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Wood-based particleboards (PBs) are widely used in construction and interior applications, yet their durability, particularly against biological degradation, remains a challenge. Recycling wood and incorporating degraded particles from rotted wood can potentially enhance PB sustainability and align with circular bioeconomy principles. This study investigates the biological resistance of the three-layer, laboratory-prepared PBs with varied amounts of particles, from sound spruce wood to particles, and from spruce logs attacked by brown- or white rot, respectively, to particles from recycled wooden composites of laminated particleboards (LPBs) or blockboards (BBs), i.e., 100:0, 80:20, 50:50, and 0:100. The bio-resistance of PBs was evaluated against the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana, as well as against a mixture of moulds' "microscopic fungi", such as Aspergillus versicolor BAM 8, Aspergillus niger BAM 122, Penicillium purpurogenum BAM 24, Stachybotrys chartarum BAM 32, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa BAM 571. PBs containing particles from brown-rotten wood or from recycled wood composites, particularly LPBs, had a partly enhanced decay resistance, but their mass loss was nevertheless more than 30%. On the other hand, the mould resistance of all variants of PBs, evaluated in the 21st day, was very poor, with the highest mould growth activity (MGA = 4). These findings suggested that some types of rotten and recycled wood particles can improve the biological resistance of PBs; however, their effectiveness is influenced by the type of wood degradation and the source of recycled materials. Further, the results highlight the need for improved biocidal, chemical, or thermal modifications of wood particles to enhance the overall biological durability of PBs for specific uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to establish the differences in fungi and mycotoxin contamination and mycobiota biodiversity between wheat and maize after harvesting. Determination of fungal contamination of wheat and maize is crucial, given that these grains are extensively used in food and feed production. Some moulds can produce toxic secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, which can cause serious health problems in humans and animals. Due to the metabolic activities of moulds, undesirable changes in food and feed colour, taste, and smell can occur. In this study, samples of wheat and maize, harvested during 2021 in the Northern Croatia, were analysed for mycological and mycotoxin contamination before storage. Also, potentially mycotoxigenic mould genera were identified at the species level in order to uncover the presence of toxigenic species. The presence of the following mycotoxins was examined: zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, aflatoxin B1, T-2, and HT-2 toxin. The results indicate that both wheat and maize samples were contaminated with yeasts, with maize exhibiting a higher level of contamination as compared to wheat (1.5 × 104 to 1.8 × 106 vs 1.7 × 103 to 9.0 × 105). In wheat, the predominant mycotoxigenic mould species was Alternaria, as opposed to maize in which the Penicillium genus was the most represented. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that both maize and wheat were contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins. Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin were not determined in any of the tested samples. The results point out that grains carry a different risk of contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins and that maize is more susceptible to fungus spoilage.

INTRODUCTION. Microbiological environmental monitoring programmes for clean rooms for pharmaceutical production vary depending on the regulatory document. This is particularly evident in the experimental conditions, including the culture media used for sampling, as well as the temperature and time of incubation. To harmonise quality control procedures, it is necessary to develop a unified strategy for processing microbiological samples.AIM. This study aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for sample incubation during microbiological monitoring of clean rooms.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study compared several culture conditions for indicator microorganisms, including Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404, Aspergillus fumigatus F-62, Aspergillus terreus F-1269, and Penicillium chrysogenum F-3 (the latter three strains were obtained from the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms), as well as for environmental isolates, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Kocuria rosea, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus spp., and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The culture media used were trypticase soy agar (TSA), Sabouraud's dextrose chloramphenicol agar (SDCA), and Reasoner’s 2A agar (R2A). The incubation regimes used were as follows: 2 days at 30–35 ºC and then 3 days at 20–25 ºC; 3 days at 20–25 ºC and then 2 days at 30–35 ºC; 48–72 hours at 30–35 ºC (for aerobic bacteria); 5–7 days at 20–25 ºC (for yeasts and moulds).RESULTS. The comparison showed no statistically significant differences between the results obtained with TSA and R2A under different temperatureconditions. The germination rates of environmental isolates grown on TSA were significantly lower (by 19–37%) in the two-tiered incubation scheme that started at a lower temperature. The study identified groups of microorganisms requiring special culture conditions for microbiological environmental monitoring (bacteria with suppressed physiological functions and moulds).CONCLUSIONS. The study confirmed the need to standardise microbiological testing used in environmental monitoring and to provide for its proper regulation by drafting a general monograph on the matter. The authors demonstrated the applicability of both TSA and R2A as culture media for microbiological environmental monitoring. Currently, the use of a two-tiered incubation scheme with one non-selective culture medium requires validation on a case-by-case basis. Although the sequence of temperature levels did not affect the germination rates of microorganisms significantly, the incubation regime starting at a higher temperature (30–35 ºС) was determined as preferable for bacterial environmental isolates.

This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to food hygiene among mothers from Malawi’s rural communities against the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (WHO-FKSF) and good pre-and post-harvest practices (GPPHPs) as reference points. Five hundred twenty-two mothers from six rural communities across two districts were selected for the survey. The results indicated limited knowledge among participating mothers regarding managing food hazards, including mycotoxins, bacteria, viruses, and parasites (BVPs). A significant proportion (89.5%) of women reported inconsistent or no handwashing with soap after using the toilet. In addition, 48.7% failed to plant with the first good rains, 38.7% neglected to check for moldy cobs during harvesting, 57.4% dried maize on bare soil, and 99.2% bought maize with noticeable mold. Higher education, knowledge, and positive attitudes were associated with enhanced BVP control practices, while larger households and positive attitudes were linked to improved mold/mycotoxin management (p < 0.05). Mothers showed lower (p < 0.05) knowledge and attitude levels regarding molds than BVPs but demonstrated relatively better practices for mold control. A comprehensive education program based on the WHO Five Keys to Safer Foods, tailored to local socio-cultural norms and incorporating mold and mycotoxin management guidelines, is recommended.

