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Previous meta-analyses considering associations between parental depression (PD) and child symptoms have considered PD based primarily on self-report of depression symptoms. The present meta-analysis, in contrast, evaluated the effect of parents' clinically-diagnosed depressive disorders (PDD) on child internalizing and externalizing symptoms and considered both family- and study-level variables that influenced the strength of these effects. We examined 111 effect sizes nested in 40 studies including a clinical assessment of parents' major or persistent depressive disorder and measures of children's internalizing or externalizing behaviors published between 2000 and 2020. We used a multi-level meta-analytic framework to account for nesting of multiple effect sizes within studies. PDD was associated with children's internalizing (weighted mean r = 0.211) and externalizing (weighted mean r = 0.204) behaviors. Family- and study-level variables moderated these relations, including the inclusion of fathers in the sample, the specific measure of internalizing behavior, reporting of diagnostic reliability, and informant for problem behaviors. Limitations include exclusive consideration of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (versus other symptom types or problems) and the limited number of father-only studies from which to base conclusions about the relative effect of maternal vs. paternal depression. The similarity between the current findings and previous meta-analyses suggests that researchers studying the effects of PD may be able to bypass more exhaustive clinical interviews for less burdensome depression symptom inventories. Furthermore, our findings suggest that researchers and clinicians should consider how PD impacts not just child depressive symptoms, but myriad problem behaviors. • Parental depression is a risk factor for child psychopathology. • The current meta-analysis considers the impact of clinically diagnosed parental depressive disorders on children's symptoms. • Effects of parental depressive disorders on child symptoms are moderated by family- and study-level factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research seeks to examine the mitigating effect of religiosity on the relationship between abusive supervision and unethical behavior in employees, with moral disengagement serving as a mediating factor. Drawing on social cognitive theory, the study proposes an overarching moderated mediation framework to analyze this complex dynamic. Design/methodology/approach: The testing of the model was based on hierarchical data obtained from 70 work units in services sector. Within this framework, 70 supervisors evaluated the unethical conduct of employees, while 700 employees assessed the abusive supervision they experienced and reported on their own moral disengagement and religiosity. For the analysis of both the measurement and the hypothesized models, multilevel modeling techniques in the Mplus software were utilized. Findings: The study's findings indicate a direct positive link between abusive supervision and employees' unethical behavior, with moral disengagement mediating this relationship. Furthermore, the research discovered that abusive supervision leads to unethical behavior in employees through moral disengagement only in instances where their religiosity is low. Originality/value: This research delves deeper by elucidating the role of moral disengagement in the dynamic between abusive supervision and unethical behavior. Diverging from prior research, this study uniquely highlights the moderating role of religiosity, showing its potential to weaken the impact of abusive supervision on unethical behavior in employees through moral disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Family-Friendly Community Resources for Better Balance, Health, and Well-Being study (FFCR) is the first study in North America to comprehensively examine the impact of regional community context on work-family conflict, health, and wellbeing. The study was designed to collate data from disparate sources on a variety of community characteristics across Canada over time, including education services, food stores, recreational facilities, religious organizations, police, and fire protection services, for example. These data were then linked to individual-level data from the Canadian Work, Stress and Health study – a longitudinal national sample of Canadians across a myriad of work and family circumstances. These data are more comprehensive than any other dataset attempting to link work, family, and community data. We situate our contribution of the FFCR in literature on 'work-family conflict', which is defined as the incompatibility between role obligations. Context-level data were compiled at years corresponding to the individual-level data (2011–2019). Using multilevel analyses based on both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we find that that resources, like the prevalence of food stores, education resources, recreation facilities, and public safety outlets are negatively associated with residents' work-family conflict levels. However, these findings are more pronounced across a combination of FFCR overtime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to advance a new framework to spur creativity at individual and team levels in the construction industry by studying a leader's sense of humor. The authors develop and test a multi-level model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of leader's humor on creativity within teams working on construction projects. The authors draw on the benign violation theory to hypothesize that a leader's sense of humor influences the acceptability of norm violations in teams, which helps to improve their creativity. The authors also integrate the benign violation theory with the social information processing theory to examine the indirect effects of project leader's sense of humor on individual- and team-level creativity via team psychological safety. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected data from 165 members nested in 45 teams working on construction projects in China. The construct's factor structure and discriminant validity were established through confirmatory factor analysis. The authors used multi-level modeling via Mplus to test team-level to the individual-level direct and indirect hypotheses, while team-level direct and indirect hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression. Findings: The results show that the leader's humor has a dual positive direct effect on individual and team creativity. Furthermore, these effects are partially mediated by team psychological safety. The implications of these findings to improve the construction management theory and practice are discussed in the manuscript. Originality/value: The current study contributes to the literature by understanding the significance of leader humor in predicting individual-level and team-level creativity within the construction sector. It expands the literature by examining team psychological safety as the underlying mechanism in the