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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of respiratory infections of the population of Penza region in different age groups. Material and methods. The analysis of statistical reporting data (Form 12) on the number of diseases in the service area of the medical organization in Penza region was carried out. Information was sampled on respiratory diseases of infectious etiology for the period from 2015 to 2022 and on COVID-19 morbidity in the period from 2020 to 2022 among patients of different age periods. The data is presented as a calculation per 100 thousand population. Results. In 2020, compared to 2019, there was a pronounced increase in the number of respiratory diseases (p = 0.000) in adults; in 2021, the incidence decreased slightly, being higher until 2022 than in the period before the pandemic (p = 0.000). Among children and adults, there was an increase in the incidence of acute respiratory infections in 2022 compared to 2015 (p < 0.001). Peak incidence of croup and epiglottitis among children and adolescents was observed in 2020. The incidence of COVID-19 among adolescents (8339.6) and adults (7678.5) was significantly higher than the incidence among children (5949.9) (p = 0.000). Discussion. Respiratory diseases of infectious etiology have an acute course, so primary morbidity predominates. In adults, the proportion of primary morbidity is decreasing, which may be related to an increase in chronic diseases of the respiratory system. The weak impact of the pandemic on pediatric respiratory diseases incidence is supported by the low pediatric incidence of COVID-19. The increased incidence of COVID-19 among adolescents is alarming; it supports the assumption that child and young adult populations have proven to be major gateways for the spread of COVID-19 to adults. The high incidence of croup and epiglottitis in 2020 among children (p = 0.024) and adolescents could be one of the symptoms of COVID-19 characteristic of younger age. Conclusions. COVID-19 had no effect on the increase in respiratory disease among children, but children contributed to the spread of infection among adults. There is a trend towards an increase in chronic respiratory disease in adults. RBD of infectious etiology is almost impossible to predict, except for acute laryngitis and tracheitis among adults. In adolescents and children against the background of COVID-19 infection, a large number of more severe symptoms may appear.

Using a novel approach, in this work, we establish an association between self‐reported compliance with COVID‐19 preventive behaviors and fear of the virus with morbidity rates (i.e., actual tests and their outcome). In two nationally representative samples that were collected in Israel during the first (April 2020: N = 507) and second (August 2020: N = 515) waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic, participants responded to items assessing their compliance with the COVID‐19 preventive behaviors and their fear of contracting the virus. Participants' compliance and fear self‐reports served as a proxy for morbidity rates. Specifically, we assessed the association between sociodemographic variables (gender, age, or belonging to a minority group), self‐reports, and morbidity rates (as reported in publicly open databases of the Israeli health ministry). We found that self‐reports of compliance and fear were mirrored and aligned with actual morbidity rates across sociodemographic variables and studies. By establishing a clear connection between specific behavior (i.e., compliance with covid regulations) and emotion (i.e., fear of getting infected by the virus), self‐reports and sociodemographic variables represent a real related phenomena (i.e., covid 19 morbidity rates), our findings overall validate numerous studies that used self‐reports to assess compliance with COVID‐19 preventive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is a relatively less invasive alternative treatment to cholecystostomy. However, the influence of the difficulty of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC) after PTGBD on clinical outcomes remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of DLC following PTGBD. Methods The clinical data of 113 patients diagnosed with moderate (grade II) acute cholecystitis according to the 2018 Tokyo Guidelines in the acute phase and who underwent DLC in our hospital from January 2018 to February 2022 were retrospectively collected and separated into two groups according to whether they received PTGBD treatment in the acute stage. The PTGBD group comprised 27 cases, and the no-PTGBD group included 86 cases. The TG18 difficulty score was used to evaluate every surgical procedure in the cases by reviewing the surgical videos. The clinical baseline characteristics and post-treatment outcomes were also evaluated. Results Both groups showed significant differences in length of postoperative stay, blood loss, operation time, and difficulty score. The PTGBD group showed a significantly longer postoperative stay and operation time, more blood loss, and a much higher difficulty score than the no-PTGBD group. Conversion rates did not differ. The morbidity rate in the PTGBD group was statistically higher. Conclusions PTGBD is an efficient way to relieve the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. However, it may increase the difficulty and complications of DLC.

Abstract Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was an important biomarker for the development and prognosis of many diseases. Numerous studies had demonstrated that BUN had a strong relationship with long-term mortality, survival and the prevalence of some diseases. The diagnosis and treatment, prognosis and long-term survival rate of cancer were the focus of clinical research at present. However, the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence was not clear. To investigate the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence, we performed a statistical analysis of population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The results of the study showed that BUN level were positively correlated with cancer prevalence, and the correlation was more pronounced in breast cancer.

