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Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Fabaceae) is a medicinal aromatic shrub, a monotypic species with a wide distribution in Argentina. Two morphotypes were found in Valles Calchaquíes, one with yellow fruits (YF) and other with red-brown fruits (RBF). The color of fruits varies between individuals within a population, with some plants producing red-brown fruits and other yellow fruits. The cytogenetic differentiation was determined using root tips. Leaves and fruits were used to analyze chemical composition by HPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS/MS. The number of chromosome (2n = 24) was reported for the first time for the genus. The yellow fruits and red-brown fruits morphotypes showed different karyotypes. The compounds common to both morphotypes were identified in leaves and fruits as chalcones, compounds with biological activity and biomarkers used for quality control of Z. punctata products. Two chemotypes related to the color of the fruits, were detected. An anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-glucoside was found in red-brown fruits (4.75 mg.g-1 fruits) but not in yellow fruits. These is the first report on yellow fruits morphotype of Z. punctata and on presence of anthocyanins in Z. punctata red-brown fruits morphotype. This work contributes to the knowledge of Z. punctata, a native plant from Argentina with high economic potential to promote the regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tropical Peruvian Andes host a great ecosystem diversity such as the montane cloud forest at the southern east slopes. The subaerial moist habitats along the Alccamayo creek belong to Aguas Calientes, Cusco . They were evaluated in winter (august 2017) between 2184 and 3000 m of elevation with the mean temperature between 16 and 18°C. In the southern highland Andean, the cryosphere of the Allincapac glaciers, Carabaya Cordillera, Puno, was evaluated in summer season (february 2018) between 4500 and 4700 m elevation. The thermogradients were between 0 and 10°C and pH between 6.0 and 6.5. Collections of subaerophytic assemblages with litophilic, and chasmolithic microalgae and cyanobacterial were carried out by scraped the biofilms or crusts from the cliffs of calcareous rock surfaces or ice layers. Highland colonization (Allincapac glacier) by the cryophilic streptophyte Mesotaenium berggrenii morphospecies showed its adaptation to freeze and desiccation conditions as well as deglaciation and hydrated periods. At tropical lowland elevation gradient the Andean mesophilic species M. macrococcum, and M. chlamydosporum were recognized by its morphotypes (colonial, unicells) as well as survival strategies and propagation (complex extracellular polymers, chromatic adaptation). M. berggrenii, M. macrococcum, and M. chlamydosporum are new record species for the Peruvian microalgae flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La actividad forestal en México se sustenta en el aprovechamiento de diversas especies de pinos; una de las más utilizados es Pinus patula. Los hongos ectomicorrízicos (HECM) incrementan la supervivencia de las plántulas, por lo que su uso asegura el éxito de las plantaciones; además, la reforestación con taxa nativos de pino aumenta la diversidad de HECM. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron comparar la diversidad de HECM asociados a la edad de los rodales y determinar los cambios en la comunidad fúngica a nivel de morfotipos. El estudio se realizó en una plantación con rodales de 2, 5, 7, 9, 14 a 25 y >50 años. Se recolectaron raíces micorrizadas al inicio de la temporada de lluvias, se agruparon de acuerdo con su morfología y se calculó el índice de diversidad, porcentaje de abundancia y frecuencia relativa. Se determinaron 28 morfotipos, tres a nivel de género: Laccaria (2), Tomentella (2) y Cortinarius (1). Se obtuvo una correspondencia positiva entre el número de morfotipos y la edad del arbolado. Los rodales maduros (14-25 y >50 años) fueron más diversos, con respecto a los jóvenes (2 a 9 años); a excepción del de 7 años, cuyos valores coincidieron con los rodales maduros. Los morfotipos probables de Laccaria spp. fueron más abundantes y frecuentes en el rodal más joven (33 %). A través de la cronosecuencia se registraron morfotipos únicos y compartidos. Se concluye que la edad del rodal es un factor importante en la composición de la comunidad HECM, elementos clave en los planes de manejo forestal.

La enfermedad fungosa más limitante del duraznero (Prunus pérsica, L. Batsch) en Colombia es la pudrición parda, Monilia spp., que afecta flores, brotes y frutos, causando pérdidas hasta del 80%. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar el patógeno asociado a pudrición parda en cuatro variedades: Dorado, Rubidoux, Diamante y Rey negro en el departamento de Boyacá. El estudio inicio con la colecta de frutos enfermos en Jenesano, Paipa, Tuta, Sotaquirá y Nuevo Colón. En laboratorio se realizó la obtención, aislamiento y purificación de los hongos presentes. Se realizó también caracterización morfológica de las colonias y conidias sobre cultivos monospóricos y caracterización molecular mediante amplificación por PCR del ADN ribosomal empleando iniciadores ITS4 e ITS5. Se obtuvieron 32 aislamientos del género Monilia y se identificaron tres especies presentes en la zona muestreada: Monilia fructícola, Monilia fructígena y Monilia laxa, en 62,5%, 25% y 12,5%, respectivamente. En la amplificación de la región ribosomal se observaron diferencias entre las dos primeras especies, en el tamaño de las bases amplificadas, siendo M. fructicola de 550 pb y M. fructigena de 545pb. Este trabajo contribuye a la caracterización de las especies de Monilia que afectan al duraznero en varias regiones del departamento de Boyacá.