relationship between leader humor and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using multi-level modeling and lenses of gender socialization and gendered organizations, we investigated the role of U.S. girls' high schools in adolescent political participation and social engagement, characterized by voting interest, volunteerism, and interactions with diverse communities among other variables, with a focus on the role of all girls' schooling. Results demonstrate benefits for graduates of girls' schools in community-orientation, civic engagement, social agency, and political involvement compared to similar peers in coeducational environments. The conclusions provide broader insight for all types of schooling into the ways that they can focus on increasing engagement for their students. Implications for policy and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, much work in corpus linguistics has attempted to discover, and then interpret, differences in the frequencies of use of linguistic elements (words, patterns, constructions, discourse features, etc.). It is probably fair to say that such studies were particularly frequent in (i) learner corpus research, (ii) corpus-based varieties research, and (iii) sociolinguistically motivated studies. For instance, many studies have discussed the differences in how often certain elements are used (i) in corpus data from native speakers vs. corpus data from learner from different L1 backgrounds, (ii) in corpora representing different inner- and outer-circle varieties, or (iii) by speakers in corpora representing people of different gender or sexual identities. This paper will make the admittedly bold claim that any such study can in fact by definition unable to 'prove' what is often their main points, namely that the distributional differences found are in fact due to the one hypothesized explanatory variable(s) of L1, VARIETY, or, e.g., GENDER even when the distributional differences are significant and come with a decent effect size. To substantiate this claim, I will discuss some terminology from the family of methods known as multi-level modeling, namely the distinction between level-1, level-2,... level-n variables and its relevance for many corpus studies. Second, I will then demonstrate how studies using only the above kinds of variables cannot distinguish the effect of their favored predictors from the effect of local/contextual level-1 variables. Third, in discussing this, I will exemplify how such effects need to be explored quantitatively instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship and innovation create a positive impact on the economy and society. Globally, governments invest resources to support new ventures and facilitate innovation. In this study, we examine this phenomenon by studying the pathway that goes from individual entrepreneur to innovation impact. We measure the effect of entrepreneurial motives on different types of innovations, with a particular focus on its amplification by formal and informal institutional conditions. Specifically, we use multi-level models to analyze annual data of 29 countries for 2006 to 2018. We find that opportunity-driven entrepreneurs are associated with higher levels of radical innovation, breakthrough innovation, and disruptive innovation. Better tax policies and less bureaucracy amplify this positive effect on radical innovation and breakthrough innovation. For necessity-driven entrepreneurs, the regulatory quality amplifies the positive effect on radical innovation and disruptive innovation, while monetary resources dampen this effect. Our findings show that the differences in innovation impact can be explained by differences in entrepreneurial motives and their specific interactions with formal and informal institutional conditions. Plain English Summary: The rise of new business ventures has a positive impact on innovation and on the economy. This positive impact comes in different forms and shapes, such as business ventures introducing new products in new markets, creating new products for existing customers, or repositioning existing products for new consumers. Governments also play an important role through their policies and rules, shaping the conditions that influence the entrepreneurial process. In this study, we argue that entrepreneurs are driven by opportunity or necessity. The main implication for policy is that the two types of entrepreneurs react differently to governmental policies and conditions, and therefore also behave differently when it comes to introducing or creating new products in new or existing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual minorities often conceal their sexual identity from others to avoid distal stressors. Such concealment efforts occur more frequently among sexual minorities in religious settings where rejection and discrimination are more likely. Using a sample of 392 Latter-day Saint ("Mormon") sexual minorities, we assess (a) the effect of religious affiliation on concealment efforts, (b) the relationship between social support, authenticity, and religious commitment on concealment, and (c) the moderating effect of authenticity on religious commitment and concealment. Multi-level model analyses revealed that religious affiliation alone accounted for over half (51.7%) of the variation in concealment efforts for Latter-day Saint sexual minorities. Social support directly was related to less concealment, whereas religious commitment was related to more concealment, with authenticity moderating the impact of religious commitment on concealment efforts. The present study provides insight into how religious sexual minorities may approach relationships and inadvertently wound their chances to connect with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System-of-systems (SoS) face major challenges, including heterogeneity, scalability, and intricate interactions among component systems (CSs). These systems typically operate in dynamic environments, introducing uncertainty and stochastic behavior. Many existing studies tend to oversimplify these complexities, with limited research focusing on supervising SoS under such conditions. Graph models, such as hypergraphs (HG), have been effective in modeling SoS organizations, while stochastic and weighted hypergraphs have been successfully used to handle stochasticity in other complex systems. In this article, we present the Multi-Level Stochastic Hypergraph (MLSHG) model, designed to address the challenges of modeling stochastic SoS. We also propose a novel algorithm for supervising large-scale SoS, integrating bottom-up monitoring with top-down reconfiguration to detect the addition or failure of CSs and manage the overall system’s capacity to achieve long-term objectives. In a case study on a mushroom harvesting SoS, the results showed that incorporating stochastic elements with an adaptive threshold enabled early reconfiguration, reducing deviations from the final goal. Additionally, the capability-based reconfiguration approach exhibited low computational time, with performance scaling linearly with the number of CSs, thus enhancing the system’s scalability.

