Search

The Balkan Peninsula is one of the diversity centres for the morphologically highly variable and taxonomically inconsistently treated Dianthus sylvestris (Caryophyllaceae). In this thesis, an array of methods ranging from nomenclatural revision and morphometrics, following with phylogeographic methods (RADseq) and environmental niche analyses, to genome size estimates, were combined to explore the intraspecific relationships within Balkan populations of D. sylvestris, to discuss phylogeographic and historical processes that contributed to the observed genetic divergence patterns in this species, and to propose a sensible taxonomic solution. Patterns of genetic variation and species distribution models (SDM) suggested that D. sylvestris in the Balkan Peninsula survived the Pleistocene glaciations in two separate glacial refugia located along the eastern Adriatic coast. Two genetic groups with the split occurring around the Neretva River valley have been identified. These groups correspond to the two discerned morphological entities, the north-western and the south-eastern group of populations, distinct by the epicalyx scales shape, calyx teeth incision and petal denticulation. Migration analyses revealed relatively high rates of gene flow within each of the two groups, whereas there was almost no gene flow between them. The genetic differentiation did not support the current taxonomy, and the morphometric analyses revealed a continuous variability of quantitative morphological characters and an absence of clear-cut qualitative morphological differences among the subspecies. However, there was an obvious discontinuity in both morphological and genetic clines, therefore a taxonomic subspecies level was attributed to the two resulting groups, D. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris in the north and D. sylvestris subsp. bertisceus in the south. The thermophilous and earlier-flowering D. sylvestris subsp. tergestinus formed a Balkanski poluotok jedno je od središta raznolikosti morfološki vrlo varijabilne i taksonomski nedosljedno tretirane vrste Dianthus sylvestris (Caryophyllaceae). U sklopu ove disertacije korišten je niz metoda, od nomenklaturne revizije i morfometrije, preko filogeografskih metoda (RADseq) i analiza ekoloških niša, do procjene veličine genoma, kako bi se istražili unutarvrsni odnosi balkanskih populacija vrste D. sylvestris i utvrdili mogući filogeografski i povijesni procesi koji su pridonijeli uočenim uzorcima genetske divergencije ove vrste, te kako bi se predložilo novo taksonomsko rješenje. Obrasci genetske varijabilnosti i modeli povoljnosti staništa (SDM) upućuju da je vrsta D. sylvestris na Balkanskom poluotoku preživjela pleistocenske glacijacije u dva odvojena glacijalna refugija smještena duž istočne obale Jadranskog mora. Identificirane su dvije genetske skupine, gdje se granica između njih nalazi oko doline rijeke Neretve. Ove skupine odgovaraju dvjema uočenim morfološkim entitetima, sjeverozapadnoj i jugoistočnoj skupini populacija, koje se razlikuju po obliku ljuski epikaliksa, urezu zubaca čaške i nazubljenosti latice. Migracijske analize pokazale su relativno visoke stope protoka gena unutar svake od dviju skupina, dok između njih protoka gena gotovo nije bilo. Genetska diferencijacija nije u skladu s trenutačnom taksonomijom, a morfometrijske analize pokazale su kontinuiranu varijabilnost kvantitativnih morfoloških osobina i odsutnost jasnih kvalitativnih morfoloških razlika između podvrsta. Međutim, postoji jedan očiti diskontinuitet u morfološkom i genetskom gradijentu, stoga je taksonomski status podvrste pripisan dvjema skupinama populacija, D. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris na sjeveru i D. sylvestris subsp. bertisceus na jugu. Termofilni i ranije cvjetajući D. sylvestris subsp. tergestinus tvori zasebnu evolucijsku liniju te je za ovu svojtu predložen novi taksonomski tretman na razini vrste.

In this paper we report data on four juvenile individuals of T. trachypterus and one adult of Z. cristatus, from the Strait of Messina and southern Tyrrhenian Sea, respectively (Mediterranean Sea). Information on morphometric and meristic characters are provided together with some biological data such as prey and age estimation. Only stomachs of T. trachypterus contained prey: copepods, amphypods and pelagic snails. The analysis of growth patterns in vertebrae of Z. cristatus allowed to estimate an age of 4 years for this individual. We also combined our data together with information from bibliographic sources and estimated the relationships between total length and standard length, as well as total length and body mass, for these two species., U ovom radu objavljujemo podatke o četiri juvenilne jedinke T. trachypterus i jednoj zreloj jedin- ki. Z. cristatus, iz Mesinskog tjesnaca, odnosno južnog Tirenskog mora (Sredozemno more). Podaci o morfometrijskim i merističkim značajkama daju se zajedno s nekim biološkim podacima kao što su plijen i procjena starosti. Samo želuci T. trachypterus sadržavali su plijen: kopepode, amfipode i pelagične puževe. Samo želuci T. trachypterus sadržavali su plijen: kopepode, amfipode i pelagične puževe. Anali- za obrazaca rasta u kralješcima Z. cristatus omogućila je procjenu starosti ove jedinke od 4 godine. Također smo spojili naše podatke zajedno s informacijama iz bibliografskih izvora i procijenili odnose između ukupne duljine i standardne duljine, kao i ukupne duljine i tjelesne mase za ove dvije vrste.

The Mediterranean Basin is renowned for its extremely rich biota and is considered as one of the 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots, but its diversity is not homogeneously distributed. Outstanding in the number of (endemic) species are the Ligurian Alps (Italy). At the foot of the Ligurian Alps, little above the Mediterranean Sea, a disjunct occurrence of Italian endemic Euphorbia barrelieri was reported. Using an array of integrative methods ranging from cytogenetic (chromosome number and relative genome size estimation), over phylogenetic approaches (plastid, ITS and RAD sequencing) to multivariate morphometrics we disentangled the origin of these populations that were shown to be tetraploid. We performed phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ITS and plastid regions of a broad taxonomic sampling of Euphorbia sect. Pithyusa to identify possible species involved in the origin of the tetraploid populations and then applied various analyses of RADseq data to identify the putative parental species. Our results have shown that the Ligurian populations of E. barrelieri are of allotetraploid origin that involved E. barrelieri and western Mediterranean E. nicaeensis as parental species. We thus describe a new species, E. ligustica, and hypothesise that its adaptation to similar environments in which E. barrelieri occurs, triggered development of similar morphology, whereas its genetic composition appears to be closer to that of E. nicaeensis. Our study emphasises the importance of polyploidisation for plant diversification, highlights the value of the Ligurian Alps as a hotspot of biodiversity and endemism and underlines the importance of integrative taxonomic approaches in uncovering cryptic diversity.

