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Understanding how local extinctions caused by urbanization affects the distribution of functional traits within natural communities can provide essential information for biodiversity conservation within urban ecosystems. This is especially urgent in the tropics, where urban areas are often surrounded by highly diverse tropical forests. Here, we assess if bird extinctions in the Belém Metropolitan Region (BMR), Eastern Amazon, have altered the morphological space of the regional bird community. We first gathered bird occurrence records and local extinction events from the literature for the BMR (527 recorded species). We then compiled morphological data for the BMR bird species based on nine morphological traits measured across 3,250 individual birds. Morphological diversity (MD) metrics were then used to compare observed values with expectations based on random and probabilistic extinction scenarios. Our results suggest that bird extinctions within the BMR removed species with specialized traits that occurred along the periphery of the morphological space, resulting in significant losses in MD, even when a small number of species disappeared. Simulated extinction events revealed a strictly decreasing monotonic relationship between MD and species richness, indicating that the BMR may lose even more MD with accumulated local extinctions. Taken together, our results indicate bird extinctions within the BMR have significantly affected the region’s MD through the removal of species with unique morphologies. The loss of the ecosystem services provided by these species could have broad implications for region’s biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the centers of sweet potato diversity worldwide. Sweet potatoes have the potential to be developed for food consumption. This research aims to determine the diversity of sweet potato cultivars, their morphological characteristics, and the relationships between local sweet potato cultivars in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan. The local sweet potato cultivars were selected using purposive sampling with the exploration method. The morphological characterization of the samples is based on IBPGR (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) standards. Cluster analysis was conducted to identify the relationships using MVSP software version 3.1. The research identified 27 local sweet potato cultivars in Bulungan Regency. Morphological characterization revealed 41 characters that can differentiate each local sweet potato cultivar. The most influential characteristics include leaf shape, flower surface texture, the position of the stigma, flower surface color, back petal color, center shape and the number of lobes, primary leaf vein color, lobe type, main leaf bone color, stem internode length, and plant type. A flower shape that had not been discovered before, a pentagonal shape with curves, was identified. Cluster analysis divided the cultivars into two major groups with a coefficient range of 0.593 to 0.888 (59.3 to 88.8%). Cluster A consisted of one member, LK-7 (purple sweet potato), while Cluster B consisted of several subgroups with 26 local cultivars. The people of Bulungan Regency use these local cultivars for food, animal feed, and medicinal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - This research is the first study to provide data on the diversity of Citrus spp. from North Penajam Paser Regency (IKN) area, East Kalimantan for further development and breeding program. - This research offers new information on the distribution of Citrus spp. from the North Penajam Paser Regency (IKN) area, East Kalimantan. - This research provides information on the phenetic relationships among Citrus spp. from the North Penajam Paser Regency (IKN) area, East Kalimantan, and the morphological characteristics that play the most significant role in their clustering. ABSTRACT Citrus spp. is local Indonesian fruit with high diversity and widely distributed around Indonesia country. Diversity and relationship data of Citrus spp. from Penajam Paser Utara-East Kalimantan has never been studied before. This study aimed to provide the diversity and relationship data of Citrus spp. from Penajam Paser Utara using morphological characteristics which served as the basic data for further development and breeding. The research was conducted through observation and sampling, followed by characterization and scoring of morphological data, and lastly the data analysis. The research succeeded in finding 35 accessions of Citrus spp. consisting of C. limon “Jeruk Lemon”, C. suhuensis, “Jeruk Siam”, C. aurantiifolia “Jeruk Nipis”, C. sinensis “Jeruk Manis”, C. maxima “Jeruk Bali”, C. microcarpa “Jeruk Kalamansi”, and Citrus sp. "Jeruk Sunkist" spread in sub-district Penajam, Sepaku, Babulu, and Waru. The dendrogram to clustering Citrus spp. in PPU was divided into two large clusters. Cluster A was grouped based on the character of tree habitus, cordate leaf apex, entire leaf margin, pink mesocarp color, and seed absence. Cluster B was grouped based on the character of the shrubs habitus, acute and rounded leaf apex, crenate leaf margin, white to orange mesocarp color, and numerous seeds in the fruit. This diversity made Citrus spp. from Penajam Paser Utara had high potential value for further development through a plant breeding program.