Background: Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is a relatively less invasive alternative treatment to cholecystostomy. However, the influence of the difficulty of delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC) after PTGBD on clinical outcomes remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of DLC following PTGBD. Methods: The clinical data of 113 patients diagnosed with moderate (grade II) acute cholecystitis according to the 2018 Tokyo Guidelines in the acute phase and who underwent DLC in our hospital from January 2018 to February 2022 were retrospectively collected and separated into two groups according to whether they received PTGBD treatment in the acute stage. The PTGBD group comprised 27 cases, and the no-PTGBD group included 86 cases. The TG18 difficulty score was used to evaluate every surgical procedure in the cases by reviewing the surgical videos. The clinical baseline characteristics and post-treatment outcomes were also evaluated. Results: Both groups showed significant differences in length of postoperative stay, blood loss, operation time, and difficulty score. The PTGBD group showed a significantly longer postoperative stay and operation time, more blood loss, and a much higher difficulty score than the no-PTGBD group. Conversion rates did not differ. The morbidity rate in the PTGBD group was statistically higher. Conclusions: PTGBD is an efficient way to relieve the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. However, it may increase the difficulty and complications of DLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was an important biomarker for the development and prognosis of many diseases. Numerous studies had demonstrated that BUN had a strong relationship with long-term mortality, survival and the prevalence of some diseases. The diagnosis and treatment, prognosis and long-term survival rate of cancer were the focus of clinical research at present. However, the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence was not clear. To investigate the relationship between BUN level and cancer prevalence, we performed a statistical analysis of population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The results of the study showed that BUN level were positively correlated with cancer prevalence, and the correlation was more pronounced in breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 pandemic caused global problem and global crisis that requires the mobilization of representatives from all spheres in order to have multipoint response. The challenges in the epidemic process are quite complex, which require maximum use of resources. Medical personnel are one of the important risk groups of the Covid-19 pandemic, so preventing their infection is an important aspect of the fight against the pandemic. Most cases of infection in representatives of the medical group are classified as infected in the institution, and some are classified as social and family contacts. For the first time, the presented research evaluated the epidemiological characteristics of the disease with Covid-19 among medical personnel in the Imereti region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in the world. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the geographic pattern and temporal trend of Coronavirus disease 2019 incidence, fatality, and recovery rates worldwide. Methods: The present ecological study is a mixed exploratory study. The study population included Patients with COVID-19, recovered individuals, and deaths from COVID-19 from October 1, 2019, until June 30, 2021, worldwide. Descriptive analysis included the calculation cumulative incidence rate (CIR), case fatality rate (CFR), and case recovery rate (CRR) of COVID-19. Global Moran's I and Anselin Local Moran's I tests were used for spatial analysis. The joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine the time trend by ArcGIS, Joinpoint, and SPSS software. Results: The average cumulative incidence rate was 1077 in 106 individuals; also, the average case recovery rate and average case fatality rate were %72.81 and %3.21, respectively. Global Moran's I index measured for CIR was 0.159. The results of Anselin's local Moran's I, high-high cluster, consists of some countries in South America and in southern and Western Europe and central and western Asia. The temporal trend of changes in the incidence rate and CRR of COVID-19 were incremental, and the average annual percentage change from October 2019 to June 2021 increased by 44.4% and 3.2%, respectively (P < 0.001), but CFR decreased by -0.3% and was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: As regards the specific spatial pattern of fatality and recovery rate of COVID-19, it seems essential to consider spatial conditions and environmental factors which are related to the incidence and fatality of COVID-19 in different regions, as well as the necessity of upgrading the care system in high-risk areas, in order to have better management and control of the pandemic and optimal function in early diagnosis, proper treatment, and high vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On dairy farms, calves are typically raised inside barns (either in individual or group pens), or they are raised in outdoor hutches. To evaluate the effect of all three of these commonly used rearing practices on calves, an experiment was conducted. A group of 58 Holstein dairy female healthy calves (3 days of age) was randomly divided into three subgroups (outdoor hutches, individual-housed, and group-housed in a barn). The body weight, lying bouts, lying time, and immunity parameters of each calf were monitored, and the ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured. The average temperatures outside and in the barn and hutches were −16.67 °C, −15.26 °C, and −15.59 °C, respectively, from 22 November 2020 to 27 January 2021. All calves suffered from cold stress. Group-housed calves weighed significantly less than the other calves at the ages of 1 month and 2 month (p < 0.05). The lying time of the calves housed in individual pens and group pens was longer (p < 0.05) than that of the calves housed in hutches. The morbidity attributable to bovine respiratory disease was significantly lower among the calves housed in hutches than it was among the calves housed either individually or in group pens inside the barn (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were found between the three groups (p > 0.05). On the basis of these findings, we were able to conclude that calves housed in outdoor hutches were at a lower risk of developing a disease than were calves housed in barns without heating in winter. To optimize the management process, heating should be added to hutch systems. Moreover, more rigorous disease and environmental control management strategies should be applied when raising calves inside barns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Israel’s containment of the first wave of Covid-19 was relatively successful. Soon afterwards, however, in the summer months, a harsher pandemic wave developed, resulting in many more seriously ill and dead Israelis. Israel was the world’s first country to impose a second general lockdown. The present study outlines the early months of Israel’s second pandemic wave, until the imposition of the second general lockdown, and their impact on various communities. The investigation is conducted in conjunction with five sociodemographic variables: population density, socioeconomic status, rate of elderly population, minority status (Jewish / Arab identity) and religiosity (Ultra-Orthodox vs. other Jewish communities). Methods The analysis is based on a cross sectional study of morbidity rates, investigated on a residential community basis. Following the descriptive statistics, we move on to present a multivariate analysis to explore associations between the five aforementioned sociodemographic variables and Covid-19 morbidity in Israel in the early second pandemic wave vs. the first Covid-19 outbreak. Results Both the descriptive statistics and regressions show morbidity rates to be significantly and positively associated with communities’ population density and significantly and negatively associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and the size of elderly population. These results differ from Wave I morbidity, which was not significantly associated with SES. Another difference vis-a-vis Wave I is the rise of morbidity in Arab communities that led to the disappearance of the previously observed significant negative association of morbidity with minority (Arab) status. Exceptional morbidity was found in Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities. Conclusion The second wave of Covid-19 in Israel has profoundly affected marginalized communities characterized by high residential density, low SES and minority status. Other marginalized and disempowered communities have also been badly hit. While acknowledging the potential contribution of various possible causes, we highlight the policy response of Israel’s government during the early weeks of the second Covid-19 outbreak, suggesting that the severe second wave might possibly be associated with belated, undecided government response during this period.