Klinička i morfološka slika leukemijskih oblika kroničnih limfoproliferativnih bolesti (KLLPB) pokazuje značajnu heterogenost. Zbog nepredvidivog tijeka, dosadašnji klinički stadiji i drugi pokazatelji nisu mogli izdvojiti bolesnike visokog rizika za progresiju bolesti. Zbog toga je cilj ovog rada bio naći nove morfometrijske, proliferacijske i/ili kinetičke pokazatelje unutar različitih odjeljaka tumorske mase: koštane srži (KS), periferne krvi (PK) i limfnog čvora (LČ) koji će predvidjeti preživljenje i progresiju bolesti sa svrhom definiranja proliferacijsko kinetičkog indeksa (PKI). Uz to, ocijeniti dužinom preživljenja dijagnostičku i prognostičku vrijednost pokazatelja koje karakteriziraju podtip bolesti, kliničke stadije, tumorsku masu, vrijeme udvostručenja tumorske mase i broja limfocita u ukupnoj populaciji KLLPB i njenim podskupinama. Na osnovu proliferacijskih i kinetičkih pokazatelja ocijeniti pokušaj obrazloženja podrijetla i distribucije malignih limfatičnih stanica u različitim kliničkim i morfološkim entitetima. Ispitanici, materijal i metode. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 155 ispitanika dijagnosticiranih kao KLLPB. Ukupno je analizirano 657 razmaza punktata KS (236), LČ (146) i PK (275). Analiza je obuhvatila morfometrijsku analizu, analizu osobina regije nukleolarne organizacije (AgNOR) te statičku DNA citometriju (ICM), ukupno 71895 stanica, na osobnom računalu “SFORM” tvrtke VAMSTEC, Zagreb. Za statističku obradu su korištene univarijatne i bivarijatne analize te Kaplan-Meierova metoda za analizu preživljenja (Statistika 7.1). Rezultati. Prognostički su se pokazali brojni klinički, hematološki, biokemijski i imunofenotipski pokazatelji, morfološke karakteristike diferencijalne krvne slike i koštane srži, faktori progresije bolesti te morfometrijski, proliferacijski i kinetički pokazatelji. Postavljena je teorija „začaranog kruga“ te hipoteza «single» i multiplih” «programiranih stopova» u nastanku tipičnih oblika leukemija i limfoma te subakutnih i subkroničnih leukemija. Poremećaj diferencijacije može nastati na bilo kojem stupnju, a različito mjesto “stopa” rezultira različitom morfologijom, različitim afinitetom prema akumulaciji u koštanoj srži, perifernoj krvi i limfnom čvoru. Novi pokazatelji modificirane analize diploidnog tipa histograma pokazali su se adekvatni za kinetičku analizu metodom statičke DNA citometrije. Isto kao i novoopisani tipovi AgNOR-a: homogeni, inhomogeni i prstenasti pokazali su statistički značajnu korelaciju s osobinama DNA histograma i morfometrijskim karakteristikama stanice i jezgre, kao i ulogu u preživljenju, tipu distribucije tumorske mase, biološkom ponašanju tumorske bolesti te morfološkim karakteristikama limfatičnih stanica u koštanoj srži i perifernoj krvi. Međusobnom analizom morfometrijskih, proliferacijskih i kinetičkih pokazatelja vidjelo se kako nisko proliferativne stanice imaju male homogene AgNOR-e te većinu stanica u vršku DNA histograma. Visoko proliferativne stanice su s inhomogenim AgNOR-ima, od kojih većina sadrži količinu DNA veću od stanica od u vršku ili patološke mitoze (DNA>4N) ili ih je veći broj stanica u S-fazi staničnog ciklusa. Negdje u sredini su srednje proliferativne stanice s prstenastim AgNOR-ima. Analizom u različitim odjeljcima tumorske mase vidljivo je kako limfatične stanice koje imaju afinitet prema akumulaciji u koštanoj srži („oštećeni“ naivni B-limfociti) u pravilu imaju malu proliferativnu aktivnost (najveći postotak stanica u vršku Go/G1 faze). Stanice koje su „programirane“ i imaju afinitet prema akumulaciji u limfne čvorove, migriraju u limfne čvorove gdje se transformiraju do stupnja „programiranog stopa“ (veći broj ukupnih AgNOR-a, veća površina proliferativnijih, inhomogenih AgNOR-a i najmanji postotak stanica u Go/G1 fazi). Sama migracija stanica iz koštane srži prema limfnim čvorovima te između limfnih čvorova se događa u perifernoj krvi (mješavina stanica s nižom i višom proliferativnom aktivnosti: viši postotak stanica u S-fazi i istodobno u Go/G1 fazi staničnog ciklusa kao i prisustvo većih stanica, ali manjih jezgara, s prstenastim AgNOR-ima intermedijalnog stupnja proliferativnosti). Izgleda kako periferna krv ima samo transportnu ulogu. Analizirajući veličinu stanica i njihovu proliferativnu aktivnost u različitim odjeljcima tumorske mase uočena je pravilnost unutar ukupne populacije KLLPB te podskupina BKLL+ V i tipičnih B-KLL-a. Dok se stanice u KS i PK ne razlikuju bitno po veličini i proliferativnoj aktivnosti, obrnuta je situacija ako se gleda periferna krv i limfni čvor. Nasuprot očekivanju, kako su male stanice mirnije, a veće proliferativnije, analiza je pokazala da su u PK stanice najveće i najmirnije, za razliku od limfnog čvora gdje su najmanje i najaktivnije. Na osnovu najreprezentativnijih pokazatelja AgNOR-a i DNA (vezanim za preživljenje) u različitim odjeljcima tumorske mase izračunat je „score“ za PKI, posebno za cjelokupnu populaciju KLLPB, a posebno za B-KLL+V. Statistički značajno bolju prognozu imali su bolesnici s KLLPB (p=0,00118) i u grupi B-KLL+V (p=0,03589) kad je PKI bio manji od 4. Zaključak. Uzorak samo iz periferne krvi nije reprezentativan i dostatan za istraživanja progresivnosti ili stabilnosti bolesti. Morfometrijska, proliferacijska i kinetička obilježja tumorskih stanica, po prvi put analizirana paralelno u različitim odjeljcima tumorske mase, jasnije obilježavaju procese širenja i progresivnosti bolesti. Morfometrijske karakteristike homogenih, inhomogenih i prstenastih AgNOR-a te karakteristike diploidnog tipa histograma potvrdili su hipotezu kako se i unutar relativno nisko malignih neoplazmi kao što je KLLPB i njene podskupine mogu izdvojiti prognostički lošije/bolje podskupine te predvidjeti tijek bolesti., The clinical and morphological picture of the leukemic types of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLLPD) shows considerable heterogeneity. Due to the unpredictable course of the disease, the clinical stages and other parameters used to date have been unable to identify patients at a high risk of disease progression. Therefore, the aim of the study was to find new morphometric, proliferative and/or kinetic parameters in different tumor mass compartments, i.e. bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymph node, which would be able to predict survival and disease progression, in order to define the proliferative kinetic index (PKI). In addition, the aim was to evaluate, in terms of survival, the diagnostic and prognostic value of the variables characterizing disease subtypes, clinical stages, tumor mass, time to tumor mass doubling, and lymphocyte count in total CLLPD population and its subgroups. Then, the proliferative and kinetic parameters were used in an attempt to assess the origin and distribution of malignant lymphatic cells in various clinical and morphological entities. Patients, materials and methods. The study included 155 patients diagnosed with CLLPD. A total of 657 puncture smears of bone marrow (n=236), lymph nodes (n=146) and peripheral blood (n=275) were analyzed. The analysis consisted of morphometric studies, assessment of the nucleolar organization region (AgNOR) characteristics, and image cytometry (ICM), performed in 71895 cells on a SFORM PC (VAMSTEC, Zagreb). The univariate and bivariate analyses were used on statistical data processing, and Kaplan-Meier method for the analysis of survival (Statistica 7.1). Results. Prognostic potential was demonstrated for many clinical, hematological, biochemical, immunophenotypic parameters, morphological characteristics of differential blood count and bone marrow, factors of disease progression, and morphometric, proliferative and kinetic parameters. The "single" and "multiple” programmed stops in the development of typical forms of leukemias and lymphomas, subacute and subchronic leukemias were hypothesized. Differentiation impairment may occur at any stage, and different "stop" locations result in different morphology and affinity to accumulation in bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The new parameters of modified analysis of diploid histogram were found to be appropriate for kinetic analysis by the method of image DNA cytometry. Also, the newly characterized types of AgNOR points, homogeneous, inhomogeneous, and annular, yielded a statistically significant correlation with DNA histogram properties and morphometric characteristics of the cell and nucleus, and were additionally found to play a role in the survival, type of tumor mass distribution, biological behavior of tumor disease, and morphological characteristics of lymphatic cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Correlation analysis of the morphometric, proliferative and kinetic characteristics revealed the low proliferative cells to possess small, homogeneous AgNOR, with the majority of cells in the peak of DNA histogram. The high proliferative cells had inhomogeneous AgNOR, mostly containing greater DNA amount than peak cells, or pathologic mitoses (DNA >4N), or the majority of cells being in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Cells with medium proliferative activity and annular AgNOR were in-between. Analysis of different tumor mass compartments showed the lymphatic cells with affinity to accumulation in bone marrow ("damaged" naïve B-lymphocytes) to regularly exhibit low proliferative activity (a lower percentage of cells in SFC and highest percentage of cells in the peak of the G0/G1 phase). The "programmed" cells with affinity to accumulation in lymph nodes migrated to lymph nodes, where they transformed to the stage of "programmed stop", exhibiting the characteristics of proliferative cells (an increased number of AgNOR, larger more proliferative inhomogeous AgNOR and lowest percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase). The migration of cells from bone marrow to lymph nodes and between lymph nodes occurs in peripheral blood (a mixture of cells with low and high proliferative activity: a higher proportion of cells in SFC and at the same time in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle). Analysis of cell size and proliferative activity in different compartments of tumor mass revealed a regular pattern within total CLLPD population, and in the subgroups of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia with variants (B-CLL+V) and typical B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Whereas the cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood did not differ substantially according to size and proliferative activity, an inverse pattern was observed between peripheral blood and lymph node. As small cells are inactive and larger cells more proliferative, the analysis quite unexpectedly showed the peripheral blood cells to be largest and most inactive, in contrast to lymph node where the cells were smallest and most active. Based on the most representative AgNOR and DNA characteristics (related to survival) in various tumor mass compartments, the PKI score was calculated for the CLLPD population as a whole and for B-CLL+V in separate. The CLLPD (p=0,00118) and B-CLL+V (p=0,03589) patients had a statistically significantly better prognosis when score of PKI was less than 4. Conclusion. Peripheral blood sample is inadequate and not representative for the study of disease progression or stability. The morphometric, proliferative and kinetic properties of tumor cells, now for the first time analyzed simultaneously in different tumor mass compartments, provide better assessment of the disease dissemination and progression. The morphometric characteristics of homogeneous, inhomogeneous and annular AgNOR, and characteristics of diploid histogram have confirmed the hypothesis that prognostically unfavorable/favorable subgroups could be identified and the course of the disease predicted even within the groups of neoplasms of relatively low malignancy such as CLLPD with subgroups.