Mactra veneriformis is a common economic benthic shellfish with high nutritional value and is widely distributed in the Shandong and Liaoning provinces. Geligang is located in the northern part of Liaodong Bay. It is formed by the water impact of Shuangtaizi and Liaohe River. It has an area of approximately 10 000 hm2 with a fertile substrate. It is an important habitat of beach shellfish, such as M. veneriformis. Studies on the influencing factors of wild population quality traits and their correlation with morphological traits are helpful for developing genetic breeding of marine shellfish. To analyze the effects of morphological traits on quality traits of M. veneriformis at different ages in Geligang, the shell length (SL), shell width (SW), shell height (SH), body weight (BW), and soft tissue wet weight (RW) of 1–3 years old M. veneriformis were analyzed using correlation analysis, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The M. veneriformis used in the experiment was obtained from the Geliang in Liaodong Bay in September 2022. A total of 80 1-year-old, 104 2-year-old, and 168 3-year-old M. veneriformis were obtained. The results showed that the morphological traits of M. veneriformis at different growth stages had different contributions to quality traits, and there were significant differences (P < 0.01). SW had the greatest direct effect on the BW of 1–3 year-old M. veneriformis, but had different effects on the RW; SW had the greatest direct effect on 1-year-old M. veneriformis; and SL had the greatest effect on 2- and 3-year-old M. veneriformis. The direct path coefficient of SH to the BW and RW of 2-year-old M. veneriformis did not reach significant level (P > 0.05) and was eliminated. The optimal regression equation of quantitative traits to qualitative traits of 1–3 year-old M. veneriformis was established. The results showed that when BW was the target trait, SW was the main selection trait and SL was the auxiliary selection trait for 1–3 year-old M. veneriformis. When RW was the target trait, SW should be the main selection trait for 1-year-old M. veneriformis, supplemented by SL. The SL should be the main selection trait for both 2- and 3-year-old M. veneriformis, but the SW was the auxiliary selection trait for 2-year-old M. veneriformis, while the SH was for 3-year-old M. veneriformis. In this study, correlation analysis, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed on the morphological traits and quality traits of 1–3 years old M. veneriformis to determine the key morphological traits affecting the quality traits of M. veneriformis at different ages. In this study, the R2 values of the morphological traits of 1- and 2-year-old M. veneriformis (0.898 and 0.859, respectively) were greater than 0.850, indicating that the main factors affecting the body weight of living M. veneriformis were found. However, the R2 value of the morphological traits of 3-year-old M. veneriformis (0.815) was below 0.850, indicating that there may be other influencing traits in addition to the traits analyzed in this study. The reason may be that with the growth of M. veneriformis, the thickness of the shell and the effect on the weight of the living body gradually increase. In this study, the R2 values of morphological traits of 1–3 years old M. veneriformis (0.738, 0.648, and 0.538, respectively) on the wet weight of soft tissue were all below 0.850, indicating that there were other key factors affecting the wet weight of soft tissue. The age of sexual maturity of the M. veneriformis is at 1 year. The development of the gonad in the soft part may be closely related to the size of the wet weight of the soft tissue. The sampling period is mainly in the proliferation to depletion period of the gonad development of M. veneriformis. The gonad development is simultaneously affected by the environment. These results can provide reference for breeding M. veneriformis and the selection of parent shellfish.

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The inspection of overhead ground wires is an important guarantee to ensure the stable operation of the power system. The current method of the manual detection of broken strands of overhead ground wires is inefficient and prone to misjudgment. For this reason, a detection method of overhead ground wire broken strands by image processing and morphological feature analysis is proposed. First, the obtained image of the overhead ground wire is preprocessed to enhance the wire features. Subsequently, a complete effective binary image of the overhead ground line is obtained by combining the method of multithreshold segmentation and morphological processing based on the hue saturation value (HSV) color space. Finally, the morphological characteristics of the overhead ground connection area are analyzed, and the location of the broken strands is detected and marked by taking into account the difference between the broken strands and the normal ground. Furthermore, experimental analysis of overhead ground wires with complex backgrounds has confirmed that the method has high detection accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has a rich diversity of herpetofauna. While numerous diversity studies on snakes have been carried out in Sindh and Baluchistan regions, none exists on the Cholistan desert landscape. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a one-year study on the different microhabitats of the Cholistan desert, to estimate the distribution and density of Brown sand boa (Eryx johnii). The sampling techniques include hand-picking, pitfall traps, and opportunistic visual encounters by amateur trackers. During the present study, 36 specimens of E. johnii were recorded for the assessment of the GIS-based distribution of species from the study area. E. johnii was recorded from 20 localities in the Cholistan desert. Further, we identified five different microhabitats have been identified from the study area for population estimation and morphological variation of E. johnii. The relative abundance of males, females, and juveniles was 0.5, 0.33, and 0.6, respectively. Morphologically, the males are significantly larger and heavier than females. We recorded two types of coloration, i.e., yellowish and reddish morphs, from various habitats of the Cholistan desert. This study provides important information on the distribution and density of the Brown sand boa in the understudied Cholistan desert landscape. The current study evaluates the distribution ranges of Brown sand boa to estimate the population density for their conservation in current localities. More investigation is required to evaluate the diversity and distribution of other species in the area because the one-year study timeframe and use of amateur trackers may have produced bias in data collecting.

