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International audience; The paper is a theoretical exploration of complex Al/CuO thermite combustion processes, using a zero-dimensional (0D) model which integrates both condensed phase and gas phase reactions, and considers all thermodynamic stable molecular or atomic species identified during the Al+CuO reaction. We found that the particle size mainly influences the reaction kinetics and pressure development. Thermite with nano-sized particles (nanothermites) burns ~10 times faster than the same thermite with micron-sized particles (microthermites). This is due to the fact that the thermite reaction occurs mainly in condensed phase, i.e. in the melted Al phase, as all gaseous oxygens released by the CuO decomposition are spontaneously absorbed on the huge specific surface area of metallic Al. As a consequence, the pressure development in nanothermites follows the thermite chemical reaction, the gas phase is mostly composed of a metal vapor (mostly Cu and Al), Al suboxides, but is free of molecular oxygen. In contrast, when dealing with microthermites, an oxygen pressure peak occurs prior to the thermite reaction due to the gaseous O2 released by the early CuO decomposition, that cannot be absorbed on the Al particles surface in real time. The powder stoichiometry greatly impacts the final pressure. Al lean thermites generate a higher final pressure (× 3) than stoichiometric and Al rich mixtures, due to unreacted gaseous oxygen which remains in the gas phase after the full consumption of the metallic Al.

Multiphasic silica/collagen xerogels are biomaterials designed for bone regeneration. Biphasic silica/collagen xerogels (B30) and triphasic xerogels (B30H20 or B30CK20) additionally containing hydroxyapatite or calcite were demonstrated to exhibit several structural levels. On the first level, low fibrillar collagen serves as template for silica nanoparticle agglomerates. On second level, this silica-enriched matrix phase is fiber-reinforced by collagen fibrils. In case of hydroxyapatite incorporation in B30H20, resulting xerogels exhibit a hydroxyapatite-enriched phase consisting of hydroxyapatite particle agglomerates next to silica and low fibrillar collagen. Calcite in B30CK20 is incorporated as single non-agglomerated crystal into the silica/collagen matrix phase with embedded collagen fibrils. Both the structure of multiphasic xerogels and the manner of hydroxyapatite or calcite incorporation have an influence on the release of calcium from the xerogels. B30CK20 released a significantly higher amount of calcium into a calcium-free solution over a three-week period than B30H20. In calcium containing incubation media, all xerogels caused a decrease in calcium concentration as a result of their bioactivity, which was superimposed by the calcium release for B30CK20 and B30H20. Proliferation of human bone marrow stromal cells in direct contact to the materials was enhanced on B30CK20 compared to cells on both plain B30 and B30H20.

Osteochondral (OC) defects are debilitating joint injuries characterized by the loss of full thickness articular cartilage along with the underlying calcified cartilage through to the subchondral bone. While current surgical treatments can provide some relief from pain, none can fully repair all the components of the OC unit and restore its native function. Engineering OC tissue is challenging due to the presence of the three distinct tissue regions. Recent advances in additive manufacturing provide unprecedented control over the internal microstructure of bioscaffolds, the patterning of growth factors and the encapsulation of potentially regenerative cells. These developments are ushering in a new paradigm of ‘multiphasic’ scaffold designs in which the optimal micro-environment for each tissue region is individually crafted. Although the adoption of these techniques provides new opportunities in OC research, it also introduces challenges, such as creating tissue interfaces, integrating multiple fabrication techniques and co-culturing different cells within the same construct. This review captures the considerations and capabilities in developing 3D printed OC scaffolds, including materials, fabrication techniques, mechanical function, biological components and design.