Abstract Background The use of industrial Cannabis sativa L. for recreational, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal purposes has gained momentum due to its rich content of valuable phytochemicals, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). However, there are concerns regarding the risk of microbial contamination in plants grown outside controlled environments. Microbes associated with hemp can be either epiphytes or endophytes and may pose a risk of infectious illness for humans. Methods Seven Italian hemp genotypes, including Bernabeo, Carmagnola, Carmaleonte, Codimono, CS, Eletta Campana, and Fibranova, were cultivated in two distinct geographic locations, Catania and Rovigo, for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. Total aerobic microbes (TAMC), total combined yeasts/moulds (TYMC), the presence of bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria, and the absence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were evaluated and compared. The main phytocannabinoid content was measured and correlated with microbial contamination. Results Most samples analyzed in this study did not meet the European Pharmacopoeia microbiological limits. The detection of potential pathogens, such as E. coli and Salmonella spp., in the samples indicates that the use of inflorescences may represent a possible source of infection. Microbial contamination varied among harvesting seasons and production sites, with agroclimatic conditions influencing microbial load and composition. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria was less associated with seasonal climate variability and more likely affected by sporadic contamination from external sources. CBD concentration exhibited a negative correlation with bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and total yeasts/moulds levels. Samples with lower CBD content were more contaminated than those with higher CBD levels, suggesting a potential protective effect of this phytochemical on the plant. Conclusions The threshing residues (inflorescences, floral bracts, and leaves) of industrial hemp varieties represent a valuable product and a source of beneficial phytochemicals that warrants further exploration. While post-harvest sterilization methods may reduce microbiological risks, they may also degrade heat- and light-sensitive bioactive phytochemicals. The most promising strategy involves implementing best agronomic practices to maintain healthy and uncontaminated cultures. Rigorous monitoring and quality certification protocols are essential to mitigate the microbiological risk associated with the consumption of hemp-derived products.

This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to food hygiene among mothers from Malawi's rural communities against the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (WHO-FKSF) and good pre-and post-harvest practices (GPPHPs) as reference points. Five hundred twenty-two mothers from six rural communities across two districts were selected for the survey. The results indicated limited knowledge among participating mothers regarding managing food hazards, including mycotoxins, bacteria, viruses, and parasites (BVPs). A significant proportion (89.5%) of women reported inconsistent or no handwashing with soap after using the toilet. In addition, 48.7% failed to plant with the first good rains, 38.7% neglected to check for moldy cobs during harvesting, 57.4% dried maize on bare soil, and 99.2% bought maize with noticeable mold. Higher education, knowledge, and positive attitudes were associated with enhanced BVP control practices, while larger households and positive attitudes were linked to improved mold/mycotoxin management (p < 0.05). Mothers showed lower (p < 0.05) knowledge and attitude levels regarding molds than BVPs but demonstrated relatively better practices for mold control. A comprehensive education program based on the WHO Five Keys to Safer Foods, tailored to local socio-cultural norms and incorporating mold and mycotoxin management guidelines, is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 suspected DPM cases in 30 cats were retrieved from a diagnostic laboratory between 2018 and 2024. To confirm DPM and molecular identity, DNA was extracted from FFPET for ITS2 sequencing, and immunohistochemistry was performed on PCR-negative cases. All cases were confirmed as DPM. Microsporum canis was the only dermatophyte identified. The sensitivity and specificity of ITS2 sequencing for M. canis identification in FFPET were 22/32 (68.8%) and 21/22 (95.5%), respectively. Exotic (36.7%) and Persian (23.3%) but not British breeds (26.3%) were over-represented compared to feline admissions at an affiliated veterinary hospital (8.5%, p < 0.001; 3%, p < 0.001; 21.6%, p = 0.817, respectively). Five cases (16.7%) had EC lesions; two had intra-abdominal masses; two had oral cavity masses, including one which extended into the cranial vault; and one had superficial cervical lymph node invasion. Exotic and Persian breeds are over-represented for DPM and M. canis is the primary cause. EC lesions of DPM may occur more commonly than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of industrial Cannabis sativa L. for recreational, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal purposes has gained momentum due to its rich content of valuable phytochemicals, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). However, there are concerns regarding the risk of microbial contamination in plants grown outside controlled environments. Microbes associated with hemp can be either epiphytes or endophytes and may pose a risk of infectious illness for humans. Methods: Seven Italian hemp genotypes, including Bernabeo, Carmagnola, Carmaleonte, Codimono, CS, Eletta Campana, and Fibranova, were cultivated in two distinct geographic locations, Catania and Rovigo, for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. Total aerobic microbes (TAMC), total combined yeasts/moulds (TYMC), the presence of bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria, and the absence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were evaluated and compared. The main phytocannabinoid content was measured and correlated with microbial contamination. Results: Most samples analyzed in this study did not meet the European Pharmacopoeia microbiological limits. The detection of potential pathogens, such as E. coli and Salmonella spp., in the samples indicates that the use of inflorescences may represent a possible source of infection. Microbial contamination varied among harvesting seasons and production sites, with agroclimatic conditions influencing microbial load and composition. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria was less associated with seasonal climate variability and more likely affected by sporadic contamination from external sources. CBD concentration exhibited a negative correlation with bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and total yeasts/moulds levels. Samples with lower CBD content were more contaminated than those with higher CBD levels, suggesting a potential protective effect of this phytochemical on the plant. Conclusions: The threshing residues (inflorescences, floral bracts, and leaves) of industrial hemp varieties represent a valuable product and a source of beneficial phytochemicals that warrants further exploration. While post-harvest sterilization methods may reduce microbiological risks, they may also degrade heat- and light-sensitive bioactive phytochemicals. The most promising strategy involves implementing best agronomic practices to maintain healthy and uncontaminated cultures. Rigorous monitoring and quality certification protocols are essential to mitigate the microbiological risk associated with the consumption of hemp-derived products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Data on mixed mould infection with COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary mucormycosis (CAPM) are sparse. Objectives: To ascertain the prevalence of co‐existent CAPA in CAPM (mixed mould infection) and whether mixed mould infection is associated with early mortality (≤7 days of diagnosis). Methods: We retrospectively analysed the data collected from 25 centres across India on COVID‐19‐associated mucormycosis. We included only CAPM and excluded subjects with disseminated or rhino‐orbital mucormycosis. We defined co‐existent CAPA if a respiratory specimen showed septate hyphae on smear, histopathology or culture grew Aspergillus spp. We also compare the demography, predisposing factors, severity of COVID‐19, and management of CAPM patients with and without CAPA. Using a case–control design, we assess whether mixed mould infection (primary exposure) were associated with early mortality in CAPM. Results: We included 105 patients with CAPM. The prevalence of mixed mould infection was 20% (21/105). Patients with mixed mould infection experienced early mortality (9/21 [42.9%] vs. 15/84 [17.9%]; p = 0.02) and poorer survival at 6 weeks (7/21 [33.3] vs. 46/77 [59.7%]; p = 0.03) than CAPM alone. On imaging, consolidation was more commonly encountered with mixed mould infections than CAPM. Co‐existent CAPA (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 19.1 [2.62–139.1]) was independently associated with early mortality in CAPM after adjusting for hypoxemia during COVID‐19 and other factors. Conclusion: Coinfection of CAPA and CAPM was not uncommon in our CAPM patients and portends a worse prognosis. Prospective studies from different countries are required to know the impact of mixed mould infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A survey was carried out on 135 maize farms across nine districts and three zones of southwestern Ethiopia to determine the distribution of maize ear rot and its association with biophysical factors. Results revealed the prevalence of the disease across survey areas, albeit at varied intensities. Ear rot incidence and severity ranged from 41 to 54% and 31 to 40%, respectively. All maize grain samples collected from the survey area were positive for potentially toxigenic fungi genera, with Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium occurring at frequencies of 100%, 60%, and 58%, respectively. Higher ear rot incidence (>50%) had significant associations with zones, higher altitude, previous crop, lack of residue management, maize variety, and insect damage. The study indicates ear rot and kernel contamination by potentially toxigenic fungi is highly prevalent in southwestern Ethiopia and requires the use of certified seeds, residue management, shifting crops and reducing insect damage to manage the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thiasos Monografie is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fungi are important contaminants of historic canvas paintings worldwide. They can grow on both sides of the canvas and decompose various components of the paintings. They excrete pigments and acids that change the visual appearance of the paintings and weaken their structure, leading to flaking and cracking. With the aim of recognizing the most dangerous fungal species to the integrity and stability of paintings, we studied 55 recently isolated and identified strains from historic paintings or depositories, including 46 species from 16 genera. The fungi were categorized as xero/halotolerant or xero/halophilic based on their preference for solutes (glycerol or NaCl) that lower the water activity (aw) of the medium. Accordingly, the aw value of all further test media had to be adjusted to allow the growth of xero/halophilic species. The isolates were tested for growth at 15, 24 °C and 37 °C. The biodeterioration potential of the fungi was evaluated by screening their acidification properties, their ability to excrete pigments and their enzymatic activities, which were selected based on the available nutrients in paintings on canvas. A DNase test was performed to determine whether the selected fungi could utilize DNA of dead microbial cells that may be covering surfaces of the painting. The sequestration of Fe, which is made available through the production of siderophores, was also tested. The ability to degrade aromatic and aliphatic substrates was investigated to consider the potential degradation of synthetic restoration materials. Xerotolerant and moderately xerophilic species showed a broader spectrum of enzymatic activities than obligate xerophilic species: urease, β-glucosidase, and esterase predominated, while obligate xerophiles mostly exhibited β-glucosidase, DNase, and urease activity. Xerotolerant and moderately xerophilic species with the highest degradation potential belong to the genus Penicillium, while Aspergillus penicillioides and A. salinicola represent obligately xerophilic species with the most diverse degradation potential in low aw environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and oomycoses (hereafter termed invasive fungal-like infections [IFLIs]) are characterised by penetration of tissues by fungal elements. The environment is the most common reservoir of infection. IFIs and IFLIs can be frustrating to treat because long treatment times are usually required and, even after attaining clinical cure, there may be a risk of relapse. Owner compliance with medication administration and recheck examinations can also decline over time. In addition, some antifungal drugs are expensive, have variable interpatient pharmacokinetic properties, can only be administered parenterally and/or have common adverse effects (AEs). Despite these limitations, treatment can be very rewarding, especially when an otherwise progressive and fatal disease is cured. Aim: In the second of a two-part article series, the spectrum of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and AEs of antifungal drugs are reviewed, and the treatment and prognosis of specific IFIs/IFLIs - dermatophytic pseudomycetoma, cryptococcosis, sino-orbital aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, phaeohyphomycosis, mucormycosis and oomycosis - are discussed. Part 1 reviewed the diagnostic approach to IFIs and IFLIs. Evidence base: Information on antifungal drugs is drawn from pharmacokinetic studies in cats. Where such studies have not been performed, data from 'preclinical' animals (non-human studies) and human studies are reviewed. The review also draws on the wider published evidence and the authors' combined expertise in feline medicine, mycology, dermatology, clinical pathology and anatomical pathology. Abbreviations for antifungal drugs: AMB (amphotericin B); FC (flucytosine); FCZ (fluconazole); ISA (isavuconazole); ITZ (itraconazole); KCZ (ketoconazole); PCZ (posaconazole); TRB (terbinafine); VCZ (voriconazole). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 suspected DPM cases in 30 cats were retrieved from a diagnostic laboratory between 2018 and 2024. To confirm DPM and molecular identity, DNA was extracted from FFPET for ITS2 sequencing, and immunohistochemistry was performed on PCR-negative cases. All cases were confirmed as DPM. Microsporum canis was the only dermatophyte identified. The sensitivity and specificity of ITS2 sequencing for M. canis identification in FFPET were 22/32 (68.8%) and 21/22 (95.5%), respectively. Exotic (36.7%) and Persian (23.3%) but not British breeds (26.3%) were over-represented compared to feline admissions at an affiliated veterinary hospital (8.5%, p < 0.001; 3%, p < 0.001; 21.6%, p = 0.817, respectively). Five cases (16.7%) had EC lesions; two had intra-abdominal masses; two had oral cavity masses, including one which extended into the cranial vault; and one had superficial cervical lymph node invasion. Exotic and Persian breeds are over-represented for DPM and M. canis is the primary cause. EC lesions of DPM may occur more commonly than previously thought.

The main component of an air conditioning system is air filters. Over time, the filters of an air conditioning system in cars can turn into sources of emission of microbiological hazards. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the presence of infectious and toxic fungi in the AC filters in passenger cars. The studied non-woven filters were removed from passenger cars during the "winter"/"summer" seasons. The taxonomic identification of the fungi isolated from the filters was performed using both the culture-based and molecular methods. RT-PCR was applied to assess the presence of gene fragments regulating aflatoxin biosynthesis in the isolates obtained from fungal cultures. The average fungal concentrations in the filter samples collected during the summer/winter season were 5.4 × 104 cfu/m2 and 2.4 × 104 cfu/m2, respectively. Most of the filter samples, collected in both the studied seasons, revealed the presence of Aspergillus species including A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus and/or A. flavus. The recorded levels of fungal contamination of AC filters in passenger cars indicate the necessity for more frequent filter replacement in this type of vehicle. Occupational exposure to moulds and the resulting health problems that may be experienced by professional drivers should be properly recognised in order to undertake effective preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main bottleneck during the manufacture of complex geometry thin-walled GFRC structures is the time taken to make the timber or CNC machined moulds for each panel. Complex geometries are comprised of many unique panel forms and the extensive time and high costs of their manufacture often prevents their architectural intent from being fully realised. A novel mould-making process is proposed that uses a state-of-the-art flexible table with computer-controlled actuators to create free-formed geometry, fast-curing, dual-density, polyurethane moulds. This mould-making process was successfully tested by using sprayed GFRC to manufacture 9 different double curved intermediate moulds for a 10 m high GFRC self-supporting, thin-walled hyperbolic shell, with 12 mm thick panels at the base of the structure. The completed structure showcased the effectiveness of the novel mould-making process by reducing the production time from an estimated 100 days to 10 days. The primary outcome was the development and application of a new manufacturing method capable of casting complex geometry thin-walled GFRC panels with good surface quality that was suited to more rapid, cost-effective and automated large-scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone has the potential to improve the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by its antimicrobial properties, but the influence on the aroma properties has not been studied comprehensively at the molecular level. Therefore, the impact of ozone on odour-active compounds, total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, weight loss, and fungal growth during storage is investigated in oranges and bananas. The fruits were stored at room temperature for 11 days either with or without ozone treatment. Interestingly, no significant impact of the ozone treatment on the contents of the selected odour-active compounds in bananas and oranges was observable. Furthermore, no impact on titratable acidity, weight loss, and ascorbic acid content were observable as a consequence of the ozone treatment at the respective ozone concentrations. In addition, the inhibitive effects of the growth and sporulation of moulds were demonstrated in this study. Finally, the data from this research show that ozonation has the potential of improving the shelf life of fruits without compromising their quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveTo assess the quality and safety of tea substitutes sold in Hebei Province.MethodsSixty-three samples of tea substitutes were collected from the markets of three cities in Hebei Province. Each sample was tested for moulds， coliforms， cadmium， moisture and ash content according to national standard methods. The test results were assessed in terms of qualification according to local safety standard of Hebei Province for tea substitutes.ResultsAmong the 63 samples， 16 samples had moulds counts exceeding the limit. The over-limit rate for moulds was 25.4%； the moulds contents varied from 140~18 000 CFU/g in over-limit samples with the median of 600 CFU/g. Four samples were found to exceed the limit of coliforms with a 6.3% （4/63） over-limit rate. The coliforms measurements of over-limit samples were between 7.5~110 MPN/g with the median of 110 MPN/g. One sample was over limit for cadmium with the content of 9.6 mg/kg. The test results for moisture and ash content of the 63 samples were all in accordance with the standard. Among the 63 samples， 46 samples were qualified for all measurements， and the total qualified rate was 73.0% （46/63）. There was no statistics difference in the qualified rate of tea substitutes among different producing areas and different product types.ConclusionThe unqualified rate of the tea substitutes sold in Hebei Province was high. Most unqualified samples exceeded the standard for mold， while a few samples exceeded the standard for coliforms and cadmium.

