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Copyright of Journal of Islamic Research / İslâmi Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Turkey Economical & Cultural Solidarity (TEK-DAV) Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ṣaḥîfe, Arap toplumunda Cahiliye döneminden itibaren bilinen ve yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kavramdır. Müslümanlar açısından Mekke döneminde vahiy dışında ṣaḥîfe kullanma ihtiyacı olmadığı söylenebilir. Ancak bu durum Medine’de bir şehir devleti tesis edilmesiyle büyük bir ivme kazanmış; Hz. Peygamber, kâtiplerine bu bağlamda dinî, siyasi, idarî, diplomatik, sosyal ve ekonomik hayata dair çok sayıda yazı yazdırmıştır. Sahâbe neslinin, bunlardan bağımsız olarak Hz. Peygamber’in sağlığında ya da vefatı sonrasında onun gazveleri, seriyyeleri ve genel anlamda sîretine yönelik notlar tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Bazı sahâbîler kayda alma noktasında talebe ve kölelerinden istifade etmişlerdir. Bazen de tâbiîn kuşağından bir talebe, bir ya da daha fazla sahâbîden dinlediği rivayetleri kaydetmiş; böylece ilgili sahâbînin ilmî birikimini birebir yansıtan bir ṣaḥîfe ortaya koymuştur. Ṣaḥîfelerin bazılarında iman, ahlak, fıkıh ve fıkhın ibadetler dışında kalan kısmı gibi çeşitli konuların ele alındığı, bazı ṣaḥîfelerde ise meġāzî gibi belli bir konu üzerinde yoğunlaşıldığı görülmektedir. Çoğu ṣaḥîfede ana tema olarak meġāzîye ağırlık verilmesi ise Medine döneminde gerçekleşen yoğun askerî faaliyetlerin bir yansıması ve Eyyâmü’l-Arab anlatımı geleneğinin İslâm toplumundaki iz düşümü olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ṣaḥîfelerden mülhem rivayetlerin hadis mecmualarında Kitâbü’l-Meġāzî başlığı altında toplanmasını da aynı bağlamda düşünmek mümkündür. Birbirinden bağımsız kişilerin tuttukları notlar olan ṣaḥîfeler, bir sistematik ve kronolojiden yoksun oldukları için sadece bunlara dayanılarak bir siyer inşası mümkün olmamıştır. Bununla birlikte belge niteliği taşımaları ve genel hatlarıyla bir usul üzere rivayet edilmeleri sebebiyle ilk siyer eserlerine birincil derecede kaynaklık ettikleri bir gerçektir. Sahâbe ṣaḥîfeleri kendilerinden sonra çocuklarına ve torunlarına tevarüs etmiştir. Bu yeni nesil, bu yazılı malzemeyi halihazırda hayatta olan sahâbîler ve Medine halkından aldıkları bilgilerle geliştirmiştir. Yine onların, ṣaḥîfelerde geçen rivayetleri aile ve yakın çevreleri ile tâbiîn kuşağı ilim meraklılarına tedris ettikleri bilinmektedir. Ṣaḥîfeler orijinal haliyle günümüze kadar ulaşamamışsa da miras bırakıldıkları sahâbe çocukları, torunları ve ilim ehli vasıtasıyla süreç içerisinde meşhur hadis mecmualarında yer almışlar ve meġāzî başta olmak üzere çeşitli başlıklar altında okuyucunun istifadesine sunulmuşlardır. Ṣaḥîfeler, kendilerinden istifade ettiği anlaşılan Ebân b. Osman’ın güvendiği kimselere tashih ettirdiği siyere dair notları ile küçük hacimli bir kitapçık (risale) boyutu kazanmış; sahâbeden doğrudan rivayette bulunan ‘Urve b. ez-Zübeyr’in ve birçok ṣaḥîfeden faydalanan Zührî’nin günümüze ulaşamayan meġāzîleri ile telif bir eser vücuda getirecek boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bilinen ilk siyer eserlerinde yer alan hacimli ṣaḥîfelere ve daha küçük çaplı olanlarına araştırmada yer yer işaret edilmiştir. Çalışma, siyer ilmi açısından ṣaḥîfelerin oluşum süreci ve mahiyeti ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Birinci el kaynak değeri taşıyan ve çoğu hadis mecmualarında yer alan bu yazılı malzemelerin, ilk dönem siyer eserlerine kaynaklık etme ve siyer ilminin teşekkülü noktasındaki katkıları ise bundan sonra yapılacak akademik çalışmalarla ortaya konulabilir.