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Talinumpaniculatumes una hierba adventicia ampliamente distribuida en Argentina, que tiene importancia económica como maleza de cultivos resistente a herbicidas. Esta especie se presenta en el campo con dos morfotipos y ellos se distinguen por la forma, tamaño y color de sus flores, frutos y hojas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las características morfo-anatómicas (de hoja y tallo), citogenéticas y moleculares en dos morfotipos de la provincia de Tucumán (Argentina), y establecer diferencias entre ellos. Se utilizaron técnicas morfo-anatómicas y citogenéticas clásicas y se realizaron análisis moleculares con el marcador ITS2. Los resultados evidencian que las características morfológicas, anatómicas, citogenéticas y moleculares de Talinum paniculatumpermitieron diferenciar los morfotipos MT1 y MT2. Se concluye que el MT1 corresponde a T.paniculatumy el MT2 a un taxón diferente que aún no se mencionó para la flora de Argentina.

Salmea scandens, conocida como palo de chile, es una planta económicamente importante en la región costa de Oaxaca. Con el objetivo de documentar el conocimiento tradicional de su uso y el contenido de nutrientes de la parte comestible, se realizó un estudio en Buena Vista Loxicha, Pochutla, Oaxaca, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se recolectaron muestras de tallo para cuatificar el contenido de fibra cruda, grasa, proteína y minerales. Se encontraron dos morfotipos: palo de chile blanco y palo de chile negro, con usos comestible y medicinal. De las plantas se consume el cámbium vascular del tallo, preferentemente hervido, que contiene 9.44% de fibra cruda, 2.51% de grasa y 3.10% de proteína. El mineral más abundante fue el potasio con 505.53 mg 100 g-1.

Daustinia montana (Convolvulaceae) is the only species of the genus, and is notable for its wide leaf variability. To understand whether this plasticity is correlated with the distribution of the species, linear morphometric and leaf contour analyses were performed. Specimens from herbaria were photographed, and pre-established linear measurements were made. A multivariate analysis was then performed to test the strength of associations among morphological characteristics, climatic variables, and distribution of the species. Elliptic Fourier analysis based on 20 harmonics was used to generate shape descriptors, resulting in nine main components. With elliptic Fourier descriptors, a grouping tree was created that suggests the existence of six morphotypes in D. montana. Moreover, clustering analysis revealed two large groups distinguished mainly by leaf width. The present findings indicate that the morphotypes are strongly related to latitude and that other characteristics such as the type of indumentum are related to climatic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talinum paniculatum is an adventitious herb widely distributed in the Argentina. This plant is considered as an economically important herbicide-resistant weed. This species shows two morphotypes in the field which are differentiated by shape, size and colour of their flowers leaves and fruits. The aims of this work were to determinate morpho-anatomical (leave and stem), cytogenetic and molecular traits of two morphotypes from Tucumán province (Argentina) and to establish differences between them. Classical morpho-anatomical and cytogenetic techniques were used, molecular analysis based on the ITS2 marker were performed. The results showed that morphological, anatomical, cytogenetic and molecular traits of T. paniculatum allow us to differentiate the MT1 and MT2 morphotypes. We concluded that MT1 match with T. paniculatum and MT2 is a different taxon still not described for the flora of Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Salmea scandens, known as chili stick, is an economically important plant in the Oaxaca coast region. To document the traditional knowledge of its use and the nutritional content of the edible part, the present study was conducted in Buena Vista Loxicha, Pochutla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Semi-structured interviews were applied. In stem, crude fiber, fat, protein and minerals were quantified. Two morphotypes, chili white stick and chili black stick were found, with edible and medicinal uses. Vascular stem cambium is eaten, preferably boiled, which contains 9.44% of raw fiber, 2.51% fat and 3.10% protein es consumed. The most abundant mineral was potassium with 505.53 mg 100 g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Using morphometric measurements and wavelets functions, the asterisci otoliths of curimatã, Prochilodus nigricans were analysed to identify the variation in shape and growth increment of individuals from Solimões, Japurá and Negro rivers of the Amazon basin, Brazil. The morphometric and morphological analyses did not reveal evidences of population segregation among rivers, but variations were found in the estimation of otolith growth increment. Also, the otolith shape showed a high variability between individuals, identifying four morphotypes. Morphotype 1 shows a more oval shape with a posterior zone clearly rounded; Morphotype 2 shows the posterior zone rounded, but the anterior end is more elongated; Morphotype 3 shows a completely different shape, elliptic-pentagonal and Morphotype 4 shows the posterior zone rounded, but the anterior end is more elongated and it is the pattern with antirostrum and rostrum more pointed and a deep notch. Therefore, the otolith shape exhibited a phenotypic plasticity that it was not associated with the metabolism of otolith growth. Whereas the otolith shape indicated a homogeneity in the sound perception through Amazon basin, the growth rates revealed an adaptive mechanism to environmental conditions or migratory process of this species.