Viscoelastic multiphase flows in porous media are at the crossroad of many engineering sciences. Initiated with petroleum industry, their range of application is now extended to many additional areas, such as civil engineer-ing, geotechnics, composite impregnation and more recently life sciences. Mathematical formulations of these problems often rely on governing equations formulated directly at the macroscale, or are derived from micro-scopic considerations using upscaling technics. Generally, the second approach is prefered as it permits to estab-lish a clear connection between the scales of the porous media and to identify the restraining hypothesis neces-sary to the formulation of the equation system. However, when upscaling is performed, many unknown parameters remain to obtain a close set of equations, and additional closure relationships must be considered in order to find a solvable formulation. For the flows of interest, exhibiting multiphasic and viscoelastic properties, the usual macroscale empirical relations may be too inaccurate to capture relevantly the influence of underlying physics at play, and few experimental data allow characterising the missing parameters.A solution to this problem consists in performing numerical simulations at the microscale to extract missing information about media properties through microfluidic experiments in silico. To achieve this multi-scale modelling strategy, a pore scale model has been derived in this thesis for two applications of interest: improved oil recovery and tumor growth. The derivation of a unique model for these applications makes use of conservation equations at the microscale considered during upscaling operations. The obtained formulation allows a multiphase flow description by means of a phase-field method and the viscoelasticity of phases is introduced through the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. The resulting mathematical model, implemented in a finite element code, permits to study in what extents the introduction of the polymer solution viscoelastic rheology during enhanced recovery process improves the mobilization of oil at pore scale. The influence of viscoelasticity on numerical solutions, as well as sweep efficiency of the medium, is compared to literature experimental results. On other hand, the mathematical model has been specialised to simulate the growth of a few hundred microns wide tumor aggregates. Since the precursor works of Steinberg the viscoelastic fluids analogy for cells aggregate is increasingly used for mathematical modelling. In this thesis, this similarity allows to study numerically the evolution of tumor aggregates in various environments. The biomechanical formulation of the problem permits to simulate cells population behaviour under mechanical load, which affects the growth rate according to the constraints in the system. In this context, the mathematical model is used to separate mechanical from biological effects, and provide original explanations on tumor growth in confined environment. The predictive capacity of the model on in vitro experiments shows the relevance of the viscoelastic multiphase flow for the tumor growth description.; Les écoulements multiphasiques viscoélastiques en milieux poreux sont au centre de nombreuses recherches fondamentales et appliquées. Initiés par l’industrie pétrolière, leur développement s’étend aujourd’hui sur un large éventail de domaines tels que le génie civil, les géosciences, les matériaux composites et plus récemment les sciences de la vie. La formulation mathématique de ces problèmes repose généralement sur des équations gouvernantes formulées directement à l’échelle macroscopique, ou dérivées par changement d’échelle à partir des relations microscopiques. Généralement, la seconde approche est privilégiée, car elle permet d’établir une connexion claire entre les différentes échelles de description du milieu poreux et d’identifier les hypothèses res-trictives nécessaires à la formulation du problème. Cependant, lorsque le changement d’échelle est effectué, de nombreux paramètres restent encore à caractériser, et des conditions de fermeture supplémentaires sont à consi-dérer afin d’obtenir un système mathématique fermé. Pour les écoulements d’intérêt, présentant à la fois un caractère multiphasique et viscoélastique, la prise en compte des relations macroscopiques empiriques usuelles peut être trop imprécise pour rendre compte correctement de la physique sous-jacente, et peu de données expé-rimentales permettent de renseigner les paramètres manquants à l’échelle du milieu poreux.Une solution à ce problème consiste à modéliser numériquement les écoulements directement à l’échelle micros-copique afin de retrouver les grandeurs manquantes par des expériences de microfluidique in silico. Dans ces travaux de thèse, une formulation mathématique d’écoulement multiphasique viscoélastique a ainsi été dérivée à l’échelle du pore pour deux applications d’intérêt : la modélisation de la récupération améliorée du pétrole et la croissance tumorale. La dérivation d’un modèle unique pour ces deux applications utilise les lois de conservation de grandeurs extensives à l’échelle microscopiques considérées lors des opérations de changement d’échelle. La formulation résultante permet une description multiphasique à travers une méthode d’interface diffuse et la prise en compte de la viscoélasticité des phases est modélisée par une loi constitutive d’Oldroyd-B. Le modèle mathématique, implémenté dans un code éléments finis, permet d’étudier comment la rhéologie viscoélastique des solutions de polymère peut être utilisée afin d’améliorer la mobilisation du pétrole à l’échelle du pore lors d’opérations de récupération tertiaire. L’influence de la viscoélasticité sur les résultats numériques obtenus, tout comme l’efficacité du procédé, est comparée aux résultats expérimentaux existant de la littérature. Dans un second temps, le modèle mathématique a été spécialisé pour simuler la croissance d’agrégats de cellules cancéreuses de quelques centaines de microns. L’analogie entre les tissus biologiques et les fluides viscoélastiques est courante pour des fins de modélisations mathématiques depuis les travaux de Steinberg sur la dynamique des tissus vivants. Dans cette thèse, cette similarité est utilisée afin d’étudier le comportement d’agrégats tumoraux dans différents environnements. La formulation biomécanique du problème permet de simuler le comportement de populations cellulaires soumises à des chargements mécaniques externes, qui montrent une modulation de leur vitesse de croissance selon l’état de contrainte du milieu. L’utilisation du modèle mathématique dans ce contexte permet d’isoler les effets mécaniques des effets biologiques sur le régime de croissance, et propose des explications originales sur l’évolution d’agrégats tumoraux en milieux confinés. Enfin, les capacités prédictives de la formulation sur plusieurs expériences in vitro permettent d’illustrer la pertinence de l’utilisation de modèles d’écoulements multiphasiques viscoélastiques pour les problèmes de croissances tumorales.

