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Oestridae is a family of flies, which includes species whose larvae are internal parasites of several species of mammals. Some species settle in the host's flesh, while others occur in the viscera. This study objective to report the characteristics of the Family Oestridae. The research was carried out in studies related to quantitative aspects of the Family, Subfamily and Species (taxonomic groups) and conceptual aspects such as: biology, geographical distribution, species, life cycle, damage, laboratory creation, economic importance, medicinal importance, biological aspects, monitoring and control and reproduction. A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 1950 to 2021. The mini-review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from September to October 2021, through the Online Scientific Library (Scielo), internet, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Frontiers, Publons, Qeios, Portal of Scientific Journals in Health Sciences, Pubmed, Online Scientific Library (Scielo), internet, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Frontiers, Biological Abstract, Publons, Qeios, Portal of Scientific Journals in Health Sciences, and Pubmed, Dialnet, World, Wide Science, Springer, RefSeek, Microsoft Academic, Science, ERIC, Science Research.com, SEEK education, Periódicos CAPES, Google Academic, Bioline International and VADLO.

Oestridae is a family of flies, which includes species whose larvae are internal parasites of several species of mammals. Some species settle in the host's flesh, while others occur in the viscera. This study objective to report the characteristics of the Glossinidae Family. The research was carried out in studies related to quantitative aspects of the Family, Subfamily and Species (taxonomic groups) and conceptual aspects such as: biology, geographical distribution, species, life cycle, damage, laboratory creation, economic importance, medicinal importance, biological aspects, monitoring, control, and reproduction. A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 1950 to 2021. The mini-review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from September to October 2021, through the Online Scientific Library (Scielo), internet, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Frontiers, Publons, Qeios, Portal of Scientific Journals in Health Sciences, Pubmed, Online Scientific Library (Scielo), internet, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Frontiers, Biological Abstract, Publons, Qeios, Portal of Scientific Journals in Health Sciences, and Pubmed, Dialnet, World, Wide Science, Springer, RefSeek, Microsoft Academic, Science, ERIC, Science Research.com, SEEK education, Periódicos CAPES, Google Academic, Bioline International and VADLO.

The male genital and pregenital skeleton and musculature were studied in males of the following species of the Muscidae subfamily Azeliinae: Drymeia firthiana (Huckett, 1965), Drymeia longiseta Sorokina & Pont, 2015, Drymeia segnis (Holmgren, 1883), Thricops nigritellus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Thricops hirtulus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Hydrotaea dentipes (Fabricius, 1805), Muscina stabulans (Fallén, 1817), and Muscina levida (Harris, 1780). Descriptions and figures of the genital sclerites and muscles of D. firthiana and M. stabulans are given. A comparison was made between the genital segments and muscles of previously studied species of Mydaeinae and Muscinae and those of the Azeliinae. Based on the structure of the skeleton and muscles of syntergosternite VII + VIII and the phallapodeme muscles, significant differences were found between the subfamily Azeliinae and the subfamilies Mydaeinae and Muscinae. The basal position of the Azeliinae within the family Muscidae was confirmed. A comparison of the genital segments and muscles of the Muscidae with those of the Scathophagidae (Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Anthomyiidae (Delia platura (Meigen, 1826)) was made. Tendencies in reduction of the pregenital segments and musculature, as well as of the phallapodeme muscles in the evolution of the Muscoidea have been revealed. The complete set of phallapodeme muscles in the Scathophagidae and Anthomyiidae corresponds to the basal state, and therefore the structure of the genital sclerites and muscles in the Muscidae shows a certain degree of reduction. The progressive changes in the Muscidae from the Azeliinae through the Mydaeinae to the Muscinae were traced.

Aethiopomyia Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a small genus with occurrence restricted to the Afrotropical region. Only five species are currently known in this genus: A. patersoni Zumpt, 1969, A. williamsi Snyder, 1951, A. arguta (Karsch, 1879), A. steini Curran, 1935, and A. gigas (Stein, 1906). All Aethiopomyia species are large, reaching up to 15 mm, as in A. patersoni and the most visible differences among them are based in the color pattern of the body. The species are mostly yellow, with a broad scutum and abdomen, males and females are dichoptic, the anepimeron is haired and they have stubby spines on the upper side of the palpi. Phylogenetically, Aethiopomyia, together with two other genera restricted to the Afrotropical region, Alluaudinella Giglio-Tos and Ochromusca Malloch, appear to form a monophyletic group, defined by the presence of the remarkably short stubby spines on the upper side of the palpi. Four species deposited in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (Germany) were analyzed; three of them are types. Diagnosis for all species, colored illustrations, male dissections and illustrations and a key to separate them are presented herein.