Launch of in-house sensitive cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) mould polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays increased detection of moulds meeting suspected healthcare-associated infection (HAI) criteria. Definition was based on time from admission and mould detection in culture or via molecular methods. We created a modified mould HAI algorithm incorporating clinical context into the case definition, which allowed for better capture of possible mould HAIs, decreased number of investigations, and improved utilization of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of parsley [Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss] and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oils from store-bought parsley plants and ginger rhizomes were evaluated. A sensory analysis was performed on aged cheese slices treated with a mix of each essential oil and seed oil. Parsley essential oil was selected as the best compromise between sensory influence and antimicrobial activity and tested to evaluate its antifungal effects on cheese slices experimentally contaminated with Aspergillus flavus. Monoterpenes and α-zingiberene were the most abundant compounds in parsley and ginger essential oil, respectively. Both essential oils showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against different fungal species while only a bacterial strain (Enterococcus faecalis) was sensible to ginger essential oil. Only the cheese slices treated with parsley essential oil were appreciated by the panellists and its use has been effective in preventing the A. flavus growth in cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, scientists have given increasingly frequent warnings about global warming, linking it to mycotoxin-producing moulds in various geographical regions across the world. In the future, more pronounced climate change could alter host resilience and host–pathogen interaction and have a significant impact on the development of toxicogenic moulds and the production of their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins. The current climate attracts attention and calls for novel diagnostic tools and notions about the biological features of agricultural cultivars and toxicogenic moulds. Since European climate environments offer steadily rising opportunities for Aspergillus flavus growth, an increased risk of cereal contamination with highly toxic aflatoxins shall be witnessed in the future. On top of that, the profile (representation) of certain mycotoxigenic Fusarium species is changing ever more substantially, while the rise in frequency of Fusarium graminearum contamination, as a species which is able to produce several toxic mycotoxins, seen in northern and central Europe, is becoming a major concern. In the following paper, a high-quality approach to a preventative strategy is tailored to put a stop to the toxicogenic mould- and mycotoxin-induced contamination of foods and feeds in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giuseppe Bianchini trained within the Sienese School of Forensic Medicine and immediately distinguished himself for his innovative approach to the discipline, making very important use of biochemistry, haematology, histopathology, and physiology. During his long career as a scholar and professor of forensic medicine, an important part of his research was the study of the ‘biology of the corpse’, for which he was inspired by the presence of fungi on cadaveric material. Indeed, Bianchini considered the study of fungi, which was completely ignored at the time, to be of particular interest both in terms of the chemistry of the corpse and in determining the chronology of death. He was the first in Italy to attempt to identify and describe a mycological biota in the different states of decomposition of the corpse.

In the period of the Rodanovo archaeological culture (12–15th centuries) pewter-based fusible alloy decorations held a special place in the design of costume on the territory of the Perm Cis-Urals. There is a rather wide range of decorations like these in all the main categories – to be worn at the temples, on the neck, waist and hands. Flat neck pendants are the most diverse – in the form of coins, medallions, and lunar pendants, which became traditional decorations for men at the time. Most of the decorations have Old Russian prototypes. Applique decorations - rings and ‘paws’, were a novelty in the costume. There could be two reasons why fusible alloy decorations were so popular. It could be the lack of silver, the main source of what were primarily coins. On the other hand, the spread of new material is probably connected with the beginning of the Old Russian colonization of the Urals, during what it was brought here by the Slavic immigrants.

This work describes a novel approach for Al-7.5Si/Al-18Si liquid–liquid bimetal casting in sand and metallic moulds. The aim of the work is to facilitate and develop a simple procedure to produce an Al-7.5Si/Al-18Si bimetallic material with a smooth gradient interface structure. The procedure involves the theoretical calculation of total solidification time (TST) of the first liquid metal (M1), pouring the liquid metal (M1), and allowing it to solidify; then, before complete solidification, the second liquid metal (M2) is introduced into the mould. This novel approach has been proven to produce Al-7.5Si/Al-18Si bimetal materials using liquid–liquid casting. The optimum time interval of Al-7.5Si/Al-18Si bimetal casting with modulus of cast Mc ≤ 1 was estimated based on subtracting 5–15 s or 1–5 s from TST of M1 for sand and metallic moulds, respectively. Future work will involve determining the appropriate time interval range for castings having modulus ≥ 1 using the current approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are important contaminants of historic canvas paintings worldwide. They can grow on both sides of the canvas and decompose various components of the paintings. They excrete pigments and acids that change the visual appearance of the paintings and weaken their structure, leading to flaking and cracking. With the aim of recognizing the most dangerous fungal species to the integrity and stability of paintings, we studied 55 recently isolated and identified strains from historic paintings or depositories, including 46 species from 16 genera. The fungi were categorized as xero/halotolerant or xero/halophilic based on their preference for solutes (glycerol or NaCl) that lower the water activity (aw) of the medium. Accordingly, the aw value of all further test media had to be adjusted to allow the growth of xero/halophilic species. The isolates were tested for growth at 15, 24 °C and 37 °C. The biodeterioration potential of the fungi was evaluated by screening their acidification properties, their ability to excrete pigments and their enzymatic activities, which were selected based on the available nutrients in paintings on canvas. A DNase test was performed to determine whether the selected fungi could utilize DNA of dead microbial cells that may be covering surfaces of the painting. The sequestration of Fe, which is made available through the production of siderophores, was also tested. The ability to degrade aromatic and aliphatic substrates was investigated to consider the potential degradation of synthetic restoration materials. Xerotolerant and moderately xerophilic species showed a broader spectrum of enzymatic activities than obligate xerophilic species: urease, β-glucosidase, and esterase predominated, while obligate xerophiles mostly exhibited β-glucosidase, DNase, and urease activity. Xerotolerant and moderately xerophilic species with the highest degradation potential belong to the genus Penicillium, while Aspergillus penicillioides and A. salinicola represent obligately xerophilic species with the most diverse degradation potential in low aw environments.