Bronhoalveolarno ispiranje (BAL) važna je metoda u dijagnostici sarkoidoze. Akutni i kronični pojavni oblik sarkoidoze razlikuju se prema kliničkim pokazateljima i tijeku bolesti. Rutinskim pregledom svjetlosnim mikroskopom jezgre makrofaga u citocentrifugatima BAL-a bolesnika sa sarkoidozom različitog su oblika i veličine, od okruglastih do ovalnih, udubljenih i izduženih, rjeđe ih je više unutar jedne stanice, različite su strukture kromatina. U ovom radu ispitivani su morfometrijski parametri jezgara makrofaga i karakteristike jezgara makrofaga statičkom DNA citometrijom u bronhoalveolarnom ispirku bolesnika sa sarkodozom akutnog i kroničnog oblika i njihovo dijagnostičko i kliničko značenje. Ispitivani parametri jezgara makrofaga su jednostavni morfometrijski parametri: površina, opseg, konveksnost, duljina, debljina, najveći polumjer, najmanji polumjer; složeni morfometrijski parametri: faktor oblika (FF), faktor izduženosti (FF izd) i površina/konveksnost (ACA); te DNA indeks (DI), postoci stanica prije vrha histograma, u vrhu, poslije vrha, u S-fazi i G2M fazi DNA histograma jezgara. U ispitivanje su uključena 73 ispitanika podijeljena u 4 skupine: bolesnici sa sarkoidozom akutnog oblika (n=16), sarkoidozom kroničnog oblika (n=17), intersticijskom bolesti pluća koja nije sarkoidoza (n=30), te ispitanici bez plućne bolesti (n=10). U bronhoalveolarnom ispirku utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike među skupinama ispitanika u svim varijablama morfometrijskih parametara površina, opseg, konveksitet, dužina i najveći polumjer jezgara makrofaga (p, Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is important procedure in diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The onset of sarcoidosis can be acute or chronic, with different clinical characteristics and prognosis. Macrophages nuclei in BAL fluid smears of patients with sarcoidosis differ in shape and size from round to oval, indented to slender, rarely more than one in single macrophage, with variations in chromatin structure. Morphometric parameters of the macrophages nuclei, as well as image cytometric DNA analysis n BAL fluid of patients with acute and chronic onset of sarcoidosis have been investigated in other to establish their diagnostic and clinical significance. Investigated morphometric parameters were: area, outline, convex area, length, breadth, maximal radius, minimal radius, form factor (FF), elongation factor (EF), area/convex area (ACA), DNA index (DI), percentage of cells before histogram peak, percentage of cells in peak, percentage of cells after histogram peak, percentage of cells in S-phase and G2M phase. Seventy-three patients were included in the investigation, separated in four groups: sarcoidosis with acute onset (n=16), sarcoidosis with chronic onset (n=17), interstitial lung diseases other then sarcoidosis (n=30) and controls (n=10). Statistical significant differences were observed between groups in all statistical descriptions of morphometric parameters area, outline, convex area, length and maximal radius of the macrophages nuclei in BAL fluid (p

