybean meal–based diet containing 0% flaxseed (control), 10% whole flaxseed (diet 1), diet 1 + 0.05% carbohydrase enzyme (diet 2), diet 1 + 100% more Cobb 500 Met requirement (diet 3), and diet 1 + 0.05% carbohydrase enzyme + 100% more Cobb 500 Met requirement (diet 4) for 42 d. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with 5 treatments with 4 replications in a completely randomized design. At day 42, BW gain was the highest in control when compared to flaxseed-containing diets (P < 0.05). Dry matter TTR was higher in diet 3 and diet 4 than that in diet 1 and diet 2 (P < 0.05), and CP TTR was highest in diet 3 compared with that in diet 1 and diet 2 (P < 0.05). Supplementing Met increased linoleic and α-linolenic acid TTR in birds fed flaxseed (P < 0.05). Total and long-chain (≥20C) n-3 FA was higher in the thigh muscle of broilers fed diet 3 and diet 4 than in those fed diet 1, diet 2, and control (P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation products in the thigh muscle was the highest in birds fed diet 4 (P < 0.05). Jejunal villous height, villous perimeter, and villous surface area were highest in birds fed diet 1 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing Met, or its combination with carbohydrase enzyme, increased DM, CP, and essential FA TTR and thigh muscle n-3 FA in broilers fed flaxseed. However, supplementing Met or its combination reduced BW gain and negatively affected jejunal morphology in broilers fed flaxseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epeleuton is 15‐hydroxy eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, a second‐generation synthetic n‐3 fatty acid derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid. The primary objective was to assess the effect of epeleuton on markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with post hoc analyses of cardiometabolic markers. Methods and Results In a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 96 adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and body mass index 25 to 40 were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive epeleuton 2 g/day, epeleuton 1 g/day, or placebo for 16 weeks. A total of 27% of patients had diabetes mellitus. Primary end points of changes in alanine aminotransferase and liver stiffness did not improve at week 16. Secondary and post hoc analyses investigated changes in cardiometabolic markers. Epeleuton 2 g/day significantly decreased triglycerides, very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol without increasing low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Despite a low mean baseline hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C; 6.3±1.3%), epeleuton 2 g/day significantly decreased HbA1c (−0.4%; P=0.026). Among patients with baseline HbA1c >6.5%, epeleuton 2 g/day decreased HbA1c by 1.1% (P=0.047; n=26). Consistent dose‐dependent reductions were observed for fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance indices. Epeleuton 2 g/day decreased circulating markers of cardiovascular risk and endothelial dysfunction. Epeleuton was well tolerated, with a safety profile not different from placebo. Conclusions While epeleuton did not meet its primary end points on alanine aminotransferase or liver stiffness, it significantly decreased triglycerides, HbA1C, plasma glucose, and inflammatory markers. These data suggest epeleuton may have potential for cardiovascular risk reduction and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by simultaneously targeting hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and systemic inflammation. Further trials are planned. Registration URL: https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02941549.

Metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are important signaling molecules implicated in the control of adipogenesis and energy balance regulation. Some of these metabolites belonging to the group of oxylipins have been associated with non-shivering thermogenesis in mice mediated by brown or brite adipose tissue. We aimed to identify novel molecules with thermogenic potential and to clarify the relevance of these findings in a translational context. Therefore, we characterized and compared the oxylipin profiles of murine and human adipose tissues with different abundance of brown or brite adipocytes. A broad panel of 36 fatty acid metabolites was quantified in brown and white adipose tissues of C57BL/6J mice acclimatized to different ambient temperatures and in biopsies of human supraclavicular brown and white adipose tissue. The oxylipin profile of murine brite adipose tissue was not distinguishable from white adipose tissue, suggesting that adipose tissue browning in vivo is not associated with major changes in the oxylipin metabolism. Human brown and white adipose tissue also exhibited similar metabolite profiles. This is in line with previous studies proposing human brown adipose tissue to resemble the nature of murine brite adipose tissue representing a heterogeneous mixture of brite and white adipocytes. Although the global oxylipin profile served as a marker for the abundance of thermogenic adipocytes in bona fide brown but not white adipose tissue, we identified 5-HETE and 5,6-EET as individual compounds consistently associated with the abundance of brown or brite adipocytes in human BAT and murine brite fat. Further studies need to establish whether these candidates are mere markers or functional effectors of thermogenic capacity.