There is an urgent need in the field of soft tissue engineering (STE) to develop biomaterials exhibiting a high degree of biological and mechanical functionality as well as modularity so that they can be tailored according to patient-specific requirements. Recently, biomimetic soft network composites (SNC) consisting of a water-swollen hydrogel matrix and a reinforcing fibrous network fabricated by melt electrospinning writing technology have demonstrated exceptional mechanical and biological properties, thus becoming strong candidates for STE applications. However, there is a lack of design approaches to tailor and optimize their properties in a non-empirical way. To address this challenge, we propose a numerical model-based approach for the rational design of patient-specific SNC for tissue engineering applications. The approach is rooted in an in silico design library that allows for the selection of biomaterial and architecture combinations for the target application, resulting in reduced time, manpower and costs. To demonstrate the validity of the design strategy, a multiphasic SNC with predefined zone-specific properties that captured the complex zonal mechanical and compositional features of articular cartilage was developed based on the natural design of the native tissue.

Background Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic post-infectious demyelinating disease, clinically defined by the acute onset of polyfocal neurological deficits including encephalopathy. A subset of ADEM patients will subsequently be diagnosed with relapsing disorders, including recurrent DEM (RDEM), multiphasic DEM (MDEM), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we describe the case of an adult patient, who presented two ADEM-like episodes after a very long (8 years) symptoms-free period. Clinical case A 48 years old man presented a first case of sub-acute onset of encephalopathy and dysarthria with MRI findings suggestive for ADEM for which he underwent an intravenous and oral steroid treatment followed by a complete clinical remission. After 8 years he presented a new sub-acute onset of encephalopathy and balance disorders with the onset of new lesions at the MRI. The search for oligoclonal band (OCB) showed a single CSF-restricted IgG band. Suspecting a new ADEM episode he was treated with intravenous steroids without benefit and 3 apheresis sessions with clinical improvement followed by an oral steroid treatment. After 2 months he experienced a paroxysmal episode of dysarthria, upper and lower left limbs impairment and urge incontinence with a stable new brain and spinal cord MRI. The search for anti-aquaporin-4 and anti-MOG (cell-based assay) antibodies was repeated twice within a 6 months span and resulted in both cases negative. The patient was treated with Rituximab (1g followed by 1g after 15 days, followed by 1g after 6 months) with stability of the neurological and radiological examinations at the last follow-up. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of MDEM in which the two episodes of ADEM occurred 8 years apart. Although this case fulfills the diagnostic criteria for MDEM, the time elapsed between the two episodes is very long. Therefore, we cannot exclude that this disease might be a new nosological entity that could be included in the expanding range of demyelinating diseases.

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019; Aachen 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 196 Seiten) : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2019). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2019, This thesis describes the development of a liquid-liquid multiphasic catalyst system (MPC-System) which is used for the homogenously catalyzed hydrogenation of CO₂ to formic acid and formic acid (FA) derivatives (formic acid-amine adducts). The synthesis of the employed catalysts is described and the optimization of the catalysis is shown. Additionally, the downstream conversion of the obtained products with methanol into methyl formate (MF) is discussed. Finally, product isolation is validated and different process strategies are envisioned. Conclusively, this work demonstrates the use of CO₂ as an alternative carbon source for the synthesis of methyl formate., Published by Aachen

Aligned finger structures, with a characteristic width, emerges during the slow drainage of a liquid/granular mixture in a tilted Hele-Shaw cell. A transition from vertical to horizontal alignment of the finger structures is observed as the tilting angle and the granular density are varied. An analytical model is presented, demonstrating that the alignment properties is the result of the competition between fluctuating granular stresses and the hydrostatic pressure. The dynamics is reproduced in simulations. We also show how the system explains patterns made during dyke formations., 20 pages, 6 figures