General inpatient (GIP) hospice care is used only minimally for hospice patients, and more than a quarter of Medicare hospice facilities do not provide GIP care. To determine the impact of hospices' capacity to provide on emergency department use during hospice enrollment and live discharge from hospice, we used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked data and CMS Provider of Services data from 2007 to 2013 from ten states and two metropolitan regions. Grouping hospices into three GIP care provision categories: 1) no-GIP; 2) GIP-contract; and 3) GIP-IHF where hospices directly provide GIP care in their own inpatient hospice facility (IHF), we built a multilevel logistic model that accounted for unobserved hospice characteristics. Nearly 9% of the study sample received GIP care, of which 82% received such care in the last week of discharge. GIP-IHF hospices had lower live discharge rates than no-GIP hospices (AOR:.61; 95% CI:.47-.79; P <.001) and GIP-contract hospices (AOR:.84; 95% CI:.70-1.00; P <.05). Similarly, GIP-contract hospices were also associated with a decreased risk of live discharge, compared to no-GIP hospices (AOR:.76; CI:.62-.92; P <.05). There was no difference in emergency department use between no-GIP hospices and hospices with such capacity. Our results suggest that hospices capable of providing GIP care have lower live discharge rates than their counterparts. However, the fact that GIP care tends to be provided too close to death limits its effectiveness in preventing avoidable emergency department use [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest inventories are often carried out with a particular design, consisting of a multi-level structure of observation plots spread over a larger domain and a fixed plot design of exact observation locations within these plots. Consequently, the resulting data are collected intensively within plots of equal size but with much less intensity at larger spatial scales. The resulting data are likely to be spatially correlated both within and between plots, with spatial effects extending over two different areas. However, a Gaussian process model with a standard covariance structure is generally unable to capture dependence at both fine and coarse scales of variation as well as for their interaction. In this paper, we develop a computationally feasible multi-level spatial model that accounts for dependence at multiple scales. We use a data-driven approach to determine the weight of each spatial process in the model to partition the variability of the measurements. We use simulated and German small tree inventory data to evaluate the model's performance.Supplementary material to this paper is provided online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Defense Theory (SDT) states that anxious attachment reflects an adaptive sentinel strategy, whereby anxious people should be better able to detect lies than secure people. Existing research on this issue, however, has not been able to evaluate whether heightened lie detection among anxious individuals is due to an actual ability or a bias to assume that others are lying (one that pays off when others are, in fact, lying). We addressed this issue in a study in which 254 adults had to determine whether people in videos were lying or telling the truth about their experiences. Contrary to the predictions of SDT, highly anxious people did not have a heightened ability to separate lies from truths, but were biased to assume that others were lying regardless of the authenticity of their statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamics of inter-group cooperation in human adaptation has been the subject of recent empirical and theoretical studies in evolutionary anthropology, beginning to fill gaps in our knowledge of how interactions across political, economic and social domains can – and often do – lead to stable, large-scale cooperation. Here we investigate dyadic intergroup cooperation in shotgun hunting in the Republic of the Congo. In the Congo Basin, inter-group cooperation between foragers and farmers is at the centre of an exchange system maintained by traditional norms and institutions such as fictive kinship. Here, we focused on what factors predict cooperative shotgun hunting exchanges between BaYaka and Yambe. We conducted structured interviews with 48 BaYaka hunters and 18 Yambe men who organise hunts in a village along the Motaba River. We used Bayesian multilevel regression models to investigate the influence of Yambe and BaYaka attributes on probability of dyadic cooperation. We found that BaYaka men's reputations as skilled hunters and their family size each predicted cooperation in shotgun hunting, whereas there was no effect of Yambe attributes (status, wealth, family size). We discuss the results in terms of evolutionary models of men as hunters and inter-group cooperation, as well as biodiversity conservation implications.

Creating high-quality programming is essential for fostering learning and development among youth. Outdoor adventure education programs have long been associated with the development of important transferable skills, such as leadership. This study used multi-level modeling to examine the association between six program quality indicators--reflection, sense of empowerment, sense of belonging, instructor-student relationships, group safety, and group functioning--and perceived leadership learning among NOLS students using the revised NOLS Outcome Instrument (NOI 2.0) which built upon the original NOI (see Sibthorp et al., 2007) and assesses more recent NOLS leadership outcomes. Results, from the 891 youth who participated in one of 105 multi-week NOLS courses, indicated that all of the modeled program quality indicators predicted leadership learning. Specifically, providing opportunities for reflection, facilitating a sense of empowerment, promoting a sense of belonging, cultivating positive instructor-student relationships, fostering group safety, and aiding group functioning remain desirable qualities of OAE programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to uncover how and when ethical leadership impacts knowledge hiding behavior. First, by examining the individual level morality-based characteristics (moral identity and reflective moral attentiveness) as separate and serial mediators concerning ethical leadership and knowledge hiding (level 1). Second, by investigating the moderating role of team- level relational climates in relation to ethical leadership and knowledge hiding (level 2). Time- lagged design was used to collect data through a structured questionnaire from 300 employees of Information Technology (IT) organizations in Pakistan. Level 1 findings revealed a significant and negative relationship of ethical leadership with knowledge hiding. Follower's individual level morality-based characteristics served as individual and serial mediators to ethical leadership and knowledge hiding. Level 2 of the study only found the moderating role of team communal sharing climate in relation to ethical leadership and knowledge hiding. The study brings to fore the "morality-based perspective" for understanding knowledge hiding at the workplace. Plain Language Summary: The purpose of the study is to uncover how and when ethical leadership impacts knowledge