Copyright of BUGU Journal of Language & Education / BUGU Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi is the property of BUGU Journal of Language & Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi / Cumhuriyet Theology Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Ilahiyat Fakultesi / Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is a realistic example of a problem faced by many researchers and enthusiasts of our Islamic heritage, namely the variation in manuscript copies. While many scholars have discussed this issue, applying it to a living model enhances the reader's understanding and awareness. This is what I have done in this article by choosing the manuscript of Al-Qarmani's interpretation by Imam Ahmed bin Mahmoud Al-Asam Al-Qarmani. After introducing the concept of textual verification and manuscripts, I conducted a study of the obtained copies, highlighting the differences with attached images if necessary. Then, I organized the copies according to their characteristics and discussed the positive features (advantages) and negative aspects (difficulties) of the variations in manuscript copies. Finally, I concluded this study with the most important results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The story of Sîrat Antar, created around the life of Antar ibn Shaddad, who is known as the poet of al-Mu‘allaqât and who is also famous for his heroism, had been circulating from language to language for centuries in different geographies. This story, which found existence in the tradition of oral literature in Arab geography in the 6th century, when Anter bin Şeddâd lived, was put into writing in the 12th century, and the whole story was translated into Turkish for the first time in 1477 by the order of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. The preface of the translation of Qıssa-i Antar, whose translator is unknown, has the distinction of being the first translation criticism in Turkish in the light of the available information. According to the information the translator gave in the preface, as mentioned earlier, the story was translated into Turkish before it. However, it has been determined that these translations have deficiencies in many issues listed under different headings. The preface, as mentioned earlier, is the subject of this study. First of all, in the study, the translated text and intralingual translation of the preface of the first volume of Qıssa-i Antar registered with the location number H. 1145 in the Topkapı Palace Museum Library, are given. After the section in which the translation process described in the foreword is explained in articles, the Arabic and Turkish sources that the translator has benefited from and criticized have been reached. Based on the traces in the detected copies, the factual data of the translator’s criticisms of the previous translation were extracted, and the relevant data were interpreted. In the resulting table, it was concluded that there might be more than one translator whose name is unknown in the translation of Qıssa-i Antar, and the translator's identity and the text’s period were evaluated. In the last part, the numerical data of the copies examined by the translator and the translation produced during the translation process were transferred, and it was questioned why the translation was called “Kitâb-ı Fâhir” (the book to be proud of). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area is located about 30 km south of Ramsar, in the central Alborz zone. In addition to the Nusha granitoids (with an age of about 56 million years), the outcrops in this area, mainly include Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock units. Petrographically, the Nusha granitoids have diorite, syenite, monzonite, monzodiorite, granodiorite and quartz monzonite compositions. Moreover, mineralogically, feldspar is the principal mineral, and the texture superiority in them belongs to the granular type. In terms of magmatic series these rocks are metaluminous and range from high K calcalkaline to shoshonitic. The geochemical characteristics of the major and rare elements, as well as the petrographic ones indicate that these granitoids are I type granites, and at the same time they belong to high temperature ones based on the behavior of Ba, Ce and Y elements. Enrichment in LILE and LREE and low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements HREE and high field strength elements HFSE, together with Nb and Ti negative anomaly in the spider diagrams are signs of magmas related to the subduction zone. The high temperature nature and characteristics such as Y/Nb, Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios show that the Nusha granitoids have the geochemical properties of both crustal and mantle origin materials with different ratios. Based on tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams and trace element compositions, these granitoids belong to an active continental margin environment. The parental magma has originated from melting of an enriched mantle source and contaminated with continental crust during ascent. Introduction The study area is part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt. Many of the intrusive masses present in this area are high potassium calc-alkaline to shoshonite and are of I type granitoids (Aghazadeh, 2009; Aghazadeh et al., 2013; Nabatian et