A new species of Bithoracochaeta Stein, 1911 (Diptera, Muscidae), Bithoracochaeta couriae sp. nov., is described and illustrated. In addition, we present comments on all Mexican species of the genus, a brief description of hunting behavior of B. couriae sp. nov. and its possible use as a biological control agent of greenhouses pests.

Muscoidea, a large dipteran superfamily, occurs in all zoogeographic regions of the world and constitutes approximately 5% of the described dipteran diversity (Kutty et al. 2008). According to present knowledge, approximately 7,000 described species are recorded worldwide (Kutty et al. 2008) in four families, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Scathophagidae. Faunistic studies that include adult flies of Muscoidea tend to focus on males in China (e.g. Fan 1992, Xue & Chao 1998), with the tacit assumption that they represent all the sampled species at the locality. Because many species have been described from males only, and even described females are often difficult or impossible to identify, the latter have suffered a general lack of taxonomic attention. Consequently, the focus on males in species inventories of adult flies of Muscoidea is understandable and not easily overcome. Nevertheless, recognising females in this group is very important, and is convenient not only for identifying species but for further phylogenetic studies. During recent years, we have been engaged in faunal studies of this group in China. While sorting and identifying Muscidae and Fanniidae from materials on loan from Shenyang Normal University, we found female specimens of Fannia imperatoria and Phaonia vagata from Liaoning and Shanxi respectively, which enables the first description of the females of these species in the present work. In addition, further morphological information of the females of the genera Fannia and Phaonia is provided.

The complete mitochondrial genome (15,573 bp) of an understudied sheep parasite Melophagus ovinus was sequenced and characterized. Its organization and characteristics, including the size, structure, gene order, start/stop codon usage and gene overlaps, are largely typical for Diptera. It exhibits very high A + T bias (81%). Posterior probability values in the inferred phylogenetic dendrogram were very high, but Oestroidea and Muscoidea superfamilies were both paraphyletic. The sequence was nested within the Oestridae clade, thus also rendering the family paraphyletic. A larger number of Hippoboscoidea mitogenomes will have to be available to achieve a better phylogenetic resolution.

Invasion of a living vertebrate animal by dipteran larvae is known as myiasis. Myiasis has great medical and veterinary importance since it affects humans as well as wild and domestic animals in developed and developing countries around the world. This relationship between parasite and host can be characterized by the degree to which the larvae depend on their host: accidental, facultative or obligatory. Known myiasis-causing flies are represented worldwide by a diversity of species included in 11 superfamilies and 16 families. Taxonomy, morphology, life history, ecology and behavior, public health and veterinary importance, prevention and control are described. The following four families of myiasis-producing species are discussed in detail due to their economic and medical-veterinary importance: Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Oestridae. The latest approaches in application of myiasis control methods such as chemical, biological, sterile insect technique (SIT), and luring-trapping techniques are described.

The sheep ked Melophagus ovinus is mainly found in Europe, Northwestern Africa, and Asia. Although M. ovinus is an important ectoparasite of sheep in many countries, the population genetics, molecular biology, and systematics of this ectoparasite remain poorly understood. Herein, we determined the mitochondrial (mt) genome of M. ovinus from Gansu Province, China (MOG) and compared with that of M. ovinus Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (MOX). The mt genome sequence (15,044 bp) of M. ovinus MOG was significantly shorter (529 bp) than M. ovinus MOX. Nucleotide sequence difference in the whole mt genome except for non-coding region was 0.37% between M. ovinus MOG and MOX. For the 13 protein-coding genes, comparison revealed sequence divergences at both the nucleotide (0-1.1%) and amino acid (0-0.59%) levels between M. ovinus MOG and MOX, respectively. Interestingly, the cox1 gene of M. ovinus MOX is predicted to employ unusual mt start codons AAA, which has not been predicted previously for any parasite genome. Phylogenetic analyses showed that M. ovinus (Hippoboscoidea) is related to the superfamilies Oestroidea + Muscoidea. Our results have also indicated the paraphylies of the four families (Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Oestridae) and two superfamilies (Oestroidea and Muscoidea). This mt genome of M. ovinus provides useful molecular markers for studies into the population genetics, molecular biology, and systematics of this ectoparasite.