Abstract Background The first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic hit Israel in late February 2020. The present study examines patterns of the first wave of Covid-19 morbidity in Israel at the macro level, during the period of late February to early June 2020, when the first wave has faded out. The analysis focuses on the significance of four sociodemographic variables: socioeconomic status, population density, rate of elderly population and minority status (Jewish / Arab identity) of the population in cities with 5000 residents or more. Additionally, we take a closer look into the association between morbidity rates and one SES component – home Internet access. Methods The article is a cross sectional study of morbidity rates, investigated on a residential community basis. Following the descriptive statistics, we move on to present multivariate analysis to explore associations between these variables and Covid-19 morbidity in Israel. Results Both the descriptive statistics and regressions show morbidity rates to be positively associated with population density. Socioeconomic status as well as the size of elderly population were both significantly related to morbidity, but only in Jewish communities. Interestingly, the association was inverse in both cases. i.e., the higher the SES the lower the morbidity and the larger the elderly population, the lower the community’s morbidity. Another interesting result is that overall, morbidity rates in Jewish cities were consistently higher than in Arab communities. Conclusions We attribute the low morbidity rates in communities with relatively small elderly populations to the exceptionally high fertility rates in ultra-orthodox communities that sustained increased rates of morbidity; the lower morbidity in Arab communities is attributed to several factors, including the spatial Jewish-Arab segregation.

Tick-borne encephalitis is a transmissible natural-focal disease which occurs in some countries across Europe and Asia. The observation of epidemic process dynamics of TBVE in Russia covers an 80-year long period and it’s the world longest. The existence of extensive records, various data from different geographic and administrative areas opens the way to interpretation of certain ecological and social factors and their role in the regional epidemiological situation. The targeted measures against TBVE are feasible only when the role of basic predictors of decreasing incidence is defined. Objective: analysis of TBVE incidence among the population and preventive measures in the Districts and constituent entities of Russia in 2019, forecast for 2020 based on the data collected in 2010–2019. The article shows a continued downward trend in TBVE incidence, noted in recent years. However, cases of infection were registered in 6 Federal Districts and 46 regions just like in the past. The number of patients amounted to 1559 (the incidence rate is 1.02 per 100000 people), of whom 23 have died. The rate of seeking medical care among those who were bitten by ticks increased. Specific preventive measures against TBVE haven’t significantly changed by volume and focus compared to the previous period. The scope of acaricide treatments has declined. The article also presents the data concerning TBVE carriers’ infection rate, and the laboratory study results in districts and regions across the country. It is recognized that the epidemiological situation on TBVE in Russia is still unfavorable. It requires the constant attention of health facilities and Rospotrebnadzor and management decisions aimed at further decrease in the incidence by improved prevention especially in the regions with high TBVE incidence.

On dairy farms, calves are typically raised inside barns (either in individual or group pens), or they are raised in outdoor hutches. To evaluate the effect of all three of these commonly used rearing practices on calves, an experiment was conducted. A group of 58 Holstein dairy female healthy calves (3 days of age) was randomly divided into three subgroups (outdoor hutches, individual-housed, and group-housed in a barn). The body weight, lying bouts, lying time, and immunity parameters of each calf were monitored, and the ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured. The average temperatures outside and in the barn and hutches were −16.67 °C, −15.26 °C, and −15.59 °C, respectively, from 22 November 2020 to 27 January 2021. All calves suffered from cold stress. Group-housed calves weighed significantly less than the other calves at the ages of 1 month and 2 month (p < 0.05). The lying time of the calves housed in individual pens and group pens was longer (p < 0.05) than that of the calves housed in hutches. The morbidity attributable to bovine respiratory disease was significantly lower among the calves housed in hutches than it was among the calves housed either individually or in group pens inside the barn (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were found between the three groups (p > 0.05). On the basis of these findings, we were able to conclude that calves housed in outdoor hutches were at a lower risk of developing a disease than were calves housed in barns without heating in winter. To optimize the management process, heating should be added to hutch systems. Moreover, more rigorous disease and environmental control management strategies should be applied when raising calves inside barns.