al., 2014; Taki, 2011). In this research study, we seek to determine the nature of the granitoids of the Nusha region by using geochemical characteristics and determine their origin and tectonomagmic setting. Exposed rock units in the study area, in addition to intrusive igneous rocks, include sedimentary carbonate and detrital rocks belonging to the Mobarak (Carboniferous), Dorood (Lower Permian), Ruteh (Upper Permian), Nesen (Upper Permian), Elika (Lower-Middle Triassic), Shemshak (Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic) Formations and Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks. In this area, the granitoid intrusive masses have northwest-southeast trends and have intruded during the Eocene (56±2 million years ago) (Axen et al., 2001). The outcrop of the Nusha granitoids starts from the western slope of Sehezar Valley and extends north-westward to the south-west of Nusha. The granitoid unit is separated into two masses by a dextral fault. The southern border of this mass is completely faulted. This has resulted that the Upper Paleozoic assemblage has been thrusted onto the granitoids. Its northern border is also mainly faulted. The only normal contact present in the western part with Lower and Middle Jurassic sediments. Research method After sampling of intrusive rocks and petrographic studies of the study area, 10 samples of rocks related to intrusive masses were sent to the Zarazma company in Iran for chemical analysis and 7 samples were sent to the Actlabs company in Canada. In the laboratory of these companies, the ICP-OES method is used to measure the major elements and some minor elements, and the ICP-MS method is used to evaluate the abundance of rare and trace elements. In this research study, since iron is reported unseparated, the Irvine and Baragar method (1971) was used to calculate divalent and trivalent iron. Results and discussion The granitoids of the study area are petrographically composed of diorite, syenite, monzonite monzodiorite, granodiorite and quartz monzonite. Mineralogically, feldspar is the principal mineral and the granular is superior texture. Based on several geochemical characteristics such as aluminum saturation [the molar (Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)) or ASI] and agapiitic [A.I.=molar (Na+K)/Al] indices, Na2O/K2O ratio, range of SiO2 content, Na2O weight percentages in acidic terms, average values of Na2O, Zr, Y, Ce and Rb/Sr, and diagrams of ANK-ACNK, normative corundum and P2O5 versus Rb, (A/CNK-Fe2O3+FeO), Th-Rb and P2O5-SiO2 as well as petrographic features like, petrographical composition ranges and the nature of enclaves and ferromagnesian minerals in the studied samples all confirm the I type nature of the Nusha granitoids. At the same time, the variations of Ba, Ce and Y elements in the Nusha granitoids are such that they first increase and then decrease with increase of silica content. Thus, they are high temperature I type granite and must have been originated from the melting of mafic rocks of crust or evolved mantle. These rocks have high K calc-alkaline to shoshonite magmatic series nature. REE patterns of all the studied samples are parallel and similar (so they have a common origin) and relatively highly enriched (than primitive mantle) and have no Eu anomaly (due to the participation of feldspar in the magma during partial melting of the source rock or lack of differentiation of this mineral during the fractional crystallization of the parental magma). Like many other active continental margin calc-alkaline rocks, these rocks have negative slope on the LREE side and are flat on the HREE side. Enrichment in LILE and LREE and low concentration of HREE and HFSE, along with negative anomaly of Nb and Ti in the spider diagrams are indicators of magmas related to the subduction zone. The very distinct Nb-Ta trough in the arc systems spider diagrams is due to crustal contamination or retention of these elements in the source during partial melting. Positive Pb-K anomalies and overall enrichment of LILE are also indicators of crustal contamination. The extreme U and Th enrichment in the spider diagrams indicate addition of pelagic sediments or altered oceanic crust in the melting process. The high Th/Ta and relatively low Nb/Th ratios indicate formation of magma in an arc environment, and the tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams show continental arc one as well and according to their age, like many Cenozoic igneous rocks in the Alborz, Western Alborz-Azerbaijan and South Caucasus must have resulted from subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust. In the Nb versus Rb/Zr diagram, the Nusha granitoids are in the range of normal to mature continental arcs. On the Sm/Yb-La/Sm and Rb-Sr diagrams, the continental crust is about 45 km and shows enriched mantle at the parental magma generation source. The wide range of variations in Y/Nb ratios indicates that the study area granitoids have the geochemical characteristics of both crustal and mantle origin materials. According to the Rb/Sr versus Rb/Ba diagram, the mantle to crust materials ratios are between 20 and 50%. The low Tb/Yb ratio and the multiple concentration of rare earth elements compared to the primitive mantle in the Nusha granitoids indicate a mantle source with the composition of spinel bearing peridotite without garnet origin.

