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On the basis of analysis of relevant literature as well as herbarium collections of LE and MW, unreliability of recent record of four Cruciferae species from easternt Mongolia is proved, viz. Alyssum desertorum (Middle Khalkha), Crucihimalaya mollissima, Sisymbrium brassiciforme (both – East Mongolia), and Meniocus linifolius (Great Khingan). It is found that the species could not be collected in 1987 and false findings are based on the confusion with labels of the season 1984 with similar field numbers, a conclusion further supported by the information from relevant field diaries. It is documented that herbarium collections of joint Soviet-Mongolian biological expedition kept in UBA are mislabeled in a way that at least part of gatherings attributed to 1987 actually represent material collected in 1984 in western Mongolia. This fact should be considered when making floristic and taxonomic research in Mongolia; besides, the need of re-labeling of relevant material in UBA is stressed.

The mustard family (Brassicaceae) is a scientifically and economically important family, containing the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and numerous crop species that feed billions worldwide. Despite its relevance, most published family phylogenies are incompletely sampled, generally contain massive polytomies, and/or show incongruent topologies between datasets. Here, we present the most complete Brassicaceae genus-level family phylogenies to date (Brassicaceae Tree of Life, or BrassiToL) based on nuclear (>1,000 genes, almost all 349 genera and 53 tribes) and plastome (60 genes, 79% of the genera, all tribes) data. We found cytonuclear discordance between nuclear and plastome-derived phylogenies, which is likely a result of rampant hybridisation among closely and more distantly related species, and highlight rogue taxa. To evaluate the impact of this rampant hybridisation on the nuclear phylogeny reconstruction, we performed four different sampling routines that increasingly removed variable data and likely paralogs. Our resulting cleaned subset of 297 nuclear genes revealed high support for the tribes, while support for the main lineages remained relatively low. Calibration based on the 20 most clock-like nuclear genes suggests a late Eocene to late Oligocene ‘icehouse origin’ of the family. Finally, we propose five new or re-established tribes, including the recognition of Arabidopsideae, a monotypic tribe to accommodate Arabidopsis. With a worldwide community of thousands of researchers working on this family, our new, densely sampled family phylogeny will be an indispensable tool to further highlight Brassicaceae as an excellent model family for studies on biodiversity and plant biology., bioRxiv

Here we present a revised species checklist for the Brassicaceae, updated from Warwick SI, Francis, A, Al-Shehbaz IA (2006), Brassicaceae: Species checklist and database on CD-ROM, Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 249─25. This update of the checklist was initiated, based on recent taxonomic and molecular studies on the Brassicaceae that have resulted in new species names, combinations and associated synonyms. New data have been added indicating tribal affiliations within the family and where type specimens have been designated. In addition, information from many early publications has been checked and added to the database. The database now includes information on 14983 taxa, 4636 of which are currently accepted and divided into 340 genera and 52 tribes. A selected bibliography of recent publications on the Brassicaceae is included.

Daikon radish is a versatile vegetable crop in the mustard family. It produces a large, white, cylindrical fleshy root weighing up to 4-7 lb. Daikon radish is an especially common vegetable in Asia, particularly Japan, and it tends to be less spicy than other garden types of radish. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides a primer on cultivation of daikon in Florida, including sections on propagation, growing conditions, pests and diseases, and agricultural, culinary, and medicinal uses. Written by Mary Dixon and Guodong Liu.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1370

Flowering plants have evolved diverse mechanisms that promote outcrossing. The most widespread of these outbreeding devices are self-incompatibility systems, the highly selective prefertilization mating barriers that prevent self-fertilization by disrupting pollen-pistil interactions. Despite the advantages of outcrossing, loss of self-incompatibility has occurred repeatedly in many plant families. In the mustard family, the highly polymorphic receptors and ligands that mediate the recognition and inhibition of self-pollen in self-incompatibility have been characterized and the 3D structure of the receptor-ligand complex has been solved. Sequence analyses and empirical studies in self-incompatible and self-compatible species are elucidating the genetic basis of switches from the outcrossing to selfing modes of mating and beginning to provide clues to the diversification of the self recognition repertoire.