This research project examines the effects of X-rays on cellulose and some moulds frequently found on paper. The aim was to identify applications for X-ray irradiation that can be used as a disinfection method for archival material. The question was if X-rays are suitable as an alternative to gamma radiation and if they are less harmful. For this purpose, the minimum X-ray dose required to reduce the microbial count to a harmless level was determined. The material-altering effect was examined on samples treated with X-rays and gamma radiation. Spectrophotometric measurements showed that there is no noticeable colour change with either type of radiation. The determination of the molecular weight distribution, in turn, showed that the molar mass of the cellulose is considerably reduced with both treatment methods. Using mechanical tests, however, it could be demonstrated that this has no significant influence on the tensile strength. The examination of the oxidation behaviour also showed no significant difference between the differently treated samples. The studies demonstrated that both methods have an almost identical effect on cellulose. Thus, X-ray treatment is primarily a supplement to the known disinfection methods and is particularly suitable for objects that would not withstand treatment with alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the present study was to develop meat-based media with compositions similar to those of dry-fermented meat products and to evaluate their use in studying the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and the kinetics of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. In our previous experiments, we found that the strain A. parasiticus ŽMJ7 produced a high amount of AFB1. Cooked meat agar (CMA2) was used as a novel complex meat-based medium with four variations: CMA2G (CMA2 supplemented with 1% glucose), CMA2YE (CMA2 supplemented with 0.2% yeast extract), and CMA2GYE (CMA2 supplemented with 1% glucose and 0.2% yeast extract). Media were inoculated with an A. parasiticus spore suspension (105 spores/mL) and incubated at 25 °C for up to 15 days. The A. parasiticus lag phase lasted less than 1 day, irrespective of the growth medium, with the exception of control medium CMA1 (cooked meat agar) as an already known meat-based medium. The highest mean colony growth rate was observed on CMA2 and CMA2G. Reversed-phase UPLC–MS/MS analysis was performed to determine the AFB1 concentration in combination with solid phase extraction (SPE). The highest AFB1 concentration in meat-based media was detected in CMA2GYE after 15 days of incubation (13,502 ± 2367 ng/mL media). The results showed that for studying AFB1 production in dry-fermented meat products, novel suitable media such as CMA2-based media are required. This finding could represent a potential concern with regard to the production of dry-fermented meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• VITEK-MS version 3.0 identified 299 (78.3 %) strains at the species level. • VITEK-MS version 3.0 identified 36 (9.4 %) strains at the genus level. • Of isolates tested, 8.4 % (32/382) were not identified, and 7.06 % (27/382) were not included in the IVD database. The identification of anaerobes, Mycobacterium and Nocardia species, and moulds by MALDI-TOF-MS remains a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of MALDI-TOF in the identification of these organisms. A total of 382 strains, comprising 128 (33.5 %) anaerobes, 126(33.0 %) mycobacterial, 113(29.6 %), mycelial fungi, and 15(3.9 %) Nocardia species were evaluated by VITEK MS Version 3.0. The results were compared with the identification of the isolates by DNA sequence analysis. The DNA sequences used for analysis were the 16S rRNA for anaerobic bacteria, hsp65 gene for mycobacteria, whereas both 16S rRNA and hsp65 gene for Nocardia species, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rRNA gene's D1/D2 regions of fungi. The VITEK-MS accurately identified 78.3 % (299/382) of the strains at the species, and 9.4 % (36/382) at the genus level. Misidentifications were observed in 3.9 % (15/382) isolates. Of isolates tested, 8.4 % (32/382) were not identified by the system, and 7.06 % (27/382) were not included in the IVD database. An upgraded VITEK MS V3.0 database provides reasonably accurate and rapid identification of clinically relevant anaerobes, mycobacteria, Nocardia species, and moulds to the species level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, scientists have given increasingly frequent warnings about global warming, linking it to mycotoxin-producing moulds in various geographical regions across the world. In the future, more pronounced climate change could alter host resilience and host–pathogen interaction and have a significant impact on the development of toxicogenic moulds and the production of their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins. The current climate attracts attention and calls for novel diagnostic tools and notions about the biological features of agricultural cultivars and toxicogenic moulds. Since European climate environments offer steadily rising opportunities for Aspergillus flavus growth, an increased risk of cereal contamination with highly toxic aflatoxins shall be witnessed in the future. On top of that, the profile (representation) of certain mycotoxigenic Fusarium species is changing ever more substantially, while the rise in frequency of Fusarium graminearum contamination, as a species which is able to produce several toxic mycotoxins, seen in northern and central Europe, is becoming a major concern. In the following paper, a high-quality approach to a preventative strategy is tailored to put a stop to the toxicogenic mould- and mycotoxin-induced contamination of foods and feeds in the foreseeable future.