Holstein-Friesian steer beef production is renowned globally as a secondary product of the milk industry. Grass feeding is a common practice in raising Holstein steers because of its low cost. Furthermore, grass feeding is an alternative way to produce beef with a balanced n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (FAs) ratio. However, the performance and meat quality of Holstein-Friesian cattle is more likely to depend on a high-quality diet. The aim of this study was to observe whether feeding two mixed diets; a corn-based total mixed ration (TMR) with winter ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or flaxseed oil-supplemented pellets with reed canary grass haylage (n-3 mix) provided benefits on carcass weight, meat quality and FA composition compared with cattle fed with reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) haylage alone. In all, 15 21-month-old Holstein-Friesian steers were randomly assigned to three group pens, were allowed free access to water and were fed different experimental diets for 150 days. Blood samples were taken a week before slaughter. Carcass weight and meat quality were evaluated after slaughter. Plasma lipid levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were determined. Diet did not affect plasma triglyceride levels and GGT activity. Plasma cholesterol levels, including low-density and high-density lipoproteins, were higher in both mixed-diet groups than in the haylae group. The highest activities of plasma AST, CK and ALP were observed in the haylage group, followed by n-3 mix and TMR groups, respectively. Carcass weight was lower in the haylage group than in the other groups and no differences were found between the TMR and n-3 mix groups. Although the n-3 mix-fed and haylage-fed beef provided lower n-6 to n-3 FAs ratio than TMR-fed beef, the roasted beef obtained from the TMR group was more acceptable with better overall meat physicochemical properties and sensory scores. According to daily cost, carcass weight and n-6 to n-3 FAs ratio, the finishing diet containing flaxseed oil-supplemented pellets and reed canary grass haylage at the as-fed ratio of 40 : 60 could be beneficial for the production of n-3-enriched beef.

Our objective was to characterize the effects of supplementing newborn calves with n-3 fatty acids (FA) and α-tocopherol on blood lipid profiles and oxidant status in early life. Sixteen calves received 0 or 60 mL of 1:1 fish and flaxseed oil with 200 mg of α-tocopherol in 2.8 L of colostrum within 6 h after birth. Colostrum was >22% on the Brix scale. Blood was sampled on d 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 after birth for assessment of plasma polyunsaturated FA, α-tocopherol, total serum protein, and oxidant status index, an indirect indicator of oxidative stress that examines the balance between the concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antioxidant capacity in serum. Health was observed daily. Weight and hip height were recorded at birth, 3 wk, and 8 wk. Data were analyzed with a Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Treatment did not alter concentration of total protein in blood serum, prevalence of diarrhea or other signs of disease, or rate of growth. Feeding n-3 FA and α-tocopherol increased plasma concentrations of the n-3 FA, including α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids, with a concomitant decrease in oxidant status index during the first week of life. Concentrations of α-tocopherol decreased with supplementation, but all calves maintained adequate concentrations. Oxidant status index of treated calves returned to the level of control calves by d 14. We conclude that a colostrum supplement of n-3 FA and α-tocopherol is safe to administer to newborn calves, reduces oxidant status in the first week of life, and may improve health and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the effect of heat processing or carbohydrase enzyme addition on egg production, egg quality, egg fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, and lipid oxidation products in eggs from layer hens fed flaxseed. A total of ninety-six 23-wk-old white leghorn laying hens were kept in individual cages and were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups, with 6 replicates containing 4 hens per each replicate. The hens were fed corn soybean meal-based diet containing 15 g/100 g raw flaxseed (Flax), 15 g/100 g heated (60◦C for 8 h) flaxseed (HFlax), Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E), and HFlax+0.1% enzyme (HFlax+E). The experimental diets were fed for a period of 120 d. Hen-day egg production and egg mass (g/hen/d)were highest for HFlax and HFlax+E and lowest for Flax+E (P<0.05). No difference was noted in egg, yolk or shell weight, or Haugh unit (P > 0.05). Albumen weight as percentage of eggweightwas lower in Flaxwhen compared to HFlax, Flax+E, or HFlax+E (P<0.05). The yolk:albumen ratio was