Peruvian terrestrial ecosystems encompass an extension about 71% of the world's tropical glaciers. The cryosphere in the surroundings of Allincapac mountain glacier, Carabaya Cordillera, southern Peruvian Andes was evaluated between 4500 and 4700 m of altitude. Standard collections of cyanobacteria and microalgae were done by scraping the biofilms or crusts from cliffs or slopes of calcareous mountains. They were carried out in summer season (February 2018) and winter (August 2017). The thermogradients were between 0 and 10 °C and pH between 6.0 and 6.5. This extreme ecosystem, threatened by the climate change, has habitats colonized by litophilic, chasmolithic and subaerophytic communities. Colonization of cryophilic cyanobacteria and microalgae with dominance of colonial thalli of Nostoc commune showed their adaptation to freeze and desiccation, as well as deglaciation and hydration periods. Phenotypic variability in N. commune was recognized by its morphotypes (hormogonial stage, seriate and aseriate growth, sheath structure, heterocysts and akinetes development) during the stages of the life cycle. In addition, its phenotypic plasticity is favored by morphophysiological strategies against freeze and thaw, desiccation, ultraviolet radiation (complex mucilage), by its diazotrophic ability, and ecological strategies for propagation and survival (akinetes) in the highlands. Therefore, this cryophilic species can be considered as candidate for extraterrestrial experiments during space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical terrestrial ecosystems have diverse habitats such as the aerophytic communities in the Central Highlands of Peru (3200 m of altitude) at Huancahuasi town, department of Lima, in the western region of South America. We made cyanobacterial collections of aerophytic and subaerophytic communities with gelatinous biofilms which colonized substrates with carbonates and iron cumulations from thermal water effluents with thermogradients between 35 and 40 °C and pH 6.0-6.5. Phenotypic variability in the filaments of the Andean morphospecies of Brasilonema with its morphological and functional differentiation (trichome constriction, celular dimensions, sheath structure and thickness, hormogonia) showed its potential as criptic species. This genus with the Brasilonema cf. tolantongense species is a new record for our country. Phenotypic plasticity of this species with diversity of morphotypes with sheath and calyptra protectors, branches and hormogonia are life and ecological strategies for its dispersion in aerophytic extremophile habitats for successful colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "tara" or "taya" Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze (Fabaceae) is a South American species of biological, economic and cultural importance. Its fruits and seeds are used in medicine, food and industry, and mainly come from wild populations. Peru is the main exporter of "tara" and the Cajamarca Region is the second largest producer in this country. However, studies on the morphological variability of the species are scarce and confusing, which limits its use, study and conservation. Studies indicate that the discriminating morphological characters are found in the fruit (pod) and the seed. Fifty-six samples of pods from nine provinces of the Cajamarca region were gathered. Through direct observation and specialized literature, eleven basic descriptors of fruit and seed were established to determine the variability of germplasm. The data was entered into a basic data matrix and processed with the NTSYS 2.2 program. Seven morphotypes (clusters) were identified: Giant, distributed in Cajamarca, Contumazá and Chota; White and Red, distributed in the nine provinces; Bearded, exclusive of Celendín; Jancos, distributed in Cajamarca, San Pablo and Santa Cruz; Ista, distributed in Cajamarca and Contumazá; and Globose, distributed in Cajamarca. The first five main components explained 73% of the total variance and the characters that contributed the most to this variance were yarn location, seed shape, pod length/width ratio, color of the opposite side to the sun, surface appearance of the pod, presence of glandular hairs in the pod, weight of the seed and long/wide relation of the seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to evaluate the soil quality of native forest, eucalyptus plantations, pasture, integrated crop-livestock, and no-tillage systems, correlating the morphological diversity of springtails with physical and chemical soil properties. Springtail samples were captured from soils of the southern plateau of the State of Santa Catarina in Brazil, during winter and summer, by using Pitfall traps, using a 3 × 3 point grid. The morphotyping of springtails consisted of the observation of five traits and for each one a partial value of the ecomorphological index was assigned to obtain the modified Soil Quality Index. A correlation of the morphotype abundance and diversity with physical (soil moisture, bulk density, biopores, microporosity, and macroporosity) and chemical (pH in water, calcium/magnesium ratio and total organic carbon content) soil properties was studied, describing all results by variance and multivariate analyses. The springtail abundance and diversity were influenced by the different land use systems. Higher soil quality index was determined in native forest followed by eucalyptus plantations, pasture, no-tillage system and integrated crop-livestock, in the winter. Moreover, higher soil quality index was found in native forest followed by integrated crop-livestock, eucalyptus plantations, no-tillage system and pasture, in the summer. Therefore, the quality index of a soil can be evaluated by the springtail morphological traits in correlation with the