The study of electrical arcs in liquids begins in XXth century with the first oil circuit breaker and the use of welding/cutting processes on ship hulls in full water. These studies have been neglected for about 60 years, until the emergence of new applications such as the manufacture of nanostructures (for electrical engineering, medicine, etc.), electrical arc fracturing or different environmental applications (depollution, sterilization, gasification). In these applications different times and energies scales are involved for the discharge characteristics. Despite these differences, in all configurations a spherical gaseous medium dues to the current carrying path in the liquid exists. However, this gaseous phase is not much studied in the literature, particularly for an energy discharges of the order of kilojoule applied during 10ms. The goal of the thesis was to improve the understanding and to interpret the formation and the dynamic of the gas bubble created by this arc by varying the conditions. The work follows two ways: an experimental study to analyze the behavior of the bubble depending on the arc characteristics as the energy injected, the distance between the electrodes or the nature of the fluid; And a numerical study, where a 2D diphasic model has been implemented under Ansys Fluent to simulate the creation and the expansion of this gaseous phase in a liquid. The complementarity of these two approaches allows complementarities and interpretations. The experiment set up is composed by a closed aluminum reactor, where the electric arc is established in a liquid (water or oil) by a fusible wire between two electrodes. Windows allows to visualize by a speed camera the inter-electrode space, and so the arc and the gas bubble created. The current and voltage characteristics of the electric arc are recorded over time. A pressure sensor located in the volume of air above the liquid controls the pressure variations. The experimental results are treated through Matlab software and allow corroborating the numerical model developments. The code uses the Navier-Stokes equations to describe the two phases of the fluid via the Volume-Of-Fluids (VOF) method. Specifics developments have also been integrated to take into account the phase transfer at the gas/liquid interface adapting the mass transfer intensity coefficient. This coefficient is described as a function of the temperature and of the proportion of phase in a cell. The simulation results from the model support the experimental observations and build the foundations for a study on the behavior of the gaseous phase produced by the passage of an electric arc in a liquid.; L'étude des arcs électriques dans les liquides débute au XXème siècle suite à la création des premiers disjoncteurs à bain d'huile et à l'utilisation de différents procédés de soudure/découpe en pleine eau de coques de navire. Ces études ont été délaissées pendant environ 60 ans jusqu'à ce que de nouvelles applications voient le jour comme la fabrication de nanostructures (pour le génie électrique, la médecine, etc), la fracturation électrique ou encore diverses applications environnementales (dépollution, stérilisation, gazéification, ondes de chocs). Ces diverses applications se font avec des temps et des énergies mises en jeu pour la décharge très variables. Malgré ces différences, il y a toujours l'apparition d'une phase gazeuse globalement sphérique due au passage du courant. Cependant, cette phase est très peu étudiée dans la littérature notamment pour des décharges de l'ordre du kilojoule pour des durées de 10ms environ. L'objectif de la thèse est donc d'améliorer la compréhension de la formation et de la dynamique de la bulle de gaz alimentée par cet arc en jouant sur certains paramètres du système. Les travaux effectués s'articulent suivant deux axes : une étude expérimentale pour analyser le comportement de cette bulle par rapport à l'arc en modifiant notamment l'énergie injectée, la distance inter-électrode utilisée ou encore la nature du fluide employé ; et une étude numérique où un modèle diphasique 2D a été mis en œuvre sous Ansys Fluent pour simuler la création et le développement de cette phase gazeuse au sein d'une phase liquide. La complémentarité de ces deux études permet de témoigner de la présence de certains mécanismes comme ceux de la formation de bulles ou de cycles d'expansion et d'effondrement, gouvernés par des phénomènes de chauffage, d'évaporation ou électrothermiques. L'expérience mise en place se compose d'un réacteur hermétique en aluminium où l'arc électrique est amorcé par un fil fusible entre deux électrodes dans un liquide : eau ou huile. Des hublots permettent la visualisation par caméra rapide de l'espace inter électrode, et donc de l'arc et de la bulle de gaz qu'il engendre. Les caractéristiques courant et tension de l'arc électrique sont suivies dans le temps. Un capteur de pression dans le volume d'air situé au-dessus du liquide contrôle l'onde de pression générée par la décharge. Les résultats expérimentaux sont traités sous Matlab et permettent de conforter le modèle numérique mis en place. Le code utilise les équations de Navier-Stokes pour décrire les deux phases du fluide via la méthode Volume-Of-Fluids (VOF). A ces développements a aussi été intégré un modèle pour prendre en compte le transfert d'une phase de fluide vers une autre. Pour nos conditions de températures élevées, ce modèle a dû être adapté via le coefficient d'intensité de transfert de masse, qui est décrit en fonction de la température et de la proportion de phase dans une cellule. Les résultats de simulation issus de ce modèle permettent d'appuyer les observations expérimentales, et de poser les bases d'une étude sur la formation et le comportement de la phase gazeuse produite par le passage d'un arc électrique dans un liquide.