Background: Israel's containment of the first wave of Covid-19 was relatively successful. Soon afterwards, however, in the summer months, a harsher pandemic wave developed, resulting in many more seriously ill and dead Israelis. Israel was the world's first country to impose a second general lockdown. The present study outlines the early months of Israel's second pandemic wave, until the imposition of the second general lockdown, and their impact on various communities. The investigation is conducted in conjunction with five sociodemographic variables: population density, socioeconomic status, rate of elderly population, minority status (Jewish / Arab identity) and religiosity (Ultra-Orthodox vs. other Jewish communities). Methods: The analysis is based on a cross sectional study of morbidity rates, investigated on a residential community basis. Following the descriptive statistics, we move on to present a multivariate analysis to explore associations between the five aforementioned sociodemographic variables and Covid-19 morbidity in Israel in the early second pandemic wave vs. the first Covid-19 outbreak. Results: Both the descriptive statistics and regressions show morbidity rates to be significantly and positively associated with communities' population density and significantly and negatively associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and the size of elderly population. These results differ from Wave I morbidity, which was not significantly associated with SES. Another difference vis-a-vis Wave I is the rise of morbidity in Arab communities that led to the disappearance of the previously observed significant negative association of morbidity with minority (Arab) status. Exceptional morbidity was found in Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities. Conclusion: The second wave of Covid-19 in Israel has profoundly affected marginalized communities characterized by high residential density, low SES and minority status. Other marginalized and disempowered communities have also been badly hit. While acknowledging the potential contribution of various possible causes, we highlight the policy response of Israel's government during the early weeks of the second Covid-19 outbreak, suggesting that the severe second wave might possibly be associated with belated, undecided government response during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to determine the clinical and epidemiological features of measles in the Altai territory. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of 92 medical histories of inpatient patients with a confirmed diagnosis of «Measles» at the age of 17 to 54 years, who were treated in the Infectious Departments of City Hospitals № 5 and №11 in Barnaul in 2015–2018, was made. Results: the epidemic situation of measles in the Altai territory is characterized by an increase of morbidity rate in 2015, as well as isolated cases in 2017–2018. The peculiarity of the outbreak of the disease was in-hospital infection of patients upon admission to medical hospitals and late diagnosis of measles, as well as the importation of infection from adjacent territories (regions of Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan), which is confirmed by genotyping of the virus in patients. The development of the disease in 23,9% of those,who were vaccinated, was routinely observed in the age group older than 30 years. In the clinical picture of measles at the present stage, along with the classical manifestations, in 15.2% of patients in the first days of the disease gastroenteritis was marked, in 40,2% of patients the signs of hepatitis (cytolysis syndrome) were observed. Conclusion: the prevalence among the patientspersons, older than 30 years, may indicate the extinction of post-vaccination immunity. Timely immunization against measles in adulthood (after 30 years), will increase the effectiveness of measures to implement the program of elimination of measles in the Altai territory. The development of gastroenteritis up to the 5 days of the disease (on average 2,5±0.9 days), hepatitis in the period of height of the disease (in 15,2% and 40,2% of patients, respectively), determined the erroneous diagnosis of «Enterovirus infection», pseudotuberculosis, etc. and deserved the attention of practitioners.

Proses adaptasi dan interaksi dari peserta didik dengan lingkungan baru dapat mengakibatkan gangguan keseimbangan fisiologis tubuh sehingga menjadi rentan terhadap penyakit. Penelitian potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi determinan epidemiologi penyakit pada mahasiswa Akademi Keperawatan Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut tahun 2015. Sebanyak 235 mahasiswa menjadi sampel. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik responden, karakteristik tempat asal mahasiswa, kesakitan dengan menggunakan kuesioner tentang riwayat kesakitan atau morbiditas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 70,2% mahasiswa mengalami sakit selama tiga bulan terakhir dan 57,9% mahasiswa memiliki riwayat sakit terdahulu. Terdapat hubungan antara determinan epidemiologi karakteristik responden dengan nilai p= 0,023 dengan 95% CI sebesar 6,48 (2,21-22,56) dan karakteristik tempat pada kesakitan mahasiswa nilai p= 0,045 dengan 95% CI sebesar 0,09 (0,02-0,41). Peran pembimbing akademik perlu ditambah dengan memberikan bimbingan dan penyuluhan terhadap masalah kesehatan mahasiswa. Institusi pendidikan sangat penting memiliki dan menyimpan pangkalan data tentang kesakitan mahasiswa. Kata kunci: Angka kesakitan, determinan epidemiologi, mahasiswa keperawatan. Abstract Determinants of Epidemiology of Disease in Nursing Academy Students in Garut, West Java in 2015. The process of adaptation and interaction of students with the new environment can result in physiological balance disorders of the body, thus becoming susceptible to disease. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the epidemiological determinants of disease in 2015 Garut District Nursing Academy students. A total of 235 students were involved. Data collected included respondent characteristics, the characteristics of the place of origin of the students, morbidity using a questionnaire about the history of previous illness or morbidity. The results showed that 70.2% of students experienced pain during the last three months and 57.9% of students had a history of the previous disease. There was a relationship between the epidemiological determinant of the characteristics of respondents with a value of p= 0.023 with 95% CI of 6.48 (2.21-22.56) and place characteristics in the morbidity of students p= 0.045 with 95% CI of 0.09 (0.02-0.41). The role of academic advisers needs to extend by providing guidance and counseling on student health problems. Educational institutions are significant to have and keep a database of the morbidity of students. Keywords: Epidemiology determinants, morbidity rate, nursing students.