One new species in the genus Acianthera, A. imitator, is described and illustrated. Sixteen species are proposed as synonyms. They are listed in alphabetical order: Acianthera gradeae as synonym of A. agathophylla; A. spilantha as synonym of A. breviflora; A. antennata as synonym of A. gracilisepala; A. dichroa as synomym of A. strupifolia; Anathallis crebrifolia, A. montipelladensis, and A. ourobranquensis as synonyms of A. aristulata; A. liparanges as a synomym of A. heterophylla; A. bolsanelloi, A. githaginea, and A. nectarifera as synonyms of A. lobiserrata; A. limbata and A. marginata as synonyms of A. muscoidea; A. longiglossa as synonym of A. paranaensis; Lankesteriana gehrtii as synonym of L. caudatipetala, and Specklinia rubidantha as synonym of Lankesteriana imberbis. Correct provenance and habitat information are provided for the type collection of the recently described Anathallis johnsonii. This species is herein formally recorded for Brazil. Lectotypes are selected for seven specie...

The biodiversity inventory is an urgent task for insect conservation. Particularly, the urban green spaces (non-built-up areas) within urban environments are a fundamental element to the maintenance, and restoration of biodiversity. We described the diversity of saprophagous Calyptratae in three urban green spaces: a private garden, an urban park, and a natural reserve in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, and we compared the presence of native and cosmopolite species. A total of 14,688 specimens were collected, representing 62 species. The three most abundant species, C. macellaria , T. ( S .) occidua , and C. albiceps , represent 81.70 % of the total sample. 67.24 % of species collected were natives and presented an increase in terms of richness towards less modified spaces. Muscoidea species were more sensible to the change produced by urban development on the natural ecosystems. Species cosmopolite treated as “global homogenizers” were identified.

New synonymies and new combinations are proposed, based mainly on the study of type materials. They are as follows: Helina sarmentosa Fang & Fan, 1993 = H. dianica Qian & Feng, 2005, syn. n.; Helina dianxiia Xue and Li, 2002 = H. aureolicolorata Feng & Xue, 2002, syn. n.; Myospila lenticeps (Thomson, 1869) = H. magnimaculata Feng, 1995, syn. n.; Spilogona angulisurstyla (Xue & Xiang, 1998), comb. n.; Spilogona apicicauda (Xue, Wang & Tong, 2003), comb. n.; Hebecnema arcuatiabdomina (Feng & Fan, 2001), comb. n.

The microbes Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are common reproductive parasites of arthropods and may strongly influence reproduction of infected hosts and also impact on reproductive isolation. Such infections could hence influence results of many studies assessing reproductive behaviour and fitness of possible hosts, as well as reproductive isolation. Previous work indicates that infections with the microbes Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are common in the Drosophilidae. However, extensive and targeted surveys of other Dipteran families are lacking. Here we survey the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria and a range of other species from the Muscoidea (families Scathophagidae, Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae and Muscidae) collected in the field or obtained from museum collections for infection with the widespread reproductive parasites Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Both have been shown to be heritable symbionts and affect reproduction in other Diptera. S. stercoraria is a very important model for the study of sexual selection, and in particular of postcopulatory processes, as it has played a major role in the history of research on sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Infections with Wolbachia were found to be widespread across the Muscoidea, whereas infections with Spiroplasma were rarer. We discuss the consequences of these findings and directions for future research on the impact of reproductive parasites on host reproduction in the Scathophagidae.

On the basis of comparative morphology study and the group definition put forward by Chillcott (1961a), the conception of fuscinata-group is proposed for the first time. So former metallipennis-group is divided into 2 groups, namely metallipennis-group and fuscinata-group. Earlier studies on the former metallipennis-group are stated. The external morphology and terminalia differences between the two groups are discussed. The characters and distinguishable features of the two groups are given. To facilitate comparisons of the groups, a male key of the two groups and their resemblant groups is provided. A catalogue of fuscinata-group including 12 species is given. The known distributions of this group are China and Japan of Asia. In this paper, we put emphasis on the study of metallipennis-group, including characters, a male key, review of species, redescription, the analysis of systematic evolution and biogeography. 23 genitalia figures is given. Up to date, 6 species belong to metallipennis-group...

