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Introduction Material and Methods Results Conclusions Circadian rhythm disruption has been associated with the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as the evening chronotype (EC) shares several traits with PCOS, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and psychiatric disorders. It has been suggested that the biological clock could be targeted with new, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for PCOS in women with biorhythm disorders. We evaluated inner circadian rhythmicity in middle‐aged women with PCOS in a population‐based setting, focusing on whether women with PCOS and an EC have a specific subtype in relation to their clinical characteristics.The data derived from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort, a population‐based longitudinal birth cohort of 12 058 individuals born in 1966. We compared the circadian phenotype between 314 women with PCOS (according to the Rotterdam criteria) and 1248 women without PCOS at age 46 years using the validated Finnish shortened 6‐item Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire (sMEQ) and the single‐item self‐assessed morningness‐eveningness question.PCOS was not associated with the EC by the sMEQ (p = 0.495) or self‐assessment (p = 0.303). The self‐assessed morningness‐eveningness values differed from the sMEQ chronotype distribution (p < 0.001), nevertheless, the most frequent chronotype was the intermediate chronotype (IC) determined by both chronotyping methods (sMEQ PCOS 47.7% vs. 45.2% non‐PCOS; self‐assessment PCOS 66.5% vs. 68.4% non‐PCOS). The hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes A–C did not differ from the non‐hyperandrogenic phenotype D as for the chronotype (p = 0.271). The EC was associated in both groups with depressive and anxiety symptoms (PCOS p = 0.012, non‐PCOS p < 0.001) and the use of sleep medication (PCOS p = 0.017, non‐PCOS p < 0.001).The EC was not over‐represented in middle‐aged women with PCOS or in the hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes A–C in our study. This does not support the need for chronotyping in the comprehensive assessment of women with PCOS. However, as chronotypes tend to change with aging, cross‐sectional studies in different age groups are warranted to draw conclusions on the role of chronotypes in PCOS and the associated metabolic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale-improved (MESSi) assesses three components of circadian functioning: Morning Affect (time to fully awaken), Eveningness (orientation/preference for evening activity), and Distinctness (amplitude of diurnal variations in functioning). Following the original German version, translations of the MESSi (including Spanish, Turkish, and Chinese) have been validated, but validity evidence for the English-language version has been lacking. The current study tested the factor structure, internal consistency, and predicted correlations of the English-language MESSi. A sample of 600 adults from an online recruitment platform (aged 18–78, mean = 41.31, SD = 13.149) completed an online survey including the MESSi, reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), Sleep Inertia Questionnaire (SIQ), and measures of personality and depressive symptoms. Exploratory factor analysis exactly reproduced the three-component structure of Morning Affect (MA), Eveningness, and Distinctness, with all items loading strongly on their respective component. Confirmatory factor analysis of this structure showed acceptable fit. The three subscales showed good internal consistency and replicated previously reported correlations with depressive symptoms, sleep inertia, sleep quality, and personality. Further factor analysis combining the items of the MESSi, rMEQ, and SIQ replicated a previously found seven-factor structure: Cognitive, Emotional, and Physiological sleep inertia (SI), Responses to SI (including one MA item); Duration of SI (one SIQ item, 3/5 MA items); Morningness-Eveningness (MESSi Eveningness items, plus 3/5 rMEQ items); Distinctness (5/5 MESSi items). In conclusion, the English-language MESSi shows sound psychometric properties, but Morning Affect may be more suitably characterised as a measure of sleep inertia duration, rather than morningness preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is considerable evidence supporting the elevated risk of mental health problems in individuals with evening chronotype relative to those with morning or intermediate chronotypes. Recent data, however, suggest that this risk may be explained, at least partially, by poor sleep quality. Methods: This study aimed to further clarify the roles of chronotype and sleep quality in mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress) in young individuals (18–40 years) living in the UK (n = 185) or Germany (n = 209). Results: Consistent with our recent observations in a comparable North Indian sample, we found that poor quality of sleep had significantly positive associations with adverse mental health outcomes both in the UK and Germany-based samples. Significant associations between evening chronotype and poor mental health were also evident, but these associations were fully mediated by poor quality of sleep in both samples. Conclusions: These observations suggest that efforts to identify sleep disruption in a timely manner and promotion of good sleep may prevent mental health problems, especially in individuals with evening chronotype and other known risks for mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study uncovered the links between circadian preferences, social jet lag, and diabetes mellitus (DM) risk screening results of nurses working shifts. Methods: In this cross-sectional study design, sociodemographic data, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Risk Test, Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale Improved (MESSi), sleep awake and bedtimes, and shift count were collected via survey. Participants were split into DM risk-positive and negative groups to compare them for MESSi scores, circadian preference and social jetlag. Results: Short sleep keepers were 61.8% of all 212 nurses aged 32.25±6.99 years. Abnormal social jetlag was detected in 18.9% of the study population. The group that experienced abnormal social jetlag exhibited a significantly lower morning affect and a higher eveningness (EV) compared with the normal jetlag group (p=0.003 and p=0.004, respectively). DM risk was present in 6.6% of all. A higher risk of DM was observed in individuals with older age, longer job experience, higher body mass index (BMI), male gender, and lower EV score (p

Summary: The well‐established effects of evening preference on diminished well‐being and poorer mental health are usually explained in terms of common genetic bases of eveningness and negative emotionality and/or the discrepancy between biological and social clocks, experienced far more frequently by the Evening‐types. However, recent studies provide evidence for the negative stereotyping of evening chronotypes which may lead to unexpectedly pronounced social stigma and its consequences. The present article provides a seminal empirical analysis of the role of perceived chronotype‐related discrimination in the association between morningness‐eveningness and both positive affect and negative affect. The study was conducted on a gender‐balanced sample of 768 individuals aged between 18 and 56 years who filled measures of morningness‐eveningness, positive and negative affect, as well as a modified version of the Perceived Devaluation Discrimination scale, tentatively labeled Perceived Chronotype‐Related Discrimination scale (https://osf.io/urs8x/), developed to measure the sense of chronotype‐based discrimination. Conducted analyses provided evidence for a positive association between eveningness and perceived discrimination. Moreover, perceived discrimination partly mediated the associations between morningness‐eveningness and both positive affect and negative affect, explaining 