Sustainable utilization of wastes such as wood ash generated by small scale industries is an innovative method of waste management. This study elucidated effects of varying levels (250 mL WALF + 750 Water, 500 mL WALF + 500 mL Water, 750 mL WALF+ 250 mL Water, 1000mL WALF) of inclusion of wood ash liquid fertilizer (WALF) on cultivation of C. annum (pepper). Distilled water served as control. Agronomical and physiological parameters of the pepper were determined. Height (18.82 cm), number of leaf (16.60), leaf breadth (3.58 cm), and stem girth (0.90 cm) of the pepper treated with combination 500 mL WALF + 500 mL Water were significantly higher compared with other combinations of the WALF. Similar observation was noticed in chlorophyll (13.6 µmol m-2) contents determined in the leaves of the pepper treated with the same combination. Higher net assimilation rate (0.80 gm-2day-1), relative growth rate (0.78 mgg-1day-1), leaf area ratio (0.08 m2 kg-1), leaf area (83.56 cm) and specific leaf area (142.56m2 .kg-1) were observed in the leaves of the pepper treated with 500 mL WALF + 500 mL Water. In conclusion the 500 mL WALF + 500 mL Water enhanced better the agronomic and physiological parameters of the vegetable, therefore, the combination is recommended for sustainable cultivation of pepper.

Haemoproteus columbae is a common haemosporidian parasite of wild pigeons (Columba livia) reported worldwide. In Thailand, the wild pigeon population is increasing due to paddy field monoculture. However, there are limited reports on the presence of H. columbae in these pigeon populations. The aim of the study was to characterize H. columbae in wild pigeons. A total of 87 wild pigeons were examined using microscopic and molecular methods. Haemoproteus columbae was detected in approximately 27.6% of pigeons and their morphological characteristics were described. The partial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequence of H. columbae was then characterized into three common lineages (HAECOL1, COLIV03, and COQUI05). By highlighting the morphologic and genetic characteristics of H. columbae commonly found in this population of pigeons, this study provides essential regional knowledge about haemosporidian parasites that could benefit future taxonomic and phylogeographic studies.

Haemoproteus columbae is a common haemosporidian parasite of wild pigeons (Columba livia) reported worldwide. In Thailand, the wild pigeon population is increasing due to paddy field monoculture. However, there are limited reports on the presence of H. columbae in these pigeon populations. The aim of the study was to characterize H. columbae in wild pigeons. A total of 87 wild pigeons were examined using microscopic and molecular methods. Haemoproteus columbae was detected in approximately 27.6% of pigeons and their morphological characteristics were described. The partial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequence of H. columbae was then characterized into three common lineages (HAECOL1, COLIV03, and COQUI05). By highlighting the morphologic and genetic characteristics of H. columbae commonly found in this population of pigeons, this study provides essential regional knowledge about haemosporidian parasites that could benefit future taxonomic and phylogeographic studies. [Display omitted] • We report the morphology and genetics of the Haemoproteus parasite found in wild pigeons in paddy fields in Thailand. • Of 87 wild pigeons, 27.6% had haemosporidian infection. • Based on morphologic characteristics, the Haemoproteus parasite was identified as Haemoproteus columbae. • Genetic analysis revealed three common cytb haplotypes: HAECOL1, COLIV03, and COQUI05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Polypodiales suborder Dennstaedtiineae contain a single family Dennstaedtiaceae, eleven genera, and about 270 species, and include some groups that were previously placed in Dennstaedtiaceae, Hypolepidaceae, Monachosoraceae, and Pteridaceae. The classification and phylogenetic relationships among these eleven genera have been poorly understood. To explore the deep relationships within suborder Dennstaedtiineae and estimate the early diversification of this morphologically heterogeneous group, we analyzed complete plastomes of 57 samples representing all eleven genera of suborder Dennstaedtiineae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Results The phylogenetic relationships of all the lineages in the bracken fern family Dennstaedtiaceae were well resolved with strong support values. All six genera of Hypolepidoideae were recovered as forming a monophyletic group with full support, and Pteridium was fully supported as sister to all the other genera in Hypolepidoideae. Dennstaedtioideae (Dennstaedtia s.l.) fell into four clades with full support: the Microlepia clade, the northern Dennstaedtia clade, the Dennstaedtia globulifera clade, and the Dennstaedtia s.s. clade. Monachosorum was strongly resolved as sister to all the remaining genera of suborder Dennstaedtiineae. Based on the well resolved relationships among genera, the divergence between Monachosorum and other groups of suborder Dennstaedtiineae was estimated to have occurred in the Early Cretaceous, and all extant genera (and clades) in Dennstaedtiineae, were inferred to have diversified since the Late Oligocene. Conclusion This study supports reinstating a previously published family Monachosoraceae as a segregate from Dennstaedtiaceae, based on unique morphological evidence, the shady habitat, and the deep evolutionary divergence from its closest relatives.