Results of research in life sciences acquire a deeper meaning if they can also be discussed in temporal contexts of evolution. Despite the importance of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) as a prominent angiosperm model family, a robust, generally accepted hypothesis for a family-wide temporal framework does not yet exist. The main cause for this situation is a poor fossil record of the family. We suggest that the few known fossils require a critical re-evaluation of phylogenetic and temporal assignments as a prerequisite for appropriate molecular dating analyses within the family. In addition, (palaeo)biogeographical calibrations, not explored so far in the family, should be integrated in a synthesis of various dating approaches, with each contributing their specific possibilities and limitations.

Cvjetača (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) je dvogodišnja kultura koja pripada porodici krstašica. Uzgaja se zbog glave koja se sastoji od debele, kratke, hipertrofirane cvjetne stapke s nediferenciranim cvatovima i zametcima cvjetova. Minerali koji su količinski najzastupljeniji u cvatu cvjetače jesu natrij, kalij, magnezij, kalcij, fosfor, željezo i sumpor. Magnezij je esencijalni element za gotovo sva živa bića, uključen je u mnoge procese kao što je sinteza organske tvari, odgovoran je za aktivaciju velikog broja enzima i povoljno utječe na metabolizam ugljikohidrata, proteina i lipida. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi količinu magnezija u cvjetači koja je dostupna na području grada Zagreba te utvrditi koliko se magnezija može podmiriti konzumacijom iste. Uzorkovanje je provedeno na 9 prodajnih mjesta u gradu Zagrebu od kojih su 3 trgovine ekološkim proizvodima, 3 tržnice i 3 trgovačka lanca. Magnezij je nakon digestije s koncentriranom HNO3 i HClO4 u mikrovalnoj peći određen atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom. Količina magnezija u cvatu cvjetače kretala se od 0,17 do 0,22% Mg u suhoj tvari, 21,24 do 38,87 mg Mg/100 g svježe tvari te je utvrđeno da se konzumacijom 100 g cvjetače iz ovog istraživanja može podmiriti 5,98-10,75% dnevnih potreba za magnezijem. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is a biennial crop belonging to the mustard family. It is grown for a head consisting of a thick, short, hypertrophied flower stem with undifferentiated flowers and flower embryos. The minerals that most abundant in cauliflower are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sulfur. Magnesium is an essential element for almost all living beings, it is involved in many processes such as the synthesis of organic substances, it is responsible for the activation of a large number of enzymes and has a beneficial effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The aim of this thesis was to determine the content of magnesium in cauliflower available in the city of Zagreb and to determine how much magnesium can be settled by consuming that cauliflower. The sampling was carried out at 9 sales places in the city of Zagreb, of which 3 were stores with organic products, 3 markets and 3 retail chains. Magnesium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after digestion with concentrated HNO3 and HClO4 in a microwave oven. The magnesium content of cauliflower ranged from 0.17 to 0.22% Mg in dry matter, 21.24 to 38.87 mg Mg/100 g in fresh matter, and it was found in this study that consuming 100 g of cauliflower can satisfy 5.98-10.75% of our daily need for magnesium.

The degree to which parallel evolution utilizes the same genetic mechanisms indicates the degree to which developmental processes constrain or channel phenotypic evolution. A transgenetic strategy was used to elucidate the role of one floral meristem identity gene, LEAFY (LFY), in the evolution of rosette flowering, a plant architecture that has evolved in parallel in several lineages of the mustard family, Brassicaceae. The LFY genes from three rosette flowering species were cloned and introduced into a species with the ancestral architecture, and results indicated that changes at the LFY locus contributed to the evolution of rosette flowering in two of the three lineages, but that in each lineage a different set of genetic partners was involved. Also, LFY was shown to play a role in the evolution of flower size. Transgenetic strategy may be useful in the study of plant morphological evolution and parallelism.

Arabidopsis, a small annual plant belonging to the mustard family, is the subject of study for an estimated 7,000 researchers around the world. At the end of the year 2000, Arabidopsis will be the first higher plant genome completely sequenced by an international public effort, the Arabidopsis