18% and 29% of these effects, respectively. Hence, our results provide initial evidence for yet another mechanism through which chronotype may impact emotional functioning, namely the experience of chronotype‐based stigmatisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the current study, we examined the association between eveningness and testosterone levels in men. Specifically, we differentiated between free and total testosterone fractions, with free testosterone being recognized as the most bioavailable form of this hormone. We collected blood samples from 298 men aged 18–44 to assess total and free testosterone. Additionally, we measured sleep timing variables using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. The main result of the current study indicated that evening chronotype was associated with higher levels of free testosterone, but was unrelated to total testosterone. Sleep loss was unrelated to the both testosterone fractions. We expanded prior findings by utilizing a more comprehensive testosterone assay what indicated that evening chronotype is primarily associated with the most bioavailable form of testosterone (i.e. free testosterone) in adult men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study uncovered the links between circadian preferences, social jet lag, and diabetes mellitus (DM) risk screening results of nurses working shifts. Methods: In this cross-sectional study design, sociodemographic data, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Risk Test, Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale Improved (MESSi), sleep awake and bedtimes, and shift count were collected via survey. Participants were split into DM risk-positive and negative groups to compare them for MESSi scores, circadian preference and social jetlag. Results: Short sleep keepers were 61.8% of all 212 nurses aged 32.25±6.99 years. Abnormal social jetlag was detected in 18.9% of the study population. The group that experienced abnormal social jetlag exhibited a significantly lower morning affect and a higher eveningness (EV) compared with the normal jetlag group (p=0.003 and p=0.004, respectively). DM risk was present in 6.6% of all. A higher risk of DM was observed in individuals with older age, longer job experience, higher body mass index (BMI), male gender, and lower EV score (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.006 and p=0.042, respectively). Distinctness scores were positively correlated with DM risk scores (r=0.168; p=0.014), whereas they inversely correlated with night shift count (r=-0.149; p=0.022). Higher values of BMI (odds ratio=1.255; 95% confidence interval=1.036-1.520; p=0.020) and male sex (odds ratio=7.350; 95% confidence interval=1.265-42,161; p=0.026) were associated with increased risk for DM. Conclusions: This study reports that circadian preference, but not social jetlag time, may be related to DM risk among nurses working shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circadian preference refers to individual differences for mental and physical activity in the morning and evening. We hypothesized, that inadvertent use of electronic media can cause circadian misalignment that influences sleeping habits and sleep quality of young adults. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of circadian preferences on sleeping habits and the association of electronic media use with sleep quality and sleep disturbances. Materials and Methods: A total of 188 subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups: Evening, intermediate, and morning chronotype based on the Morningness-Eveningness score. Electronic media use at bedtime and duration of use were assessed subjectively. Sleep quality and subjective sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype were assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Score, and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire Self-assessment version, respectively. Results: The majority of subjects with the evening chronotypes suffered from poor sleep quality compared to other chronotypes and the difference was statistically significant. In evening-type subjects, electronic media use at bedtime, long sleep latency, short sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness were significantly associated with poor sleep quality with odds ratios of 2.34 (1.08–5.08), 11.42 (4.98–26.19), 8.54 (1.01–68.24), and 1.68 (1.03–2.73), respectively. Conclusion: The majority of evening-type subjects had poor sleep quality, altered sleeping habits, and electronic media use at bedtime is significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Hence, history regarding sleep habits and lifestyle, especially electronic media use, should be taken from young adults, who are coming to the outpatient department for other than sleep disorders, to prevent the development of health-related problems.

Well-established correlates of morningness-eveningness include those of morningness with more future Time Perspective (TP), and eveningness with more present TP. However, research into these relationships has used unidimensional measures of morningness-eveningness. So, the current study aimed to further understanding by assessing associations between TP and the separate components of Morning Affect (MA: alertness/sleep inertia after awakening) and Distinctness (DI; amplitude of diurnal variations of functioning), in addition to Eveningness (EV; time-of-day preference). Chinese university students (N = 299, aged 18–25, 94 males, 205 females) completed an online survey with questionnaire measures of TP, MA, DI, EV, and other measures including mind wandering, conscientiousness, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and sleep quality. Previously demonstrated correlations were replicated, including positive correlations between Future TP, conscientiousness, and life satisfaction, and Past-negative TP and more negative affect. MA positively correlated with Future TP, and negatively correlated with Past-negative TP and Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP); DI positively correlated with Past-negative TP, and with DBTP, and negatively correlated with Future TP; EV positively correlated with Present-hedonistic TP, and negatively correlated with Future TP. The EV-Future TP association was mediated by MA. Path models were consistent with the view that the relationship between EV and less Future TP may involve impaired functioning and reduced self-control/self-regulation associated with experiencing lower Morning Affect. This research shows relationships between time perspectives and specific components of circadian functioning, indicating the value of component-level analysis and the limitations of research utilising unidimensional measures of morningness-eveningness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circadian preference refers to individual differences for mental and physical activity in the morning and evening. We hypothesized, that inadvertent use of electronic media can cause circadian misalignment that influences sleeping habits and sleep quality of young adults. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of circadian preferences on sleeping habits and the association of electronic media use with sleep quality and sleep disturbances. Materials and Methods: A total of 188 subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups: Evening, intermediate, and morning chronotype based on the Morningness-Eveningness score. Electronic media use at bedtime and duration of use were assessed subjectively. Sleep quality and subjective sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype were assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Score, and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire Self-assessment version, respectively. Results: The majority of subjects with the evening chronotypes suffered from poor sleep quality compared to other chronotypes and the difference was statistically significant. In evening-type subjects, electronic media use at bedtime, long sleep latency, short sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness were significantly associated with poor sleep quality with odds ratios of 2.34 (1.08-5.08), 11.42 (4.98-26.19), 8.54 (1.01-68.24), and 1.68 (1.03-2.73), respectively. Conclusion: The majority of evening-type subjects had poor sleep quality, altered sleeping habits, and electronic media use at bedtime is significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Hence, history regarding sleep habits and lifestyle, especially electronic media use, should be taken from young adults, who are coming to the outpatient department for other than sleep disorders, to prevent the development of health-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Mental health problem is a rising public health concern. People of all ages, specially Bangladeshi university students, are more affected by this burden. Thus, the objective of the study was to use tree‐based machine learning (ML) models to identify major risk factors and predict anxiety, depression, and insomnia in university students. Methods: A social media‐based cross‐sectional survey was employed for data collection. We used Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD‐7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI‐7) scale for measuring students' anxiety, depression and insomnia problems. The tree‐based supervised decision tree (DT), random forest (RF) and robust eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) ML algorithms were used to build the prediction models and their predictive performance was evaluated using confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Of the 1250 students surveyed, 64.7% were male and 35.3% were female. The students' ages ranged from 18 to 26 years old, with an average age of 22.24 years (SD = 1.30). Majority of the students (72.6%) were from rural areas and social media addicted (56.6%). Almost 83.3% of the students had moderate to severe anxiety, 84.7% had moderate to severe depression and 76.5% had moderate to severe insomnia problems. Students' social media addiction, age, academic performance, smoking status, monthly family income and morningness‐eveningness are the main risk factors of anxiety, depression and insomnia. The highest predictive performance was observed from the XGBoost model for anxiety, depression and insomnia. Conclusion: The study findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders, families and policymakers enabling a more profound comprehension of the pressing mental health disorders. This understanding can guide the formulation of improved policy strategies, initiatives for mental health promotion, and the development of effective counseling services within university campus. Additionally, our proposed model might play a critical role in diagnosing and predicting mental health problems among Bangladeshi university students and similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El conocimiento de la orientación a la matutinidad-vespertinidad de los deportistas es importante para que los profesionales del deporte puedan sincronizar los horarios deportivos de manera que se maximice tanto su rendimiento como bienestar. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la orientación a la matutinidad-vespertinidad en jóvenes atletas debido a la edad de cambios en los que se encuentran (biológicos y psicosociales). La muestra estaba constituida por 72 atletas de élite (39 mujeres y 33 hombres), con un rango de edad entre los 13 y 16 años (M = 14.9; DT = 1.7). Para evaluar la matutinidad-vespertinidad de los participantes, se utilizó la Escala Compuesta de Matutinidad (Smith et al., 1989). No se encontraron ninguna asociación significativa entre la orientación a la matunidad-vespertinidad, la edad y el sexo biológico. Los atletas están más orientados a la matutinidad comparado con la población general de adolescentes. Por último, la orientación a la vespertinidad predomina entre los atletas que practican la modalidad atlética de velocidad. Se propone que las exigencias a las que se ven sometidos estos atletas, tanto en el ámbito académico como en el deportivo, que incluyen horarios estrictos, requerimientos físicos y restricciones, podrían constituir factores exógenos que retardan la transición hacia la vespertinidad, fenómeno ya identificado durante la adolescencia en la población general. Asimismo, se sugiere que las especificidades de las distintas modalidades atléticas, como las características de entrenamiento, las necesidades nutricionales y las demandas bioquímicas, pueden influir en la variabilidad del cronotipo del atleta.

Background Lipid metabolism of middle-aged and older adults may be influenced by their late bedtime behavior, but the association between the above two still needs to be analyzed in-depth. Objective To explore the association between chronotype and dyslipidemia among populations with different gender, central obesity, late evening snacks and smoking. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among the population aged 40-65 years who received health examination in physical examination center, the First People's Hospital of Fuquan City from March to August, 2022 (n=697). General information and sleep conditions of the included patients were collected and chronotype was evaluated by single-item question of the Morning and Evening Questionnaire. Unconditional binary Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between chronotype and the risk of dyslipidemia. Stratified analysis was also performed by gender, central obesity and late evening snacks among the whole population, and performed by smoking among male population. Sensitivity analysis was used to exclude the effect of shift work. Results Among the included subjects, morningness preference chronotype accounted for 56.4% (n=393), while eveningness preference chronotype accounted for 43.6% (n=304), with 334 cases (47.9%) detected with dyslipidemia. Unconditional binary Logistic regression analysis showed that chronotype was an influencing factor of dyslipidemia〔OR (95%CI) =1.54 (1.10, 2.16) 〕, the risk of hypertriglyceridemia〔OR (95%CI) =1.48 (1.04, 2.12) 〕and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol〔OR (95%CI) =1.79 (1.18, 2.72) 〕was higher in the adults with eveningness chronotype than those with morningness chronotype (P0.05). The stratified analysis by smoking in male population showed that the risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 1.83 times (95%CI: 1.03, 3.26) in adults with eveningness chronotype of that in adults with morningness chronotype in smoking population (P0.05) . Conclusion Eveningness preference chronotype may be a risk factor for dyslipidemia in adults aged 40-65 years, and the associations between dyslipidemia and chronotype may vary across populations with different gender, central obesity, late evening snacks, and smoking status.

Background: There is considerable evidence supporting the elevated risk of mental health problems in individuals with evening chronotype relative to those with morning or intermediate chronotypes. Recent data, however, suggest that this risk may be explained, at least partially, by poor sleep quality. Methods: This study aimed to further clarify the roles of chronotype and sleep quality in mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress) in young individuals (18–40 years) living in the UK (n = 185) or Germany (n = 209). Results: Consistent with our recent observations in a comparable North Indian sample, we found that poor quality of sleep had significantly positive associations with adverse mental health outcomes both in the UK and Germany-based samples. Significant associations between evening chronotype and poor mental health were also evident, but these associations were fully mediated by poor quality of sleep in both samples. Conclusions: These observations suggest that efforts to identify sleep disruption in a timely manner and promotion of good sleep may prevent mental health problems, especially in individuals with evening chronotype and other known risks for mental disorders.