The study of electrical arcs in liquids begins in XXth century with the first oil circuit breaker and the use of welding/cutting processes on ship hulls in full water. These studies have been neglected for about 60 years, until the emergence of new applications such as the manufacture of nanostructures (for electrical engineering, medicine, etc.), electrical arc fracturing or different environmental applications (depollution, sterilization, gasification). In these applications different times and energies scales are involved for the discharge characteristics. Despite these differences, in all configurations a spherical gaseous medium dues to the current carrying path in the liquid exists. However, this gaseous phase is not much studied in the literature, particularly for an energy discharges of the order of kilojoule applied during 10ms. The goal of the thesis was to improve the understanding and to interpret the formation and the dynamic of the gas bubble created by this arc by varying the conditions. The work follows two ways: an experimental study to analyze the behavior of the bubble depending on the arc characteristics as the energy injected, the distance between the electrodes or the nature of the fluid; And a numerical study, where a 2D diphasic model has been implemented under Ansys Fluent to simulate the creation and the expansion of this gaseous phase in a liquid. The complementarity of these two approaches allows complementarities and interpretations. The experiment set up is composed by a closed aluminum reactor, where the electric arc is established in a liquid (water or oil) by a fusible wire between two electrodes. Windows allows to visualize by a speed camera the inter-electrode space, and so the arc and the gas bubble created. The current and voltage characteristics of the electric arc are recorded over time. A pressure sensor located in the volume of air above the liquid controls the pressure variations. The experimental results are treated through Matlab software and allow corroborating the numerical model developments. The code uses the Navier-Stokes equations to describe the two phases of the fluid via the Volume-Of-Fluids (VOF) method. Specifics developments have also been integrated to take into account the phase transfer at the gas/liquid interface adapting the mass transfer intensity coefficient. This coefficient is described as a function of the temperature and of the proportion of phase in a cell. The simulation results from the model support the experimental observations and build the foundations for a study on the behavior of the gaseous phase produced by the passage of an electric arc in a liquid.; L'étude des arcs électriques dans les liquides débute au XXème siècle suite à la création des premiers disjoncteurs à bain d'huile et à l'utilisation de différents procédés de soudure/découpe en pleine eau de coques de navire. Ces études ont été délaissées pendant environ 60 ans jusqu'à ce que de nouvelles applications voient le jour comme la fabrication de nanostructures (pour le génie électrique, la médecine, etc), la fracturation électrique ou encore diverses applications environnementales (dépollution, stérilisation, gazéification, ondes de chocs). Ces diverses applications se font avec des temps et des énergies mises en jeu pour la décharge très variables. Malgré ces différences, il y a toujours l'apparition d'une phase gazeuse globalement sphérique due au passage du courant. Cependant, cette phase est très peu étudiée dans la littérature notamment pour des décharges de l'ordre du kilojoule pour des durées de 10ms environ. L'objectif de la thèse est donc d'améliorer la compréhension de la formation et de la dynamique de la bulle de gaz alimentée par cet arc en jouant sur certains paramètres du système. Les travaux effectués s'articulent suivant deux axes : une étude expérimentale pour analyser le comportement de cette bulle par rapport à l'arc en modifiant notamment l'énergie injectée, la distance inter-électrode utilisée ou encore la nature du fluide employé ; et une étude numérique où un modèle diphasique 2D a été mis en œuvre sous Ansys Fluent pour simuler la création et le développement de cette phase gazeuse au sein d'une phase liquide. La complémentarité de ces deux études permet de témoigner de la présence de certains mécanismes comme ceux de la formation de bulles ou de cycles d'expansion et d'effondrement, gouvernés par des phénomènes de chauffage, d'évaporation ou électrothermiques. L'expérience mise en place se compose d'un réacteur hermétique en aluminium où l'arc électrique est amorcé par un fil fusible entre deux électrodes dans un liquide : eau ou huile. Des hublots permettent la visualisation par caméra rapide de l'espace inter électrode, et donc de l'arc et de la bulle de gaz qu'il engendre. Les caractéristiques courant et tension de l'arc électrique sont suivies dans le temps. Un capteur de pression dans le volume d'air situé au-dessus du liquide contrôle l'onde de pression générée par la décharge. Les résultats expérimentaux sont traités sous Matlab et permettent de conforter le modèle numérique mis en place. Le code utilise les équations de Navier-Stokes pour décrire les deux phases du fluide via la méthode Volume-Of-Fluids (VOF). A ces développements a aussi été intégré un modèle pour prendre en compte le transfert d'une phase de fluide vers une autre. Pour nos conditions de températures élevées, ce modèle a dû être adapté via le coefficient d'intensité de transfert de masse, qui est décrit en fonction de la température et de la proportion de phase dans une cellule. Les résultats de simulation issus de ce modèle permettent d'appuyer les observations expérimentales, et de poser les bases d'une étude sur la formation et le comportement de la phase gazeuse produite par le passage d'un arc électrique dans un liquide.

International audience; Sediment transport is the main process that drives the morphological evolution of fluvial and coastal environments.Consequently, the ability to predict sediment transport is a major societal issue for the management of natural systems inorder to limit and prevent the impacts related to extreme events exacerbated by climate change and human activities suchas construction of hard structures (dams, harbors, dikes, etc.), land reclamation, and dredging.During the past two decades, an increasing amount of research efforts are devoted to develop two-phase flow modelsfor sediment transport. In this two-phase flow approach, dynamical equations are solved for both the fluid phase (water)and the particle phase (sediment), with the latter being seen as a continuous phase dispersed in the fluid.The purpose of the present contribution is to follow up on [1] work by adding new capabilities to the open-sourcemodel sedFoam. In particular, the mixing length turbulence model and dense granular flow rheology used by [2] and [3]for sheet flows have been implemented. In addition, we implemented and tested the k − ω turbulence model for two-phase flow sediment transport modeling purposes. Our final goal is to provide a comprehensive numerical framework thatsolves the two-phase flow equations in three dimensions with the capability to select different combinations of turbulentmodel and granular stress model for sediment transport applications. By disseminating the numerical model in the open-source framework, in the long run, we expect new capabilities will be added to the model by the scientific community.We strongly believe that developing such an open-source community model is the only effective way to make significantprogress.