Muscoidea is a significant dipteran clade that includes house flies (Family Muscidae), latrine flies (F. Fannidae), dung flies (F. Scathophagidae) and root maggot flies (F. Anthomyiidae). It is comprised of approximately 7000 described species. The monophyly of the Muscoidea and the precise relationships of muscoids to the closest superfamily the Oestroidea (blow flies, flesh flies etc) are both unresolved. Until now mitochondrial (mt) genomes were available for only two of the four muscoid families precluding a thorough test of phylogenetic relationships using this data source. Here we present the first two mt genomes for the families Fanniidae (Euryomma sp.) (family Fanniidae) and Anthomyiidae (Delia platura (Meigen, 1826)). We also conducted phylogenetic analyses containing of these newly sequenced mt genomes plus 15 other species representative of dipteran diversity to address the internal relationship of Muscoidea and its systematic position. Both maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses suggested that Muscoidea was not a monophyletic group with the relationship: (Fanniidae + Muscidae) + ((Anthomyiidae + Scathophagidae) + (Calliphoridae + Sarcophagidae)), supported by the majority of analysed datasets. This also infers that Oestroidea was paraphyletic in the majority of analyses. Divergence time estimation suggested that the earliest split within the Calyptratae, separating (Tachinidae + Oestridae) from the remaining families, occurred in the Early Eocene. The main divergence within the paraphyletic muscoidea grade was between Fanniidae + Muscidae and the lineage ((Anthomyiidae + Scathophagidae) + (Calliphoridae + Sarcophagidae)) which occurred in the Late Eocene.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequenced and analyzed from a fly, Muscina angustifrons which collected from South Korea. The size of mitochondrial genome is 16,316 bp with 40.9% A, 12.3% C, 8.4% G and 38.4% T distribution. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships of the superfamily Muscoidea evaluated due to mitochondrial protein coding genes. The results showed that the family Muscidae is a paraphyletic group and the closest species to M. angustifrons is M. levida. This is the third complete mitochondrial genome for the genus Muscina and the first genus record from South Korea.

The horn fly, Haematobiairritans is an obligate haematophagous cosmopolitan insect pest. The first reports of attacks on livestock by Haematobiairritans in Argentina and Uruguay occurred in 1991, and since 1993 it is considered an economically important pest. Knowledge on the genetic characteristics of the horn fly increases our understanding of the phenotypes resistant to insecticides that repeatedly develop in these insects. The karyotype of Haematobiairritans, as previously described using flies from an inbred colony, shows a chromosome complement of 2n=10 without heterochromosomes (sex chromosomes). In this study, we analyze for the first time the chromosome structure and variation of four wild populations of Haematobiairritans recently established in the Southern Cone of South America, collected in Argentina and Uruguay. In these wild type populations, we confirmed and characterized the previously published "standard" karyotype of 2n=10 without sex chromosomes; however, surprisingly a supernumerary element, called B-chromosome, was found in about half of mitotic preparations. The existence of statistically significant karyotypic diversity was demonstrated through the application of orcein staining, C-banding and H-banding. This study represents the first discovery and characterization of horn fly karyotypes with 2n=11 (2n=10+B). All spermatocytes analyzed showed 5 chromosome bivalents, and therefore, 2n=10 without an extra chromosome. Study of mitotic divisions showed that some chromosomal rearrangements affecting karyotype structure are maintained as polymorphisms, and multiple correspondence analyses demonstrated that genetic variation was not associated with geographic distribution. Because it was never observed during male meiosis, we hypothesize that B-chromosome is preferentially transmitted by females and that it might be related to sex determination. Fil: Forneris, Natalia Soledad. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina Fil: Otero, Gabriel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina Fil: Pereyra, Ana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina Fil: Repetto, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina Fil: Rabossi, Alejandro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Fundación Instituto Leloir; Argentina Fil: Quesada Allue, Luis Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Fundación Instituto Leloir; Argentina Fil: Basso, Alicia L.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina

The complete mitochondrial genomes of Musca domestica (Muscidae) and Scathophaga stercoraria (Scathophagidae) are circular molecules of 16,108 bp and 16,223 bp in length, respectively. The first complete mitochondrial genome of Scathophagidae is reported here. Both genomes contain all 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a large control region, with conserved arrangement pattern reported in all cyclorrhaphan flies. All PCGs start with standard ATN codons except for the CO1 which starts with TCG in both species. All PCGs terminate with the common stop codons TAA or TAG, except for the CO2 and ND5 in both species and ND4 in S. stercoraria which end with a single T.