Summary: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and an evening chronotype are both common among college students, and there is growing interest in understanding the possible link between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and circadian function. However, mixed findings have been reported, and many of the existing studies have used small samples that were unable to examine chronotype across attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder presentations. Participants were 4751 students (73% female; 80% White), aged 18–29 years (M = 19.28, SD = 1.50), from five universities who completed measures assessing attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire to assess chronotype (categorical) and circadian preference (dimensional). Participants with either attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive presentation or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined presentation had higher rates of being an evening type (47.2% and 41.5%, respectively) than participants without elevated attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (28.5%), and participants with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive presentation also had higher rates of being an evening type than participants with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive–impulsive presentation (30.7%). Dimensional analyses indicated that attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive symptoms were more strongly associated than hyperactive–impulsive symptoms with eveningness preference. Finally, greater eveningness preference strengthened the association between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention and depressive symptoms but not anxiety symptoms. This is the largest study to document that college students with elevated attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are more likely to be evening types than other college students, and inattentive symptoms in particular are associated with later circadian preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between chronotypes and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in medical students affected by earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, while elucidating if the PTSD manifestation varies among different chronotypes four months post-disaster. The study encompassed 193 medical students, subjected to the sociodemographic data form, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). The results indicated that students identified as "evening types" reported significantly elevated PCL-5 scores (p < 0.001) relative to "morning" and "intermediate" types. According to PCL-5 scores, 43.5% of the participants exhibited PTSD, with a higher occurrence among the evening types. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that lower MEQ scores independently correlated with elevated PTSD symptoms (β = -0.1389 [95% CI = -0.273 ˗ −0.0048], p = 0.042), suggesting the potential of eveningness as a risk factor for PTSD post-disaster. These findings could enhance our understanding of PTSD, aid the development of preventive strategies, and underscore the importance of considering chronotypes. Further expansive, population-based studies with a longitudinal design are necessary to better understand the relationship between PTSD and the circadian system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Aims Mental health problem is a rising public health concern. People of all ages, specially Bangladeshi university students, are more affected by this burden. Thus, the objective of the study was to use tree‐based machine learning (ML) models to identify major risk factors and predict anxiety, depression, and insomnia in university students. Methods A social media‐based cross‐sectional survey was employed for data collection. We used Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD‐7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI‐7) scale for measuring students' anxiety, depression and insomnia problems. The tree‐based supervised decision tree (DT), random forest (RF) and robust eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) ML algorithms were used to build the prediction models and their predictive performance was evaluated using confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Of the 1250 students surveyed, 64.7% were male and 35.3% were female. The students' ages ranged from 18 to 26 years old, with an average age of 22.24 years (SD = 1.30). Majority of the students (72.6%) were from rural areas and social media addicted (56.6%). Almost 83.3% of the students had moderate to severe anxiety, 84.7% had moderate to severe depression and 76.5% had moderate to severe insomnia problems. Students' social media addiction, age, academic performance, smoking status, monthly family income and morningness‐eveningness are the main risk factors of anxiety, depression and insomnia. The highest predictive performance was observed from the XGBoost model for anxiety, depression and insomnia. Conclusion The study findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders, families and policymakers enabling a more profound comprehension of the pressing mental health disorders. This understanding can guide the formulation of improved policy strategies, initiatives for mental health promotion, and the development of effective counseling services within university campus. Additionally, our proposed model might play a critical role in diagnosing and predicting mental health problems among Bangladeshi university students and similar settings.

A broader understanding of whether and to what extent chronotype should be considered a risk factor for alcohol consumption is needed. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the association between evening chronotype and alcohol consumption. A systematic search of observational studies on this association was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO databases up to April 30th, 2023. Random-effect models estimated the pooled odds ratio (OR) of alcohol consumption according to chronotype. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and Quality Assessment tool for Observational Cohorts and Cross-sectional Studies from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute were followed. A total of 33 studies involving 28 207 individuals (age range: 18–93 years) were included in this review. Overall, most studies indicated a higher volume and frequency of alcohol consumption in evening-type individuals than in individuals with different chronotypes. Additionally, a meta-analysis including 13 studies showed that evening-type individuals were 41% more likely to consume alcohol than those with other chronotypes (OR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.66; I2 = 38.0%). Limitations of the present findings are the predominance of cross-sectional studies and varied definitions of alcohol consumption. The available evidence supports an association between the evening chronotype and alcohol consumption. The evening-type population, especially young adults, is a specific target for educational interventions for preventing or reducing alcohol consumption. PROSPERO number: CRD42022343778. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evening chronotype is associated with more frequent binge-eating, depression, and less frequent breakfast consumption. The current study investigated whether skipping breakfast mediates the relationships between chronotype and binge-eating, and chronotype and depression. 272 participants completed an online survey with questionnaire measures of chronotype/morningness-eveningness, binge-eating, depression, and meal skipping. Significant positive correlations were found between eveningness and skipping breakfast, eveningness and depression, skipping breakfast and depression, and skipping breakfast and binge-eating. Eveningness was also correlated with binge-eating, and although this was not statistically significant, mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of eveningness on binge-eating through skipping breakfast. The indirect effect of eveningness on depression through skipping breakfast was not significant, but the indirect effect sequentially through breakfast skipping and binge-eating was significant. The current findings indicate potential mechanisms for the inter-relationships between eveningness, breakfast skipping, binge-eating, and depression, which may be more fully investigated in research utilising longitudinal designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between chronotype and addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food consumption among undergraduate students. Specific and validated scales were used in order to evaluate chronotype, addiction-like eating behavior and mindful eating (N = 605). Dietary intake was determined by food frequency questionnaire and percentage energy from ultra-processed food was calculated. Self-reported weights and heights were obtained from the participants. Mean scores of scales, social jetlag, energy intake, ultra-processed food intake and BMI were compared by chronotypes. Associations between chronotype, addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating, ultra-processed food consumption and BMI were determined by Pearson's test. The relationships between chronotype and addiction-like eating behavior, mindful eating and ultra-processed food intake were assessed by linear regression models and adjusted for sex, BMI, energy intake, season, smoking and alcohol consumption. Evening-type participants had higher scores of social jetlag (2.01 ± 0.09), appetitive drive (26.02 ± 0.63), low dietary control (20.50 ± 0.41), addiction-like eating behavior (46.52 ± 0.85), lower scores of recognition (21.91 ± 0.43) and higher percentage energy from ultra-processed food (32.24 ± 1.26%). Chronotype score showed negative associations with addiction like eating behavior (β=-0.247, p < 0.001) and ultra-processed food consumption (β=-0.247, p < 0.001), and a positive association with recognition (β = 0.124, p < 0.001). Results suggest that chronotype is inversely associated with addiction-like eating behavior and ultra-processed food consumption, and positively associated with mindful eating among undergraduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a crucial period of development which coincides with changes in circadian rhythmicity. This may augment the impact of circadian preference on performance in this group. We aimed to scope the literature available on chronotypes and their effect on physical and mental aspects of performance in adolescents. Studies were identified by systematically searching bibliographical databases and grey literature. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was the most frequently reported tool for circadian preference assessment. Academic achievement was the most prevailing outcome, with evidence suggesting that morning type adolescents tend to outperform evening types, yet the results vary depending on multiple factors. Performance in tests of intelligence and executive functions was generally better at optimal times of the day (synchrony effect). Physical performance was examined in 8 studies, with very heterogeneous outcomes. Although the associations between circadian preference and performance in adolescents are evident in some areas, there are many factors that may be involved in the relationship and require further investigation. This review highlights the assessment of physical performance in relation to chronotypes, the multidimensional assessment of circadian preference, and the need for longitudinal studies as priorities for further research. Protocol: OSF Registration – Public registration, DOI: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed at obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the possible mediating factors in the morningness-eveningness → alcohol consumption relation. We explored the role of mediators such as sensation seeking, the frequency of going out in the evenings, and drinking motives. We tested the proposed mediation model via structural equation modeling based on cross-sectional research conducted among Hungarian adolescents and young adults (N = 1695, 42.5% male, Mage = 18.98, SDage = 1.89). The outcomes included the frequency of alcohol consumption and problematic drinking. Both alcohol consumption and problematic drinking were predicted in similar directions and magnitudes by sensation seeking, "going out," and coping drinking motives. However, eveningness still had a significant direct effect on alcohol consumption and problematic drinking after we controlled for sensation seeking, going out, and drinking motives. For problematic drinking, the possible role of drinking motives seems to be higher and more complex than it is for alcohol consumption. The mediators, such as sensation seeking, the amount of time spent out in the evenings, and drinking motives, can explain the eveningness → alcohol consumption relationship and should be targeted for alcohol prevention programs among evening-type adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morningness-eveningness reflects individual differences in circadian functioning and is related to health and well-being. Cross-cultural comparison could facilitate understanding of the environmental factors affecting morningness-eveningness, which requires establishing cross-cultural validity of the relevant assessment tools. In this study, we applied the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) to Bangladeshi (n = 1015; 37.9% women) and Spanish (n = 1054; 73.2% women) university students (aged 18–27 years) to evaluate alternative factorial models of the CSM and to test its measurement invariance across cultures. Moreover, this study tested environment hypothesis, suggesting that higher average temperatures and lower latitudes would be related to greater morningness. From nine competing factorial models, a bifactor model with two specific factors (morning preference and morning affect) showed the best fit for both cultures. The two-factor bifactor model had full metric invariance with partial scalar and strict invariance across cultures. The Bangladesh–Spain comparison of the CSM scores revealed higher morningness in Bangladeshi students which supports the environment hypothesis. Overall, this research confirms that morningness-eveningness construct is perceived and interpreted similarly by the Bangladeshi and Spanish students. Importantly, this study highlights the effects of environmental factors including latitude and temperature on morningness-eveningness, and thus facilitates further cross-cultural morningness-eveningness research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of the study was to assess whether chronotype and subjective amplitude may predict suicidal ideation independently of mindfulness, and whether anxiety/insomnia and social dysfunction may be mediators of the relationship between chronotype and suicidal thoughts among medical students. The study group comprised 600 students of the medical faculties (191 men and 409 women), with a mean (SD, range) age of 21.94 (1.81, 18–31) years. The participants completed the Chronotype Questionnaire, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28). Two items from GHQ‐28 depression scale were extracted to measure suicidal ideation. The FFMQ score correlated negatively with the suicidal ideation score. The total effect of chronotype was insignificant when controlled for FFMQ. In the case of indirect effects, subjective amplitude score predicted suicidal ideation via both anxiety/insomnia and social dysfunction scores. The FFMQ score predicted suicidal ideation only via the social dysfunction scale. The direct effect of subjective amplitude was insignificant. Our findings indicate that the flexibility (or rigidity) of circadian rhythm may be linked to the intensity of experienced suicidal ideation, but only via anxiety/insomnia and social dysfunction, independently of mindfulness and morningness–eveningness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of research on the relationships between autistic traits and morningness-eveningness. The current research explored associations between autistic traits (preferences for routine, difficulties with imagination, difficulties with social skills, fixations with numbers and patterns, and difficulties with attention switching) and morningness-eveningness, including the component of Morning Affect (alertness/energy upon awakening). The potential mediation effects of depression and insomnia were also tested. 163 adults (university students and general population) completed an online survey including questionnaire measures of autistic traits, morningness-eveningness, depression, and insomnia. Positive correlations were found between most autistic trait subcomponents, depression, and insomnia. The autistic trait of difficulties in attention switching was correlated with more eveningness and with less Morning Affect, but significant correlations were not observed with any other autistic trait. Depression mediated the relationship between eveningness and difficulties in attention switching. Although insomnia alone was not a significant mediator, when combined with depression in a serial mediator model, a significant mediation effect was shown. The current results suggest that greater eveningness may be related with the autistic trait of difficulties in attention switching possibly through the mechanism of increased insomnia and elevated risk for depression. These findings may potentially inform interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although chronotype has been associated with suicidal behavior, current research suggest that this relationship may be mediated by other factors. The aim of this study was to assess whether chronotype, specifically morningness, may predict suicidal behavior and whether this relationship may be mediated by general mental health, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and/or social functioning among young adults. The study group comprised 306 students: 204 (65.8%) women, 101 (32.6%) men and one who chose not to identify with either option (0.3%). The participants completed The Composite Scale of Morningness, The General Health Questionnaire, 30-item version, Suicide Acceptance Questionnaire and The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Correlations between the continuous variables of interest revealed a weak, but significant, negative association between morning affect (CSM) and suicidal behavior (SBQ-R); a moderate positive association was found between suicidal behavior (SBQ-R) and depression/anxiety, and a weak one between suicidal behavior (SBQ-R) and interpersonal relations (GHQ-30). The models predicting suicidal behavior, and chronotype-related variables as predictors of suicidal behavior, were then