International audience; Submerged granular material exhibits a wide range of behavior when the saturating fluid is slowly displaced by a gas phase. In confined systems, the moving interface between the invading gas and the fluid/grain mixture can cause beads to jam, and induce intermittency in the dynamics. Here, we study the stability of layers of saturated jammed beads around stuck air bubbles, and the deformation mechanism leading to air channel formations in these layers. We describe a two-dimensional extension of a previous model of the effective stress in the jammed packing. The effect of the tangential stress component on the yield stress is discussed, in particular how arching effects may impact the yield threshold. We further develop a linear stability analysis, to study undulations which develop under certain experimental conditions at the air-liquid interface. The linear analysis gives estimates for the most unstable wavelengths for the initial growth of the perturbations. The estimates correspond well with peak to peak length measurements of the experimentally observed undulations.

Para selecionar o modelo de curva de lactação de melhor ajuste aos dados de produção de leite no dia de controle de animais da raça Holandesa no Estado de Minas Gerais, utilizaram-se 157.932 controles de 17.150 lactações, de 1990 a 1996, do arquivo inicial com 305.506 controles de 56.422 lactações, do Serviço de Controle Leiteiro da ACGHMG. Ajustaram-se os dados para os fatores: região, nível de produção, ano-estação de parto, classes de ordem e idade ao parto (COPI), grupo genético, número de controles e interações, além dos efeitos linear e quadrático da duração da lactação. Para verificar o melhor ajuste aos modelos Quadrático logarítmico, Gamma Incompleta, Regressão Múltipla e Multifásico (Monofásico e difásico), foram usados menor desvio padrão residual, R² ajustado ao número de parâmetros das equações, autocorrelação de primeira ordem e teste de Durbin-Watson. O uso de uma função difásica para predizer a produção de leite em programas de seleção é recomendado, sendo também possível estimar, com base nessa função, a produção de leite em 305 dias.In order to select the model of the lactation curve that has the best adjustment for milk production records of Holstein cows in the Minas Gerais State, a total of 157,932 test day of 17,150 lactations from 305,506 test day of 56,422 lactations, from 1990 to 1996, provided by the milk recording service of the ACGHMG (Holstein Breed Association of Minas Gerais), were used. The data were adjusted for: region, management level, year -season of calving, COPI (parity and age of calving), genetic group, number of tests, interactions and linear and quadratic effects of lactation period. In order to compare results obtained using quadratic logarithmic, incomplete gamma, multiple regression and multiphasic (monophasic and diphasic) functions methods. The following statistics were used: lowest standard error, adjusted R², first order auto-correlation and Durbin-Watson. It was concluded that the diphasic function was the best for predict milk yield in selection programs being possible to estimate the 305-day milk yield with this function.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2014-02-26T17:16:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000183859100011.pdf: 206250 bytes, checksum: beb90b51dfebde1962c12032e41284f3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-26T17:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000183859100011.pdf: 206250 bytes, checksum: beb90b51dfebde1962c12032e41284f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000183859100011.pdf: 206250 bytes, checksum: beb90b51dfebde1962c12032e41284f3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:22:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000183859100011.pdf: 206250 bytes, checksum: beb90b51dfebde1962c12032e41284f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-07-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Para selecionar o modelo de curva de lactação de melhor ajuste aos dados de produção de leite no dia de controle de animais da raça Holandesa no Estado de Minas Gerais, utilizaram-se 157.932 controles de 17.150 lactações, de 1990 a 1996, do arquivo inicial com 305.506 controles de 56.422 lactações, do Serviço de Controle Leiteiro da ACGHMG. Ajustaram-se os dados para os fatores: região, nível de produção, ano-estação de parto, classes de ordem e idade ao parto (COPI), grupo genético, número de controles e interações, além dos efeitos linear e quadrático da duração da lactação. Para verificar o melhor ajuste aos modelos Quadrático logarítmico, Gamma Incompleta, Regressão Múltipla e Multifásico (Monofásico e difásico), foram usados menor desvio padrão residual, R2 ajustado ao número de parâmetros das equações, autocorrelação de primeira ordem e teste de Durbin-Watson. O uso de uma função difásica para predizer a produção de leite em programas de seleção é recomendado, sendo também possível estimar, com base nessa função, a produção de leite em 305 dias. In