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Commercial chickens that were selected for both meat and egg production were domesticated from the descendants of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) species that have been widely spreading in Asia, including Indonesia. There were an estimated 32 strains of local chicken in Indonesia with high morphological diversity. The one of contributors to the diversity of Indonesian local chicken is called "Bangkok" chicken. As a reference to the name of the chicken, it is a suspected descendent of Thai game fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) which was introduced in Thailand region many years ago. The objective of this study was to explore the existence of this chicken related to the genetic relationship with the Indonesian local chicken. This study was conducted in East Java Province which covered sample areas Banyuwangi, Pasuruan, and Madiun Regencies. The materials were "Bangkok" chicken offspring with a total of 450 birds. The observed variables consisted of qualitative and quantitative morphological characters, both male and female of adult chickens (1 yr to 1.5 yr old). The highest frequency of the comb shape was Single comb (36.9 %) and the lowest was Rose shape (11.8 %). While the highest frequency of shank colour was blackish-yellow (45.6 %) and the white color (3.6 %) was the lowest. The closest genetic distance base on morphometric diversity was between Pasuruan and Banyuwangi chickens (96.04). It was suspected due to the distance area between Pasuruan and Banyuwangi closer than Madiun and Banyuwangi, while Madiun and Pasuruan was the farthest genetic distance (682.03). Hence, the breeding program of Bangkok chicken based on the genetic distance needs further consideration to prevent inbreeding from occurring. Otherwise, the closest distance should be called for to upgrade the purity of the Bangkok chicken ancestor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses have brought the crops to a destructive position towards yield production of crops, especially wheat. The present study was investigated to compare the relationship between normal and heat stress conditions under two different sowing dates viz. normal and late sowing dates (25th Nov and 25th Dec). The correlation coefficients varied with both sowing dates (normal and late planting). In normal planting number of grains showed a significant positive correlation with grain weight spike-1 (r = 0.618**), grain yield plant-1 (r = 0.591**), seed index (r =0 .456**), biological yield plant-1 (r = 0.540**) and harvest index (r =0 .667**). Grains spike-1 contributed significant positive correlation with grains spike-1 (r=0.094**), grain yield plant-1 (r=0.844**), biological yield plant-1 (r=0.936**), harvest index (r=0.556**), leaf area (r=0.791**), relative water content (r=0.763**), chlorophyll content (r=0.853**), cell membrane stability (r=0.828**) and stomatal conductance (r=0.292**). Grain yield plant-1 exhibited a significant positive correlation under normal planting with the number of tillers plant-1, number of spikelets spike-1, grains spike-1, and grain weight spike-1 (r=0.695**,0.207*,0.591**and 0.950**), respectively. Whereas, late planting declared grains spike-1 revelaed signficant positive correlation with grains spike-1 (r=0.094**), grain yield plant-1 (r=0.844**), biological yield plant-1 (r=0.936**), harvest index (r=0.556**), leaf area (r=0.791**), relative water content (r=0.763**), chlorophyll content (r=0.853**), cell membrane stability (r=0.828**) and stolatal conductance (r=0.292**). Under late planting, Yield showed a significant positive correlation with spike length, grains spike-1, and grain weight spike-1 (r=0.343**,0.844**, and 0.964**), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cone-shaped volcanoes have important research significance and application value due to their typical cone shape and unique structural features. The existing methods for recognizing volcanoes are mainly morphological feature matching and machine learning. In general, the former has low recognition accuracy, while the latter requires a large number of training samples. The contour lines of cone-shaped volcanoes are distributed in concentric circles. Furthermore, from the center outwards, the elevation of the contour lines increases first and then decreases. Based on the morphological characteristics of cone-shaped volcanoes and the Hough transform algorithm, the main algorithm includes (1) preliminary filtering of contour lines, (2) filtering circular contour lines based on random Hough transform, (3) grouping contour lines based on contour trees, (4) recognizing cone-shaped volcanoes based on concentric-circle contour lines, and (5) automatically mapping cone-shaped volcanoes. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this method for detecting cone-shaped volcanoes in the Western Galapagos shield volcanoes and the Mariana Trench submarine volcano group. The proposed algorithm has low missed and false alarm rates, which is basically consistent with the manual recognition results. This method can effectively automatically recognize cone-shaped volcanoes and cone-shaped landscapes and is a powerful means to support deep-space and deep-sea exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To screen excellent individuals of Malania oleifera for oil and medicine, the seeds of 20 M. oleifera individuals from Fengshan County, Bama County, Tianlin County, and Longlin County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were selected as research objects. Seed morphological characteristics and fatty acid composition of different individuals were measured and correlation among the character index and geographical environment factor were analyzed. Combined with the results of principal component analysis, the qualities of the different individual seeds tested were comprehensively evaluated. The geographical variation of seed traits was studied using cluster analysis. The results showed that among different M. oleifera individual seeds, the coefficient of variation (Cv) of seed morphological characteristics were 7.63%-24.67%, and the Cv of oil and fatty acid composition contents were 3.69%-24.49%. The Cv of seed weight, kernel weight, water content, palmitic acid content, stearic acid ester content, linoleic acid content, linolenic acid content were more than 10%. The kernel yield and oil content decreased with an increase in latitude and altitude, whereas the oil content increased with an increase in longitude. The erucylacetic acid content increased with an increase in longitude, average temperature, and annual precipitation, and decreased with an increase in altitude. The erucylacetic acid content in the kernel with higher oil content was higher, and the content of other fatty acids decreased. Among the top five seedling individuals in principal component analysis, LL2 had excellent seed morphological characteristics with the highest seed weight and kernel weight. FS5, BM2, FS7, and TL1 had excellent comprehensive quality with high oil content and erucylacetic acid content, large longitudinal diameter, and high kernel weight. In addition, TL3 had excellent single character with the highest kernel yield (83.77%), BM1 had excellent single character with the highest oil content (66.77%) and erucylacetic acid content (49.013%). Individuals with the best single and comprehensive characteristics can be used as oil and nervonic acid resources and for cultivating excellent M. oleifera cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polypodiales suborder Dennstaedtiineae contain a single family Dennstaedtiaceae, eleven genera, and about 270 species, and include some groups that were previously placed in Dennstaedtiaceae, Hypolepidaceae, Monachosoraceae, and Pteridaceae. The classification and phylogenetic relationships among these eleven genera have been poorly understood. To explore the deep relationships within suborder Dennstaedtiineae and estimate the early diversification of this morphologically heterogeneous group, we analyzed complete plastomes of 57 samples representing all eleven genera of suborder Dennstaedtiineae using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Results: The phylogenetic relationships of all the