Ali Shir Navayi is one of the most prolific poets of divan literature with his 6 Turkish and 1 Persian divans. His achievements, especially in Turkish poetry, caused many copies of his divans to be copied while he was still alive and after his death. Accordingly, it is possible to find many copies of Navayi’s works not only in the geography where the fame of the poet spread, but also in libraries all over the world. It is possible to say that the copies of Navayi’s works are one of the most common works of the Turkish language in the manuscript libraries of the world. Among them, the copies of the poet’s divans are of particular importance. In this study, the oldest copies of the divans of Ali Shir Navayi are discussed in various libraries of the world. Here, as the oldest copies, the copies that were copied while the poet was alive are taken as the basis. In the study, 15 copies of 6 divans created by Navayi himself, 2 divans created by his fans, 3 selected divan copies, a total of 20 copies were emphasized. By giving general information about the copies, the importance of the handled copies of the Navayi divans in field research has been emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kırıkkale University Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Kirikkale University Journal of Social Science (KUJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study area is located about 30 km south of Ramsar, in the central Alborz zone. In addition to the Nusha granitoids (with an age of about 56 million years), the outcrops in this area, mainly include Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock units. Petrographically, the Nusha granitoids have diorite, syenite, monzonite, monzodiorite, granodiorite and quartz monzonite compositions. Moreover, mineralogically, feldspar is the principal mineral, and the texture superiority in them belongs to the granular type. In terms of magmatic series these rocks are metaluminous and range from high K calcalkaline to shoshonitic. The geochemical characteristics of the major and rare elements, as well as the petrographic ones indicate that these granitoids are I type granites, and at the same time they belong to high temperature ones based on the behavior of Ba, Ce and Y elements. Enrichment in LILE and LREE and low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements HREE and high field strength elements HFSE, together with Nb and Ti negative anomaly in the spider diagrams are signs of magmas related to the subduction zone. The high temperature nature and characteristics such as Y/Nb, Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios show that the Nusha granitoids have the geochemical properties of both crustal and mantle origin materials with different ratios. Based on tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams and trace element compositions, these granitoids belong to an active continental margin environment. The parental magma has originated from melting of an enriched mantle source and contaminated with continental crust during ascent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tahkik Journal of Critical Editions of Islamic Manuscripts is the property of Hacveyiszade Foundation for Science & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies / Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fahreddin Iraki, one of the Sufi poets of Persian literature, was born in Hamedan. The poet, who grew up in a learned and intellectual family, started his education at an early age and when he was seventeen years old, he took courses in traditional and scientific knowledge and gave lectures in Şehristan madrasah. Iraki, who stopped teaching under the influence of poems dictated by Kalenderi dervishes who came to the madrasah, left Hamedan and traveled to Persian and Indian as a voyager dervish, then came to Anatolia. Here, he met Sadreddin Konevi and Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumis who are two important Sufis from the school of Ibn Arabi. Attending Fususu'l-Hikem and Fütühat-ı Mekkiye lectures given by Konevi Fahreddin Irakıi wrote La'maat which is based on these lectures, and presented it to Konevi. The La'maat had a significant impact on Turkish literature as well as Persian literature, and as a result of this impact, many commentaries were made on the work. One of the most important translators of La'maat is Ince Badr al-Din who translated it upon the request of Haji Bayram Veli. There are many copies of this work in Turkish libraries translated by various authors. In this study, it