Antene, ki so pomemben senzorični organ kopenskih enakonožcev, so pogosto na udaru plenilcev in tudi pripadnikov vrste, zato prihaja do amputacij. Njihova regeneracija je pri enakonožcih povezana z levitvijo. V nalogi smo želeli ugotoviti: I) ali amputacija antene vpliva na dolžino levitvenega cikla II) ali se regenerirane antene dimenzijsko razlikujejo od izvornih III) ali se število senzoričnih elementov na regeneriranih antenah razlikuje od izvornih. Odraslim enakonožcem Porcellio scaber smo dan po levitvi anteno amputirali in skozi levitveni cikel spremljali spremembe na ostanku okončine. Po uspešni regeneraciji smo regenerat ponovno amputirali. Tako smo pridobili izvorno anteno in dva regenerata istega osebka. Za dimenzijsko primerjavo zadnjih treh členov anten smo analizirali fotografije narejene s svetlobnim mikroskopom. Na SEM mikrografijah smo analizirali dimenzijo, obliko in število senzoričnih struktur izvornih anten in regeneratov. Amputaciji antene na tretjem členu je sledila samoamputacija med prvim in drugim členom. Do levitve je regeneracija potekala v notranjosti štrclja, ki ga je zapirala pigmentirana krasta. Dolžina levitvenega cikla se ni spremenila. Regenerirana antena je bila vedno krajša in ožja od izvorne. Število estetaskov je bilo na regeneratu praviloma manjše, prav tako je bila pogosto zmanjšana tudi gostota trikornov, medtem ko se dolžina apikalnega organa in drugih senzil praviloma ni razlikovala. Antennae, an important sensory organ of terrestrial isopods, are often attacked and amputated by predators or members of the same species. The regeneration of amputated limbs is associated with molting. The aims of our work were to find out: I) whether amputation of the antenna affects the length of the moult cycle II) whether the regenerated antennas differ dimensionally from the original III) whether the number of sensory elements on the regenerated antennae differs from the original. One day after molting the antenna of adult isopods Porcellio scaber was amputated and changes of the stump were monitored throughout the molting cycle. After successful regeneration, the regenerate was amputated again. Thus we obtained the original antenna and two regenerates of the same specimen. Light microscope photographes of antennae were analysed for a dimensional comparison of the last three articles. On SEM micrographs we analysed the size, shape and number of sensory structures of the original and regenerated antennae. Amputation of the antenna on the third article was followed by self-amputation between the first and second article. Until molting, regeneration took place inside the stoup closed with a pigmented scab. The length of the molting cycle has not changed. The regenerated antenna was always shorter and narrower than the original one. The number of aesthetascs was generally smaller on the regenerate, and the density of tricorns was also often reduced, while the length of the apical organ and other sensilla generally did not differ.

On 16 June 2022, two specimens of Pomacanthus maculosus (Forsskål, 1775) were observed in the Syrian marine waters. One specimen was captured and classified, measured, preserved in formaldehyde and deposited at Tishreen University. It is a second substantiated record in the Levant Basin, and the first for the Syrian coast. The successful establishment of a viable population of P. maculosus in the Mediterranean Sea remains a suitable hypothesis which cannot be totally ruled out., Dana 16. lipnja 2022. godine, dva primjerka vrste Pomacanthus maculosus (Forsskål, 1775) zabilježena su u sirijskim morskim vodama. Jedan primjerak je uhvaćen, identificiran, izmjeren, sačuvan u formaldehidu te pohranjen na Sveučilištu Tishreen u Siriji. To je drugi potvrđeni nalaz ove vrste za područje Levanta te prvi za sirijske vode. Uspješna uspostava i održive populacije vrste P. maculosus u Sredozemnom moru ostaje prikladna hipoteza koja se ne može potpuno odbaciti.

Grivasti skakač alohtona je životinjska vrsta u Hrvatskoj koja obitava na planini Mosoru. Iz ograđenog prostora 2002. godine pobjeglo je pet jedinki grivastih skakača od čega je nastala današnja populacija koja se procjenjuje na oko 140 jedinki. Dok je u autohtonom staništu populacija ugrožena zbog krivolova i gubitka staništa te je vrsta uvrštena na Crvenu listu IUCN-a, većina introduciranih populacija pokazala je visoku prilagodljivost novim staništima i visok potencijal za širenje na nova staništa. Budući da papkari igraju ključnu ulogu u ekosustavima, poznavanje morfoloških, bioloških i ekoloških osobina nužno je za ispravno gospodarenje istima. Alohtoni papkari mogu predstavljati ozbiljnu prijetnju autohtonoj biološkoj raznolikosti. Poznato je da neke alohtone vrste papkara imaju negativan utjecaj na područja u koja su unesene. Da bismo bolje razumjeli ekologiju grivastih skakača, posebice njihovu dnevnu aktivnost, izbor staništa te potencijal za daljnje prostorno širenje, uhvatili smo i označili jedanaest životinja GPS-GSM ogrlicama. Rezultati su pokazali tipičan bimodalni obrazac aktivnosti s dva vrhunca – prvi, jutarnji, između 5:00 i 9:00 sati ujutro te drugi, popodnevni, između 16:00 i 19:00 sati. Praćene životinje prosječno su se kretale 1,46 km na dan, a područje obitavanja iznosi 1872 ha. Podatci upućuju da je disperzija grivastih skakača ograničena na područje planine Mosora i malo je vjerojatno da će se proširiti. Za potrebe morfometrijskih analiza prikupljene su mjere tijela i roga 30 grivastih skakača (20 M, 10 Ž) legalno odstrijeljenih na Mosoru te je napravljena deskriptivna analiza kvantitativnih mjera tijela i roga. Rezultati kvantitativnih morfoloških osobina grivastih skakača s Mosora sugeriraju da je ova populacija dobro prilagođena sredozemnom staništu. Uspoređujući dobivene podatke populacije s Mosora s ostalim populacijama, vidljivo je da se bitno ne razlikuju. Analizirajući prehrambene navike utvrdili smo da je vrsta pašnjačkog tipa, vrlo fleksibilna u vidu prehrane te pokazuje velike sezonske varijacije. Glavninu hrane sačinjavale su različite trave i lišće listopadnih stabala. Rezultati ovog istraživanja upućuju na nova saznanja o životnim navikama ove vrste u slobodnoj prirodi mediteranskog staništa te će pridonijeti boljem gospodarenju alohtonim vrstama u Hrvatskoj, čime će se očuvati biološka raznolikost i ekosustav u izvornom obliku. Barbary sheep is a nonnative animal species in Croatia that lives on the Mosor Mountain. In 2002, five Barbary sheep individuals escaped from captivity, resulting in today's population, which is estimated at around 140 individuals. While in the native habitat the population is endangered due to poaching and habitat loss , and the species is listed on the IUCN Red List, most of the introduced populations have shown high adaptability to new habitats and a high potential for spreading to new habitats. Since ungulates play a key role in ecosystems, knowledge of their morphological, biological and ecological characteristics is necessary for their proper management. Non-native ungulates can pose a serious threat to native biodiversity. Some non-native species of ungulates are known to have a negative impact on the areas into which they have been introduced. These include predation, competition with native wildlife, diseases and their associated consequences, hybridization and habitat alteration. Due to the high growth rate and the ability to adapt to the diet, the results from the areas where the Barbary sheep was introduced (Spain and the USA) show a rapid process of dispersion and population increase, which is not the case on Mosor Mountain. The motive of the research was to obtain the first information about the non-native ungulate species that has been present on Mosor Mountain in open nature for twenty years using modern and appropriate methods. Although so far there is no empirical evidence related to any negative impact on native fauna or flora from Barbary sheep, due to general and scientifically unconfirmed theses, there is a negative opinion about this species in society. Insights into autochthonous and nonnative populations of Barbary sheep with an emphasis on their ecological, biological and morphological characteristics present the current knowledge about the species. The chronology of the arrival of the Barbary sheep in Croatia is shown, and the habitat where they were introduced, Mosor Mountain, is discussed through the relief and climatic features of the plant community. To determine the daily activity, habitat choice and dispersion estimation using two different methods, we caught and marked one of the animals with GPS-GSM collars. No mortality was recorded while capturing and tagging animals with collars. The total monitoring of marked animals lasted from 2015. to 2019. Daily activity in the research was measured using an accelerometer built into GPS-GSM collars and a separate measurement of the collar's movement speed in 2 rectangular directions. The information obtained from the two-axis sensor is not a binary activity status (active-passive), but a numerical value, the result of the intensity and duration of the collar's movement. The accelerometer measures activity using the x-axis and the y-axis. From the x-axis and y-axis values, we obtained the total activity (VA) in the formula VA=sqrt(x2 +y2). The collars we placed on the animals were programmed to record the location of the tracked animal (GPS coordinates) every two hours. All the data from the GPS-GSM collars was presented within the ArcGIS PRO program and further enriched using GIS analyzes and publicly available data. We analyzed daily movements, habitat area, habitat characteristics and changes in space use during the warm and cold part of the year. For the purposes of determining dietary habits, samples of rumen content were taken from animals that were legally shot on Mosor Mountain. Analyzes of rumen content samples of Barbary sheep were made according to the methodology of Klansek et al. (1995). The morphological characteristics of the body and horn growth were determined on 30 samples of Barbary sheep (20 M, 10 F) that were legally caught from 2014. to 2019. on Mosor Mountain. The measurements were taken just after the individual was shot in the mountain. All measurements were made by the same person using standard methodology. We analyzed females and males separately, due to pronounced sexual dimorphism. The results of daily activity showed a typical bimodal pattern of activity with two peaks, the first in the morning between 5:00 and 9:00 a.m., and the second in the afternoon between 4:00 and 7:00 p.m. Afternoon activity is more pronounced than morning activity and lasts longer. The peak of activity changed in accordance with the seasonal dynamics of the photoperiod. period of the lowest activity is in winter before dawn. The home range of Barbary sheep on Mosor Mountain is the mountain ridge and southeastern exposure. The monitored animals moved an average of 1.46 km per day, and the area of their annual home range is on average 1872 ha. Data suggest that the dispersal of Barbary sheep is limited to the Mosor Mountain area and is unlikely to spread. The activity was mostly circular and vertical in home range and during the research, not a single tracked animal moved away from the Mosor Mountain, and they very rarely stay on the northern slopes. Barbary sheep prefer and use extremely steep, rough and sunny terrains of the Mosor Mountain with altitudes above 650 m/s. They spend most of their time on rocks and in deciduous forests. They show the greatest tendency to use rock creep, where there are very few in the habitat, while they use the forest habitat types a lot, but do not prefer them. During the cold part of the year, Barbary sheep use terrains with a lower altitude and sunnier exposures with a greater slope. The species is of the pasture type, very flexible in terms of diet and shows large seasonal variations. The main part of the diet consisted of various grasses and leaves of deciduous trees. During the summer, they consumed much more leaves of deciduous trees than in other seasons, which may indicate that they use it as a substitute for water. The results of the quantitative morphological characteristics of Barbary sheep from Mosor Mountain suggest that this population is well adapted to the Mediterranean habitat and indicate that they do not differ significantly from other populations either in autochthonous or non-native habitats. Males had significantly higher mean values of all quantitative variables, which explains the pronounced sexual dimorphism of this species. The results of this research indicate new knowledge about the life habits of this species in the free nature of the Mediterranean habitat, and will contribute to better management of nonnative species in Croatia, which will preserve biological diversity and the ecosystem in its original form.