order to select the model of the lactation curve that has the best adjustment for milk production records of Holstein cows in the Minas Gerais State, a total of 157,932 test day of 17,150 lactations from 305,506 test day of 56,422 lactations, from 1990 to 1996, provided by the milk recording service of the ACGHMG (Holstein Breed Association of Minas Gerais), were used. The data were adjusted for: region, management level, year-season of calving, COPI (parity and age of calving), genetic group, number of tests, interactions and linear and quadratic effects of lactation period. In order to compare results obtained using quadratic logarithmic, incomplete gamma. multiple regression and multiphasic (monophasic and diphasic) functions methods. The following statistics were used: lowest standard error. adjusted R-2, first order auto-correlation and Durbin-Watson. It was concluded that the diphasic function was the best for predict milk yield in selection programs being possible to estimate the 305-day milk yield with this function. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Lavras, MG, Brasil Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Departamento de Produção Animal, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Para selecionar o modelo de curva de lactação de melhor ajuste aos dados de produção de leite no dia de controle de animais da raça Holandesa no Estado de Minas Gerais, utilizaram-se 157.932 controles de 17.150 lactações, de 1990 a 1996, do arquivo inicial com 305.506 controles de 56.422 lactações, do Serviço de Controle Leiteiro da ACGHMG. Ajustaram-se os dados para os fatores: região, nível de produção, ano-estação de parto, classes de ordem e idade ao parto (COPI), grupo genético, número de controles e interações, além dos efeitos linear e quadrático da duração da lactação. Para verificar o melhor ajuste aos modelos Quadrático logarítmico, Gamma Incompleta, Regressão Múltipla e Multifásico (Monofásico e difásico), foram usados menor desvio padrão residual, R² ajustado ao número de parâmetros das equações, autocorrelação de primeira ordem e teste de Durbin-Watson. O uso de uma função difásica para predizer a produção de leite em programas de seleção é recomendado, sendo também possível estimar, com base nessa função, a produção de leite em 305 dias. In order to select the model of the lactation curve that has the best adjustment for milk production records of Holstein cows in the Minas Gerais State, a total of 157,932 test day of 17,150 lactations from 305,506 test day of 56,422 lactations, from 1990 to 1996, provided by the milk recording service of the ACGHMG (Holstein Breed Association of Minas Gerais), were used. The data were adjusted for: region, management level, year -season of calving, COPI (parity and age of calving), genetic group, number of tests, interactions and linear and quadratic effects of lactation period. In order to compare results obtained using quadratic logarithmic, incomplete gamma, multiple regression and multiphasic (monophasic and diphasic) functions methods. The following statistics were used: lowest standard error, adjusted R², first order auto-correlation and Durbin-Watson. It was concluded that the diphasic function was the best for predict milk yield in selection programs being possible to estimate the 305-day milk yield with this function.

International audience; In the frame of Severe Accident studies, the VULCANO-facility at PLINIUS-platform (CEA - Cadarache) is devoted to the understanding of the interaction of corium with a concrete containment pit (Molten Corium Concrete Interaction-MCCI) [1]. The VULCANO VF-U1 experiment was designed to be closer as possible of the MCCI conditions possibly occurring in the Fukushima F1 reactor considering the coexistence of two dispersed phases (metallic liquid droplets and gaseous bubbles) in a continuous phase (oxide melt liquid).A MCCI industrial code was used to perform predictive calculation of the VF-U1 experiment, being closer as possible of Fukushima 1-F1 MCCI conditions. The results shown that the axial ablation is 8 times higher than the radial one. Then, a multiplicative factor of 8 for the axial heat exchange coefficient must be applied to find the final cavity shape. VULCANO VF-U1 Post-Test Analyses have shown that the metallic phase is preferably close to the vertical concrete walls and at the bottom of the test section whereas a stratification due to density difference between the oxide and the metallic phase is expected (as modeling by the MCCI code). Regarding to the real coupling physical effects in the integral the VULCANO-ICB test and the difficulties for the MCCI code to reproduce experimental behaviors, numerical simulations were conducted. For this purpose, a multiphase Volume Of Fluid (VOF) code at AMU (MADIREL) has been developed . In these calculations, the corium has been modelled numerically under isothermal conditions as a two-dimensional dispersed medium with multiple metal drops and gas bubbles. The results showed a possible hydrodynamic re-localization matching to experimental results.