tested. Although the morning affect predicted suicidal behavior, this effect became irrelevant when combined with mental health characteristics: psychopathological symptoms of depression and anxiety and the quality of interpersonal relations. Our findings imply that the role of chronotype is secondary to general mental health: mental disorder symptoms should be considered as the core risk factors for suicide and serve as the focus for suicide risk assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last several decades of shift work tolerance and circadian misalignment research has had mixed results regarding the adverse impact of shift work on work and health outcomes. This inconsistency is, in part, due to the circadian typology measure employed and the study methodology. Based on models of shift work and health, the present study examined associations between circadian misalignment, end-of-day strain, and job- and health-related outcomes using the revised Preferences Scale (PS-6). A sample of 129 healthcare workers (76.7% female) from the United States (67%) and Australia (34.1%) aged 22 to 64 responded to a self-report questionnaire on work schedules, work stressors, and well-being. Multiple regression analysis found that the preferences for cognitive activity subscale of the PS-6 moderated the association between shift work and strain (b = −.36, p <.001). Those who worked nights experienced more strain if their preferences for cognitive activity were misaligned, whereas no differences in strain were observed among day workers. Moderated-mediation analyses, on the basis 95% confidence intervals, found that shift work had a conditional indirect effect on work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and health-related quality of life, via strain, and the effect was moderated by preferences for cognitive activity. Findings provide additional evidence for the criterion and external validity of the PS-6, and importantly, the present study establishes further support for models of shift work and health. Overall, the analyses highlight the importance of exploring the interactions between shift work and different dimensions of morningness in shift work tolerance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construct of Morning Affect (MA; alertness upon awakening/time required to feel fully awake) emerged from exploratory factor analysis of morningness-eveningness questionnaires, and while it has been equated with morningness-eveningness preference it has much conceptual overlap with sleep inertia (SI; the transitional state between sleep and being fully awake). The current study compared questionnaire measures of these constructs to help clarify their inter-relationships. A volunteer sample of 453 students at an English-medium university in China completed an online survey including the Sleep Inertia Questionnaire (SIQ), the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale-improved (MESSi), with subscales for MA, Eveningness, and Distinctness (amplitude of diurnal variation), and the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ). Measures of depression, sleep quality, mindfulness, and personality were also included. Exploratory factor analysis of the SIQ, MESSi, and rMEQ items revealed seven factors: Cognitive, Emotional, and Physiological SI, Responses to SI (including one MA item), and Duration of SI (one SIQ item, 3/5 MA items, and one rMEQ item); Morningness-Eveningness (MESSi Eveningness items, plus 3/5 rMEQ items); Distinctness (3/5 MESSi items). These results suggest that Morning Affect may be better characterised as a general measure of sleep inertia, and may contribute to ongoing development/refinement of questionnaire measures of circadian functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Several studies have shown that eveningness is positively related to both depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, little is known about factors that may play a protective role against the undesirable emotional consequences of evening preference. Thus, in the present study, we explored the moderating effects of dispositional mindfulness on the relationship between morningness‐eveningness and the presence of depressive symptoms, as well as between morningness‐eveningness and the presence of anxiety symptoms. The study was conducted on a group of 1107 individuals (559 women and 548 men) aged 18–55 years (M = 36.26, SD = 9.89). Consistent with previous findings, eveningness was positively related to the presence of both depressive and anxiety symptoms. The magnitude of these effects decreased with higher dispositional mindfulness. The latter result remained significant when the analogical moderating effects of personality, established in earlier studies, were controlled for in the regression models. This leads to the conclusion that dispositional mindfulness may act as a protective factor against the elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms reported by evening‐oriented individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Morning–evening preference is defined as an individual's preference for a morning‐ or evening‐oriented rhythm. Across adolescence, a preference for eveningness becomes more predominant. Although eveningness is cross‐sectionally associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, few studies have examined developmental changes in eveningness and its potential biological substrates. Here, we investigated the longitudinal relationships among the trajectory of eveningness preference, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and white matter development, across adolescence. Methods: Two‐hundred and nine adolescents (49% male) were assessed longitudinally at four separate time points between 12 and 19 years of age. Morning–evening preference and internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed at each time point. Diffusion‐weighted images were acquired on a subset of participants at the final two time points to estimate changes in global mean fractional anisotropy (FA). Linear mixed models were performed to estimate the change in eveningness over time. A series of linear regression models assessed the influence of change in eveningness on psychopathology and white matter development at age 19. Results: Across the sample, a preference for eveningness became more predominant by 19 years of age. Greater individual‐level change towards eveningness significantly predicted greater severity in externalizing, but not internalizing, symptoms at 19 years of age. In contrast, change in psychopathology from 12 to 19 years of age was not associated with morning–eveningness at age 19. A change towards eveningness predicted an attenuated increase in FA between 17 and 19 years of age. Conclusions: This study suggests that developmental changes in morning–evening preference may predict both neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes in adolescents. Read the Commentary on this article at doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13747. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As adolescents get older, they become more evening oriented and, because they are usually expected to wake early to attend school, they often present daytime sleepiness, which is associated with negative outcomes. It is still unclear if this is similar cross-culturally. Here, we studied morningness-eveningness and daytime sleepiness in early adolescence from two different developing nations (Brazil and Iran). A total sample of 697 Iranian and Brazilian early adolescents (9- to 15-year-old; 358 boys) from Tehran, Iran, and São Paulo, Brazil, varying in age and parental schooling (a proxy of socioeconomic status: SES) completed the Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) and reported their total sleep time on school nights. They also filled in the Pubertal Developmental Scale to determine their pubertal status. A negligible cross-cultural difference in morningness-eveningness was found, indicating that Brazilians showed a slight circadian-phase delay compared with Iranians throughout all tested ages. There was also seen a very slight increase in phase delay as early adolescents aged, indicative of more eveningness. However, there were no country differences in daytime sleepiness once total sleep time during school nights was controlled for, which was the only factor that affects PDSS scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests the existence of an association between chronotype and intellectual performance, but the nature of this link remains unclear. Studies conducted in a laboratory setting point to the synchrony effect (better performance at a person's preferred time of day) for fluid intelligence, but not for crystallized intelligence, whereas studies that have analyzed students' grades suggest that the effect exists for both. In the present study, we aimed to verify the synchrony effect by applying direct measures of crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and subjective sleepiness–alertness in a sample of high school students during their morning or afternoon class. The results revealed a synchrony effect for crystallized, but not for fluid intelligence. During morning class, students with a morning chronotype performed better than evening chronotypes on a test of crystallized intelligence, whereas during afternoon class there was no difference between chronotypes. The association resulted from decreased