Following the increase in incidence and prevalence of the risk factors responsible for the occurence of renal impairment is the increase of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the renal function declines and the end stage of the chronic kidney disease is reached, it is necessary to start one of the following methods for substituting the renal function: renal transplantation, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The treatment of choice for most patients is hemodialysis, both in Romania and abroad in the international medical centers. According to official data, the number of patients undergoing hemodialysis is constantly growing. Hemodialysis adequacy evaluation instruments must be familiar among clinicians in order to provide a treatment that meets the quality standards.

Background. The annual increase in the number of newly diagnosed cases of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland (MNTG) is observed both in the territories most contaminated with radioiodine after the Chernobyl accident, and in other regions. The heterogeneous nature of the regional increase of this pathology requires a detailed analysis of the prevalence and the morbidity rate of MNTG, taking into account the possible influence of risk factors. The purpose was to analyze the morbidity rate and the prevalence of MNTG among the population of Ukraine and Kyiv region after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. Materials and methods. The analysis of the bulletins of the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine, the data of statistical reports of healthcare institutions of Kyiv region (2005–2016) and literature data since 1981, which contained relevant information on the subject was performed. Statistical analysis of indicators was carried out using software package Windows Office Excel 2016 and StatSoft Statistica 10.0.1011.0. Results. Since 1990 in Ukraine, there has been a sharp increase in the morbidity rate of MNTG compared with the pre-Chernobyl period. From 1989 to 2004, the all-Ukrainian rate of increase in the morbidity rate of thyroid cancer among male population was 90.28 %, and among females — 104.42 %; for Kyiv region — 65.6 and 156.9 %, respectively. In 2005–2016, in addition to increase in the share of MNTG in the structure of all cancer pathologies, there was also a significant increase in the morbidity rate: 1.7-fold in Ukraine (+70 %, p

Background: The first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic hit Israel in late February 2020. The present study examines patterns of the first wave of Covid-19 morbidity in Israel at the macro level, during the period of late February to early June 2020, when the first wave has faded out. The analysis focuses on the significance of four sociodemographic variables: socioeconomic status, population density, rate of elderly population and minority status (Jewish / Arab identity) of the population in cities with 5000 residents or more. Additionally, we take a closer look into the association between morbidity rates and one SES component – home Internet access. Methods: The article is a cross sectional study of morbidity rates, investigated on a residential community basis. Following the descriptive statistics, we move on to present multivariate analysis to explore associations between these variables and Covid-19 morbidity in Israel. Results: Both the descriptive statistics and regressions show morbidity rates to be positively associated with population density. Socioeconomic status as well as the size of elderly population were both significantly related to morbidity, but only in Jewish communities. Interestingly, the association was inverse in both cases. i.e., the higher the SES the lower the morbidity and the larger the elderly population, the lower the community's morbidity. Another interesting result is that overall, morbidity rates in Jewish cities were consistently higher than in Arab communities. Conclusions: We attribute the low morbidity rates in communities with relatively small elderly populations to the exceptionally high fertility rates in ultra-orthodox communities that sustained increased rates of morbidity; the lower morbidity in Arab communities is attributed to several factors, including the spatial Jewish-Arab segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is one of the most common and neglected tropical waterborne diseases in China, causing serious economic losses, and constituting a significant public health threat. Leptospirosis has recently received increased attention and is considered a re‐emerging infectious disease in many countries. The incidence of leptospirosis among people suggests that occupation, age, season, sex and water recreational activities are significant risk factors. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profiles of leptospirosis in China during the 2007–2018 period. The morbidity data of leptospirosis by age, season (month), gender, occupation and geographic location (different provinces) were obtained from the public health science data centre of China for subsequent epidemiological analysis. The results indicate that the incidence of leptospirosis has shown a slow downward trend from 2007 to 2018, but morbidity rates were still relatively high (0.0660–0.0113). The incidence of leptospirosis varied in different provinces of China; cases localized mainly to the Southern and Central provinces, areas with warm weather and ample rainfall. Older people (aged 60–75), males, farmers, students and field workers were high‐risk populations. During the 2007–2018 observation period, morbidity rates increased beginning in May, remained at high levels in August and September and decreased after November. The present investigation highlights the re‐emergence of leptospirosis in some provinces of China (especially in Yunnan and Fujian) and shows that leptospirosis remains a serious public health threat. The results of this study should enhance measures taken for the prevention, control, and surveillance of leptospirosis in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To probe the influence of metabolic syndrome (MS) on the long-term survival of patients with non-endometrioid adenocarcinoma.Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2012, 139 Chinese patients with non-endometrial adenocarcinoma were analyzed in a retrospective study. Patients who had received any treatment before surgery were excluded. Survival times were compared between patients with and without MS.Results: Overall, 41 (29.5%) patients had MS; the highest incidence of MS was observed in those with uterine serous carcinoma (19/45, 42.2%). For uterine serous carcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma, MS was an independent predictive factor of morbidity (P=0.023 and 0.016, respectively). For the overall population, those with MS had a significantly lower survival rate than those without MS (P=0.008), and the median overall survival (mOS) was 15 months versus 55 months (P<0.001, hazard ratio [HR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.69). Similarly, a lower survival rate (P=0.020) and shorter mOS (19 months vs 55 months, P=0.007, HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.83) were also found in the uterine serous carcinoma population with MS. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that disease stage (P=0.023) and MS (P=0.008) were independent prognostic factors for uterine serous carcinoma.Conclusion: The present study suggests that MS is a prognostic factor for non-endometrioid adenocarcinoma, especially uterine serous carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical swine fever (CSF) also known as 'hog choleraâ' is an important viral disease of pigs in India with serious economic concern due to morbidity and mortality, and affects a vast section of the pig population in India. In present study, a structured sampling design was adopted, which covered the major regions of the Mizoram, to ascertain the economic losses due to CSF in pigs. Available estimates of the economic losses of Mizoram due to CSF are based on single values of various epidemiological and economic parameters. Overall annual morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates of CSF in Mizoram were 8.35, 5.07 and 60.70% respectively. The expected annual economic loss due to CSF in pigs in Mizoram was ` 16,69,34,465. Losses due to mortalities contributed the most to the total economic loss caused by CSF in pigs, followed by loss in body weight. This study revealed significant losses due to the incidence of CSF in pigs of Mizoram.