Viscoelastic multiphase flows in porous media are at the crossroad of many engineering sciences. Initiated with petroleum industry, their range of application is now extended to many additional areas, such as civil engineer-ing, geotechnics, composite impregnation and more recently life sciences. Mathematical formulations of these problems often rely on governing equations formulated directly at the macroscale, or are derived from micro-scopic considerations using upscaling technics. Generally, the second approach is prefered as it permits to estab-lish a clear connection between the scales of the porous media and to identify the restraining hypothesis neces-sary to the formulation of the equation system. However, when upscaling is performed, many unknown parameters remain to obtain a close set of equations, and additional closure relationships must be considered in order to find a solvable formulation. For the flows of interest, exhibiting multiphasic and viscoelastic properties, the usual macroscale empirical relations may be too inaccurate to capture relevantly the influence of underlying physics at play, and few experimental data allow characterising the missing parameters.A solution to this problem consists in performing numerical simulations at the microscale to extract missing information about media properties through microfluidic experiments in silico. To achieve this multi-scale modelling strategy, a pore scale model has been derived in this thesis for two applications of interest: improved oil recovery and tumor growth. The derivation of a unique model for these applications makes use of conservation equations at the microscale considered during upscaling operations. The obtained formulation allows a multiphase flow description by means of a phase-field method and the viscoelasticity of phases is introduced through the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation. The resulting mathematical model, implemented in a finite element code, permits to study in what extents the introduction of the polymer solution viscoelastic rheology during enhanced recovery process improves the mobilization of oil at pore scale. The influence of viscoelasticity on numerical solutions, as well as sweep efficiency of the medium, is compared to literature experimental results. On other hand, the mathematical model has been specialised to simulate the growth of a few hundred microns wide tumor aggregates. Since the precursor works of Steinberg the viscoelastic fluids analogy for cells aggregate is increasingly used for mathematical modelling. In this thesis, this similarity allows to study numerically the evolution of tumor aggregates in various environments. The biomechanical formulation of the problem permits to simulate cells population behaviour under mechanical load, which affects the growth rate according to the constraints in the system. In this context, the mathematical model is used to separate mechanical from biological effects, and provide original explanations on tumor growth in confined environment. The predictive capacity of the model on in vitro experiments shows the relevance of the viscoelastic multiphase flow for the tumor growth description.; Les écoulements multiphasiques viscoélastiques en milieux poreux sont au centre de nombreuses recherches fondamentales et appliquées. Initiés par l’industrie pétrolière, leur développement s’étend aujourd’hui sur un large éventail de domaines tels que le génie civil, les géosciences, les matériaux composites et plus récemment les sciences de la vie. La formulation mathématique de ces problèmes repose généralement sur des équations gouvernantes formulées directement à l’échelle macroscopique, ou dérivées par changement d’échelle à partir des relations microscopiques. Généralement, la seconde approche est privilégiée, car elle permet d’établir une connexion claire entre les différentes échelles de description du milieu poreux et d’identifier les hypothèses res-trictives nécessaires à la formulation du problème. Cependant, lorsque le changement d’échelle est effectué, de nombreux paramètres restent encore à caractériser, et des conditions de fermeture supplémentaires sont à consi-dérer afin d’obtenir un système mathématique fermé. Pour les écoulements d’intérêt, présentant à la fois un caractère multiphasique et viscoélastique, la prise en compte des relations macroscopiques empiriques usuelles peut être trop imprécise pour rendre compte correctement de la physique sous-jacente, et peu de données expé-rimentales permettent de renseigner les paramètres manquants à l’échelle du milieu poreux.Une solution à ce problème consiste à modéliser numériquement les écoulements directement à l’échelle micros-copique afin de retrouver les grandeurs manquantes par des expériences de microfluidique in silico. Dans ces travaux de thèse, une formulation mathématique d’écoulement multiphasique viscoélastique a ainsi été dérivée à l’échelle du pore pour deux applications d’intérêt : la modélisation de la récupération améliorée du pétrole et la croissance tumorale. La dérivation d’un modèle unique pour ces deux applications utilise les lois de conservation de grandeurs extensives à l’échelle microscopiques considérées lors des opérations de changement d’échelle. La formulation résultante permet une description multiphasique à travers une méthode d’interface diffuse et la prise en compte de la viscoélasticité des phases est modélisée par une loi constitutive d’Oldroyd-B. Le modèle mathématique, implémenté dans un code éléments finis, permet d’étudier comment la rhéologie viscoélastique des solutions de polymère peut être utilisée afin d’améliorer la mobilisation du pétrole à l’échelle du pore lors d’opérations de récupération tertiaire. L’influence de la viscoélasticité sur les résultats numériques obtenus, tout comme l’efficacité du procédé, est comparée aux résultats expérimentaux existant de la littérature. Dans un second temps, le modèle mathématique a été spécialisé pour simuler la croissance d’agrégats de cellules cancéreuses de quelques centaines de microns. L’analogie entre les tissus biologiques et les fluides viscoélastiques est courante pour des fins de modélisations mathématiques depuis les travaux de Steinberg sur la dynamique des tissus vivants. Dans cette thèse, cette similarité est utilisée afin d’étudier le comportement d’agrégats tumoraux dans différents environnements. La formulation biomécanique du problème permet de simuler le comportement de populations cellulaires soumises à des chargements mécaniques externes, qui montrent une modulation de leur vitesse de croissance selon l’état de contrainte du milieu. L’utilisation du modèle mathématique dans ce contexte permet d’isoler les effets mécaniques des effets biologiques sur le régime de croissance, et propose des explications originales sur l’évolution d’agrégats tumoraux en milieux confinés. Enfin, les capacités prédictives de la formulation sur plusieurs expériences in vitro permettent d’illustrer la pertinence de l’utilisation de modèles d’écoulements multiphasiques viscoélastiques pour les problèmes de croissances tumorales.