hiding behavior. First, by examining the individual level morality-based characteristics (moral identity and reflective moral attentiveness) as separate and serial mediators concerning ethical leadership and knowledge hiding (level 1). Second, by investigating the moderating role of team-level relational climates in relation to ethical leadership and knowledge hiding (level 2). Time-lagged design was used to collect data through a structured questionnaire from 300 employees of Information Technology (IT) organizations in Pakistan. Level 1 findings revealed a significant and negative relationship of ethical leadership with knowledge hiding. Follower's individual level morality-based characteristics served as individual and serial mediators to ethical leadership and knowledge hiding. Level 2 of the study only found the moderating role of team communal sharing climate in relation to ethical leadership and knowledge hiding. The study brings to fore the "morality-based perspective" for understanding knowledge hiding at the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive theory and research on the geography of crime, few studies have examined the geography of commercial sex and sex trafficking through a criminological lens. As such, this study explores how social disorganization and routine activities help explain the geography of commercial sex venues, specifically illicit massage businesses (IMBs) that host commercial sex. Because IMBs have also been linked to sex trafficking, understanding which environmental contexts are conducive to their presence may also help identify sex trafficking premises. Findings from hierarchical logistic regression models indicate that both theories point to significant correlates of IMB placement in census tracts and cities, yet neither theory provides a sufficient explanation alone. Implications for future research and policy will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees often demonstrate various regulatory intentions toward multiple responsibilities they must fulfill on the job. Therefore, it is possible that employees' motivation changes during the workday because of the various situations they have experienced and that these motivational fluctuations affect their subjective well-being across different activities. Following the integrated frameworks of the self-determination theory (SDT) and the hierarchical model of motivation (H-SDT), the present research studied the variations of employees' daily motivation for work across different activities using the survey of day reconstruction method (DRM). Multi-level structural equation modeling (MSEM) was used to analyze the variations in the perceived three basic psychological (i.e., autonomy-, relatedness-, and competence-) needs-supportive features (NSFs), situational motivation, and variables capturing the employees' subjective well-being (including vitality and positive/negative affect) laid out according to a list of work episodes in DRM. Results of this study confirmed that employees' subjective well-being (mainly vitality and positive affect) were positively promoted by NSFs pertained to specific work activities via the indirect path of situational autonomous motivation at work. Furthermore, vitality and positive affect were also directly predicted by situational autonomous motivation. These empirical findings expanded the research evidence supporting employees' subjective well-being as a multi-level and multi-dimensional dynamic motivational consequence promoted by configurable specific NSFs at work. We also discussed the limitations and future directions for this line of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for real-time collaborative solutions in model-driven engineering has been increasing over the past years. Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDT) provide scalable and robust replication mechanisms that align well with the requirements of real-time collaborative environments. In this paper, we propose a real-time collaborative multi-level modeling framework to support advanced modeling scenarios, built on a collection of custom CRDT, specifically tailored for the needs of modeling environments. We demonstrate the benefits of the framework through an illustrative modeling case and compare it with other state-of-the-art modeling frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess whether the household is an apt scale of analysis to examine food insecurity of Indigenous Batwa of Kanungu District, Uganda. Our objectives were: 1) estimate the prevalence and range of food insecurity, 2) estimate the variation in food insecurity associated with household and community factors. The survey was administered 6 times at 3-month intervals (Jan 2013-April 2014). Multilevel modeling was used to determine household and community associations with food insecurity. The Batwa were highly food insecure (97%). Variation in food insecurity that is explained by household and community factors was low. Food insecurity analyses should be considered scale-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lab activities are a vital part of physics courses, providing students with hands-on experiences of classroom topics. At the same time, building self-efficacy is vital to student learning and retention; however, females traditionally have lower self-efficacy in STEM fields. This research explores the role of gender and the changes in interest in physics and the relation to changes in self-efficacy, as well as the interactions with math ability, the number of labs, and hours spent in the lab. Data from 260 institutions containing responses from over 11,000 women and 14,000 men was used. The self-efficacy construct was created from the E-CLASS survey. A two-level multi-level model was used to analyze the data. Level one variables included gender and change in physics interest. Level two variables included number of labs, hours spent in the lab, and math level; the dependent variable was change in self-efficacy. Change in interest positively correlated with change in self-efficacy, with women having a more favorable change. While the number of labs per semester was not a significant predictor of change in self-efficacy, females could tolerate more labs for no change in self-efficacy than men. Further, the gender effect (greater favorable change in self-efficacy for women) reverses with men showing a greater favorable change in self-efficacy than women after approximately 3.5 hours in the lab. Finally, math level had a positive correlation with change in interest and change in self-efficacy, with algebra-based labs demonstrating a more pronounced effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the grand challenge of refugees influence nascent entrepreneurs in host countries? To explore this question, we build on social identity theory and analyse how the 2015 European refugee event is related to the strength of different founder social identities (i.e. Darwinian, Communitarian, and Missionary founder social identities) of nascent entrepreneurs in the countries accommodating the refugees. Using a dataset of 6,096 nascent entrepreneurs from 24 European countries, we reveal a positive relationship between the refugee event and the strength of the Communitarian founder social identity. This relationship is even stronger