physical and chemical properties such as calcium/magnesium ratio, total organic carbon contents, biopores, macroporosity, microporosity, soil moisture, bulky density and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la familia Cuscutaceae, el género Cuscuta está representado por plantas holoparásitas con distribución cosmopolita. El taxón incluye tres subgéneros: Cuscuta, Mono- gyna y Grammica ; este último muy representado en América. En este trabajo se exponen la morfología floral, estudios meióticos y viabilidad del polen de ejemplares colectados en cuatro (4) poblaciones de Cuscuta parodiana del subgénero Grammica del Noroeste Argentino. El análisis de la morfología floral permitió diferenciar 4 morfotipos en base a los caracteres de la corola y el gineceo. De las entidades estudiadas tres fueron tetraploides (n = 30) y uno de ellos diploide (n = 15). Durante la meiosis se han observado configuraciones trivalentes y tetravalentes, puentes de cromatina, cromosomas fuera de placa metafásica, citomixis y cuerpos redondeados extranucleares.

The aim of this study was to determine the mycorrhizal status of four species of natural pastures of the community of Ccarhuaccpampa. The number of spores per 100 g of soil, the characterization of spores and the percentage of colonization of the roots were determined. The number of spores / 100 g of rhizospheric soil varied according to the plant species (66-732). Sixteen morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungi were located in three genera: Glomus, Acaulospora and Entrophospora, the first one was considered the most important because it had the highest number of morphotypes and was present in the different soils evaluated. A low mycorrhization of the analyzed roots was found (20 and 27%) and the presence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal association in all the species studied. A high correlation was determined between the number of spores per 100 g of soil and the percentage of mycorrhization of the roots, which indicated a similar tendency between both determinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ayapana triplinervis (Asteraceae) é uma erva medicinal da Amazônia conhecida como "Japana branca" e "Japana roxa" utilizada como tônico, digestivo, antidiarréico dentre outros. Objetivou-se caracterizar neste estudo a morfoanatomia caulinar e foliar de A. triplinervis, para corroborar se esta espécie apresenta morfotipos, além de fornecer dados para sua identificação. Amostras foram coletadas no Horto de Plantas Medicinais da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia e Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, analisadas morfologicamente e segundo técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. O caule é cilíndrico branco ou roxo, com epiderme unisseriada persistente e endoderme com bainha amilífera e estrias de Caspary. As folhas são simples, opostas, triplinervadas, com base atenuada ou decorrente. Possuem estômatos anomocíticos, cera em placas ou granular, glândulas peroladas, mesofilo dorsiventral com feixes colaterais e ductos secretores. A. triplinervis apresentou caracteres morfoanatômicos diferentes entre os tipos branca e roxa, o que possibilita a distinção dos dois morfotipos.

Siderastrea is a small genus of scleractinian corals, composed by zooxanthellate massive colonial forms. Besides contributing to the consolidation of the reef structure, represent a group with significant resistance to environmental stress. Until the 70's, its taxonomy was a complicated task, limited by the difficulty in identifying morphotypes. More recently, interspecific boundaries were redefined for 'Atlantic Siderastrea Complex'. However, despite new perspectives, including the occurrence of S. radians and S. siderea for Brazil, morphological patterns are still poorly studied and inconspicuous for several coastal areas. In order to characterize levels of intraspecific and interspecific morphological variation in S. stellata and S. radians, morphometric analysis were carried out in colonies from Bahia State coast. Samples were taken in Todos-os-Santos Bay and North Coast. We applied the Canonical Discriminate Analysis upon six corallite characters to evaluate the different levels of variation. The tests revealed that diameter of corallites, columella depth and number of septa varied among populations. Number of septa was the most important character for the species differentiation. Siderastrea stellata, with three different morphological patterns, was more variable than S. radians.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el área foliar de ocho morfotipos de yacón mediante análisis de regresión lineal simple. La investigación se realizó entre los años 2014 y 2015, en el Programa de Raíces y Tubérculos Andinos de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Perú (7° 10’ 00’’ S, 78° 30’00’’ W, 2650 msnm). Se tomaron cien hojas de cada morfotipo, incluyendo hojas de los estratos basal, medio y terminal de plantas en plena oración. Las siluetas de las hojas frescas se dibujaron en papel y se midió el largo (L) y ancho mayor de la lámina (W). El área medida (o real) de la lámina se determinó con planímetro digital. Con el área medida (variable dependiente) y los valores de largo, ancho, largo al cuadrado, ancho al cuadrado, largo x ancho y largo/ancho (como variables independientes), se realizó el análisis de regresión para cada morfotipo. En todos los morfotipos, excepto en dos, las mejores ecuaciones para estimar el área foliar, fueron aquellas en donde intervino el producto de L x W. La ecuación A= 20,41 + 0,4167 (L x W) (r2 = 0,89) permitió estimar el área foliar de los ocho morfotipos en conjunto. El área del peciolo de los morfotipos en estudio significó 15%, respecto del área total de la hoja.