lineages in the bracken fern family Dennstaedtiaceae were well resolved with strong support values. All six genera of Hypolepidoideae were recovered as forming a monophyletic group with full support, and Pteridium was fully supported as sister to all the other genera in Hypolepidoideae. Dennstaedtioideae (Dennstaedtia s.l.) fell into four clades with full support: the Microlepia clade, the northern Dennstaedtia clade, the Dennstaedtia globulifera clade, and the Dennstaedtia s.s. clade. Monachosorum was strongly resolved as sister to all the remaining genera of suborder Dennstaedtiineae. Based on the well resolved relationships among genera, the divergence between Monachosorum and other groups of suborder Dennstaedtiineae was estimated to have occurred in the Early Cretaceous, and all extant genera (and clades) in Dennstaedtiineae, were inferred to have diversified since the Late Oligocene. Conclusion: This study supports reinstating a previously published family Monachosoraceae as a segregate from Dennstaedtiaceae, based on unique morphological evidence, the shady habitat, and the deep evolutionary divergence from its closest relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wheat production is dramatically influenced by temperature. Low-temperature stress that frequently occurs seriously hampers the growth and development of wheat seedlings. In order to alleviate the damage of low temperature to wheat plant growth, remedial nitrogen was applied prior to or post low-temperature stress at seedling stage using controlled-temperature incubators to explore the difference in wheat morphology and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency. Nitrogen amendment significantly increased the leaf area, seedling height, tiller number and dry matter weight of wheat plants as compared with the treatment without nitrogen amendment under temperature stress. Remedial nitrogen applied prior to low-temperature stress (N-LT) was more conducive to increase the above parameters than that applied post low-temperature stress (LT-N). In addition, N-LT enhanced the ability of roots to absorb remedial 15N urea, promoted the growth and development of wheat plants under low-temperature stress, resulting in higher leaf SPAD readings, more new tillers, as well as increased dry weight of roots and above-ground organs. This study suggested that remedial nitrogen should be applied prior to low-temperature stress because it is more effective in restoring the growth of wheat plants under low-temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banana cultivar "Pisang Rejang" (Musa AA "Pisang Rejang") is Fusarium wilt resistant and therefore important for banana breeding. Tetraploid (4x) and mixoploid (2x+4x) plants of this cultivar have been induced with oryzalin, and crosses of these two ploidy levels resulted in a triploid hybrid (3x) plant. The availability of these various ploidy levels needs to be accompanied by data on their reproductive biology for their efficient utilization for breeding. This study characterized male flowers concerning qualitative and quantitative morphology, pollen viability, pollen size, nectar volume, nectar Brix index, and acidity level of those different ploidy levels. Observations indicated no differences in qualitative morphological traits, such as, shape and color, but for quantitative morphological traits, such as, size, distinction existed among the different ploidy levels. The triploid plant has huge flower parts in all the quantitative morphological traits, except compound tepal width, followed by the tetraploid, diploid, and mixoploid. Variations also occurred in pollen viability, pollen size, and nectar characters from each level of ploidy. Pollen viability is the highest for the diploid plant, while the tetraploid plant produces bigger pollen than the diploid. The triploid plant produced a low percentage of viable pollen. The study findings indicate that ploidy level affects the flower's quantitative morphological characteristics, pollen viability, and pollen size, but not the flower's qualitative morphological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China Agricultural University is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To establish and improve the quality standard of ginkgo semen decoction pieces. Methods The morphological character for 29 batches of ginkgo gemen and 12 batches of stir-fried ginkgo gemen were observed, and the moisture contents were assayed using the method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the first supplement. Results The character of ginkgo gemen and stir-fried ginkgo gemen were consistent in different batches. The moisture content of ginkgo gemen was 8.8% to 12.2%, with an average of 10.5%. The moisture content of stir-fried ginkgo gemen was from 5.4% to 12.3%, with an average of 8.9%. Considering that ginkgo semen decoction pieces are stored for a long time, they are prone to the attack of mildew and insects, and the moisture limit is set to be no more than 10.0% in ginkgo gemen and stir-fried ginkgo. Conclusion Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, the first supplement, the character identification for ginkgo semen decoction pieces was added and the quality standards were improved. The moisture content of ginkgo semen decoction pieces needs to be strictly controlled under 10.0% to prevent mildew and insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phloeocharinae is a small and likely non-monophyletic subfamily of rove beetles. The enigmatic genus Charhyphus Sharp, 1887 has long been placed in Phloeocharinae, whereas recent studies have found it to be phylogenetically very distant from the core members of this subfamily, suggesting the possibility that it actually deserves its own separate subfamily status. So far, the sole definitive fossil record for Charhyphus is known based on a single male from Eocene Baltic amber as represented by †Charhyphus balticus Shavrin, 2020. Here, we describe and illustrate another new Charhyphus species, †Charhyphus serratus sp. nov. Yamamoto & Shavrin, from Baltic amber based on a well-preserved female fossil. Considering the general proportions of the body and the head, this new species is most similar to †C. balticus. The new species differs from all known species by the development of strong serration of the lateral edges of the pronotum and features of the shape of the apical margin of the mesoventrite. By using X-ray micro-computed tomography, we succeeded in visualising not only the general habitus but also each individual body part, recovering a previously undocumented sclerite on the female internal genital segments in the genus. Morphological features of extinct and extant species of Charhyphus are briefly discussed. Figures of all extant Charhyphus species and a key for the genus are also provided. Our study is important for considering possible higher palaeodiversity, more common occurrence, and palaeobiogeography of Charhyphus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A taxonomic revision of Korean Ligustrum species is presented based on critical observations of wild populations and herbarium specimens. Species delimitations were re-evaluated on the basis of morphological characters, such as plant height, texture and shape of leaf, shape of inflorescence, shape of drupe and seed, and texture of endocarp. From the results, L. leucanthum (= L. acutissimum), being recorded in Korea, is excluded from the Korean flora because it comes from misidentifications of the herbarium specimen, whose identity is L. obtusifolium. We also treated L.obtusifolium subsp. suave and L. obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum as synonyms of L.obtusifolium. Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium is placed into synonym of L. quihoui. In addition, the record of L. ovalifolium from Korea has proved to be a misidentification of herbarium specimens, the correct identity of which is L. salicinum. Consequently, we recognized the following six Ligustrum species in Korea: L. japonicum, L. lucidum, L. quihoui, L. salicinum, L. foliosum, and L. obtusifolium. Photographs and a key to six species of Ligustrum were provided in addition to complete descriptions including information on nomenclatural types, synonyms, and taxonomic notes.