when the previous percentage of foreign migrants in a country is lower and is mediated by the human health and social work industry. Interestingly, we do not find significant relationships between the refugee event and the strengths of the Darwinian or Missionary founder social identity, respectively. Hence, refugees as a grand challenge are likely to have divergent influences on different types of entrepreneurship in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conceptualizes role separation in multiple team membership (MTM) (i.e., the extent to which a multiteamer's role within a focal team is different from his/her role in another team) as a key predictor of individual and team outcomes. Existing literature on MTM focuses primarily on the total number of concurrent teams that an individual contributes to, and thus largely ignores the potential diversity that may characterize MTM. In Study 1, we develop and validate a measure of MTM role separation that reflects differences in (a) expected work results; (b) team collaboration; (c) leader expectations; and (d) client and/or customer characteristics. In Study 2, we use field data to examine the cross‐level implications of MTM role separation. As expected, we find that MTM role separation is positively related to a multiteamer's role ambiguity within a focal team and, by extension, harms the performance of the entire focal team. This indirect relationship is not observed when a focal team's teamwork quality (TWQ) is high. We discuss how these findings advance our understanding of the multifaceted and multi‐level nature of MTM and help multiteamers, team leaders, and organizations deal with MTM's challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Globally, the number of obese adults has increased rapidly in many developing countries. The links between increased educational attainment and lower risks of overweight/obesity have been studied in a number of high-income contexts. However, educational attainment can have a different association with obesity at different levels of economic development and different stages of the nutritional transition, and these associations may vary by period and cohort. This study aims to provide evidence on the shifting of educational gradients in overweight/obesity in Indonesia, a low middle income country. Methods Using five waves of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), this study examines the Body Mass Index (BMI) trajectories of 14,810 individuals from 1993 to 2014. This study analyses how educational gradients in BMI have shifted over time and across cohorts using a hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) model to account for the effects of age and the changes in historical periods (social and environmental contexts). Results In older generations, higher educational attainment is associated with higher BMI, but the gap between educational groups shrinks in more recently-born cohorts. The BMI of lower educational groups is catching up with that of the tertiary educated, leading to an increased risk of overweight/obesity among low educated individuals. Having tertiary education lowers the risk of weight gain (-0.04 point) among recently-born cohort of women, but it still increases the risk (+ 0.04 point) for men. Conclusion Changes in access to education and the ongoing nutritional transition in Indonesia are leading to a shifting of educational gradients in overweight/obesity over time. The rising trends in BMI among low-educated and younger individuals are of substantial concern for Indonesian public health due to their implications for the risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases in the future.

Improving current models and hypotheses of cellular pathways is one of the major challenges of systems biology and functional genomics. There is a need for methods to build on established expert knowledge and reconcile it with results of new high-throughput studies. Moreover, the available sources of data are heterogeneous, and the data need to be integrated in different ways depending on which part of the pathway they are most informative for. In this paper, we introduce a compartment specific strategy to integrate edge, node and path data for refining a given network hypothesis. To carry out inference, we use a local-move Gibbs sampler for updating the pathway hypothesis from a compendium of heterogeneous data sources, and a new network regression idea for integrating protein attributes. We demonstrate the utility of this approach in a case study of the pheromone response MAPK pathway in the yeast S. cerevisiae.

Across two studies, we investigated connections between leader humility, servant leadership, and follower satisfaction. Leaders were resident and spiritual life advisors in on-campus housing at a university. In Study 1, we assessed leaders' self-reported expressed humility, intellectual humility, and servant leadership at three times across six months. Leader humility did not change across time, but aspects of both forms of leader humility were positively associated with servant leadership. In Study 2, leaders were rated by their followers. Leaders reporting more respect for diverse viewpoints, a characteristic of intellectual humility, had followers who were more satisfied with their leaders' interpersonal leadership and justice orientation. This research suggest potential benefits to cultivating humility among novice leaders in some contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate the feasibility and validity of a new method of quantifying cannabis flower use, integrating the amount of cannabis flower smoked, and the potency of the cannabis flower. Design: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) for 14 days. Setting: Participants' daily lives in Columbia, Missouri, USA. Participants: A total of 50 community participants, who were regular cannabis flower smokers (48% female). Measurements Momentary subjective intoxication ratings following cannabis flower smoking; momentary quantity of cannabis flower smoked; potency of cannabis flower smoked in terms of percentage of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration assessed with a portable device, the Purpl Pro; and time since finished smoking. Findings Participants completed our field testing of their cannabis flower (96.2%) and were compliant with our 2‐week EMA protocol (73% for random prompts and 91% for morning reports). Momentary subjective intoxication ratings trended down as a function of time since smoking (r = −0.10, P = 0.004, 95% CI, [−0.17, −0.03]). Multi‐level model (MLM) results indicated the momentary standard THC units (mg THC) were positively associated with momentary subjective intoxication ratings (b = 0.01, P = 0.03, 95% CI, [0.01, 0.012]). Conclusions: There is evidence to support the feasibility and initial validity of a new method of quantifying cannabis flower use into standard tetrahydrocannabinol units. Researchers investigating the effects of cannabis flower use on a range of outcomes (e.g. neurobehavioral effects, emotional sequelae, and driving impairment) as well as in clinical treatment trials might adopt this method to provide estimates of cannabis flower use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of language development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been