El chontaduro Bactris gasipaes es un cultivo tropical importante del cual se cosechan los frutos o los palmitos. En el estudio se evaluaron los niveles de colonización de las raíces, se realizaron conteos de esporas en el suelo y la identificación de morfotipos de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) asociados a cultivos de B. gasipaes en el áreas rural de Citronela y Zabaletas, municipio de Buenaventura, Departmento de Valle del Cauca, Colombia, durante tres periodos de entre 2006 y 2007, para determinar la influencia de la pluviosidad en la colonización de HMA. Los porcentajes de colonización en Citronela variaron entre 58% y 90% mientras que en Zabaletas la colonización de raíces varió entre 63% y 79%. El número promedio de esporas en 50 g de suelo húmedo fue mayor in Citronela (244.6 ± 116.0 SD) que en Zabaletas (50.3 (± 24.1 SD). Se identificaron 22 morfotipos de HMA del suelo asociado a las palmas de de B. gasipaes. Glomus fue el género de hongos micorrízico más abundante en ambas localidades, pero Scutelospora también fue detectado. Este estudio demuestra la existencia de variación geográfica y temporal en parámetros micorrízicos en un cultivo importante para la agricultura del trópico húmedo.

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tropical coastal desert ecosystems are widely distributed in the west of South America. In spite of the arid lands, the water availability from the wet sea fog drifted from the Pacific Ocean to coastal hills (lomas) and the annual winter fluctuating drizzles favor the development of extreme cyanobacterial communities. The evaluated area was located in Pachacamac lomas, south of Lima and the standard cyanobacterial collections (crusts, biofilms or terrestrial mats) were carried out irregularly in 1995 and 2012. Cyanobacterial cultures in BBM and N8 media generated the population growth of Pseudophormidium tenue Anagnostidis & Komárek with diverse morphotypes. This species, new record for our country, was part of the biofilm structure mainly and it was reassigned to the present taxa according to the polyphasic approach already established. Phenotypic plasticity of P. tenue with morphotypes formation is related to its life strategies such as its thalli ramifications with a notorious sheath formation under stress conditions for successful colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to estimate the leaf area of eight yacon morphotypes by simple linear regression analysis. The research was conducted between 2014 and 2015, in the Andean Roots and Tubers Program of the National University of Cajamarca, Peru (7° 10' 00" S, 78° 30'00" W, 2650 masl). One hundred leaves of basal, middle and terminal strata of each morphotype in full bloom, were taken. The outlines of fresh leaves were drawn on paper and the blade's length (L) and greater width (W), was measured. The measured blade's area (or actual) was determined with digital planimeter. With the measured area (dependent variable) and the values of length, width, squared length, squared width, length x width and length/width (as independent variables), the regression analysis for each morphotype, was performed. In all morphotypes, except in two, the best equations to estimate the leaf area, were those in which intervened the product of L x W. The equation which allowed to estimate the leaf area of the morphotypes together was A= 20.41 + 0.4167 (L x W) (r2 = 0.89). Petiole area of the studied morphotypes represented 15% of the total leaf area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los hongos ectomicorrízicos son indispensables para el establecimiento y funcionamiento de los bosques templados. Algunos de ellos tienen esporas u otros propágulos resistentes y longevos; éstos se acumulan en el suelo forestal formando bancos de propágulos que constituyen la fuente de inóculo más importante después de disturbios severos. En este trabajo caracterizamos morfológica y genéticamente las ectomicorrizas formadas entre Pinus montezumae y los hongos presentes en los bancos de esporas de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana. Las micorrizas se obtuvieron por medio de un bioensayo del suelo de 8 de los volcanes más representativos, con plántulas de P. montezumae cultivadas durante 7 meses. La identidad taxonómica de los hongos se obtuvo por la similitud genética de la región de los ITS. Se presentan las descripciones de 27 ectomicorrizas; de éstas, 20 no habían sido publicadas previamente. Geopora sp., Hebeloma helodes, H. leucosarx, Peziza sp. 1, P. aff. ostracoderma, Pezizaceae sp. 1, sp. 2, sp. 4, Pulvinula constellatio, Sebacina sp. 1, sp. 2, Sordariales sp. 1, sp. 2 y Tuber separans, no se habían encontrado en bancos de propágulos. Estas especies podrían usarse para reforestar con plantas y hongos endémicos, lo que aumentaría la sobrevivencia, pues ambos simbiontes estarían adaptados a las condiciones ambientales locales.Ectomycorrhizal fungi are keystone in temperate