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Background: Tubnerculosis is Characterised by the presence of granuloma formation. The mode of spread of pulmonary tuberculosis is via airborne aerosol. This bacteria enters the lungs and leads to latent infection in susceptible hosts. Diagnosis is mostly presumptive in ocular tuberculosis. There is lack of uniform diagnostic criteria. Despite of vast developments in diagnostic tools, evidence of systemic tuberculosis disease along with suggestive clinical ocular findings is considered the major diagnostic criterion for ocular tuberculosis. Aim: This study aims to evaluate ocular findings in diagnosed cases of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children. Methods: The study included children with various type of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. All these children referred to ophthalmology department to rule out ocular manifestations were evaluated on the basis of visual acuity, anterior segment and dilated posterior segment examination. Results: A total of 90 children were diagnosed with tuberculosis, of whom 30 (33.3%) were male and 60 (66.7%) were female, The mean age of presentation is 4±7 years. 30 (33.7 %) were a diagnosed case of pulmonary kochs, 52 (58.4 %) had tubercular meningitis (TBM), remaining 7 (7.8%) had other extrapulmonary kochs. The most common anterior segment finding was lateral rectus palsy in 14 (15.5%) children, the most common posterior segment finding was papilledema in 20 (22.2%) children. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is one of those pandemic in the world that can affect each and every organ of the body. A timely diagnosis of ocular findings can prevent these children from permanent ocular morbidity and blindness.

Introduction: Infectious disease is an important contributor to disability and death in Sickle Cell Haemoglobinopathy (SCH). India has a high burden of Tuberculosis (TB) and SCH is widespread among residents in and around Burla, Odisha. This was the first attempt to find the prevalence of SCH in active cases of TB in Indian adults. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of SCH in TB and to evaluate the demographic and clinicoradiological presentation of TB in patients with SCH in a subset of Indian population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from October 2010 to September 2012 in Department of Pulmonary Medicine of V.S.S.M.C, Burla, Odisha, India. The primary inclusion criterion was patients with TB and SCH. Demographic characteristics, clinical, radiological, microbiological and histopathology data were collected. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) 18.0. Association between categorical data was calculated using Chi-square test and Fischer's exact test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Out of 1243 TB patients who were screened, 64 TB patients had SCH. The mean age of the patients was 30 (±13) years with female predominance 33 (51.56%). The prevalence of SCH in TB was 51.49/1000, Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) was 13.68/1000 and Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) was 37.81/1000. 47 (73.43%) patients had SCT and 17 (26.56%) patients had SCA. Majority of patients with SCA 15 (88.23%) and SCT 35 (74.46%) belonged to the age of =40 years. 38 (59.37%) patients had Pulmonary TB (PTB) and 26 (40.62%) had Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). EPTB 11 (64.70%) was common in patients with SCA than PTB 6 (35.29%) and vice-versa in SCT 15 (31.91% vs 32 (68.08%) (p=0.018). Among PTB patients, cough was the most common symptom seen in 7(10.93%) patients of SCA and in 26 (40.62%) patients of SCT. The mean (±SD) haemoglobin in patients with SCA was 7.270 (±2.007) gm% and SCT was 9.021 (±1.578) gm% (p=0.002). The most common chest radiographic finding was nodules in patients with SCA 9 (52.94%), reticular opacities and pleural effusion 11 (23.40%) each in SCT. Conclusion: In the present study, 5.14% of TB patients had SCH. PTB was more common than EPTB in patients with SCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: TB and HIV co-infection are associated with special diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study was conducted to detect variation in sputum AFB and Montoux test in TB HIV positives. Methodology: Current study was a cross sectional study comprises of all HIV patients attending the ART centre. List of HIV positive patients diagnosed with tuberculosis form sampling frame. Total 100 HIV positive patients diagnosed with Tuberculosis and having age more than or equal to 18 years were included in the study. Results: Out of total 100 patients, 60% were having Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 40 patients were diagnosed with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. Age group of 21 to 40 years represents around 49% of patients. Out of total 60 pulmonary TB patients, only 16 (26.7%) shows positive test result on sputum AFB. On Montoux test, 88% patients show negative result and only 1% shows induration ≥ 10 mm. Conclusion: The study reveal that in HIV TB coninfection results of conventional tests like AFB examination may varied with more sputum negative among pulmonary TB. Majority of patients were tuberculin non-reactive.

The article presents a case study of an old man suffering from lupus vulgaris.