primarily focused on the influence of child-based factors such as autism traits, IQ, and initial language skills. Yet the findings of these studies are inconclusive. There has, moreover, been little research compared the relative influences of child-based factors with environmental factors, (e.g. parental inputs). The current study attempts to fill this research gap by examining a range of both child-based factors and parental inputs. We measured the structural language abilities manifested in parent-child interactions over four time points across nine months in 42 Chinese-speaking autistic children (M=57.42Studies of language development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been primarily focused on the influence of child-based factors such as autism traits, IQ, and initial language skills. Yet the findings of these studies are inconclusive. There has, moreover, been little research compared the relative influences of child-based factors with environmental factors, (e.g. parental inputs). The current study attempts to fill this research gap by examining a range of both child-based factors and parental inputs. We measured the structural language abilities manifested in parent-child interactions over four time points across nine months in 42 Chinese-speaking autistic children (M=57.42months, SD=11.39). Our results showed that children’s mean length of utterance (MLU), word types, and word tokens grew rapidly, but their development trajectories varied. Initial expressive language ability was a significant predictor of children’s language outcomes, while nonverbal IQ and autism traits did not relate to children’s language abilities when controlling for initial expressive language ability. Parents’ MLU, word tokens, and word types did not associate with children’s structural language abilities. The findings shed lights on the importance of one of the child-based factors in particular, that is, initial expressive language skills, in the language development of autistic children.months, SD=11.39). Our results showed that children’s mean length of utterance (MLU), word types, and word tokens grew rapidly, but their development trajectories varied. Initial expressive language ability was a significant predictor of children’s language outcomes, while nonverbal IQ and autism traits did not relate to children’s language abilities when controlling for initial expressive language ability. Parents’ MLU, word tokens, and word types did not associate with children’s structural language abilities. The findings shed lights on the importance of one of the child-based factors in particular, that is, initial expressive language skills, in the language development of autistic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In model-based systems engineering projects, engineers from multiple domains collaborate by establishing a common system model. Multi-level modeling is a technique that can be used to model the development from abstract ideas to concrete implementations. However, current multi-level modeling approaches are not adequate for processes with multiple modeling phases that might have to be rearranged later. In this paper, we introduce multi-phase modeling that utilizes concepts of multi-level modeling by considering a description of the expected phase ordering per domain. Constraints aware of this context can express that certain elements are only valid in specific phases without having to determine a concrete phase ordering for a particular model. This enables using multi-phase modeling in flexible workflows, adapting to changing requirements and the definition of access rules in domain notation. We show feasibility of this multi-phase modeling by applying it to multiple real-life systems engineering projects of the aerospace domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authoritarian leaders and parties are challenging the foundations of democracy across the world. We argue that this authoritarian upsurge is systematically linked to culturally shared beliefs about the world. Study 1 linked social axioms to authoritarianism and ethnonationalism in a US college sample. Study 2 replicated these findings with a multi-national dataset and predicted authoritarianism with country-level social axioms. Results from these two individual-level studies indicated that right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and ethnonationalism were related to reward for application, religiosity, and fate control, but low social flexibility. Left-wing authoritarianism was linked to high levels of social cynicism, and fate control, but inversely related to the other three axioms. Countries with high dynamic externality had weaker democracies, as evident in fewer civil liberties and worse political culture, and a greater prevalence of individual-level authoritarian and ethnonationalist sentiments. We discuss the implications of the relationship between authoritarianism and culture in this current democratic backsliding, and the susceptibility of different cultures to the lure of illiberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of malnutrition, particularly micronutrient deficiency, is high in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa for smallholder farmers. Access to diverse and nutritious food is a key component of food security, and a major development objective. It is widely accepted that good access to markets can play a key role in improving nutrition at the foodshed level. However, the magnitude and even the direction of the effect of increased market access on household dietary diversity (and thus food security) is not universal, with studies showing divergent results. One reason for these divergences may be that models do not account for place-based mediation effects, that is, farmers' local context can affect whether (and the extent to which) access to market is important to their nutrition. Drawing on household survey data from 914 Kenyan smallholder farmers from ten counties in South and West Kenya, we used a novel methodology to evaluate the role of market access in determining household dietary diversity. This methodology combines the clustering of households along places with similar characteristics and multi-level regression analysis to understand the place based variation in effects of different factors on dietary diversity. We found that, depending on how “access to market” is measured, there can be significant impacts on dietary diversity, and this is mediated by farm characteristics. For small farms with already good market access, higher diet diversity is associated with cultivating larger areas and owning larger livestock holdings, but not with easier market access. For isolated larger farms with a focus on livestock production, higher diet diversity is associated with easier market access (i.e., proximity to road), as well as greater livestock diversity. For medium-sized farms with good market access, diet diversity is mildly correlated with easier market access (i.e., proximity to road) but significantly associated with greater crop diversity. The need to account for place-based mediating effects is clearly important and highlights an exigency for greater use and development of localized models that can capture the extent to which effects might change when contexts change.