forest establishment and functioning. Some of them have resistant and long living spores and propagules. These use to accumulate in soil, forming the so-called spore banks, which are the main inoculum resource after an intense disturbance. In this paper, we provide the morphological and genetic characterization of ectomycorrhizae formed by Pinus montezumae and the spore bank fungi from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. We made a bioassay with P. montezumae and soil from 9 of the most representative volcanoes. Mycorrhizae were dissected after 7 months of seedling grow in a nursery. We identified the fungi by means of the genetic similarity of their ITS region sequences. We provide the description of 27 morphotypes, 20 of which had not been previously described. Geopora sp., Hebeloma helodes, H. leucosarx, Peziza sp. 1, P. aff. ostracoderma, Pezizaceae sp. 1, sp. 2, sp. 4, Pulvinula constellatio, Sebacina sp. 1, sp. 2, Sordariales sp. 1, sp. 2 and Tuber separans are reported for the first time in spore banks. The ectomycorrhizal fungi characterized could be used in reforestation using native plants and fungi. This would enhance plant survival due to the physiological adaptations of both symbionts to local environmental conditions.

This study concerns the kinetics of bacterial degradation of two fractions (molecular mass) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by Microcystis aeruginosa. Barra Bonita Reservoir (SP, Brazil) conditions were simulated in the laboratory using the associated local bacterial community. The extent of degradation was quantified as the amount of organic carbon transferred from each DOM fraction (< 3 kDa and 3-30 kDa) to bacteria. The variation of bacteria morphotypes associated with the decomposition of each fraction was observed. To find the degradation rate constants (kT), the time profiles of the total, dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. These rate constants were higher for the 3-30 kDa fraction than for the lighter fraction. Only in the latter fraction the formation of refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC R) compounds could be detected and its rate of mass loss was low. The higher bacterial density was reached at 24 and 48 hours for small and higher fractions, respectively. In the first 48 hours of decomposition of both fractions, there was an early predominance of bacillus, succeeded by coccobacillus, vibrios and coccus, and from day 5 to 27, the bacterial density declined and there was greater evenness among the morphotypes. Both fractions of DOM were consumed rapidly, corroborating the hypothesis that DOM is readily available in the environment. This also suggests that the bacterial community in the inocula readily uses the labile part of the DOM, until this community is able to metabolise efficiently the remaining of DOM not degraded in the first moment. Given that M. aeruginosa blooms recur throughout the year in some eutrophic reservoirs, there is a constant supply of the same DOM which could maintain a consortium of bacterial morphotypes adapted to consuming this substrate.Este estudo trata da cinética de degradação bacteriana de diferentes frações de matéria orgânica dissolvida liberada por Microcystis aeruginosa. As condições do reservatório de Barra Bonita (SP, Brasil) foram simuladas em laboratório empregando a comunidade bacteriana local associada. A dinâmica da degradação foi quantificada pela quantidade de carbono orgânico transferido de cada fração de MOD (< 3 kDa e 3-30 kDa) às bactérias. A variação de morfotipos bacterianos associados à decomposição de cada fração foi observada. Para encontrar as constantes de degradação (kT), os perfis temporais das concentrações de carbono orgânico total, dissolvido e particulado foram ajustados a um modelo cinético de primeira ordem. Estas constantes de velocidade foram superiores para a fração 3-30 kDa do que para a fração de menor massa molecular. Apenas na segunda fração pôde ser detectada a formação de compostos de carbono orgânico dissolvido refratário (COD R) e sua taxa de perda de massa foi baixa. A maior densidade bacteriana foi alcançada em 24 e 48 horas para as frações de alta e baixa massa, respectivamente. Nas primeiras 48 horas de decomposição de ambas as frações, houve um predomínio de bacilos, seguido por cocobacilos, víbrios e cocos, e, do dia 5 ao 27, a densidade bacteriana diminuiu e houve uma uniformidade entre os morfotipos. Ambas as frações foram consumidas rapidamente, confirmando a hipótese de a MOD estar prontamente disponível no ambiente. Isto sugere ainda que a comunidade bacteriana do inóculo utiliza a parte lábil da MOD, até que esta se torne capaz de metabolizar o restante da MOD não degradada no primeiro momento. Já que blooms de M. aeruginosa se repetem ao longo do ano em alguns reservatórios eutróficos, existe um constante suprimento da mesma MOD que pode manter um consórcio de bactérias adaptadas ao consumo deste substrato.