The Brassicaceae is a large plant family (338genera and 3700 species) of major scientificand economic importance. Almost 100 yearsafter the first taxonomic and systematic trea-tise on the family of the Brassicaceae (Hayek1911) and subsequent contributions (Schulz1936, Janchen 1942) we are now close to thefirst comprehensive and natural system regard-ing the mustard family. The increasing impor-tance of Arabidopsis and Brassica as modelorganisms in Plant Sciences has greatlyadvanced systematics and taxonomy as wellas evolutionary and developmental research onthe entire family for two reasons: First, themost modern and recently developed molecu-lar tools developed for the model plants weremade available and have been applied success-fully to wild relatives, and, second, it isimportant to prove these conclusions reachedfor the model plants, also in their wildrelatives.A first attempt to summarize actual knowl-edge of the family was provided 30 years ago(Vaughan et al. 1976). This book describedthose markers and methods associated with thestudy of evolution in the Brassicaceae whichwere the most modern and informative at thatparticular time.During the last 20 years molecular biologyand DNA techniques opened new avenues fora revolution in plant systematics and evolu-tion, and, for the reasons already given, theBrassicaceae have been at the spear-head ofscientific research. Since publication of theabove mentioned symposium textbook on‘‘The Biology and Chemistry of the Crucife-rae’’ (Vaughan et al. 1976), there has been nospecial platform dedicated to the systematicsand evolution of this family. We suggest thetime is more than ripe to summarize recentprogress in this field.The papers included in this Special Volumeof Plant Systematics and Evolution were pre-sented during the XVII International Botani-cal Congress (IBC 2005) in Vienna, insymposium 8.9 ‘‘Systematics and Evolutionin Brassicaceae’’ The recurring theme in thelectures was the problems which still have to beto be dealt with concerning phylogenetics andcharacter evolution in Brassicaceae. Somecontributions concentrated on recent progressmade in the field of molecular biology provid-ing new insights into the evolution of pheno-types in this family (evo-devo research). Infurther talks it was explained that hybridiza-tion, reticulation, and polyploidy have playedan important role in speciation and differenti-ation of the Brassicaceae, particularly in Qua-ternary times during periods which weregreatly influenced by glaciation and deglacia-tion. Another presentation concentrated onmolecular markers which can be utilized toaddress biogeographical questions, e.g. sourceareas of genetic diversity, refugial areas, vicar-iant patterns, and colonization routes. Fur-thermore, results in the field of comparative

Members of the mustard family of flowering plants are predominately weedy annuals and short-lived perennials, and are often able to flower after a brief period of vegetative growth. Flowering within florally induced plants typically proceeds downward through the shoot(s) after first occurring at the primary meristem(s). Analyses of teratological flowering shoots — which commonly develop during the transition to flowering — indicate that flowering is not an all-or-nothing developmental step in mustards, and that both leaf and flower primordia are progressively specified.

The evolutionary history and systematics of the Brassicaceae (the mustard family) is the focus of intense study using several molecular markers. These studies have elucidated relationships with tribes but have so far been unable to resolve relationship among lineages that arose near the origins of the family. The reliance on fruit morphology to the exclusion of other morphological characters has, in the past, produced spurious taxonomies in the family. It is probable that the family arose in humid, hot or warm regions of the Near East sometime earlier than 32 million years ago.

Examination of pollen and macrofloral remains from possible garden and yard areas yielded evidence for a variety of weedy plants, such as buffalo bur, crab-grass, clover, purslane, mustard family, and nut-grass. The makeup of the forest during the early historic period was similar to that in the prehistoric, although evidence indicates that the forest was apparently thinned during the 1800s.

In this essay, I convey the results of some of our recent studies of reproduction in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Our work has been influenced by the investigations of a large and interactive community of researchers studying a variety of plant systems, including lily, tobacco, maize, and plants from the mustard family (for recent reviews, see Cheung et al., 2000 ; Dixit and Nasrallah, 2001 ; Johnson and Preuss, 2002 ). This essay does not attempt to review the large body of work from the field; rather, it focuses on the questions of interest to my laboratory.

Last week the U.S. government put up $12.7 million to begin large-scale sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana, a small, flowering member of the mustard family. The awards will fund the U.S. portion of an international collaboration that will attempt to decipher the plant9s entire genome by 2004. Arabidopsis has several features that make sequencing its genome a worthwhile challenge. Sequencing Arabidopsis should also have a significant impact on plant science, because all 250,000 species of flowering plants, from corn to tulips to cherry trees, are genetically very similar.