The study examines the associations between child maltreatment, including witnessing interparental violence and violence in the family of origin, and the timing of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (i.e., IPV) among married women in the Global South. Data are drawn from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 46 nations. We consider if the experience of child maltreatment is associated with IPV that occurs before marriage among IPV victims (n = 66,693) and then among all married women (n = 255,607). Next, we estimate a multi-level survival analysis to ascertain the effect of child maltreatment on the time until the first incident of IPV in relation to when the woman married. Child maltreatment was not significantly associated with IPV occurring before marriage in the victim-only sample. Child maltreatment was associated with IPV before marriage among the full sample and a quicker time until the first incident (Witnessing interparental violence: Hazard Ratio = 2.01, p < 0.001; Experiencing violence: Hazard Ratio = 1.62, p < 0.001). Early life experiences of maltreatment speed up the time until that consequential first incident of IPV occurs. Findings provide direction on early targeted intervention for high-risk women who experience child maltreatment. • Timing, as it relates to experiencing child maltreatment and intimate partner violence, is an essential feature of repeat victimization. • Child maltreatment was associated with IPV before marriage among the full sample and a quicker time until the first incident. • Timing of the first incident offers insight into events and could be a viable option for nations lacking infrastructure for longitudinal surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy and precision of lifetime predictions for cyclically loaded technical components are still lacking. One of the main reasons for the discrepancy between the calculated life time and experimental results is that it is not yet possible to create a model capable of describing the microstructural damage process that occurs in the tested material and to subsequently incorporate this model into the calculation. All of the presently available research results recognize that the growth of microcracks is significantly influenced by the microstructure of the material. In order to take into account the influence of the microstructure on the damage process, research on the very early fatigue damage is carried out. The results are obtained from tension and torsion fatigue testing. For this purpose, the surfaces of the tested specimens are carefully observed to discover and analyze microcracks, which are classified according to their orientation. Moreover, the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation are major points of interest. Through a mix of mechanical and metallurgical points of view, calculations and multi-level FEA modeling are carried out to gain a better understanding of the properties of the phases. The simulation is based on continuum mechanics, which considers the positions and mechanical metallurgy, which account for each constituent character's failure laws. It is concluded that both the experimental and computational approaches conform, showing that such an approach is indeed a necessity and should become a trend in the near future. Statistically, microcracks under tension modes are highest at 45° (approximately 30%), while under torsion they are highest at 0° (approximately 20%) with respect to the sample orientation. The influence of the microstructure is explained via the finite element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model federation is a multi-model management approach based on the use of virtual models and loosely coupled links. The models in a federation remain autonomous and represented in their original technological spaces whereas virtual models and links (which are not level bounded) serve as control components used to present different views to the users and maintain synchronization. In this paper we tackle the EMISAJ multi-level process modeling challenge, which consists in providing a solution to the problem of specifying and enacting processes. Solutions must fulfill a number of requirements for a process representation defined at an abstract process-definition level and at various more concrete domain-specific levels, resulting in a multi-level hierarchy of related models. We present a solution based on model federation and discuss the advantages and limitations of using this approach for multi-level modeling. Concretely, we use virtual models and more precisely the Federation Modeling Language (FML) that serves to describe them as the main building block in order to solve the process modeling challenge whereas the federation feature is used as a means to provide editing tools for the resulting process language. Our solution fulfills all the challenge requirements and is fully implemented with the Openflexo framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evangelical Christian college students navigate campus buoyed by Christian privilege but may encounter silencing or othering tied to their religious beliefs, a feeling of incompatibility with their campus climate, and conflations of their religious and political beliefs that are inaccurate and discouraging. Unsupportive campus climates can discourage evangelical students from having productive exchanges across difference and deepening their own worldview commitments, which is concerning due to their general lack of interfaith participation that challenges stereotypes and unnuanced assumptions. Purpose: This study explores how evangelical Christians perceive their campus climates and whether those perceptions are different based on other social identity intersections with gender, race, sexuality, and political affiliation. In addition to individual characteristics, how the campus environment and various curricular and co-curricular experiences moderate evangelical students' perceptions of the worldview climate is examined. Methods: A sample of 1235 evangelical college students was examined via means, standard deviations, and ranges for six campus climate measures, one-way ANOVAs to examine whether those measures differed by different identity dimensions, and then multilevel modeling to better understand the role of campus experiences in evangelicals' perceptions of their campus climate. Results: Evangelical students' campus climate perceptions were generally positive; more provocative encounters were reported by women than men and evangelical Asian students indicated more divisiveness, more insensitivity, and less space for support than their peers. Political affiliation also revealed several significant differences in perceived campus climate. Interfaith engagement through pre-college activities, formal and informal activities, and friendships were connected to perceptions of campus climate, with those reporting more engagement being more likely to have productive encounters across difference and to report insensitivity or divisiveness. Religious affiliation was the most significant institutional characteristic. Conclusions and Implications: This study illuminates how collegiate experiences and campus environments exacerbate or attenuate evangelical Christian students' perceptions of the campus climate, and the results indicate that effective teaching practices where true interfaith experiences happen and that create inclusive space for evangelical students in the classroom are key to fostering development, especially in light of the social status ambiguity evangelical college students may be experiencing during their college years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, the number of obese adults has increased rapidly in many developing countries. The links between increased educational attainment and lower risks of overweight/obesity have been studied in a number of high-income contexts. However, educational attainment can have a different association with obesity at different levels of economic development and different stages of the nutritional