The donkey, as a work animal, is gradually losing its value. Agriculture industrialization, mechanization of many processes on mountain and valley farms have lead to a reduction of donkey livestock. This reduction gives cause for concern, and is good reason to study all aspects of these domestic animals in order to revive its role, to restart livestock growth in its familiar habitats, and to introduce it into new environments. This study focuses on these aspects. The domestic donkey (Equus asinus) originated from Africa, and there are two kinds of African donkeys: Nubian and Somali. Their enormous, almost mystical, endurance is well known. There is no place in the world where a donkey is not able to perform the most difficult work, above all in transporting goods. A donkey has an amazing capability of stable movement through the most difficult places. For study sample consisted of 44 donkeys (28 males and 16 females) from Austria. The following morphometric parameters were analysed: height at the withers, height at the back, height of the croup, body length, chest depth, chest width, chest circumference anterior, chest circumference posterior, shin circumference, head length, skull length, face length, skull width, face width, length of ears. Measurements were performed using a ruler, tape measure and vernier callipers. The average height at the withers of males was 116.40 cm, ranging from 99.60 to 140.60 cm, while for females, the average was 102.38 cm, ranging from 90.50 to 125.70 cm. Body length of males was on average 121.85 cm with a standard deviation of 11.79, while the mean body length for females is 115.80 cm, with a range of 101.00 to 131.00 cm. Male head length ranged from 48.00 to 71.00 cm, with an average of 55.60 cm, while in females, head length was on average 50.06 cm, ranging from 43.00 to 56.00 cm. Using the Pearson correlation, a very significant or significant positive statistical correlation was observed between almost all parameters of males, while for females, Pearson correlation values had slightly different values than for males. There was no statistically significant correlation between chest width and anterior chest circumference with nearly any other parameters. For females, a negative correlation between the skull width and all other parameters was also observed., Posljednjih desetljeća polako, ali stalno, magarac gubi mjesto kao svugdje prisutna radna snaga. Industrijalizacija poljoprivrede, mehanizacija mnogih poslova u brdskim i planinskim predjelima prouzročili su smanjenje broja magaradi. Intenzitet smanjenja prešao je granicu alarmantnosti. Da bi se uspješno vodila akcija revitalizacije magaradi u njihovim uobičajenim, a i novim arealima neophodno je ovu domaću životinju upoznati s različitih aspekata. U tom je smislu obavljeno i ovo istraživanje. Domaći magarac (Equus asinus) potječe iz Afrike. Razlikuju se nubijski i somalijski magarci. Poznata je velika radna izdržljivost magaradi, koja je pomalo i mistična. Ne postoje geografski predjeli gdje magarad ne obavljaju najteže oblike rada, prije svega transporta. Za svako čuđenje je njihova mogućnost kretanja i stabilnost po nepristupačnim terenima. Za potrebe ovog rada korištena je ukupno 44 magaradi (28 mužjaka i 16 ženki). Proučavane jedinke su s područja Republike Austrije. Analizirani su sljedeći morfometrijski parametri: visina grebena, visina leđa, visina križa, dužina trupa, dubina prsa, širina prsa, obujam prsa prednji, obujam prsa zadnji, obujam cjevanice, dužina glave, dužina lubanje, dužina facijalnog dijela, širina lubanje, širina facijalnog dijela, dužina ušiju. Mjerenje je obavljeno pomoću Litinovog štapa, pantljike i pomičnog mjerila s nonijusem. Prosječna visina grebena iznosila je 116,40 cm, a interval variranja od 99,60 cm do 140,60 cm. Visina grebena ženki varira od 90.50 cm do 125.70 cm. U prosjeku ženke su visoke 102,38 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 8,28 i standardnom grješkom od 2,07. Dužina trupa u mužjaka u prosjeku je iznosila 121,85 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 11,79. Dužina trupa ženki iznosila je od 101,00 cm do 131,00 cm. Srednja vrijednost dužine trupa u ženki bila je 115,80 cm. Dužina glave mužjaka bila je od 48,00 do 71,00 cm, s prosječnom vrjednošću od 55,60 cm. Dužina glave u ženskih jedinki varira od 43,00 do 56,00 cm. Glava je prosječno bila duga 50,06 cm sa standardnom devijacijom od 3,23. Primjenom Personove korelacije zabilježena je vrlo značajna ili značajna pozitivna statistička korelacija između gotovo svih parametara u mužjaka. U ženki vrijednosti Personove korelacije imaju nešto drugačije vrijednosti nego u mužjaka. Između širine prsa i prednjeg obujma prsa nije bilo statistički značajne korelacije s gotovo svim ostalim parametrima. Za ove parametre jedino je pozitivna vrlo značajna statistička korelacija zabilježena između dužine trupa i širine prsa, kao i prednjeg obujma prsa; zatim između prednjeg i zadnjeg obujma prsa i dubine prsa ova dva parametra. U ženki je zabilježena i negativna korelacija između širine lubanjskog dijela i svih ostalih parametra.