Sequences for nearly complete 18S rRNA and partial 16S rRNA genes were determined for sixteen species representing twelve calyptrate families. Two unique insertions are present in expansion regions of the 18S rDNA in nycteribiids. Alignments containing other dipteran rRNA genes provided good resolution at higher taxonomic level: monophyly of Calyptratae is well supported. While both 16S and 18S rDNA matrices produce unstable topologies within Calyptratae when analysed separately, their combination results in a tree with several robust and well supported nodes. Of three superfamilies recognized in recent classifications, the Hippoboscoidea is well supported by 16S rDNA and by combined matrices. The representatives of Muscoidea, Musca sp. and Antipoda sp., display a tendency to cluster within Oestroidea. The comparison of secondary structures of two variable regions indicates that Sarcophagidae are related to Calliphoridae rather than to Tachinidae.

The family Scathophagidae constitutes, together with members of the families Muscidae, Fannidae, and Anthomyiidae, the Muscoidea superfamily. The species Scathophaga stercoraria has been used extensively to investigate questions in animal ecology and evolution, particularly as a model system for studies of sperm competition and life history evolution. However, no phylogenetic studies have ever been performed on the Scathophagidae and the relationships within this family remain unclear. This study represents a molecular approach aimed at uncovering the phylogenetic relationships among 61 species representing 22 genera of Scathophagidae. A fragment of the terminal region of the mitochondrial gene COI (subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase gene) was sequenced in scathophagid species covering a wide geographic area, as well as a diverse spectrum of ecological habitats. Several clades grouping different genera and species have been identified, but the resolution power of the COI was insufficient to establish the exact relationships between these clades. The molecular data confirm the existence of a group consisting of the genera Delina, Chylizosoma, and Americina, which could represent the subfamily Delinae. Concerning the controversial position of the genus Phrosia, our data clearly suggest that it should be removed from the Delinae and placed within the genus Cordilura. Monophyly of most genera was confirmed, except for the genus Scathophaga, which should be divided into several different taxa.

The utility of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragment of about 1100 bp (including partial COI and COII sequences and tRNALeu) for evolutionary studies in Muscoidea is discussed. The species investigated are Scathophaga stercoraria, Microprosopa pallidicauda and Trichopalpus fraterna (family Scathophagidae), Musca domestica (Muscidae), Lasiomma seminitidum (Anthomyiidae) and Fannia armata (Fanniidae). Comparisons were made with published mtDNA sequences of Drosophila, Anopheles and three Calliphoridae species. The molecular phylogeny obtained here matches the classical morphological taxonomy reasonably well. This varies considerably, however, at different taxonomical levels. At a high taxonomic level, there is a clear separation between the Nematocera and the Brachycera, but the Calyptratae-Acalyptratae division is not always supported. At a lower taxonomic level, all species belonging to the same family are well grouped, but at an intermediate level, within the Calyptratae, it is impossible to clearly separate the Muscoidea and Calliphoridae, preventing a firm conclusion on the phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea families. The entire COI sequence of S. stercoraria, as well as other mtDNA sequences (including the proximal portions of the COI gene, tRNATrp, tRNACys and tRNATyr genes) in Muscoidea species, are also presented and discussed.

A study comparing the morphology of the proboscis of the following muscoid species is presented: Scatophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scatophagidae), Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus, 1761) (Fanniidae), Taenomyia auricollis Stein, 1918 (Anthomyiidae) and Phaonia valida (Harris, 1780) (Muscidae). Comparisons were made with Archiborborus sp. (Acalyptratae, Sphaeroceridae), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Oestroidea, Calliphoridae) and other muscids.