performance during morning class in evening chronotypes that improved during afternoon class and constant performance in morning chronotypes. These effects were independent of sleepiness–alertness levels. The results suggest that individual differences between chronotypes may be important for tasks performed during morning classes, but not during afternoon ones, and that performance across school days may depend on time of day in evening chronotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchrony effects regarding mood diurnal fluctuations (i.e., better mood at optimal and worse mood at suboptimal times-of-day, corresponding to the interaction between chronotype* time-of-day) have been studied in adolescents and adults. However, evidence in children is lacking. We investigated the interactive effect of chronotype and time-of-day on primary school children's momentary emotional states, in a naturalistic setting. From an initial pool of 298 3rd/4th graders (7–11 years-old), 134 Morning (M)-type and Evening (E)-type children were selected using the parental-report Children ChronoType Questionnaire (CCTQ). Potential covariates were assessed based on parental questionnaires. Students completed emotional states' measures on the first (9 a.m.) and last lessons (4 p.m.) of the school day, in a counterbalanced order. Given the intercorrelations between emotional measures, a composite score of momentary emotional states was determined. There was a small-to-moderate significant interactive effect of chronotype*time-of-day in the overall momentary emotional states score. M/E-types showed better overall momentary emotional states when tested at their optimal time-of-day. Chronotype or time-of-day main effects were non-significant, and the overall momentary emotional states score did not correlate with sleep or psychopathological symptoms. In the present study, children overall momentary emotional states in a naturalistic setting varied depending on chronotype combined with time-of-day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morningness is associated with well-being, better sleep quality, and more conscientiousness, while eveningness is associated with negative emotionality, poorer sleep quality, and less conscientiousness. The current study aimed to further understanding of associations with conscientiousness by assessing specific behavioural indicators of conscientiousness, morningness-eveningness, and also the Morning Affect and Distinctness (amplitude of diurnal variation) aspects of circadian functioning. A survey of Chinese university students (N = 369, aged 18–30, mean = 19.48, SD = 1.922; 108 males, 261 females), included the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability-Scale, measures of conscientiousness, mindfulness, life satisfaction, aspects of sleep, and the Behavioural Indicators of Conscientiousness (BIC) scale. Morningness and Morning Affect were positively correlated with life satisfaction, mindfulness, better sleep quality, more conscientiousness, and with BIC including Hardworking, Self-control, and Punctuality. Distinctness showed negative correlations with these variables. Negative correlations between Eveningness and conscientiousness, and the BIC subscales of Hardworking and Cleanliness were no longer significant after controlling for Morning Affect. Mediation analysis showed that the associations between Eveningness and conscientiousness/BIC were mediated by Morning Affect. These results extend previous research by showing associations between circadian functioning and specific behavioural indicators of conscientiousness, and suggest that low Morning Affect may provide a mechanism for the relationship between Eveningness and conscientiousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Studies show that morningness is positively associated with subjective well‐being. Our previous research investigated factors that could underlie this relationship, finding that the association between morningness–eveningness and subjective well‐being can be partially attributed to the higher levels of perceived social support received by morning‐oriented individuals. In the present study, we examine the longitudinal effects of perceived social support in mediating the relationship between morningness–eveningness and subjective well‐being. Our results show that this mediating effect remains significant with respect to changes in well‐being over a 6‐month period. It seems that the causal effect of morningness on well‐being may be partially mediated by the causal effect of social support. The findings provide further support for the conclusion that perceived social support is an important contributing factor to the greater well‐being reported by morning‐oriented individuals. Additionally, our results provide seminal evidence for the causal effect of morningness on well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies show that eveningness preference and depressive symptoms are positively related. However, little is known about possible factors that could reduce this association. In the present study, we examine the moderating effects of religiosity on the relationship between eveningness and depressive symptoms. The main analyses were conducted on a group of 606 individuals (300 women and 306 men) aged 18 to 36 years (M = 29.00, SD = 4.95). The participants completed the Composite Scale of Morningness, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Centrality of Religiosity Scale. Our results confirmed earlier findings that eveningness was positively related to depressive symptoms. The magnitude of this association decreased with higher religiosity. This lead to the conclusion that religiosity may act as a protective factor against elevated depressive symptoms among evening-oriented individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to adapt the Morningness-Eveningness-Stability Scale improved (MESSi) to the Spanish adolescent population, testing its factor structure and construct validity. The participants were 725 adolescents (52.9% girls; M = 14.8, SD = 1.99) who completed the MESSi, the Morningness Eveningness Scale of Children (MESC), questions about sleep habits adapted from the School Sleep Habits Survey, and self-reported academic performance. The psychometric results support a three-factor model with the factors of morning affect, eveningness, and distinctness, which show good internal consistency. The pattern of correlations between MESSi and the other measures was in the expected direction. The MESC correlated positively with morning affect and negatively with eveningness, whereas distinctness was uncorrelated. Boys reported higher morningness, whereas girls reported higher distinctness. Eveningness was negatively related to academic performance. Overall, the results support the validity and reliability of the Spanish adolescent version of the MESSi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, we attempted to analyze the social perceptions of morning and evening chronotypes using the framework of the stereotype content model which posits that all social impressions and group stereotypes form along two basic dimensions: warmth and competence. The participants (N = 1277; 53% women) completed the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and a questionnaire measuring beliefs about social perceptions of Morning-types and Evening-types. Bottom 10%, middle 20% and top 10% of the CSM distribution (N = 501 individuals) were selected as representatives of 'pure' chronotypes: evening ('E-types'), intermediate ('N-types') and morning ('M-types'). In the entire sample, M-types were perceived as markedly more competent and marginally warmer than E-types. When we took into account the perceivers' own chronotypes, only the perceptions reported by N-types were consistent with that pattern. M-type perceivers displayed analogic albeit markedly stronger positive views of their ingroups, whereas E-types believed that individuals sharing their diurnal preference are equally competent but more warm compared to M-types. It seems that social perceptions of chronotypes emerge as a composition of two effects: the socially shared stereotype (emphasizing high competence of M-types) and ingroup-serving biases, resulting in viewing people sharing the perceiver's own chronotype in a more favorable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical importance of morningness-eveningness, especially in mood disorders, is prevailing. The differential relation of chronotype with diagnoses of early-onset mood disorders, mood symptoms, anxiety, and quality of life was evaluated.Methods: Early-onset mood disorder patients [n = 419; 146 major depressive disorder (MDD); 123 bipolar I disorder (BDI); 150 bipolar II disorder (BDII)] from the Mood Disorder Cohort Research Consortium were assessed for chronotype using the composite scale for morningness (CSM) and its association with clinical variables obtained during the clinician-verified euthymic state.Results: The mean total CSM of BDI was significantly higher than MDD and BDII (p < 0.001). In all types of mood disorders, higher total CSM was associated with lower Quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (p < 0.005) and higher WHO quality of life (p < 0.005). Such negative correlations between the total CSM and Montgomery-Asberg depression rating were significant in MDD and BDI (p < 0.05) and marginally significant in BDII (p = 0.077). CSM was a significant contributor to quality of life in BDI (p < 0.001) and BDII (p = 0.011), but it was not for MDD.Limitations: The defined 'euthymic state' that may not fully reflect the remission of episode; limited generalizability due to clinical characteristic of early-onset mood disorder; the disparity between diurnal preference measured by the CSM and chronotype; possible effects of the last mood episode polarity and medication; and, lack of control group.Conclusion: Less eveningness was associated with less severe depressive symptoms and better quality of life. This suggests that morningness may reduce residual depressive symptoms and recover function of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of the current study was to examine the frequency of food addiction in a group of university students and whether it differed among chronotypes. The second aim was to investigate the relationship of chronotypes with impulsivity, poor sleep quality and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and to evaluate how this relationship affects food addiction. 