Three morphotypes of aguaje Mauritia flexuosa were tested, classified by the color of their mesocarpium: "color", "shambo" and "amarillo", collected from different areas near the city of Iquitos,Peru. Also, physical-chemical analyses of the mesocarpium were performed, such as the characterization of fatty acids by gas chromatography, determination of β- carotene y α - tocopherol by high efficiency liquid chromatography system in normal and reverse phase and the determination of oxidation induction time in the Rancimat apparatus. Proximate, mineral and fatty acid analyses were done on the seeds. The aguaje mesocarpium is rich in oleic oil ("amarillo": 75.63% ± 0.31), β-carotene ("amarillo": 342.42ug/g ± 0.71) and α- tocopherol ("color": 685.81mg/L ± 1.04), plus the morphotype "color" has a superior oxidation induction time compared to other morphotypes with 6.91 ± 0.01. The aguaje seed contains significant amounts of ω6 (linoleic oil) in "shambo" with 36.04 ± 0.09%. The results indicate that these oils, regardless their classification, contain important chemical compounds that give them a special nutritive value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizae and communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated to four grasses established in areas of livestock basin “El Tablón”, belonging to the Estación Experimental "Escambray", Cumanayagua municipality, Cienfuegos province, was determined. Megathyrsus maximusscv. Likoni, Pennisetum purpureum cv. king grass, Brachiaria decumbens cv. CIAT-606 and Cynodon nlemfuensis vc. Jamaicano grasses were evaluated. A random block design was applied, with four treatments and 15 repetitions. All species showed arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The highest value was obtained in Brachiaria decumbens vc. CIAT-606, with 66.27%, while the rootlets of Pennisetum purpureum vc. king grass showed the lowest levels of this variable, with 48.80%. Eight species and five morphotypes of AMF, belonging to eight genera, were observed. The highest density of mycorrhizal fungi spores was associated with Pennisetum purpureum cv. king grass, with 3399 spores/100 g of soil, while the lowest corresponded to Brachiaria decumbens cv. CIAT-606, with only 195 spores/100 g. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities were more populated by species belonging to Glomus genus in the four studied pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracentrotus gaimardi is a sea urchin reaching a maximum of 42 mm of diameter. It presents five morphotypes in sympatry characterized by their distinctive spine colors (e.g., green, black, gray, brown and rose). P. gaimardi is considered as a vulnerable species and it is included on the list of endangered species of the Brazilian coastline. In this work, allozyme electrophoresis was used to study the genetic variation among the five color morphotypes, from two different geographic locations along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State: Itaipu and Prainha, both in sympatry and allopatry. The underlying null hypothesis is that the different spine colors that define the morphotypes, represent only intraspecific variation of P. gaimardi. Eight polymorphic loci (Cat, α-Est-1, α-Est-2, Mdh, Pep, Pgi, Pgm and Xod) were assayed. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were tested at each locus in each morphotype from each locality. P. gaimardi species showed high levels of genetic variation (0.171-0.343) in accordance with the patterns observed for marine invertebrates. Diagnostic loci were not found among any of the five morphotypes and neither for the different geographic locations. A UMann Whitney test showed values significantly lower in sympatry than in allopatry for both Nei's Genetic Identities and 2 x 2 θ F-statistics. Furthermore, performance of AMOVA analysis considering hierarchical levels of individuals indicates that the differences in genetic variation are sorted among collection sites rather than color morphotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La morfología de los "piures" (Urochordata: Tunicata) es altamente variable, mostrando diferencias hábitat-específicas con una base intra- o interespecífica, lo cual dificulta la comprensión de sus significados taxonómicos, ecológicos y evolutivos. En el presente trabajo se caracterizó genéticamente, mediante polimorfismos de isoenzimas, a tres morfotipos de piures: achatados, intermedios y alargados, observados en poblaciones intermareales del "piure de Antofagasta" Pyura praeputialis. El estudio se realizó en tres localidades que se distribuyen en un gradiente de exposición al oleaje en el extremo norte de la Bahía de Antofagasta, Chile. Se analizó un total de 17 loci isoenzimáticos, a través de electroforesis en gel de almidón, de los cuales tres fueron polimórficos: IDH-1, MDH-1 y PGM-1. Los resultados sugieren diferencias morfológicas pero no genéticas entre los morfotipos. Sin embargo, las localidades difieren significativamente en su estructura genética. Se compara los resultados en relación a las respuestas observadas para morfotipos semejantes en Australia, sobre la base de que P. praeputialis habría colonizado recientemente la Bahía de Antofagasta. Se concluye que las diferencias entre los morfotipos en Antofagasta tienen una base intraespecífica y en Australia