transition, and these associations may vary by period and cohort. This study aims to provide evidence on the shifting of educational gradients in overweight/obesity in Indonesia, a low middle income country.Methods: Using five waves of Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), this study examines the Body Mass Index (BMI) trajectories of 14,810 individuals from 1993 to 2014. This study analyses how educational gradients in BMI have shifted over time and across cohorts using a hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) model to account for the effects of age and the changes in historical periods (social and environmental contexts).Results: In older generations, higher educational attainment is associated with higher BMI, but the gap between educational groups shrinks in more recently-born cohorts. The BMI of lower educational groups is catching up with that of the tertiary educated, leading to an increased risk of overweight/obesity among low educated individuals. Having tertiary education lowers the risk of weight gain (-0.04 point) among recently-born cohort of women, but it still increases the risk (+ 0.04 point) for men.Conclusion: Changes in access to education and the ongoing nutritional transition in Indonesia are leading to a shifting of educational gradients in overweight/obesity over time. The rising trends in BMI among low-educated and younger individuals are of substantial concern for Indonesian public health due to their implications for the risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a solution to the MULTI Process Challenge which was first posed to the participants of the MULTI workshop at the MODELS conference in 2019 and subsequently adapted for this special issue of the EMISA Journal. The structure of the paper therefore follows the guidelines laid out in the Challenge description. The models are represented in the Level-agnostic Modeling Language LML and the DOCL constraint language using the Melanee deep modeling tool. After first outlining the case study and documenting which aspects are supported in the LML solution, the paper presents multi-level models for both the insurance and the software engineering domains. This is followed by a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. The presented model covers all mandatory and optional aspects of the Challenge case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual modeling of domain object hierarchies, such as product hierarchies or organization hierarchies, is difficult due to the intricate nature of nonphysical domain objects organized in such hierarchies. Modeling domain object hierarchies as part-whole hierarchies covers their hierarchical structure, yet to capture their meaning, part-whole hierarchies have to be combined with specialization and multi-level instantiation. To this end we introduce the deep domain object (DDO) multi-level modeling pattern and approach. With the DDO approach, subclasses and metaclasses are induced by and integrated with the part-whole hierarchy. The approach is aligned with the multi-level theory (MLT) and formalized by a metamodel and a set of deductive rules implemented in F-Logic. The proof-of-concept prototype is used for automated application of the pattern and for querying induced multi-level models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of multi-level modeling has resulted in an increase of level-organization alternatives which significantly differ from each other with respect to their underlying foundations and the well-formedness rules they enforce. Alternatives substantially diverge with respect to how level boundaries should govern instance-of relationships, what modeling mechanisms they employ, and what modeling principles they establish. In this article, I analyze how a number of multi-level modeling approaches deal with certain advanced modeling scenarios. In particular, I identify linear domain metamodeling, i.e., the requirement that all domain-induced instance-of relationships align with a single global level-hierarchy, as a source of accidental complexity. I propose a novel multi-dimensional multi-level modeling approach based on the notion of orthogonal ontological classification that supports modeling of domain scenarios with minimal complexity while supporting separation of concerns and sanity-checking to avoid inconsistent modeling choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, multi-level modeling has become more and more popular. It is mainly due to the fact that multi-level modeling aims to reduce or even totally eliminate any accidental complexity inadvertently created as by-product in traditional model design. Moreover, besides reducing model complexity, multi-level modeling also improves on general comprehension of models. The key enablers of multi-level modeling are the concepts of clabjects and deep instantiation. The latter is often governed by the potency notion, of which many different interpretations and variations emerged over the years. However, there exist also some approaches that disregard the potency notion. Thus, multi-level modeling approaches tend to take advantage of different theoretical and practical backgrounds. In this paper, we propose a unifying framework, the Multi-Level Modeling Playground (MLMP), which is a validating modeling environment for multi-level modeling research. The MLMP environment is based on our multi-layer modeling framework (the Dynamic Multi-Layer Algebra), which provides useful mechanisms to validate different multi-level modeling constructs. Since beyond the structure also the well-formedness rules of the modeling constructs can be specified, our proposed MLMP environment delivers several practical benefits: i) well-formedness is always verified, ii) multi-level constructs can be experimented with independently of any concrete tool chains, and iii) relationships (i.e., correlations or exclusions) between different multi-level constructs can be easily investigated in practice. Also, the capability of the environment is demonstrated via complete examples inspired by state-of-the-art research literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process modeling challenge provides an opportunity to compare various approaches to multi-level conceptual modeling. In particular, the challenge requests the definition of constructs for designing process models plus the facilities to create process models with these constructs, and to analyze the execution of such processes, all in one multi-level model. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of DeepTelos in solving the challenge. DeepTelos is an extension of the Telos modeling language that adds a small number of rules and constraints to the Telos axioms in order to facilitate multi-level modeling by means of so-called most-general instances, a variant of the powertype pattern. We present the technology behind DeepTelos and address the individual tasks of the process modeling challenge. A critical review discusses strengths and weaknesses exposed by the solution to the challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-level modeling is an extension of traditional two-level object-oriented modeling which over the years has spawned several related solution technologies. These technologies embody a variety of multilevel modeling approaches, with differences spanning the range between superficial detail to fundamental divergence. Understanding those differences, as well as the respective trade-offs of different technologies can be difficult when looking at each technology in isolation and/or when technology demonstration application scenarios are not standardized. This EMISAJ special issue invited solutions to a multi-level modeling process challenge (Almeida et al. 2021), in order to allow contributors to showcase advantages and discuss shortcomings of their technologies. The contributions featured in this special issue therefore do not only support a deeper understanding of each technology respectively, but in combination also support comparisons among technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]