The objective of this study was to obtain varieties with high yield along with proper morpho-physiological characters under drought condition. Eleven varieties of upland rice i.e., Gilirang, Situ Patenggang, Kalimutu, Aek Sibundong, Batutegi, Towuti, Sunggal, Danau Gaung, Way Apo Buru, Danau Tempe, and Situ Bagendit were characterized based on morphology, physiology, and yield. Non factorial Complete Randomized Block Design was used with three times repetition. Parameters measured were morphological characters, physiological characters, and yield components. Morphological characters measured were plant height, number and area of leaf, shoot dry biomass, tiller number, and total root length. Physiological characters measured were plant growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate. Yield components measured were number and length of panicle, number of seeds per panicle, 1000 seeds weight, weights of seed per panicle, weights of seed per plot, and weights of seed per hectare. The results showed that Danau Tempe variety had better characters against drought stress compared to the other varieties with higher yields supported by high plant growth rate, relative growth rate, chlorophyll content and leaf area with low accumulation of proline content and short root length.

Drought stress is a major constraint to the production and yield stability of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). Drought stress at the generative phase had a negative impact on soybean potential yield significantly. This study evaluated variation in five soybean genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) in their response to the three levels (100% of field capacity (D1), 80% from field capacity (D2) and 60% from field capacity (D3)) of drought stress in a glass house. This study was arranged in a factorial randomized completely block design with three replications. Results showed that all five genotypes responded significantly (P

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is potential as an alternative source of protein other than soybeans and is tolerant to dry conditions, but the cultivation of this plant has not been intensively carried out in Indonesia. This research aims to explore the characteristics of black pigeon pea and investigate the producing areas of black pigeon peas in Gunungkidul. Based on the field survey, 30 types of black pigeon peas were found. They were located in Pringapus and Klopoloro 1 Hamlets. This research was conducted on March-June 2018 in Yogyakarta. The observation variables in this study include research environmental condition and plant morphology, for examples, stems, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds. Morphological data were analyzed using NTSYS program. The results show that the height of pigeon pea plants ranged from 63 to 176 cm, the number of branches ranged from 18 to 35, the colors of stem were green to purple and the stem thickness was >13 mm. The similiarity of the coefficient value of pigeon peas in Pringapus ranged between 84% and 95%, while the similarity in Klopoloro 1 varied between 80% and 97%.