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain moulds (fungi) and can be found in food. The moulds grow on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs including cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions. Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to both humans and livestock; The adverse health effects of mycotoxins range from acute poisoning to long-term effects such as immune deficiency and cancer. Mycotoxin contamination of food is an ongoing global concern. Mycotoxin contamination is considered an unavoidable and unpredictable problem, even where good agricultural, storage and processing practices are implemented, posing a difficult challenge to food safety. Additionally, many mycotoxins are not easily eliminated during food processing because of their stability against heat, physical, and chemical treatments. Furthermore, feed contamination can also pose an extra hazard for food safety due to the possible carry-over of mycotoxins to animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and egg, leading to mycotoxin intake by humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common pathogen causing allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. The pathogenic capacity of Aspergillus fumigatus is related to its thermal tolerance and the small size of the spores which enables transfer to the respiratory tract. In the case of fungal diseases, their treatment is based on fungicidal antibiotics, such as fluconazole. Due to the growing problem of drug resistance, new therapeutic solutions are sought, especially of natural origin. Essential oils, due to their anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties, constitute interesting research material in the fight against mould. Objective The aim of the study was to assess the type of pharmacodynamic interactions between fluconazole and selected essential oils: lemon, orange, tangerine, and grapefruit in an in vitro study against Aspergillus fumigatus . Isobolographic analysis of the results allowed determining the type of interactions between fluconazole and the tested essential oils. Results According to the research results, a IC50 dose of fluconazole versus Aspergillus fumigatus IC50=1.87±0.88 mg/ml. The most active essential oil was lemon oil, which at the concentration of 4% in medium completely inhibited the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. Tangerine essential oil is the least active against A. fumigatus . Isobolographic analysis of the interactions between fluconazole and essential oils showed additive interactions for the combination of fluconazole with lemon, orange and grapefruit ols, and an additive interaction with a tendency to synergism for the combination of fluconazole with tangerine oil. Conclusions Isobographic analysis can contribute to the introduction of natural substances into the therapy of many diseases.

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings namely Cr/CrN, Cr/ CrN / CrAlN multilayers (period of μ = 4 with a Cr bonding layer 138 nm thick), have been synthesized on a quenched and tempered X38CrMoV8 steel to test their ability to avoid soldering during casting of aluminum alloys. Wear tests, optical profilemetry observations and demolding stress tests were carried out. Intermetallic compounds were formed and aluminum cast alloy soldering layer was found on surfaces of all tested pins, which were observed and quantified by SEM/EDS. Cr/CrN multilayers have been found to exhibit the best performance among all materials and coatings considered here. The results showed low friction coefficient of Cr/ CrN multilayers and the amounts of intermetallic compounds were lower than those formed on Cr/CrN/CrAlN ones.

In this study a dual-frequency plasma generated at 1 Pa in synthetic air was investigated for the inactivation of fungal contaminants and the reduction of mycotoxin content in bread wheat grains. This coupled device increased the rates of emitted species (RONS and UV) and provided a relative control of charged particles flux-energy balance (n e ≃ 1016 m −3 − ɛ i ≃ 8 eV). This plasma-based decontamination process allowed 1.5 log of reduction onto wheat grains exposed 90 min to plasma and a degradation of more than 90 % for the deoxynivalenol mycotoxin content of a glass carrier after 5 min plasma exposure. • Dual-frequency plasma improves the production of reactive species (UV and RONS). • Dual-frequency plasma provides a control of charged particles flux-energy balance. • Dual-frequency plasma is efficient for wheat fungal decontamination. • Microwave plasma is efficient for mycotoxin degradation. • Dual-frequency plasma does not alter the wheat flour properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction Cladosporium is one of the most abundant genera of environmental fungi worldwide and a very common respiratory allergen. To-date, many C. cladosporoides infections have been identified. Risk factors for C. cladosporioides infection are primarily injuries, metabolic disorders, organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases, among others. Objective The aim of the study was to assess the type of pharmacodynamic interactions between fluconazole and some selected essential oils: orange, mandarin, lemon and grapefruit, in an in vitro study against C. cladosporioides. Material and methods Experiments were carried out using the plate cultivation method. Fluconazole was tested against C. cladosporioides at concentrations ranging from 0.05–3.3 mg / ml, and the activity of essential oils added to PDA medium at concentrations ranging from 1–30%. The dose-effect curves for the collected results were determined with by the log-probit method. Isobolographic analysis of the results allowed determining the type of interactions between fluconazole and the tested essential oils. Results Lemon essential oil was the most active, and in a concentration of 1% it inhibited the growth of C. cladosporioides by 21%. Isobolographic analysis showed that the combination of fluconazole with orange and grapefruit essential oil had an additive interaction, and with mandarin and lemon – an additive interaction with a tendency to synergy in the plate culture test for C. cladosporioides. Conclusions The use of isobolographic analysis can contribute to the introduction of natural substances with the desired activities into the pharmacotherapy of many infections and diseases. The use of natural substances can also help to reduce the number of side-effects caused by conventional and standard therapies