Prema sadašnjim spoznajama na području Republike Hrvatske obitavaju četiri vrste iz roda Romanogobio, od kojih se 3 nalaze u dunavskom slijevu Hrvatske. Jedinke iz ovog istraživanja determinirane su kao vrste Romanogobio kesslerii i Romanogobio vladykovi. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio odrediti njihove morfološke karakteristike te provjeriti postoje li razlike unutar populacije i između populacija. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 19 lokaliteta iz sedam rijeka. Kako bi se utvrdile raznolikosti, provedene su morfometrijske i merističke analize, a potom su dobiveni rezultati uspoređivani s literaturnim podacima vrsta istog roda u drugim područjima. Rezultati morfometrijskih analiza pokazali su da postoje varijabilnosti unutar i između populacija, a najzanimljivijim se pokazalo izdvajanje populacije vrste R. vladykovi iz Save. Merističke analize pokazale su se adekvatnom metodom za identifikaciju ovih vrsta. Ovom analizom, također je utvrđen isti broj ljusaka oko kaudalnog pedunkula vrsta R. vladykovi i R. kesslerii, što se ne podudara s literaturnim podacima i upućuje na pogrešku u ključu koji se koristi za određivanje vrste R. kesslerii te se time otvara potreba za daljnjim istraživanjem. According to current findings, on teritory of Republic of Croatia there are 4 species from genus Romanogobio, 3 of which are located in Danube basin. Individuals studied in this research are determined as species Romanogobio kesslerii and Romanogobio vladykovi. Aim of this research was to describe their morphological characteristics and to conclude if there are any differences among populations of each species and between populations of different species. Research has covered 19 localities in 7 rivers. In order to determine differences, morphometric and meristic analyses were made and then compared with literature data for same species in different areas. Results of morphometric analysis confirmed that there are variability among and inbetwen populations of species, with divergence of population R. vladykovi in Sava being the most noticable. Meristics analysis have shown as adequate method of identification of this species. With this analysis, same number of scales around caudal peduncle in species R. vladykovi and R. kesslerii are confirmed which don't match with literature data and it points to mistake in identification key of the species R. kessleri which opens a need for further research.

Vrsta Prorocentrum arcuatum Issel je fotosintetski dinoflagelat specifičan po rijetkoj pojavnosti u okolišu, dok je u meromiktičnom jezeru Zmajevo oko zabilježen kao dominanta vrsta u fitoplanktonskoj zajednici. Istražena je morfometrija stanica i dinamika pojavljivanja vrste P. arcuatum u euksiničnom jezeru Zmajevo oko. Učestalost pojavljivanja vrste P. arcuatum, za analizirano razdoblje od 1998. do 2021. godine, iznosila je 22,4%. Razvijala se većinom u toplijem dijelu godine, u razdoblju od lipnja do rujna, s najvećom abundancijom u lipnju 2018. godine (90530 st. L-1). Najveća brojnost vrste zabilježena je u sloju iznad kemokline, a temperatura je glavni čimbenik koji pozitivno korelira s pojavnošću. Morfometrijske značajke stanica su odstupale od dosadašnjih podataka te su stanice bile manje s prosječnom dužinom stanica 58,26 ± 4,45 µm. Morfometrija vrste je varirala kroz istraživano razdoblje, a značajno je korelirana s ekološkim čimbenicima, prvenstveno temperaturom te koncentracijom otopljene i čestične organske tvari. Species Prorocentrum arcuatum Issel is a photosynthetic dinoflagellate specific for its rare occurrence in the environment, while in the meromictic lake Zmajevo oko it was recorded as the dominant species in the phytoplankton community. Cell morphometry and the dynamics of the appearance of P. arcuatum in the euxinic Lake Zmajevo oko were investigated. The frequency of appearance of the species P. arcuatum for the analyzed period from 1998 to 2021 was 22.4%. Its occurrence and abundance are highest in the warmer period of the year, from June to September, while the highest abundance of the species was recorded in June 2018 (90530 cells L-1 ). It reached the highest abundances in the layer above the chemocline, the temperature as the main factor positively correlated with its occurrence. The morphometric characteristics of the cells deviated from the previous data, and the cells were smaller with an average cell length of 58.26 ± 4.45 µm. Morphometry of species varied throughout the researched period, and was significantly correlated with environmental factors, primarily temperature, and the concentration of dissolved and particulate organic matter.

The Turkish Mastiff or Aksaray Malakli Dog is a Turkish dog breed not yet officially recognized by the world canine organization - Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). To achieve recognition, more research and analysis of the morphometric parameters of this breed are required. Previous research on this breed presented the average values of certain morphological parameters. Measurement results of 20 morphometric parameters showed that there are statistically significant differences in body structure between males and females. Such results are significant for setting the official breed standard in which the proportions of the body characteristic of this breed should be emphasized., Turski mastif ili aksaray malakli je turska pasmina pasa koju Svjetska kinološka organizacija - Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) još nije službeno priznala. Kako bi ova pasmina bila priznata, potrebna su brojna istraživanja i analiza morfometrijskih parametara ove pasmine. Prethodno istraživanje na ovoj aksaray malakli pasmini pokazalo je prosječne vrijednosti nekih morfoloških parametara. Mjerenje rezultata 20 morfometrijskih parametara pokazalo je da postoje statistički značajne razlike u tjelesnoj strukturi između mužjaka i ženki. Takvi rezultati su značajni za postavljanje službenog standarda pasmine u kojem bi trebalo naglasiti proporcije tjelesnih karakteristika ove pasmine.