interespecífica y se discute las hipótesis que podrían explicar las diferencias genéticas y fenotípicas observadasThe morphology of "sea squirts" (Urochordata: Tunicata) is highly variable and is expressed in habitat-specific differences intra- and interspecific variation pattern that had hindered the interpretation of such differences as well as their taxonomical, ecological or evolutionary meaning. Here we describe the population genetic structure of three morphotypes (squat, intermediate and tall "sea squirt") observed in populations of the "piure de Antofagasta", Pyura praeputialis by enzyme electrophoresis. The study was carried out in three localities in the northern sac of the Bay of Antofagasta, Chile, and distributed along a wave exposure gradient. A total of 17 enzymatic loci were assayed by horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis, three of which (IDH-1, MDH-1 and PGM-1) were polymorphic. The results showed significant genetic differences among localities, but not among morphotypes. These results are contrasted with similar studies conducted on the same species in Australia, on the base that P. praeputialis has recently colonized Antofagasta from Australia. It is suggested that the differences among the morphotypes from Antofagasta are intraspecifics and those from Australia are interspecifics. The possible explanations for the genetic and morphological differences among localities are discussed

Three morphotypes of aguaje Mauritia flexuosa were tested, classified by the color of their mesocarpium: "color", "shambo" and "amarillo", collected from different areas near the city of Iquitos, Peru. Also, physical-chemical analyses of the mesocarpium were performed, such as the characterization of fatty acids by gas chromatography, determination of β - carotene y α - tocopherol by high efficiency liquid chromatography system in normal and reverse phase and the determination of oxidation induction time in the Rancimat apparatus. Proximate, mineral and fatty acid analyses were done on the seeds. The aguaje mesocarpium is rich in oleic oil ("amarillo": 75.63% ± 0.31), β-carotene ("amarillo": 342.42ug/g ± 0.71) and α- tocopherol ("color": 685.81mg/L ± 1.04), plus the morphotype "color" has a superior oxidation induction time compared to other morphotypes with 6.91 ± 0.01. The aguaje seed contains significant amounts of ω6 (linoleic oil) in "shambo" with 36.04 ± 0.09%. The results indicate that these oils, regardless their classification, contain important chemical compounds that give them a special nutritive value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se identificaron morfológicamente hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares nativos asociados a coberturas de gramíneas y leguminosas, establecidas en suelos Oxisoles del piedemonte llanero (Meta, Colombia) y se evaluó su capacidad de colonización. El área experimental se estableció en las calles de un cultivo de naranja Valencia donde se sembraron especies de Arachis pintoi (CIAT 18744), Brachiaria brizantha cv. Toledo, B. dictyoneura cv. Llanero, Desmodium ovalifolium cv. Maquenque, Panicum maximum (CIAT 36000), Paspalum notatum, un testigo químico (glifosato) y un testigo mecánico con guadaña. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con ocho tratamientos y tres repeticiones, que se evaluaron en la época húmeda y en la seca. Se tomaron muestras de suelo rizosférico y raíces de las gramíneas y leguminosas para identificar morfológicamente hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares y cuantificar el número de esporas y el porcentaje de colonización. Se identificaron 26 morfotipos de dichos hongos, incluyendo Scutellospora heterogama, Acaulospora scrobiculata y A. morrowiae que representaron 65% de la población presente en las dos épocas. La colonización radical osciló entre 47% y 94% con un contenido de esporas entre 63 y 300/100 g de suelo seco. Las coberturas con mayor porcentaje de colonización y diversidad de hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares fueron B. brizantha, B. dictyoneura y P. notatum; el control mecánico y los tratamientos con glifosato presentaron una influencia negativa sobre el contenido de esporas y colonización radical de dichos hongos.

Machos adultos do Macrobrachium amazonicum de uma população com a mesma idade podem ser categorizados em quatro morfotipos, de acordo com as características morfológicas externas. Cada morfotipo representa um estágio diferente de crescimento e varia de acordo com a cor e o comprimento do quelípodo. São encontrados machos com quela translúcida (QT), quela canela (QC), quela esverdeada (QE) e, finalmente, machos com quela verde intenso (QVI). No entanto, a morfologia interna dos testículos categoriza os machos adultos dessa espécie em três morfotipos. Na tentativa de esclarecer essas observações, 40 machos de mesma idade foram selecionados de uma população, mantida no Setor de Carcinicultura do Caunesp. O sistema reprodutor e o hepatopâncreas de cada animal de cada morfotipo foram pesados e comparados. Utilizou-se o crescimento do sistema reprodutor como indicador da atividade sexual. Da mesma forma, o crescimento do hepatopâncreas foi relacionado ao crescimento somático. No presente trabalho, o crescimento do hepatopâncreas foi maior (p

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)