Following the increase in incidence and prevalence of the risk factors responsible for the occurence of renal impairment is the increase of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the renal function declines and the end stage of the chronic kidney disease is reached, it is necessary to start one of the following methods for substituting the renal function: renal transplantation, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The treatment of choice for most patients is hemodialysis, both in Romania and abroad in the international medical centers. According to official data, the number of patients undergoing hemodialysis is constantly growing. Hemodialysis adequacy evaluation instruments must be familiar among clinicians in order to provide a treatment that meets the quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a global health threat and poses a major burden on the African continent. We assessed the real-world burden of COVID-19 infection in African Union (AU) member states to determine the distributional patterns of epidemiological measures during the first 1 year of the pandemic., Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized COVID-19 data from publicly available data repositories of the African Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Our World in Data for the period February 2020 to January 2021. AU member states were classified into low, medium, and high burdens based on COVID-19 morbidity. We conducted descriptive and inferential analyses of COVID-19-reported cases, deaths, recoveries, active cases, COVID-19 tests, and epidemiological measures that included morbidity and mortality rates, case fatality rate (CFR), and case ratios., Results: A total of 3.21 million cases were reported during the 1-year period, with 2.6 million recoveries, 536,784 cases remaining active, and 77,486 deaths. Most countries (49.1%, n  = 26) in AU experienced a low burden of COVID-19 infection compared to 28.3% ( n  = 15) with medium burden and 22.6% ( n  = 12) with high burden. AU nations with a high burden of the disease were mainly in the northern and southern regions. South Africa recorded the highest number of cases (1.31 million), followed by Morocco with 457,625 and Tunisia with 175,065 cases. Correspondently, death tolls for these countries were 36,467, 7888, and 5528 deaths, respectively. Of the total COVID-19 tests performed (83.8 million) during the first 1 year, 62.43% were from high-burden countries. The least testing occurred in the medium-burden (18.42%) countries. The overall CFR of AU was 2.21%. A morbidity rate of 327.52/10 5 population and mortality rate of 5.96/10 5 population were recorded during the first 1-year period with significant variations ( p  < 0.0001) across burden levels. Continental morbidity and mortality rates of 17,359/10 5 and 315.933/10 5 populations were recorded with significant correlation ( r  = 0.863, p  < 0.0001) between them and variations across selected epidemiological measures by COVID-19 burden levels., Conclusion: Understanding the true burden of the disease in AU countries is important for establishing the impact of the pandemic in the African continent and for intervention planning, preparedness, and deployment of resources during COVID-19 surges and future pandemics., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s), 2023.)