higher in Flax that in HFlax, Flax+E, and HFlax+E (P < 0.05). Yolk color score was highest for HFlax+E and lowest for Flax+E (P<0.05). No effect of diet on egg total lipid, palmitic, stearic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic acid content as mg/egg or as percentage of fatty acid methyl esters was observed (P > 0.05). Hens fed HFlax had lower concentration of linoleic acid (mg/egg) than Flax+E and HFlax+E (P < 0.05). The concentrations of oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids (mg/egg) were higher in Flax than those in other treatments (P < 0.05). Eggs from hens fed HFlax+E had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than Flax+E (P < 0.05) and was not different from Flax or HFlax (P > 0.05). No difference was observed in the α-tocopherol content of the eggs (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation and heating of flaxseed increased γ -tocopherol content in Flax+E and HFlax+E eggs (P < 0.05). It is concluded that heating flaxseed prior to consumption increases egg production while reducing oleic acid and linoleic acid (mg/egg). Heating flaxseed or enzyme supplementation had no effect on egg weight, α-linolenic acid, total n-3 fatty acids, total lipid, or total tocopherol content of eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing obesity rates are related to energy intake with carbohydrate and fat ratio. Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2017 data, we examined the hypothesis that the fat intake and food sources of dietary fats had changed over the last 10 years according to gender and obesity status in adult population ≥19 years.Methods: The food intake of each participant was collected by the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake including different fatty acids was calculated. The fatty acid intakes from 7 food groups were determined according to gender and obesity status.Results: Body mass index increased in both genders of the obese group over the decade, but it decreased in the normal-weight group. In men, energy intake was higher in the obese group than in the lean group, but the opposite trend was shown in women. Total fat intake including various fatty acids continuously and sharply increased in both men and women until 2016, then slightly declined only in men. The source of saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake was mainly from the animal food group in men and women regardless of obese status, and SFA and monounsaturated fatty acid from the animal food group gradually increased over time in both genders. N-3 fatty acid intake markedly decreased from fish and crabs and increased from sauces and nuts regardless of genders and the obese status from 2008 to 2017. Polyunsaturated fatty acid and N-6 fatty acid intake increased from bread, cookies, sauces, and nuts regardless of genders and obesity status.Conclusion: Fat intake was higher in obese men, but this was opposite in women. The N-3 fatty acid intake from seafood should increase, and the fat composition in sauce needs to be modulated to increase N-3 fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are important signaling molecules implicated in the control of adipogenesis and energy balance regulation. Some of these metabolites belonging to the group of oxylipins have been associated with non-shivering thermogenesis in mice mediated by brown or brite adipose tissue. We aimed to identify novel molecules with thermogenic potential and to clarify the relevance of these findings in a translational context. Therefore, we characterized and compared the oxylipin profiles of murine and human adipose tissues with different abundance of brown or brite adipocytes. A broad panel of 36 fatty acid metabolites was quantified in brown and white adipose tissues of C57BL/6J mice acclimatized to different ambient temperatures and in biopsies of human supraclavicular brown and white adipose tissue. The oxylipin profile of murine brite adipose tissue was not distinguishable from white adipose tissue, suggesting that adipose tissue browning in vivo is not associated with major changes in the oxylipin metabolism. Human brown and white adipose tissue also exhibited similar metabolite profiles. This is in line with previous studies proposing human brown adipose tissue to resemble the nature of murine brite adipose tissue representing a heterogeneous mixture of brite and white adipocytes. Although the global oxylipin profile served as a marker for the abundance of thermogenic adipocytes in bona fide brown but not white adipose tissue, we identified 5-HETE and 5,6-EET as individual compounds consistently associated with the abundance of brown or brite adipocytes in human BAT and murine brite fat. Further studies need to establish whether these candidates are mere markers or functional effectors of thermogenic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing energy expenditure (EE) is beneficial for preventing obesity. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is one of the components of total EE. Therefore, increasing DIT is effective against obesity. We examined how much fish oil (FO) increased DIT by measuring absolute values of DIT in mice. C57BL/6J male mice were given diets of 30 energy% fat consisting of FO or safflower oil plus butter as control oil (Con). After administration for 9 days, respiration in mice was monitored, and then the data were used to calculate DIT and EE. DIT increased significantly by 1.2-fold in the FO-fed mice compared with the Con-fed mice. Body weight gain was significantly lower in the FO-fed mice. FO increased the levels of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) mRNA and UCP1 protein in brown adipose tissue (BAT) by 1.5- and 1.2-fold, respectively. In subcutaneous white adipose tissue (subWAT), the levels of Ucp1 mRNA and UCP1 protein were increased by 6.3- and 2.7-fold, respectively, by FO administration. FO also significantly increased the expression of markers of browning in subWAT such as fibroblast growth factor 21 and cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α-like effector a. Thus, dietary FO seems to increase DIT in mice via the increased expressions of Ucp1 in BAT and induced browning of subWAT. FO might be a promising dietary fat in the prevention of obesity by upregulation of energy metabolism.

In the present study, the effects of feeding 450 g/day of rumen-protected fish oil (FO) compared to sunflower oil (SO) to Angus heifers (60 g/kg total intake) were quantified. Animal performance was not affected whereas the physico-chemical meat quality, assessed in three muscles, was slightly affected by diet. The oxidative shelf life of the perirenal fat declined with FO compared to SO. Despite the formerly shown increased n –3 fatty acid proportions of meat due to FO supplementation, a trained sensory panel identified an only slightly more intense fishy flavour in grilled steaks and beef patties from the FO compared to the SO group. In FO compared to SO patties, flavour intensity was more pronounced. The perception of off-flavours was negligible and differences between muscles were larger than between diets. In conclusion, supplementing ruminants with FO containing nutritionally beneficial n –3 fatty acids results in few side-effects on meat quality, restricted to quite faint off-flavours and a shorter fat shelf life. • Exchange of rumen-protected sunflower oil for fish oil was tested in beef heifers. • Effects on performance and physico-chemical quality of the beef were small. • The use of fish oil reduced the oxidative stability of the body fat by one third. • Grilled steaks and beef patties were perceived slightly more fishy with fish oil. • Sensory attributes differed more between muscles than between oil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, oxidation assessment of vegetable and marine oils was performed based on their quantitative volatile profile and data analysis by 3-way partial least square chemometrics. Classification models were obtained using broad-spectrum isotopically labelled standards on the analysis of 25 volatile compounds from omega-3 fatty acid (FA) degradation by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our oxidomic approach was performed on edible oils that differed in their origin (marine or vegetable) and in their omega-3 FA profile. In order to achieve a 3D matrix, every oil was oxidized at 6 different time-points. The obtained models classified edible oils according to their volatile degradation pattern. Oxidation of eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic FA was mainly related to 2-propenal, butanal and 2-ethylfuran while α-linolenic acid oxidation was linked to 1-hydroxy-2-butanone and 5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone. The present research provides valuable information on the degradation differences of omega-3 oils and proposes specific oxidation markers that could be used to ensure their quality assurance and avoid intentional adulterations. Unlabelled Image • Oxidomics is the discipline that aims to understand the complex oxidation processes. • Three-way partial least square regression discriminate vegetable and marine oils. • Oil differentiation was conducted based on its volatile degradation profiling. • α-Linolenic acid degradation yields 1-hydroxy-2-butanone and 5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone. • Oxidation markers of marine oils are 2-propenal, butanal and 2-ethylfuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The plasma n-3 fatty acid level was 26.2% lower in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture than in those with osteoarthritis. In all patients, n-3 fatty acid was positively associated with bone mineral density and inversely associated with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b level in bone marrow aspirates, reflecting the bone microenvironment. Introduction: Despite the potential beneficial role of n-3 fatty acid (FA) on bone metabolism, the specific mechanisms underlying these effects in humans remain unclear. Here, we assessed whether the plasma n-3 level, as an objective indicator of its status, is associated with osteoporosis-related phenotypes and bone-related markers in human bone marrow (BM) samples. Methods: This was a case-control and cross-sectional study conducted in a clinical unit. n-3 FA in the blood and bone biochemical markers in the BM aspirates were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoassay, respectively. BM fluids were collected from 72 patients who underwent hip surgery because of either osteoporotic hip fracture (HF; n = 28) or osteoarthritis (n = 44). Results: After adjusting for confounders, patients with HF had 26.2% lower plasma n-3 levels than those with osteoarthritis (P = 0.006), and each standard deviation increment in plasma n-3 was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 0.40 for osteoporotic HF (P = 0.010). In multivariate analyses including all patients, a higher plasma n-3 level was associated with higher bone mass at the lumbar spine (β = 0.615, P = 0.002) and total femur (β = 0.244, P = 0.045). Interestingly, the plasma n-3 level was inversely associated with the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b level (β = − 0.633, P = 0.023), but not with the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase level, in BM aspirates. Conclusions: These findings provide clinical evidence that n-3 FA is a potential inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis that favors human bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain fatty acids (FAs), such as omega-3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are considered essential FAs with beneficial health effects for humans. Milk is considered a relatively inexpensive and readily available source of these FAs and is part of a recommended healthy daily diet. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of diet changes on the FA composition of Jersey (J) and Fleckvieh x Jersey (FxJ) milk. Cows were alternately put on kikuyu-ryegrass pasture, followed by a feedlot system, then returned to kikuyu-ryegrass pasture for four weeks each. The same concentrate mixture was fed to cows regardless of feeding system. The feedlot system consisted of a partial total mixed ration (pTMR). Milk samples were collected two and four weeks after diet changes and stored at -20 °C until laboratory analysis by gas chromatography. The FA concentration of milk was not affected by breed, although it was affected significantly by diet changes. Most notably, the total omega-3 and -6 FAs decreased when cows were fed pTMR while increasing when the diet was changed back to pasture feeding. The CLA content of milk was similarly affected. That is, concentrations decreased significantly when the cows were on the pTMR diet and increased when cows were put back on the pasture-based diet. The results suggested that the health benefits of milk fat are affected negatively when cows are fed pTMR compared with being fed in a pasturebased system. The health benefits of milk are reduced owing to decreased levels of the CLA content of milk fat. Therefore, feeding additional hay in a pasture-based production system should be reconsidered when aiming to produce milk that provides health beneficial qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flaxseed is rich in α-linolenic acid and is used in broiler chicken diets to enrich tissues with n-3 fatty acids (FA). However, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in flaxseed decreases nutrient digestibility and limits the availability of n-3 FA. Addition of carbohydrase enzymes to flaxseed-based diets can decrease the anti-nutritive effects of NSP. We hypothesized that flaxseed and enzyme supplementation affect lipid content and alter expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in broiler liver. Five day-old broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean basal diet with 0% flaxseed, a basal diet with 10% of flaxseed, or 10% flaxseed + 0.05% enzyme diet up to day 42 of growth. Total lipids, including long-chain (-20C) n-3 FA and monounsaturated FA, were increased in flax-fed broiler livers. Enzyme addition reduced arachidonic acid and total long chain n-6 FA. These changes were similarly reflected in phosphatidylcholine lipid species. Dietary flax and enzyme treatments up-regulated PPARff target genes CPT1A and ACOX1 while reducing expression of de novo FA synthesis-related genes. This study concludes that flaxseed and enzyme supplementation in broiler diets enhances LC n-3 FA species, while reducing n-6 FA species in hepatic phospholipids (PL). Flaxseed-based diets changes the expression of genes involved in FA lipid metabolism without affecting growth or production performance in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]