Search

The history of the Californian Lilium humboldtii J.H.Krelage, its initial discovery and confusion in literature over its collection, distribution and naming are discussed. Neotypes are designated for the names Lilium humboldtii and Lilium bloomerianum Kellogg. Lectotypes are designated for the names Lilium canadense var. puberulum Torr. and L. bloomerianum var. ocellatum Kellogg.

Sap beetles of the genus Omosita Erichson are stored-product pests that are also associated with carrion, potentially making them biosecurity risks and forensic tools. The discovery of a specimen of the Nearctic species Omosita nearctica Kirejtshuk in South Africa prompted an investigation a decade later to determine if this species had established itself in the country, which was confirmed by the collection of further breeding specimens that also facilitated the first description of mature larvae of O. nearctica. A new key to adults of all Omosita species is presented.

The objectives of this study were to select morphological keys for the identification of individual endangered long-tailed gorals through analysis of photographic data and to use these morphological keys to determine the number and population composition of gorals living in the Osaek Region of Seoraksan National Park. Amongst 8149 photos taken using 73 cameras in the Osaek Region, 2057 photos of faces and horns were analysed. The presence and absence of horns, shape of the horns, proportion of the ring to the length of the horn and facial colour pattern were selected as morphological keys to identify individual gorals. To verify the accuracy of the morphological keys for identifying gorals, a blind test was performed on gorals residing in the sanctuary of the Yanggu Goral Restoration Center. The test revealed that the population and age of gorals were discerned correctly by the morphological keys, but there was a 12.5% error in discriminating between sexes in gorals aged over 10 years. Fifty-six gorals were identified from 2057 pictures, based on the morphological keys and methods developed in this study. The population of 56 individuals consisted of 43 individuals aged over 2 years (subadult or adult) and 13 offspring aged less than 2 years, with a ratio of 3.3:1. Of the total 56 individuals, 45% were adults aged 10 years or older, 18% were adults aged 3–10 years, 7% were subadults aged 2–3 years, 23% were offspring aged less than 2 years and 7% were individuals aged 2 years or older, whose age and sex could not be confirmed. The sex ratio of males to females was 1.17:1, with a corrected sex ratio of 1:1 considering the 12.5% error rate for gorals aged over 10 years, amongst the 39 gorals aged over 2 years.

Two new species from Borneo that have been described in the genus Callerya are shown here to belong in Adinobotrys. The new combinations A. katinganensis and A. sarawakensis have consequently been made, bringing the total number of species in the genus to four. A morphological key and taxonomic conspectus is provided for all species.

The Tribe Wisterieae (Zhu 1994), founded on the single genus Wisteria, is emended and recircumscribed based on morphology and data from nuclear ITS and ndhJ-trnF, matK and rbcL chloroplast DNA sequences. This newly enlarged tribe comprises 36 species and 9 infraspecific taxa within 13 described genera. Six genera are new, two are reinstated and five were previously placed in Tribe Millettieae. The genus Adinobotrys is also reinstated comprising two species including the new combination A.vastus. Other reinstated genera include Whitfordiodendron, with four species, and Padbruggea, with three species, including the reinstatement of P.filipes and the new combination P.filipesvar.tomentosa. The existing genera Afgekia, Callerya, Endosamara (with the new combination E.racemosavar.pallida), Sarcodum and Wisteria, with the new combinations W.frutescenssubsp.macrostachya are evaluated. The new genera comprise three Australasian species in Austrocallerya: A.australis, A.megasperma and A.pilipes; Wisteriopsis with five species from east Asia has six new combinations: W.japonica, W.kiangsiensis, W.championii, W.eurybotrya, W.reticulata and W.reticulatavar.stenophylla. Two species comprise the new Thai genus Kanburia: K.tenasserimensis and K.chlorantha. Nanhaia comprises the two species: N.fordii and N.speciosa and the monotypic genera Sigmoidala and Serawaia are based respectively on the species S.kityana and S.strobilifera. Lectotypes are designated for the names Adinobotrysfilipes, A.myrianthus, Millettiabonatiana, Millettiabracteosa, Millettiachampionii, Millettiacinerea, Millettiadielsiana, Millettiakityana, M.maingayi, Millettianitida, Millettiaoocarpa, Millettiapurpurea, M.reticulata, M.reticulatavar.stenophylla, Padbruggeadasyphylla, Pterocarpusaustralis, Robiniaracemosa, Whitfordiodendronscandens, W.sumatranum and Wisteriapallida. A neotype is designated for the name Millettialeiogyna.