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are widespread and abundant in both plant and animal genomes. Despite the discovery and characterization of many MITE families, their origin and transposition mechanism are still poorly understood, largely because MITEs are nonautonomous elements with no coding capacity. The starting point for this study was P instability factor (PIF), an active DNA transposable element family from maize that was first identified following multiple mutagenic insertions into exactly the same site in intron 2 of the maize anthocyanin regulatory gene R. In this study we report the isolation of a maize Tourist-like MITE family called miniature PIF (mPIF) that shares several features with PIF elements, including identical terminal inverted repeats, similar subterminal sequences, and an unusual but striking preference for an extended 9-bp target site. These shared features indicate that mPIF and PIF elements were amplified by the same or a closely related transposase. This transposase was identified through the isolation of several PIF elements and the identification of one element (called PIFa) that cosegregated with PIF activity. PIFa encodes a putative protein with homologs in Arabidopsis, rice, sorghum, nematodes, and a fungus. Our data suggest that PIFa and these PIF-like elements belong to a new eukaryotic DNA transposon superfamily that is distantly related to the bacterial IS5 group and are responsible for the origin and spread of Tourist-like MITEs.

an obstacle to the treatment of pemphigus and can be the cause of failed treatment. Interestingly, gold, which is considered a treatment for pemphigus, has been suggested to be a trigger or exacerbating factor because it contains a thiol group. Infectious diseases and immunizations have been implicated in inducing or exacerbating pemphigus, including viruses of the Herpetoviridae family and bacteria, such as coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Certain foods have also been reported to induce or trigger pemphigus. The allium group of vegetables—garlic, onion, shallot, chive, leek, the mustard family, and the caper family—all have a thiol group. The urshiol group—mango, cassava, areca nuts, and cashew nuts—have a phenol group. Several studies point to the possible contribution of emotional stress as a precipitating factor in pemphigus, and pemphigus has long been considered a photosensitive disease. Successful treatment of pemphigus, and bullous diseases in general, should include a meticulous history in search of the culprit and instructions to patients to avoid sun exposure, emotional stress, and certain foods. Discovering the exacerbating or triggering factors and their cessation should ameliorate the disease as well as diminish the need for pharmacologic therapy.

Last week the U.S. government put up $12.7 million to begin large-scale sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana, a small, flowering member of the mustard family. The awards will fund the U.S. portion of an international collaboration that will attempt to decipher the plant9s entire genome by 2004. Arabidopsis has several features that make sequencing its genome a worthwhile challenge. Sequencing Arabidopsis should also have a significant impact on plant science, because all 250,000 species of flowering plants, from corn to tulips to cherry trees, are genetically very similar.

SummaryAn analysis of pollen and honeydew elements was carried out on 36 samples of honey from the province of Alberta, Canada, most of which were collected in 1983. Results indicated three pollen types characteristic of the province; Brassicaceae (mustard family), Melilotus spp. (sweet clover) and Trifolium hybridum/T. repens (alsike clover and white clover). Almost all of the honeys were uniflora! with two types predominating: Brassicaceae and Trifolium hybridum/T. repens. Honeydew elements were present in very small quantities. Several regional characteristics are shown.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small member of the mustard family, botanical information on which dates back to the 16th century. It has many advantages as a model system for plant molecular genetics, such as a short life cycle, small size, small genome size, and well developed classical genetics. Arabidopsis thus provides an alternative system to the commonly used crop plants for studies in the molecular genetics of plant physiology and development.

SUMMARY A waitress, aged 38 years, developed acute contact dermatitis of her hands after chopping salad plants. Patch tests to radish (Raphanus) and to allyl wothiocyanate and benzyl wothiocyanate produced positive reactions. Sinigrin, the thioglucoside of allyl isothiocyanate, was mixed in petrolatum with the enzyme myrosinase; the mixture produced a positive patch test reaction. Based on these preliminary findings, the immunochemical requisites of isothiocyanates (mustard oils) are discussed. A tabulation has been made of exposure risk to plants of the mustard family (Cruciferae) which yield these compounds; the plants include some commonly used culinary vegetables, salad plants, condiments and also horticultural plants.

The walrus' catalog of “many things” as reported by Lewis Carroll comprised a form of footwear, a mode of transportation, a resin‐turpentine mixture, a thick‐leaved member of the mustard family, a rank of male royalty, an aspect of oceanic temperature, and a possible anatomical aberration of swine. Although the “many things” dealt with by the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress are mostly different from those enunciated by Carroll's walrus, they are fully as varied and vastly more numerous. They have included, for example, aerospace and the Antarctic, permafrost and plastics, diodes and Diesel engines, magnetism and marine borers, lasers and Loran, photointerpretation and physiology, bioregeneration and blood flow, isotopes and infrared, catamarans and cloud seeding, and many others.