The antennae of Hypoderma bovis (Diptera: Oestridae) females were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Each antenna is composed of 3 parts: the scape, the pedicel, and the funiculus, with a large, protruding arista. Mechanoreceptors are found on the proximal and lateral margins of the scape and pedicel, respectively. Microtrichia, which are presumably non-innervated, are located evenly over both the outer surface of the scape and the inner surface of the pedicel. A narrow band of microtrichia is present proximally on the outer surface of the pedicel. The entire funicular surface is densely covered with microtrichia. Small patches lacking these microtrichia appear as depressions or “pits” (8–20 μm in diameter) on the surface of the funiculus. Olfactory sensilla found on the funicular surface include basiconica type 1, basiconica type 2, and trichoid sensilla. The sensilla basiconica commonly occur in pits on the anterodorsal surface of the funiculus. Trichoid sensilla are abundant on the posteroventral surface of the funiculus and do not appear to occur in pits. In addition, clavate and peg sensilla, whose functions are unknown, are found in low numbers on the funicular surface. There may be as many as 300 olfactory pits on the anterodorsal surface of each funiculus. These are single-chambered and contain 6 or fewer sensilla basiconica. We propose that a relatively high number of pits may be characteristic of flies in Superfamily Oestroidea (as compared with those of Superfamily Muscoidea), but that pit morphology within the Calyptratae is not Superfamily-specific.

Hennig's holomorphology concept defines taxonomy as a process that synthesizes evidence from all relevant comparative sources. One possible source is metabolomics, in which the global metabolic profile is analyzed. An integral metabolic profile can be quickly obtained, nondestructively, through spectroscopy in the near infrared region. Here we use near infrared spectroscopy and chemometry to identify nine species of flies in the genus Neodexiopsis Malloch (Muscidae, Diptera). This genus is the most species-rich of the Muscoidea in the Neotropical region. Identification success demonstrates that near infrared spectroscopy may provide a new source of data to test and organize hypotheses of species delimitation. Comparing near infrared spectroscopy with DNA barcoding, spectroscopy may have even greater conceptual merit as a true barcode of life.

Adult flies may visit faeces to lay eggs or larvae, to feed, or to drink, in dry weather. Within the group of calyptrate flies without meral bristles (Muscoidea), species that breed in faeces show a significantly greater tendency to visit it than those species that breed in other media. Oestroidea (with meral bristles) do not show this tendency, ecological confirmation of the anatomical fact that calyptrates fall into at least two distinct natural groupings. Visiting faeces to drink seems unimportant for muscoids. The dung of semi-wild browsing cattle is visited by few calyptrate fly species and is only attractive for a short time.

Fannia é encontrada em todas as regiões biogeográficas, exceto nos pólos. A presente contribuição refere-se às 22 espécies encontradas na região Sul do Brasil incluindo três novas espécies: Fannia opsia sp. nov. de Ponta Grossa (Paraná), Fannia pulvinilenis sp. nov. de Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul) e Fannia xanthothrichia sp. nov. de São José dos Pinhais (Paraná). Fannia carvalhoi Couri, 2005 é registrada pela primeira vez para o Brasil. É descrita pela primeira vez a fêmea de Fannia admirabilis Albuquerque, 1958. Além disto, são apresentadas chaves de identificação para macho e fêmea para as espécies da região. Ilustrações dos principais caracteres diagnósticos e das terminálias masculina e feminina são incluídas. Fannia are found in all biogeographic regions, except in the poles. This present contribution concerns to 22 species found in southern Brazil including three new species: Fannia opsia sp. nov. from Ponta Grossa (Paraná), Fannia pulvinilenis sp nov. from Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul) and Fannia xanthothrichia sp. nov. from São José dos Pinhais (Paraná). Fannia carvalhoi Couri, 2005 is recorded for first time in Brazil. The female of Fannia admirabilis Albuquerque, 1958 is described for the first time. A key for identification of male and female to species in southern Brazil is presented. Ilustrations of main diagnostic characters including male and female terminalia are also included.