The Tribe Wisterieae (Zhu 1994), founded on the single genus Wisteria, is emended and recircumscribed based on morphology and data from nuclear ITS and ndhJ-trnF, matK and rbcL chloroplast DNA sequences. This newly enlarged tribe comprises 36 species and 9 infraspecific taxa within 13 described genera. Six genera are new, two are reinstated and five were previously placed in Tribe Millettieae. The genus Adinobotrys is also reinstated comprising two species including the new combination A.vastus. Other reinstated genera include Whitfordiodendron, with four species, and Padbruggea, with three species, including the reinstatement of P.filipes and the new combination P.filipesvar.tomentosa. The existing genera Afgekia, Callerya, Endosamara (with the new combination E.racemosavar.pallida), Sarcodum and Wisteria, with the new combinations W.frutescenssubsp.macrostachya are evaluated. The new genera comprise three Australasian species in Austrocallerya: A.australis, A.megasperma and A.pilipes; Wisteriopsis with five species from east Asia has six new combinations: W.japonica, W.kiangsiensis, W.championii, W.eurybotrya, W.reticulata and W.reticulatavar.stenophylla. Two species comprise the new Thai genus Kanburia: K.tenasserimensis and K.chlorantha. Nanhaia comprises the two species: N.fordii and N.speciosa and the monotypic genera Sigmoidala and Serawaia are based respectively on the species S.kityana and S.strobilifera. Lectotypes are designated for the names Adinobotrysfilipes, A.myrianthus, Millettiabonatiana, Millettiabracteosa, Millettiachampionii, Millettiacinerea, Millettiadielsiana, Millettiakityana, M.maingayi, Millettianitida, Millettiaoocarpa, Millettiapurpurea, M.reticulata, M.reticulatavar.stenophylla, Padbruggeadasyphylla, Pterocarpusaustralis, Robiniaracemosa, Whitfordiodendronscandens, W.sumatranum and Wisteriapallida. A neotype is designated for the name Millettialeiogyna.

In the subfamily Triatominae, Triatoma exhibits the largest number of species, which are arranged in complexes. For the T.brasiliensis species complex, recent investigations based on results of geometric morphometrics combined with phylogeny have provided evidence that it should be composed of seven species: T.brasiliensis, T.bahiensis, T.juazeirensis, T.lenti, T.melanica, T.petrocchiae, and T.sherlocki, in which T.brasiliensis is divided in two subspecies: T.b.brasiliensis and T.b.macromelasoma. A taxonomic key is presented to identify each taxon. Among members of this complex, T.b.brasiliensis is the most important in an epidemiologic context, due to its high prevalence in natural infection by Trypanosomacruzi combined with a pronounced adaptation to domiciliary habitats. However, some members may be currently invading and colonizing homes, a process known as domiciliation. Therefore, the key presented here may be potentially useful for researchers as well as those involved in vector control measures.

In the subfamily Triatominae, Triatoma exhibits the largest number of species, which are arranged in complexes. For the T.brasiliensis species complex, recent investigations based on results of geometric morphometrics combined with phylogeny have provided evidence that it should be composed of seven species: T.brasiliensis, T.bahiensis, T.juazeirensis, T.lenti, T.melanica, T.petrocchiae, and T.sherlocki, in which T.brasiliensis is divided in two subspecies: T.b.brasiliensis and T.b.macromelasoma. A taxonomic key is presented to identify each taxon. Among members of this complex, T.b.brasiliensis is the most important in an epidemiologic context, due to its high prevalence in natural infection by Trypanosomacruzi combined with a pronounced adaptation to domiciliary habitats. However, some members may be currently invading and colonizing homes, a process known as domiciliation. Therefore, the key presented here may be potentially useful for researchers as well as those involved in vector control measures.

The Sunda region of Southeastern Asia is rich in termite fauna, but termites from this region have been poorly described. In this study, we described eight species from two diverse genera from this region, and from the family Termitidae. We describe Bulbitermes 4 spp. and Nasutitermes 4 spp. from new field collections. Where possible we examine original holotype specimens, and describe the essential morphological characters for soldier and worker castes. We devise two new bifurcating keys to guide the field identification of each species. In addition, we develop a nucleotide sequence profile for the COI gene. From this molecular character matrix, we use Neighbour-Joining analysis to test the monophyly of each morphospecies and genus. We find that the morphological and molecular characters are highly concordant, whereby all taxa appear to represent distinct molecular clades. For termites, there is therefore agreement between the morphological taxonomic characters used to sort species from a bifurcating key and the molecular taxonomic characters used to sort species on a bifurcating tree. This joint analysis suggests that DNA barcoding holds considerable promise for termite taxonomy, especially for diverse clades like Bulbitermes and Nasutitermes for which a global morphological key would be intractable.