The aim of the study was to investigate morphological traits of hepatic parenchymal tissue repair in response to injury using the conventional technique (closure) and an innovation method (such as hemostatic medication swab packing and modified batching). The experimental study was carried out on laboratory rats of the Winzar breed using light microscopy, standard stains for micropreparations, and morphometry. Histopathologic examination of micropreparations stained by standard methods revealed pronounced dystrophic processes in hepatocytes located near the necrotic zone (albuminous and hydropic degeneration and chromatin fragmentation in the nuclei). Morphometric studies showed a significant decrease (p, Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati morfološke značajke oporavka parenhimnog tkiva jetre u odgovoru na oštećenje primjenom konvencionalne tehnike (zatvaranje) i inovacijske metode (kao što je oblaganje gazom natopljenom hemostatskim lijekom i modificiran batching). Ovo eksperimentalno istraživanje provedeno je na laboratorijskim Winzar štakorima primjenom svjetlosne mikroskopije, standardnih boja za mikropreparate i morfometrije. Histopatološka analiza mikropreparata obojenih standardnim metodama pokazala je znatne distrofične procese u hepatocitima blizu nekrotične zone (albuminozna i hidropična degeneracija, fragmentacija kromatina u jezgrama). Morformetrijska ispitivanja pokazala su značajno smanjenje (p

Plemenita periska (Pinna nobilis Linneanus, 1758) je jedan od najvećih školjkaša i endem Sredozemnog mora. Zbog masovnog pomorom koji se pojavio 2016. u zapadnom Sredozemlju brojnost joj opada, a u Jadranskom moru je pomor zabilježen tek 2019. godine. Cilj ovog rada je odrediti starosnu i veličinsku strukturu populacije plemenite periske u Malom jezeru Nacionalnog parka Mljet prije masovnog pomora. Terensko istraživanje za vrijeme kojeg su sakupljeni podaci o brojnosti jedinki i morfometrijskim mjerama je provedeno u ljeto 2018. Zabilježeno je 3800 jedinki, od kojih je 3567 bilo živo. Prosječna gustoća populacije bila je 30,96 ± 14,42 jedinki/100 m2 čime je ovo jedna od najgušćih zabilježenih populacija u Jadranskom moru. Najboljom jednadžbom za izračun ukupne dužine školjke na ovom lokalitetu se pokazala jednadžba: 𝐻𝑡 = 1,79𝑤 + 0,5 + 𝑈𝐿 gdje je Ht ukupna dužina školjke, w je minimalna širina, a UL je dužina nezakopanog dijela školjke. Prosječna izračunata ukupna dužina jedinki bila je 62,20 ± 6,39 cm, a najveća jedinka imala je 87,30 cm. Iz ukupne dužine jedinki izračunata je starost populacije te je 50 % jedinki bilo u starosnom rasponu od 10 do 15 godina. Također, zamijećena je pozitivna korelacija između veličine plemenitih periski i dubine na kojoj se nalaze. The fan mussel (Pinna nobilis Linneanus, 1758) is one of the largest shellfish and endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the mass mortality event that started in 2016., while in the Adriatic Sea was documented in 2019, its numbers were sharply reduced. This paper aims to determine the age and size structure of the fan mussel population in Malo jezero, Mljet National Park before the mass mortality event. Field research during which data on the number of individuals and morphometric measures were collected was conducted in the summer of 2018. 3800 specimens of fan mussel were recorded, of which 3567 were alive. The average population density was 30,96 ± 14,42 individuals/100 m2 , making this one of the densest recorded populations in the Adriatic Sea. The best formula for calculating the total length of the shell, in this case, was: 𝐻𝑡 = 1,79𝑤 + 0,5 + 𝑈𝐿 where Ht is the maximum shell length, w is the minimum width and UL is the unburied length. The average calculated total length of individuals was 62,20 ± 6,39 cm while the largest individual was 87,30 cm. The age of the population was calculated from the total length of the individuals and 50 % of individuals were in the age range of 10 to 15 years. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the size of the fan mussel and the depth at which they were found.

Rod šumskih miševa, Apodemus Kaup, 1829 u Hrvatskoj broji 5 vrsta, od kojih su najčešće Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) i Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Ove dvije vrste su morfološki ekološki te ponašanjem vrlo slične. Često žive simpatrijski, te zauzimaju gotovo iste areale. Obje su prisutne na području Parka prirode Medvednica, a uz njih tu nalazimo i lako prepoznatljivu vrstu Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je uz pomoć gena za citokrom b dobiti uvid u srodstvene odnose i gensku raznolikost ovih vrsta. Također, cilj je bio usporediti njihove morfometrijske značajke pri čemu sam probala pronaći metodu za raspoznavanje i determinaciju vrsta A. flavicollis i A. sylvaticus na temelju vanjskih mjera tijela. Filogenetska rekonstrukcija metodama najveće parsimonije i najveće vjerojatnosti te broj dijagnostičkih mjesta ukazali su na prisutnost kriptičke raznolikosti i jasnu odvojenost istraživanih jedinki u dvije vrste: A. flavicollis te Apodemus sp. Niti jedna analizirana jedinka ne pripada vrsti A. sylvaticus. Visoka genska razolikost istraživanih skupina upućuje na stabilnost i dugo postojanje ovih populacija na području Medvednice, što ide u prilog hipotezi o postojanju glacijalnog refugija na području jugoistočne Europe. Za pouzdaniju detereminaciju vrsta putem njihove morfometrije potrebno je ponoviti test na većem uzorku. Također je potrebna taksonomska revizija roda Apodemus u Hrvatskoj. So far 5 species of field mice in the genus Apodemus Kaup, 1829 have been recorded in Croatia. The most common ones are Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) and Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758). These two species are morphologically, ecologically, and behaviorally very similar, often having sympatric distribution. Both are present in the area of Nature Park Medvednica, along with easily discernible species Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771). Aim of this research was to gain insight into their phylogeny and genetic diversity through cytochrome b genes. Their morphometrics were compared as well to find a method for discrimination of species A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus based on body measurements. Phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, as well as the number of sites od fixed differences in DNA have shown a clear separation of tested individuals into two groups: A. flavicollis and Apodemus sp., while no individual was identified as A. sylvaticus. High genetic diversity of studied taxa signifies stability and long presence of these population on Medvednica mountain, which is in accordance with the hypothesis of glacial refugii in the southeastern Europe. To get a reliable discriminating morphometrical characteristic, research should be repeated on a bigger sample. A taxonomic revision of genus Apodemus in Croatia is needed.

Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest cultivated crops, used in medicine for millennia due to therapeutic characteristics of the phytocannabinoids it contains. Its medicinal properties are highly influenced by the chemotype, that is, the ratio of the two main cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Based on published data, the chemotype should correlate with plant morphology, genetics, and photosynthetic properties. In this work, we investigated leaf morphology, plant growth characteristics, cannabinoid profiles, THCAS gene sequences, and plant photosynthetic traits in two breeding populations of medical cannabis (MX-CBD-11 and MX-CBD-707). The populations differed significantly in morphological traits. The MX-CBD-11 plants were taller, less branched, and their leaves had narrower leaflets than the bushier, wideleaved MX-CBD-707 plants, and there were significant differences between populations in the dry biomass of different plant parts. Based on these morphological differences, MX-CBD-11 was designated as a narrow leaflet drug type or vernacular “Sativa” type, while MX-CBD-707 was classified as wide leaflet drug type or “Indica” type. Chemical characterisation revealed a discrepancy between the expected chemotypes based on plant morphology; although both populations have high CBD, within each Type II (CBD/THC intermediate) and Type III (CBD dominant) plants were detected. The THCAS gene sequence analysis clustered the plants based on their chemotypes and showed high similarity to the THCAS sequences deposited in NCBI. In silico complementary analysis, using published molecular markers for chemotype determination, showed their low discrimination power in our two populations, demonstrating the genotype dependence of the molecular markers. Basic photosynthetic traits derived from light and CO2 response curves were similar in the populations. However, measurements of gas exchange under chamber conditions revealed higher stomatal conductivity and photosynthesis in MX-CBD-707 plants, which were also characterised by higher day respiration. The results of this study showed that based on visual appearance and some morphological measurements, it is not possible to determine a plant’s chemotype. Visually homogenous plants had different cannabinoid profiles and, vice versa, morphologically distinct plants contained similar CBD and THC content. The two chemotypes identified in our experimental plants therefore did not correlate with plant visual appearance, leaf morphometry, and photosynthetic properties of the populations studied. Correlation was only demonstrated with the respect to THCAS sequences, which showed great discrimination power between the chemotypes.