Approximately 5% of the known species-level diversity of Diptera belongs to the Muscoidea with its approximately 7000 described species. Despite including some of the most abundant and well known flies, the phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily are poorly understood. Previous attempts at reconstructing the relationships based on morphology and relatively small molecular data sets were only moderately successful. Here, we use molecular data for 127 exemplar species of the Muscoidea, two species from the Hippoboscoidea, ten species representing the Oestroidea and seven outgroup species from four acalyptrate superfamilies. Four mitochondrial genes 12S, 16S, COI, and Cytb, and four nuclear genes 18S, 28S, Ef1a, and CAD are used to reconstruct the relationships within the Muscoidea. The length-variable genes were aligned using a guide tree that was based on the protein-encoding genes and the indel-free sections of the ribosomal genes. We found that, based on topological considerations, this guide tree was a significant improvement over the default guide trees generated by ClustalX. The data matrix was analyzed using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) and yielded very similar tree topologies. The Calyptratae are monophyletic and the Hippoboscoidea are the sister group to the remaining calyptrates (MP). The Muscoidea are paraphyletic with a monophyletic Oestroidea nested within the Muscoidea as sister group to Anthomyiidae + Scathophagidae. The monophyly of three of the four recognized families in the Muscoidea is confirmed: the Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Scathophagidae. However, the Anthomyiidae are possibly paraphyletic. Within the Oestroidea, the Sarcophagidae and Tachinidae are sister groups and the Calliphoridae are paraphyletic.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842007000500020.pdf: 359866 bytes, checksum: 5f1ac8fa329772d2f5f0cab68aca7b13 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842007000500020.pdf: 359866 bytes, checksum: 5f1ac8fa329772d2f5f0cab68aca7b13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842007000500020.pdf: 359866 bytes, checksum: 5f1ac8fa329772d2f5f0cab68aca7b13 (MD5) S1519-69842007000500020.pdf.txt: 26869 bytes, checksum: b4730ac9354b300919f53785d1f63c21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:08:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842007000500020.pdf: 359866 bytes, checksum: 5f1ac8fa329772d2f5f0cab68aca7b13 (MD5) S1519-69842007000500020.pdf.txt: 26869 bytes, checksum: b4730ac9354b300919f53785d1f63c21 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842007000500020.pdf: 359866 bytes, checksum: 5f1ac8fa329772d2f5f0cab68aca7b13 (MD5) S1519-69842007000500020.pdf.txt: 26869 bytes, checksum: b4730ac9354b300919f53785d1f63c21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O número modal de cromossomos dos Dípteros Muscóideos é 2n = 12, incluindo cinco pares de autossomos e um par de cromossomos sexuais. No entanto, algumas espécies com 2n = 10 cromossomos já foram descritas, sendo todas pertencentes à família Muscidae. No presente trabalho, foram analisados os cariótipos de algumas espécies de Muscidae de diferentes subfamílias e os dados obtidos foram comparados com os cariótipos de algumas espécies das famílias Calliphoridae e Sarcophagidae. Comparações destas espécies com outras da família Muscidae revelaram uma considerável variação entre seus cromossomos sexuais. Esta variação no tamanho dos cromossomos sexuais sugere que parte destes cromossomos foram perdidos ou sofreram fusão com autossomos. As regiões de heterocromatina constitutiva e as regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (RONs) foram também analisadas e alguns aspectos sobre a relação destas com os cromossomos sexuais são discutidos. The chromosome modal number in Muscoidea Diptera is 2n = 12, including five pairs of autosomes and one sex chromosome pair. Nevertheless, some species with 2n = 10 chromosomes have been described, all of them from the Muscidae family. We analyzed the karyotype of some Muscidae species from different subfamilies and compared the obtained data with the karyotypes of some species of the families Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae. Comparisons of these species with other Muscidae species revealed a considerable variation among their sex chromosomes. This variation in the length of the sex chromosomes suggests that parts of these chromosomes were lost or fused with autosomes. The constitutive heterochromatic regions and the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were also analyzed and some aspects about the relationship between these regions and the sex chromosomes are discussed. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biologia Organogenesis Inc. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biologia

Euryomma Stein e Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy são os únicos gêneros de Fanniidae que ocorrem na América do Sul. A presente contribuição refere-se às espécies de Euryomma. É apresentada uma chave de identificação para os gêneros de Fanniidae e para as espécies de Euryomma que ocorrem no Sul do Brasil. Redescrições de duas espécies já conhecidas e descrição de Euryomma palpingens sp. nov. de Ponta Grossa, Paraná são apresentadas. Euryomma carioca Albuquerque é registrada pela primeira vez para Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul e E. peregrinum (Meigen) pela primeira vez para Santa Catarina. São também incluídas ilustrações dos principais caracteres diagnósticos e das terminálias masculina e feminina das espécies. Euryomma Stein and Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy are the only genera of Fanniidae (Diptera) occurring in South America. The present study concerns only to Euryomma species. Identification keys to Fanniidae genera and to the species of Euryomma of southern Brazil are provided. Redescriptions of the previously recorded species and the description of Euryomma palpingens sp. nov. from Ponta Grossa, Paraná, are presented. Euryomma carioca Albuquerque is newly recorded from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, and E. peregrinum (Meigen) from Santa Catarina. Drawings of the main diagnostic characters and male and female terminalia of all species are included.