Because of evidence that erucic acid may be undesirable in edible products, genetically developed low-erucic varieties ofBrassica campestris andBrassica napus are expected to become a major part of the Canadian and European rapeseed crops within the next few years. In contrast the objective of work on crambe and related oilseeds in the U.S. is a reliable domestic source of oil high in erucic acid for industrial purposes. Whether the oil is produced for edible or nonfood uses, however, the glucosinolates that are characteristically present in oilseeds of the mustard family unfavorably influence the use of the byproduct meals as feed. These glucosinolates are the subject of current intensive research, both chemical and genetic. Development of convenient, accurate and sensitive analytical methods has markedly facilitated this research. To achieve optimum meal quality, procedures involving aqueous extraction of unreacted glucosinolates are under study. Genetically, a Polish variety ofB. napus called Bronowski has been found to produce seed having very low glucosinolate content, and individual low-glucosinolate plants ofB. campestris have been discovered. Crambe exhibits significantly less observable variability than rapeseed. Consequently the approaches based on chemical research seem more promising, but the possibility of developing a low-glucosinolate, high-erucicBrassica adapted to agricultural production in the U.S. to complement or even compete with crambe is not being overlooked.

Camelina, a member of the mustard family, exceeded flax and rape in yield of seed per acre at Ottawa, Ontario, and at Fort Vermilion, Alberta. The oil content of the 10 varieties in the test ranged from 34.3 to 38.7 per cent at Ottawa and from 37.1 to 42.0 per cent at Fort Vermilion. The average fatty acid composition in percentage of methyl esters was: palmitate 5.0; stearate 2.1; behenic 1.7; palmitoleic, trace; oleic 14.8; linoleic 16.4; linolenic 36.1; eicosenoic 17.5; eicosadienoic 2.3; erucic 3.7. The seed contained 33.1 per cent protein, 9.6 per cent crude fiber, only a trace of isothiocyanate, and no thiooxazolidone.Camelina matured 3 to 4 weeks earlier than flax. This is a valuable characteristic for northern areas as it would prevent damage by early fall frost and would permit extending the northern limits of the oilseed-producing area.

Summary Thlaspi arvense , known as penny-cress, French weed, or stink-weed, is a troublesome weed of the mustard family. It is the cause of a very objectionable taint in milk, cream, and butter. This weed is a serious pest in the grain growing areas of Manitoba, Sasketchewan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Montana, and reports indicate that it is spreading. The characteristic odor develops when the seed is in contact with water as the result of the action of an enzyme known as mycrosin, which hydrolyzes particular glucosides found in the plant. Apparently both oil of mustard and oil of garlic are formed. It was shown experimentally that the ingestion by a lactating cow of French weed seed to an amount between 90 and 150 grams or of the green forage to the amount of 500 grams or more results in the characteristic taint in the milk. The odor is more marked in the cream than in the milk and is most pronounced in the butter. This may be taken to indicate that the volatile products unite chiefly with fat. The most pronounced results were obtained when the interval between feeding the seed and milking was 3 hours. The effect was reduced after an interval of 5 hours and completely gone by 12 hours. Feed containing French weed seed can be fed immediately after one milking without danger to the quality of the product from the next milking. The common methods used to eliminate feed tastes from milk are only partially successful in removing the tainting of French weed. The taint could be detected in the butter from mixed cream when 15 per cent of the cream was tainted. French weed may be readily detected in mixed feeds in proportions as low as 0.5 per cent.

SUMMARY Plants of the caper family (Capparidaceae), which is the tropical relative of the mustard family (Cruciferae), yield ‘mustard oil’ (iso thiocyanate). A review has been made of reported effects on the skin and mucous membranes of some of these plants, of their geographical distribution, and of some opportunities for human contact with them. Plants which yield iso thiocyanates can produce irritant dermatitis and some probably can produce allergic contact dermatitis. The Capparidaceae family provides an example of the necessity of recording botanical names rather than common names for plant species, when reporting contact dermatitis from plants.

Club root of cabbage is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Only members of the Cruciferae, the mustard family, such as cabbage, turnip, and rutabaga are susceptible. Infected roots enlarge into club-shaped structures of irregular dimensions. Above-ground parts may be stunted, yellow, and wilted, reflecting the unhealthy structures below. Examine Table 9-1 for a comparison of the characteristics of various kinds of overgrowths caused by different pathogenic agents.