The morphological concept of Trichoderma koningii is found to include several species that differ from each other in details of phenotype (including conidium morphology, growth rate) and biogeography. Phylogenetic analysis utilizing partial sequences of the translation-elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1), as well as fragments of actin and calmodulin genes, indicate that phenotypic characters typical of T. koningii evolved independently in three well-separated main lineages. Combined molecular and phenotype data lead to the development of a taxonomy with the recognition of twelve taxonomic species and one variety within the three lineages. These lineages include: (1) T. koningii and T. ovalisporum and the new species T. caribbaeum var. caribbaeum, T. caribbaeum var. aequatoriale, T. dorotheae, T. dingleyae, T. intricatum, T. koningiopsis, T. petersenii and T. taiwanense; (2) the new species T. rogersonii and T. austrokoningii, and (3) the new anamorph T. stilbohypoxyli.Trichoderma koningii s. str. is an uncommon species restricted to Europe and eastern North America; T. caribbaeum var. aequatoriale, T. koningiopsis, and T. ovalisporum were isolated as endophytes of trunks of Theobroma species in tropical America, and T. ovalisporum from the woody liana Banisteropsis caapi in Ecuador; T. koningiopsis is common in tropical America but was isolated also from natural substrata in East Africa, Europe and Canada, and from ascospores in eastern North America, and as an endophyte in Theobroma species; T. stilbohypoxyli, originally described as a parasite of Stilbohypoxylon species in Puerto Rico, is found to be more common in the tropics, besides an endophytic isolate from Fagus in U.K. The additional new species are known almost exclusively from their teleomorphs. Isolates of T. ovalisporum and T. koningiopsis may have biological control potential. A morphophenetic key and a set of tools for molecular species identification were developed.Taxonomic novelties:Trichoderma austrokoningii/Hypocrea austrokoningii Samuels & Druzhinina sp.nov., T. caribbaeum var caribbaeum/H. caribbaea Samuels& Schroers sp.nov., T. caribbaeum var. aequatoriale Samuels & H.C. Evans var.nov., T. dingleyae/H. dingleyae Samuels & Dodd sp.nov., T. dorotheae/H. dorotheae Samuels & Dodd sp.nov., T. intricatum/H. intricata Samuels & Dodd sp.nov., T. koningiopsis/H. koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suarez& H.C. Evans sp.nov., T. petersenii/H. petersenii Samuels, Dodd & Schroers sp.nov., T. rogersonii/H. rogersonii Samuels sp.nov., T. stilbohypoxyli Samuels & Schroers sp.nov., T. taiwanense/H. taiwanensis Samuels & M.L. Wu sp.nov.

The type species of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota, Fungi), H. rufa, is re-defined and epitypified using a combination of phenotype (morphology of teleomorphs and anamorphs, and characteristics in culture) and phylogenetic analyses of the translation-elongation factor 1α gene. Its anamorph, T. viride, the type species of Trichoderma, is re-described and epitypified. Eidamia viridescens is combined as Trichoderma viridescens and is recognised as one of the most morphologically and phylogenetically similar relatives of T. viride. Its teleomorph is newly described as Hypocrea viridescens. Contrary to frequent citations of H. rufa and T. viride in the literature, this species is relatively rare. Although both T. viride and T. viridescens have a wide geographic distribution, their greatest genetic diversity appears to be in Europe and North America. Hypocrea vinosa is characterised and its anamorph, T. vinosum sp. nov., is described. Conidia of T. vinosum are subglobose and warted. The new species T. gamsii is proposed. It shares eidamia-like morphology of conidiophores with T. viridescens, but it has smooth, ellipsoidal conidia that have the longest L/W ratio that we have seen in Trichoderma. Trichoderma scalesiae, an endophyte of trunks of Scalesia pedunculata in the Galapagos Islands, is described as new. It only produces conidia on a low-nutrient agar to which filter paper has been added. Additional phylogenetically distinct clades are recognised and provisionally delimited from the species here described. Trichoderma neokoningii, a T. koningii-like species, is described from a collection made in Peru on a fruit of Theobroma cacao infected with Moniliophthora roreri.Taxonomic novelties:Hypocrea viridescens Jaklitsch & Samuels sp.nov., Trichoderma viridescens (A.S. Horne & H.S. Williamson) Jaklitsch & Samuels comb.nov., T. gamsii Samuels & Druzhinina sp.nov., T. vinosum Samuels sp.nov., T. neokoningii Samuels & Soberanis sp.nov., T. scalesiae Samuels & H.C. Evans sp.nov.