Ponikve su tipičniji krški reljefni oblici i važan su predmet istraživanja među geomorfolozima. Velika gustoća ponikava nalazi se na otoku Cresu, stoga je on izabran za analizu za analizu prostornog rasporeda i gustoće ponikava s obzirom na morfometrijske parametre reljefa i geološku građu. Za istraživanje je izabran sjeverni dio otoka koji je reljefno viši i šumovitiji od južnoga, a obuhvaća površinu od 149,15 km2. U analizi su korištene topografske karte 1:25 000 Vojno-geografskog instituta, Beograd. Digitalizacija i morfometrijske analize izrađene su pomoću ArcGIS 10.3.1 programskog paketa. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da se najveća gustoća ponikava nalazi na području Tramuntane. Utvrđeno je i da se najveći udio ponikava nalazi na visinama 200 – 300 i 300 – 400 m, na nagibima padina 2 – 5° te u zonama vertikalne raščlanjenosti 30 – 100 i 100 – 300 m/km2, a također je ustanovljeno da se najveći udio ponikava nalazi na područjima izgrađenima od vapnenaca i dolomita (stratigrafska jedinica K1) te da osim litološke građe na prostorni raspored ponikava utječe i tektonika. Dolines are typical karst relief forms and are an important research subject among geomorphologists. The high density of dolines is observed on the island of Cres which has been chosen for the analysis of spatial distribution and density of dolines with respect to morphometric parameters of relief and geological structure. Northern part of the island was selected for research, which is higher and more forested than the southern part. It covers an area of 149,15 km2. Topographic maps 1:25 000 of the Military Geographical Institute, Belgrade, were used in the analysis. All computer digitalization and morphometric analyses were performed using the ArcGIS 10.3.1 software package. The research established that the highest density of dolines is in the area of Tramuntana. It was also determined that most dolines are located at altitudes of 200 - 300 and 300 - 400 m, on the slopes of 2 - 5 ° and in the zones where values of vertical relief dissection are 30 - 100 and 100 - 300 m / km2. It was also established that most dolines are found in areas built of limestone and dolomite (stratigraphic unit K1). In addition to the lithological structure, the spatial distribution of dolines is also influenced by tectonics.

Potočna pastrva česta je vrsta ribe koja se uzgaja u otvorenim, protočnim ribogojilištima u konzumne svrhe na rijekama Bosne i Hercegovine. Lokalitet Pljeva na rijeci Plivi u srednjoj Bosni idealan je za uzgoj pastrve te uzgajivači ovih područja imaju dugu tradiciju uzgoja u otvorenim - protočnim ribogojilištima. U cilju sagledavanja morfoloških i histoloških obilježja pastrva iz ovih ribnjaka u usporedbi s onima izvan ribnjačkog uzgoja provedena je ova studija kroz tri sezone: proljeće, ljeto i jesen, kako bi se vidjela potpuna slika stanja odabranih tkiva i kondicije potočnih pastrva. Analizirana su fizičko-kemijska obilježja vode iz rijeke Plive kod Pljeve i iz ribogojilišta koji se bavi intenzivnim uzgojem potočnih pastrva. Ove analize su pokazale da ne postoje velika odstupanja u kvaliteti vode i da je voda u ribogojilištu dobre kvalitete. Izlovljeno je ukupno 90 jedinki kroz sve tri sezone i analizirane su morfometrijske karakteristike na deset parametara. Nakon disekcije provedena je histološka i stereološka analiza s ciljem komparacije tkiva jetre, želuca, škrga i mišića. Ove analize su pokazale značajne razlike u histoarhitekturi odabranih tkiva pastrva iz ribnjaka u odnosu na rijeku. Tkivo jetre bilo je s izmijenjenim oblikom hepatocita i prisustvom adipocita; tkivo želuca bilo je s jačom mukozom i slabijim mišićnim slojem; tkivo škrga imalo je niže respiratorne lamele, dok je mišićno tkivo imalo znatno prisustvo masnog tkiva kod pastrva iz ribogojilišta u odnosu na one iz rijeke. Sve promjene su posljedica kvalitete komercijalne hrane kao i nemogućnosti slobodnog kretanja., Brown trout is a common type of fish grown for consumption in open and flowing fish ponds on the rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We conducted this study during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) to obtain a complete picture of the morphological and histological characteristics of selected trout tissues. The physicochemical characteristics of the water from the Pliva River near Pljeva and the fish pond where intensive breeding of trout is carried out were analyzed. These analyses have shown that there are no major deviations in water quality and that the water in the pond is of excellent quality. A total of 90 trout were harvested during all three seasons and their morphometric characteristics were determined by analyzing ten parameters. After the dissection of all individuals, histological and stereological analysis was performed to compare the tissues of the liver, stomach, gills and muscles. These analyses showed significant differences in the histoarchitecture of selected trout tissues from the pond compared to the river. Liver tissue had altered hepatocyte shape and presence of adipocytes; stomach tissue had stronger mucosa and weaker muscle layer; gill tissue had lower respiratory lamellae; while muscle tissue had a significant presence of adipose tissue in brown trout living in the fish pond compared to those in the river. All these changes are due to the quality of commercial feed and the inability to move freely.

U ovome diplomskom radu su na temelju digitalnog modela reljefa, te Google Earth podataka u geografskom informacijskom sustavu (GIS), analizirane rijeke Utinja, Glina i Petrinjčica u svrhu definiranja njihovih morfoloških obilježja temeljem morfometrijskih indikatora i statističkih parametara. Koristeći se analizom relativnog reljefa, varijabilnih nagiba padina, hipsometrijskom analizom slivova i statističkom analizom morfometrijskih obilježja longitudinalnih profila glavnih tokova izdvojeni su parametri koji ukazuju na potencijalnu tektonsku aktivnost istraživanog područja. Prema tome, izdvojeno je pet potencijalnih anomalnih mikrolokacija te su one obrađene terenskim radom u svrhu određivanja razloga njihove pojave. Terenskim istraživanjem dokazano je da uočene točke prijelomnice odgovaraju litološkim promjenama i hidrodinamskim razlikama duž tokova., In this thesis the Utinja, Glina and Petrinjčica rivers were analyzed on the basis of digital elevation model and Google Earth data, analysis was done using geological information system (GIS) in order to define their morphological characteristics, based on morphometric indicators and statistical parameters. Using the analysis of slope angle, hypsometric analysis of basins and statistical analysis of longitudinal profiles of main streams, morphometric parameters which indicate potential tectonic activity were obtained. By using these, methods five potential microlocations were obtained and they were processed by field work in order to determine the reasons for their occurrence. Field research proved that observed microlocations correspond to lithological changes and hydrodynamic differences along the streams.