Two new species of lycophytes, Selaginella obovata and S. zhangii, were discovered in southeastern Yunnan, China. Selaginella obovata is characterized by the prostrate habit and relatively small size of plant, obovate median leaves, and short, dorsiventral strobili, and is not apparently similar to any known species. Phylogenetic analyses of plastid sequences (rbcL, atpI, psbA) indicated that S. obovata is closely allied to S. bisulcata, which is also supported by spore morphology, and that these two taxa together with S. pennata constitute a well-supported monophyletic group. Selaginella zhangii is comparable to S. rolandi-principis in their broad stems and shape and arrangement of vegetative leaves; but the former differs from the latter in its prostrate habit and dorsiventral strobili. The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that S. zhangii is allied to S. heterostachys in the S. heterostachys–S. ciliaris clade, while S. rolandi-principis is distantly placed in the S. doederleinii–S. involvens clade. Finally, we provide comprehensive descriptions, photographs of living plants, line drawings, and scanning electron micrographs of spores to facilitate their recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is one of chemical mutagen which it known to cause point mutations in plants. The mutation was changing in one or some character based on Basa nucleotide. The changing shown by morphological characteristic to create novelties and superior characters. This study aim was to evaluate nine chrysanthemum genotypes of the MV4 generation by EMS treatment. The observation parameters were quantitative and qualitative characters. The quantitative charactera are number of flower buds, flower diameter (cm), flower stalk length (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), plant height (cm), and stem diameter (cm). And the qualitative ones are stem, leaf, and ribbon flower colour. Morphological character analysis used the Statistical Tools for Agricultural Research (STAR) statistical program. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means of different genotypes, and means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 0.05. The highest plant, stem diameter, and flower stalk length were obtained genotype JE0 as a contol plant. Genotype JE4.8 as a selected plant showed the diameter of flower buds, number of flower buds, leaf length, leaf width and stem diameter. JE2.44 (Purple group 75 A) and JE5.31 (Red purple group 60 A) were significantly different of colour JE0 as control (Red purple group 70 B).

Genetic gain (GG), heritability and contribution of the agronomic traits on Al tolerance are precious information for selection strategy in the breeding of Al-tolerant sorghum. The objectives of this study were (i) to estimate the GG of Al tolerance in sorghum and (ii) to determine the direct effect of agronomic traits on Al tolerance through path analysis. Evaluation of agronomic characters used F2, and F3 sorghum progenies in field experiment and screening of Al tolerance used the hematoxylin-staining method. Three sorghum populations showed the low GG of Al tolerance (GG = 0.558–1.108). This result indicates that high allocation of progenies in the early stages of the Al-tolerant breeding program and high selection differential (sd) of Al tolerance should be applied to obtain a higher gain of Al tolerance. Selection pressure for early maturity (sd = −2.942) and short plant height (PH) (sd = −38.165) resulted in lower improvement of GG for Al tolerance. The high dry weight and tall PH provided a more genetic contribution to the advancement of Al tolerance. Based on the overall path analysis data, the increase of plant biomass, the significant number of progenies in the early stage of breeding and strong sd of Al tolerance would be more appropriate to improve the Al tolerance in sorghum.

Two sections of the genus Murraya J. Koenig were generic rather than sectional. Murraya s.s. was comprehensively revised based on the molecular phylogeny and morphological data. In addition, systematic relationship about all species of Murraya s.s. and an identification key of species, morphological description, images of useful distinguishing characters from fields and laboratory, were provided. As a result, eight species of Murraya s.s. belonging formerly to M. sect. Murraya are identified and revised except M. alternans. One new combination, Murraya zollingeri (Tanaka) F. J. Mou is proposed here. The lectotype of three names and the neotype of two names were designated here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trait evolution analyses enable the comparison of characters amongst different species—a useful technique when inferring ancestral phenotypes based on a phylogeny of living taxa. The evolution of discrete characters can be mapped on the branches of a phylogenetic tree using stochastic mapping. Here we present sMap, a new program to perform stochastic mapping analyses.Key features characterising sMap are: a wide variety of models and prior distributions; the ability to use a posterior distribution of trees and to compute marginal likelihoods to perform model selection analyses; and the implementation of three kinds of characters: 'independent' characters, which do not interact with each other; 'dependent' characters, which co‐evolve at the same time; and 'conditioned' characters, whose state is determined by the state of other characters.Here we present two examples that show how sMap can be used to perform stochastic mapping analyses, produce robust results and answer new kinds of questions. sMap is freely available and distributed under a GPL licence, in a command‐line and Graphical User Interface version; a detailed user manual with examples and tutorials is also provided.The wide variety of algorithms implemented in sMap enables accurate analyses of the evolution of discrete characters. Conditioned characters can be used to study the interaction of simple traits to produce complex phenotypes. As a multiplatform and open‐source project, sMap can be used on a variety of systems and situations, such as academic research and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian is a tropical plant which can easily be found in South East Asia country such as Indonesian. Ngrambe village which it is located on Ngawi regency is one of central durian in East of Java. This research aimed to obtain data related to quantity and variety of superior local durian based on the morphological character. This study was conducted at Giriharjo, Ngrambe, Ngawi from October 2015 to January 2016. Based on the field survey, it was found that there are 60 varieties consist of 36 local durians, 9 superior released durians, and 15 introduction durians. By selection process among 60 varieties durian, there was found that 6 of local durians was potential as a superior character to be released as new superior variety. The varieties are local Tugini, local Kasmadi 1, local Kasmadi 2, local 13, local Wasis and local Miyem.