Background: Traditionally, KOH microscopy and fungal culture are the two preferred tests as gold standard for diagnosis of onychomycosis. Recently, other diagnostic methods have been developed to improve the microbiological diagnosis. The EUROArray dermatomycosis kit is a PCR‐based microarray test system for the detection and direct identification of species that are most frequently involved in skin and nail infections. Objectives: Our primary aim was to evaluate the real‐life applicability of the EUROArray dermatomycosis kit in the diagnosis of onychomycoses. In addition, we compared the aetiology of onychomycoses found in our patients with those described in the literature. Patients/Methods: We prospectively studied consecutive 100 patients with suspected onychomycoses. Samples of suspect toenails were taken as part of routine medical management. Nail specimens were evaluated by means of three diagnostic methods: KOH preparation, culture and EUROArray dermatomycosis kit. Results: Onychomycosis was diagnosed in 47/100 patients who proved positive on at least one reference diagnostic test and in 49/100 patients who proved positive on PCR. The combination of microscopy and PCR had better sensitivity than microscopy (p =.0397), fungal culture (p =.0061) and PCR alone (p =.0117). Moulds were more frequently positive in culture than in PCR (p =.033). Dermatophytes proved positive more frequent than moulds and yeasts in both culture and PCR; in particular, Trichophyton interdigitale was the most frequent pathogen. Conclusions: In conclusion, introducing EUROArray dermatomycosis kit into the diagnostic algorithm of onychomycosis increases the sensitivity of direct microscopy and yields more rapid results than culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbutus unedo L. is a species with great economic impact in rural areas, and its fruits have several food applications and beneficial properties on human health. However, the fruits are highly perishable, and little is known about their characteristics. The present work thus aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of Arbutus unedo L. during two consecutive years from four different samples. Microbiological analysis was conducted at different times of preservation (days 0, 4, 11, and 21) and temperatures (room temperature, refrigeration, and freezing). Six fungal strains as representatives of the most prevalent mycobiota in fruits were used for molecular identification. The fruits had aw values of 0.916 ± 0.01 to 0.930 ± 0.01, pH values of 3.81 ± 0.01 to 3.82 ± 0.01, and °Brix values of 25.02 ± 0.49 to 28.52 ± 1.02. Microbiological analysis revealed that the predominant microbiota in fresh fruits were psychrotrophs (4.07 ± 0.25 log CFU/g), yeasts (3.39 ± 0.18 log CFU/g), mesophiles (3.26 ± 1.20 log CFU/g), and moulds (2.70 ± 0.55 log CFU/g). After a preservation period of 11 days, the microbial loads increased from 66 to 116% at 25 ± 1°C; while at 6.5 ± 1°C, the increase varied from 3 to 53%; except for moulds, for which a decrease was observed. The application of freezing temperature (21 days) showed a small increase for psychrotrophs and yeasts of 1.5 and 2.9%, respectively. The most prevalent moulds identified belonged to Rhizopus stolonifer var. stolonifer, Aspergillus carbonarius, and Penicillium brevicompactum, while yeasts belonged to Aureobasidium sp. and Saccothecium rubi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the number end composition of yeasts and moulds during beaten cheese production and ripening were studied. The cheese was prepared in dairy in western part of North Macedonia by using raw cows' milk and without adding starter culture. The obtained results indicate the presence of yeasts in all stages of cheese preparation. The number of yeasts in milk was in range of 3.62-4.25 log CFU·ml-1 and has increased during dry ripening reaching maximum value of 5.91 log CFU·g-1 in the 3rd day of ripening during the 3rd producing process. The beaten cheese ripening in brine results in decreasing yeasts number reaching value of 3.60 log CFU·g-1. The yeasts isolates were determinate as Kluyveromyces marxianus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia polymorpha, Pichia membranifaciens, Trichosporon pululans, Torulopsis sp., Candida sp. The moulds were not noticed in all stages during beaten cheese making and ripening. They were continuously present during dry ripening till the 15th day of brining. Isolated species were determined as Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Mucor mucedo, M. pusilus, Penicillium sp., Trichotecium sp., and Trichoderma viride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giuseppe Bianchini trained within the Sienese School of Forensic Medicine and immediately distinguished himself for his innovative approach to the discipline, making very important use of biochemistry, haematology, histopathology, and physiology. During his long career as a scholar and professor of forensic medicine, an important part of his research was the study of the 'biology of the corpse', for which he was inspired by the presence of fungi on cadaveric material. Indeed, Bianchini considered the study of fungi, which was completely ignored at the time, to be of particular interest both in terms of the chemistry of the corpse and in determining the chronology of death. He was the first in Italy to attempt to identify and describe a mycological biota in the different states of decomposition of the corpse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several microinvasive methods were applied to analyse the fibre materials from the Snartemo V burial from the Migration Period (fifth century CE) in Norway. The morphological parameters of the textile fibres and furs were examined with optical (TLM) and electron microscopy (SEM, SEM-EDX and TEM) and dyes with UHPLC-PDA method. According to TLM and TEM analyses, the Snartemo textiles were spun of very fine wool, that consisted of white and naturally pigmented fibres. The dye analysis revealed colourants referring to dyer’s madder, weld and woad in several textiles. The reddish hue in the warp of the wide geometrically patterned tablet-woven band was interpreted a result of the fading of the natural dark pigmentation of the wool. Respectively, the warp yarns that now appear yellow were interpreted as originally white, undyed wool. In addition, fibres from a bear’s (Ursus arctos) fur and a Mustelidae sp. were identified in the previously unexamined Snartemo materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Medicine / Medycyna Środowiskowa is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)