328 university students were included in the study. Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 Short Form (BIS-11-SF), Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered. Evening types scored significantly higher on ASRS and BIS-11 SF (p <.001, p <.001 respectively). Based on YFAS scores, 12.5% (n = 41) of the participants met the criteria for food addiction. The number of participants fulfilling the criteria for food addiction was higher among the evening types compared to intermediate and morning types (p =.006, p =.004, respectively). The mean ASRS and BIS-11 SF scores of the students who met the criteria for food addiction were significantly greater than those who did not (p <.001, p <.001, respectively). 63.4% (n = 26) of the students meeting the criteria for food addiction scored 6 or higher on PSQI versus 32.0% (n = 92) of the students who did not (p <.001). Mediation analysis showed that the direct effect of MEQ scores on food addiction was not significant (β = −0.009, p =.723). However, lower MEQ scores had an indirect effect on food addiction through higher ASRS scores (β = −0.027; p <.05 bias corrected and accelerated 95% CI −0.052 to −0.011). The results of the present study suggest that higher prevalence of food addiction among evening types seems to be related to higher occurrence of ADHD symptoms in these chronotypes. Further population-based studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eveningness has previously been associated with more frequent mind wandering (MW). The current study re-investigated this association for components of circadian functioning, and MW typology. Questionnaire measures of Morning Affect, Eveningness, and (amplitude) Distinctness, deliberate and spontaneous MW, problem-solving daydreams, sleep quality, personality, affect, and life satisfaction were completed by 265 university students (aged 18–33, mean = 20.78), who also reported the peak time for daily MW and problem-solving daydreams. Spontaneous MW correlated with low Morning Affect and stronger Distinctness; these all correlated with poor sleep quality, less conscientiousness, less positive affect, less life satisfaction, more neuroticism, and more negative affect. Problem-solving daydreams positively correlated with Morning Affect. Significant mediators between morningness-eveningness and spontaneous MW were sleep quality, positive affect, and conscientiousness, which were also significant with Morning Affect as the predictor for spontaneous MW; sleep quality and positive affect were significant with Distinctness as the predictor for spontaneous MW. Exploratory path analysis indicated inter-relationships between Eveningness, Morning Affect, subjective sleep quality, conscientiousness, spontaneous MW, and negative affect. Spontaneous and deliberate MW showed some evidence of peak frequency at the non-preferred time-of-day. These results indicate that components of circadian functioning have varying relationships with different types of mind wandering/daydreaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we researched the effects of the COVID-19 restriction measures on learning/work-related characteristics (working hours, creativity in problem-solving approaches/organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)) depending on chronotype of N = 681 German residents (mean age: 28.63 years, SD: 10.49 years). The data were collected with an online questionnaire from 18 May to 17 June 2020, during the most restrictive phase in Germany. We analyzed participants studying/working in home offices only. Morningness showed positive, while eveningness showed negative correlations to OCB. Morning types worked their usual working times, while evening types took more and longer breaks. In remote work, morning types felt more creative developing problem-solving approaches, while evening types reported the opposite. Our results suggest that remote working is not beneficial for evening types when performance components are concerned, even though they can choose their working time freely which benefits their biological rhythm. This study should be repeated with workers on a large scale to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) is a self-report measure of circadian preference that is related with one's physical and mental health. This study aimed to explore the psychometric properties of the Bangla version of the CSM and validate it with sleep habits, BRUnel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-scale). The sample consisted of 1164 (38.8% women) Bangladeshi university students aged between 18 and 27 (M = 21.9, SD = 1.88). Using confirmatory factor analysis, the competing factorial models of the CSM and measurement invariance for sex were tested. The Bangla CSM showed high internal consistency reliability (a = .88) and excellent retest reliability (ICC = .92). The cut-off values for the Bangla CSM were 26 or less for evening-types (lower 10 percentiles) and 46 or more for morning-types (upper 10 percentiles). The Bangla CSM consisted of two components: morningness and morning affect. From eight factorial models, the two-factor bifactor model was found invariant for sex. Higher CSM score (morningness) was significantly related with earlier sleep times, better mood and mental health, which support its validity. The CSM is a valid and psychometrically robust tool for assessing morningnesseveningness in Bangladeshi students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The results of this study may be implemented in recommendations for the calculation of the delay in clock time for the weekday waking time required to reduce sleep loss on weekdays. Background: Our work/study culture is biased towards the circadian clocks of "morning types", whereas "evening types" are forced to advance their weekday waking times relative to weekend waking times. Since the experimental research consistently reveals a >2 h difference between these two chronotypes in the positions of their endogenous circadian phases, we hypothesized the necessity to permit a >2 h difference between them in weekday waking times to equalize their irrecoverable loss in sleep on weekdays. Methods: A total of 659 and 1106 participants of online surveys identified themselves as morning and evening types, respectively. The hypothesis was tested by applying a model of sleep–wake regulation for simulating sleep times reported by 245 lecturers of these two types, and by comparison of sleep times of these types among these lecturers and 1520 students. Results: The hypothesis was supported by results showing that, if, on weekdays, an "average" morning type wakes at 6 a.m., the equalization of the weekday sleep loss of the two chronotypes would require the waking time of an "average" evening type to be no earlier than 8 a.m. Conclusions: These results may be implemented in a model-based methodology for the correction of weekday waking times to equalize weekday sleep loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workaholism is a work-related addiction, and the study of its antecedents has a strong individual and social impact. Several studies reported high trait perfectionism in individuals exhibiting workaholism. Although the relationship between perfectionism and workaholism is quite consistent in the literature, it is not yet clear which biological underlying mechanisms might explain this relationship. From a chronopsychological perspective, it has been widely demonstrated that evening-type individuals are more prone to develop addictive behaviour. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the role of circadian typology in the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and workaholism. A group of Italian workers (N = 369; 60.70% females; mean age of 38.60 years) took part in a survey. Participants filled in the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (for workaholism), the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (for circadian typology), and the Short Almost-Perfect Scale (for perfectionism). In addition to age, we controlled for workload using the Job Content Questionnaire. Beyond the confirmation of the relationship between perfectionism and workaholism, we found that in high perfectionistic individuals, evening-types reported higher score in Bergen Work Addiction Scale. Based on these findings, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]