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new, giant species of Trachyjulus from a cave in southern Thailand is described, illustrated, and compared to morphologically closely related taxa. This new species, T. magnus sp. nov., is much larger than all other congeners and looks especially similar to the grossly sympatric T. unciger Golovatch, Geoffroy, Mauriès & VandenSpiegel, 2012, which is widespread in southern Thailand. Phylogenetic trees, both rooted and unrooted, based on a concatenated dataset of the COI and 28S genes of nine species of Cambalopsidae (Trachyjulus, Glyphiulus, and Plusioglyphiulus), strongly support the monophyly of Trachyjulus and a clear-cut divergence between T. magnus sp. nov. and T. unciger in revealing very high average p-distances of the COI gene (20.80-23.62%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva is most common green seaweed in Egypt coast, it used as a source of food, feed, medicines and fertilizers in all the world. This study is the first time to investigate the morphological, genetic and biochemical variation within four Ulva species collected from Eastern Harbor, Alexandria. The morphology description of thallus showed highly variations according to species, but there is not enough data to make differentiation between species in the same genus since it is impacted with environmental factors and development stage of seaweeds. Genetic variations between the tested Ulva spp. were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses which shows that it would be possible to establish a unique fingerprint for individual seaweeds based on the combined results generated from a small collection of primers. The dendrogram showed that the most closely species are U. lactuca and U. compressa, while, U. fasciata was far from both U. lactuca and U. compressa. Meanwhile, U. linzea is showed to be a unique species. The biochemical composition (e.g. protein, carbohydrate, lipid and pigment composition) of the collected Ulva spp. grouped the collected Ulva spp. into two groups (U. fasciata and U. lactuca) and other (U. compressa and U. linzea).

India is the second largest producer in the world and considered as the native of seasonal and tropical evergreen jackfruit (Artocarpus hetesophyllus L.) tree. Each and every village of North Bengal, have various types of jackfruit plants which needs to be known for their characteristics. Data were gathered from 60 jackfruit farmers of five villages of Cooch Behar and Alipurduar district through a structured interview schedule. The characteristics of jackfruit plant were assessed through IPGRI descriptor. The results showed that the jackfruit trees of North Bengal were dominated by irregular crown (40.32) and branch shape (39.24) with narrowly elliptical leaf blade shape (51.08), but broadly pyramidal crown shape and ellipsoid flake shape produced best quality vegetable as well as ripe fruit; whereas clavate fruit shape for vegetable and ellipsoid fruit shape for fruit was perceived best. The quality was assessed through matrix ranking of different parameters by group of farmers. On the basis of crown shape, most respondents preferred broadly pyramidal shape tree, acuminate leaf apex, ellipsoid fruit shape, cordate flake shape, yellow flake colour, ellipsoid seed shape and fruit position on the stem. Farmers opined middle time as best production time of jackfruit and pyramidal shape tree as best shape. Broadly elliptical leaf shape, acuminate leaf apex, obtuse apex shape and clavate fruit shape were the most preferred morphological characteristics. Although the farmers are the best evaluator but a scientific level evaluation is recommended for validation of the parameters for universal use.

Microspore culture is a rapid approach to get double haploid plants in shorten time which is important for plant breeding. Microspore culture of pigmented rice cultivar Segreng was used to observe the pattern of embryogenic development based on the characteristics of morphology. Characterization between embryogenic and non-embryogenic microspores was conducted after exposed anther to carbohydrate starvation in B medium culture at 33oC for 4 days. The result showed that enlarged microspore and star-like structure of fragmented cytoplasm become a marker of embryogenic microspore after stresses treatment. More complex of fragmented microspore was found at 4 days in A2 medium and developed further into multicellular structure. These multicellular structures might be originated either by symmetrical or asymmetrical division. The longer incubation, the higher frequency of complex fragmented microspore that developed into multicellular structure release from exine has appeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]