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that presents a global medical problem. It is necessary to implement an in-depth analysis of the epidemiological situation of type 2 diabetes mellitus for planning and organizing specialized medical help to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim. To rate the basic epidemiological indices of type 2 diabetes mellitus in actual clinical practice using the informational database of national registry of diabetic patients. Materials and methods. Epidemiological analyses were performed in two administrative districts of Moscow. From 1999 to 2011 48978 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were aged 18 years and older were registered. We used methods of clinical, analytical and statistical epidemiology with elements of descriptive research. Results. The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 1590 per hundred thousand, most patients were in the 60?64 and 70?74 age groups, and approximately 80% of patients were older than 55 years. The morbidity rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 138,72 per hundred thousand and was found to be higher in women at 1,89. The mortality rate of adult patients with diabetes mellitus was 0,83, mostly in men of all ages. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for most of the registered cases of deaths (34,4%). The average life expectancy appeared to be 75,24?0,45 years, although women lived 6 years longer than men. The average duration of the disease was 10,04?0,34 years. A total of 0,4% of patients underwent hospital treatment and the average length of treatment was 17?18 days. The total number of days of disablement was an average of 307,33?30,13 days (80% of patients were older than 55 years). In the study group, a mean grade of НbА1c

Carried out is the analysis and assessment of epizootiologic and epidemiologic situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation over the year 2013. It is demonstrated that on the grounds of tense epizootic situation there is a tendency to reduction in brucellosis morbidity rates among the population. Incidence rates in the North-Caucasian and Southern Federal districts remain high due to B. melitensis spp. brucellosis agent circulation. However, realization of a complex of brucellosis prophylactic measures in the territory of the Republic of Dagestan has resulted in a considerable reduction of a number of primary cases in the region. In addition, forecasted is stabilization of brucellosis morbidity rates among the population and farming animals in 2014, being estimated at 320-370 cases a year.

Analysis of the incidence rate over the past decade as regards acute intestinal infections in the Khabarovsk Territory has revealed unfavorable epidemiological situation on bacterial dysentery, enteric infections of rotavirus and undetermined etiology. The most unfavorable situation in the pre-freshet period was registered in the Nanai District. The large-scale preventive actions for immune-prophylaxis of viral hepatitis A, Sonne dysentery and typhoid fever, as well as a complex of anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures were performed during the summer flood of 2013. These measures provided for prevention of acute intestinal infections outbreaks as an aftermath and control over epidemiological situation in the Khabarovsk Territory during the flood.

Carried out has been retrospective analysis of epidemiological process manifestations as regards enteroviral infection in the Khabarovsk Region over the period of 7 years, prior to rainfall floods in 2013. Revealed is the possibility of aggravation of epidemiological situation during hydrological emergency situation. The premises are as follows: persistent due to specific climate conditions prevalent in the Khabarovsk Territory (high air and surface water temperatures, and high humidity rates) unfavorable epidemiological situation on enteroviral infections, virus-carriage in “healthy” people and extensive dissemination of enteroviruses in the water bodies of ambient environment. Moreover, widespread circulation of different enterovirus genotypes, including the isolates with high genetic similarity to the strains identified earlier in the adjoining People’s Republic of China, takes place.

Considerable aggravation of sanitary-hygienic situation forming the basis for occurrence of mass infectious disease outbreaks is observed when immense territories are water logged, and water supply systems are destructed. Therewith in order to provide control over the spread of acute enteric water-borne infections in the Jewish Autonomous Region investigated was the morbidity both in the last decade and after the flood period in 2013. The system of organizational and preventive actions included inspection of water intake constructions, zones of sanitary protection of water fences; laboratory control over the drinking water quality; organization of the homesteads patrolling for early detection of infectious diseases; monitoring of the infectious and parasitic diseases incidence rate; management of the vaccine prophylaxis; inspection of solid household waste storage sites and other epidemically significant objects in the flooded area; determination of necessary disinfectant quantity; provision of the population with information concerning implementation of the post-flood prophylactic measures. The actions undertaken permitted to get the epidemic situation on acute enteric infections including the water-dependent ones under control.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the syphilis morbidity rate in pregnant women in Yakutia. Syphilis morbidity in Yakutia in 2014-2016 did not have a sustainable trend toward decreasing in comparison with the Russian Federation mean indicators.

The paper discusses a mapping method for compilation of maps for a medical-geographical Atlas of Russia “Natural Focal Diseases” and potential that this Atlas presents for assessment and monitoring of the epidemiological situation in a number of diseases. A series of analytical, integrated, and synthetic maps shows disease incidence in the population at both the national and regional levels for the last 15 years. The Atlas contains maps of the mean annual incidence of certain infections and maps of incidence dynamics and nosological profiles that allow detailed analysis of the situation for each of 83 subjects of the Russian Federation. The degree of epidemic hazard in Russia by naturally occurring is reflected in a synthetic medical-geographical map that allows one to estimate the risk of a disease manifestation in a given region.