Myiasis is the invasion of a living vertebrate animal by fly larvae. This invasion may or may not be associated with feeding on the tissues of the host. Myiasis-causing flies are represented by a diversity of species. Some are rarely involved in myiasis. Myiasis is classified based on the degree to which fly species are tied to a host. Three types of myiasis generally are recognized: accidental, facultative, and obligatory myiasis. Myiasis also can be categorized in relation to the site of maggot invasion or subsequent development in the host. These include gastrointestinal, urogenital, ocular, nasopharyngeal, auricular, and cutaneous myiasis. Myiasis apparently has evolved along different lines in different groups of flies. The vast majority of species involved in myiasis are the members of two superfamilies and six families of calypterate flies. The life history of muscoid and oestroid flies follows the typical holometabolous and cyclorrhaphous pattern of four stages: egg, larva (three instars), pupa (in a puparium), and adult. Livestock and wildlife are at greater risk of attack by myiasis-causing flies than are people. There are three major approaches for controlling myiasis: (1) Avoiding contact between potential hosts and myiasis causing flies; (2) early treatment of wounds to prevent myiasis; and (3) reduction or elimination of myiasis fly populations.

The study of recently collected Afrotropical Muscidae (Diptera) from Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and South Africa has revealed ten new species which are described herein: Coenosia duomaculata sp. nov., C. nigromaculata sp. nov., C. fragilis sp. nov., Helina harrisorum sp. nov., H. ferfriniorum sp. nov., Hydrotaea tantula sp. nov., Limnophora diminuta sp. nov., L. antennalis sp. nov., Spilogona brunnea sp. nov. and S. bella sp. nov. Coenosia, Helina and Limnophora are speciose muscid genera, found throughout the Afrotropical Region, while Hydrotaea and Spilogona have a more restricted geographic distribution and include some 20 species each.

SUMMARY We have investigated the evolution of the bicoid (bcd) gene in fly species of the Muscoidea Superfamily. We obtained the complete bcd sequence from the housefly Musca domestica and found polymorphism in the coding region among Musca strains. In addition to Musca, we cloned most of the bcd coding sequences from two blowfly species Calliphora vicina and Lucilia sericata. The 5′ and 3′ regulatory regions flanking the Musca bcd gene are widely diverged in sequence from Drosophila; however, some important sequence motifs identified in Drosophila bcd are present. The predicted RNA secondary structures of the 3′ UTRs are similar, despite sequence divergence. Comparison of Bicoid (Bcd) proteins shows a serine-rich domain of unknown function is present in the Muscoidea species, but is absent in other species. The in vivo function of bcd in Musca was tested by RNAi to mimic loss of function phenotype. We obtained a head defect phenotype similar to weak bcd alleles of Drosophila. Although our comparisons initially suggest functional conservation between species, closer inspection reveals significant differences. Divergence of structural motifs, such as regulatory elements in flanking regions and conservation of protein domains in some species but not in others, points to functional divergence between species. We suggest that the larger embryonic size in Muscoidea species restricts the morphogenetic activity of a weak Bcd activator, which has evolved a more specialized role in head determination and lost some functions in thoracic development.

The Muscoidea community of two adjacent areas was sampled. For eight months one area was of secondary tropical forest and the other was an open field used for cattle grazing. The main purpose of the study was to investigate if there would be any differences in abundance, family diversity, community composition and bait attractiveness. Results suggest that the change in the environment resulted in a reduction of overall abundance, but not a reduced diversity in terms of families. None of the families was led to a marked decrease or increase, as might be expected in a disturbed environment. The changes observed in the community composition were not significant for the distribution and abundance rank of the families within that community. The environmental change also seemed to affect the way the flies responded to the baits.

Linnaeus described eleven species in the genera Musca and Conops that are now placed in the Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae. A study is presented of the types and other material of these three families in his collection.