is aimed to introduce twelve copies of this work with their important features, four of them in Istanbul Atatürk Library, two of them in İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, and one in Manisa Provincial Public Library, İstanbul Millet Library, Bursa İnebey Manuscript Library, İzmir National Library, Ankara National Library and Istanbul Koç University Manuscript Library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkologiya is the property of Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hemmâm b. Münebbih’in Sahîfesi hadis dünyası için birçok açıdan önem arzetmektedir. Sahîfe’nin hicri birinci asırda, bir sahabi tarafından yazdırılmış olması ve günümüze kadar ulaşabilmesi bu noktalardan bazılarıdır. Sahîfe’nin Muhammed Hamidullah tarafından gün yüzüne çıkarılan Şam ve Berlin Nüshaları ile Rıfat Fevzi tarafından keşfedilen Kahire Nüshası, Abdurrezzâk b. Hemmâm’ın talebelerinden Yusuf es-Sülemî isnadı ile gelmiştir. Bununla beraber kaynaklarda farklı raviler tarafından nakledilen ve meşhur olan Hemmâm Nüshaları’ndan da bahsedilmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda bu nüshaları ortaya koymaya çalışacağız

The best Turkish translation of Husrev u Shirin written as Persian by Nizamî-yi Gencevi (1141-1209) in 12th century might be said Sheyhi's translation. The first translation of the text to Turkish language was made by Qutb with Khorezm Turkish in 14th century. After Qutb, Fahri also translated it to Old Anatolian Turkish as based on Nizamî's work in the same century. These two texts have one each manuscript which we know, one is at the Bibliothéque National de France, and the other is at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. The text of Husrev u Shirin written by Sheyhi which we study as Phd dissertation has totally more than one hundred copies in country and outside the country. 70 manuscritpts of Husrev u Shirin who belongs to Sheyhi was founded in18 different libraries in only out of country during the study. In this article, we try to give information about manuscripts of Husrev u Shirin in the libraries abroad and also give some information about these libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Quran, being the word of Allah, emphasizes within itself that it is indeed highly significant. In the Sunnah, there can be found evidence indicating that some suras and ayahs of the Quran are more virtuous than others. Hence, prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions guided by his teaching have used this aspect of the Quran as a means to have some of their wishes granted, hardships resolved and to get protection against malicious beings. Being called Fezâilü'l-Kur'an in the early Islamic literature, this topic, in the following centuries, was categorized under Havâssü'l-Kur'an within the scholarship of the Quran. The field expanded over time and encapsulated many compiled works of varying sizes and lengths, most of which are in handwritten form. One of said works is the book named Şifâü'l-ebdân, written by Ali Hıbrî el-Kütahi in the light of classical literature. We have retrieved one handwritten copy of said work, named it "İlhami" and began a study to verify the ownership to the writer. The copy was compared and tested with the five different copies found in domestic libraries of handwritten works, and the contents of Dürrü'n-nazîm, one of the most prominent works in the field, in the light of which the author worked, and used for reference. It was understood as a result of the comparison that the copy, İlhami, is a definite copy of Şifâü'l-ebdân. In addition, among the copies of the work, the complete ones have been ascertained and determined for purposes of reliability for those who want to study the piece. The said piece was donated by us to the Kütahya Vahidpaşa Library and was registered with the asset ID of 3243. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Sahifah of Hammam b. Munabbih has importance in many ways in the hadith world. It has pointed that the first century of hijra, The Sahifah written by one the companion and can be reached today are some of these aspects. Damascus and Berlin's manuscripts that revealed by Muhammad Hamidullah and the manuscript of Cairo that come to light by Rif'at Fawzihas been contributed by Josef al-Solami who is one of the the students of Abd al-Razzak b. Hammâm. Also, it is mentioned there knowned Hammâm's manuscripts that narrated by different narrators in sources. In this study, we investigate these manuscripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)