Background and Objective: Gonorrhea is a prevalent sexually transmitted illness caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leading to serious health consequences such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased susceptibility to HIV infection. Despite advancements in prevention and treatment, gonorrhea remains a significant public health problem in the United States (US) due to its widespread incidence, potential consequences, and the growth of antibiotic resistance. This study investigates the epidemiological trends and morbidity rates of gonorrhea using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database. The aim is to identify temporal patterns, demographic characteristics, and notable changes in gonorrhea epidemiology to inform targeted therapies and interventions., Methods: The CDC WONDER database, which provides extensive national and state-level data on reported causes of death in the United States, was utilized for this study. We examined the developments in gonorrhea morbidity rates over time, identified demographic differences based on age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and analyzed the disease's regional distribution through a systematic analysis of the database. Aggregate data for selected time periods (1996-2014) were summarized using the morbidity rate per 100,000 people and the total number of cases across the years., Results: This database analysis identified a total of 6,454,097 individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea between 1996 and 2014. The calculated total morbidity rate during this period was 115.4 per 100,000 individuals. The highest morbidity rates were observed in the years 1999 (129.2 per 100,000 people), 1998 (129.1 per 100,000 people), and 2001 (126.8 per 100,000 people), respectively. The District of Columbia reported the highest morbidity rate (478.25 per 100,000 people). In males, the overall morbidity rate over the years was reported to be comparable to females (114 per 100,000 people and 116.3 per 100,000 people, respectively). The analysis revealed consistently higher morbidity rates among individuals aged between 19 and 24 years (525.2 per 100,000 people). Moreover, black or African American individuals consistently exhibited higher morbidity rates (506.1 per 100,000 people) compared to white individuals (16.1 per 100,000 people)., Conclusion: The analysis of gonorrhea cases between 1996 and 2014 revealed that the highest rates occurred during specific years, with a particular concentration observed in the District of Columbia. Additionally, certain demographic groups, such as individuals aged 19-24 and the black or African American population, consistently exhibited higher morbidity rates compared to others. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to address the observed temporal patterns and demographic disparities, in order to effectively combat the spread of gonorrhea., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Akinboro et al.)

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the morbidity and mortality rates of Bovine population present in Himachal Pradesh, India. In addition, the effect of age, sex, environmental conditions, management practices and other factors on the morbidity and mortality rate was also analyzed using suitable statistical techniques.Materials and Methods: Himachal Pradesh has been divided into four agro-climatic zones. Taking each agroclimatic zone as stratum, five veterinary hospitals from zone 1, two veterinary hospitals each from zone 2 and zone 3 and three veterinary hospitals from zone 4, were selected randomly. Three villages were selected from the villages covered by each veterinary hospital by simple random sampling without replacement scheme. A total of 15 livestock owners were selected from each selected village and thus a total 540 livestock owners constitute the ultimate sample from thirty six villages and twelve veterinary hospitals for the study. The sampling scheme followed in the present study is Stratified three-stage random sampling. Age, sex, season and cause wise morbidity and mortality data were collected from all selected bovine owners in the state for period of one year (January 2011 to December 2011).Results: The Overall analysis of morbidity rate in bovine was 31.22%. Among the three age groups, adults' bovine showed highest morbidity rate 35.73%, followed by calves 26.98% and young stocks 23.17%. Among the three age groups, calves had highest morbidity rate 16.09% due to poor management problems followed by adults 12.15% cases of reproductive problems. The overall mortality rate in bovine was found 9.14%. The overall analysis of mortality in bovine with respect to age revealed significance (p

Background: Although the mortality rate for preterm infants and the gestational age-specific mortality rate have dramatically improved over the last 3 to 4 decades, infants born preterm remain vulnerable to many complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, a compromised immune system, cardiovascular disorders, hearing and vision problems, and brain lesions. The aim is to determine mortality and morbidity rates and selected outcome variables for preterm infant’s grade 3 IVH or PVL) 16.6%, NEC Bell stages II or III 9.8%, BPD 25/72 (33.3%) of infants who survived to 36 weeks postmenstrual age. In 38 (37.2%) infants, episodes of infections were noticed (one or more episodes in 25 infants), half of them were caused by Gram positive bacteria, most frequent coagulasa negative staphylococci. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent organism among Gram negative bacteria. One patient had invasive candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. In 5 infants (4.9%) early onset of sepsis was documented. Conclusion: Very preterm infants remain very vulnerable group of population, and interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm babies include tertiary interventions such as regionalized care, transportation in uterus, and treatment with antenatal steroids.

Analyzed are the epidemiological situation and preventive measures against tick-borne encephalitis in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2012. Short-term forecast for 2013 is made based on the population morbidity rate in the federal districts of Russia in 2007–2012.

The causes and influence of factors on, health problems, morbidity and mortality rate of Thai native and Anglo-Nubian crossbred goats raised by farmers in southern Thailand, were studied. Out of 620 goatsduring the period of study (January 2003 - January 2004), There were 464 sick cases and 65 goats died (10.48%). Major causes were helminthiasis, pneumonitis, mellioidosis, infections, weak-starvation complex,predator and accident. The morbidity rate of postweaning goats (3 months-1 year) by helminthiasis especially in the light rainy season was higher than that for other causes and season. The mortality rate forpostweaning goats from pneumonitis in the heavy rainy season was greater than that from other causes. Genotype and birth weight of preweaning kids significantly (P0.05)