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In this article, we track the evolution of fluvial biogeomorphology from the middle of the 20th century to the present. We consider the emergence of fluvial biogeomorphology as an interdisciplinary research area that integrates knowledge drawn primarily from fluvial geomorphology and plant ecology, but with inputs from hydrology and landscape ecology. We start by assembling evidence for the emergence of the field of fluvial biogeomorphology with a keyword search of the Web of Science and a detailed analysis of papers published in two scientific journals: a geomorphology journal—Earth Surface Processes and Landforms; a multidisciplinary river science journal—River Research and Applications. Based on this evidence, we identify three distinct time periods in the development of fluvial biogeomorphology: the 'early years' before 1990; the transitional decade of the 1990s; and the period of rapid expansion and diversification in themes, methods and investigation scales since 2000. Because the literature is vast, we can only summarize developments in each of these time periods, but we refer to recent in‐depth reviews and conceptual perspectives on relevant topics. Thus, rather than a full and deep review, we present an annotated bibliographic overview of the development of fluvial biogeomorphology, whereby the text describes broad trends but is supported by tables of citations that can deliver greater detail. We end with a brief consideration of likely future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial fires at facilities including waste management sites, warehouses, factories, chemical works, and fuel storage depots are relatively frequent occurrences. Often, these fires occur adjacent to urban communities and result in ground-level airborne pollutant concentrations that are well above guideline values. Land, water, livestock, and crops may also be contaminated by the emissions and by firefighting activities. Moreover, impacted communities tend to have a higher proportion of minority ethnic populations as well as individuals with underlying health vulnerabilities and those of lower socio-economic status. Nevertheless, this is an aspect of air quality that is under-researched, and so this review aims to highlight the public health hazards associated with industrial fires and the need for an effective, coordinated, public health response. We also review the range of monitoring techniques that have been utilised in such fires and highlight the role of dispersion modelling in predicting plume trajectories and in estimating population exposure. We recommend establishing 1 h guideline values for particulate matter to facilitate timely public health interventions, and we highlight the need to review regulatory and technical controls for sites prone to fires, particularly in the waste sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire-laser directed energy deposition has emerged as a transformative technology in metal additive manufacturing, offering high material deposition efficiency and promoting a cleaner process environment compared to powder processes. This technique has gained attention across diverse industries due to its ability to expedite production and facilitate the repair or replication of valuable components. This work reviews the state-of-the-art in wire-laser directed energy deposition to gain a clear understanding of key process variables and identify challenges affecting process stability. Furthermore, this paper explores modeling and monitoring methods utilized in the literature to enhance the final quality of fabricated parts, thereby minimizing the need for repeated experiments, and reducing material waste. By reviewing existing literature, this paper contributes to advancing the current understanding of wire-laser directed energy deposition technology. It highlights the gaps in the literature while underscoring research needs in wire-laser directed energy deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to strengthen the construction of mine fire intelligent monitoring and early warning system, the research idea of mine fire intelligent monitoring and early warning technology, and summarizes the research progress of mine fire intelligent monitoring and early warning technology is put forward. The research progress from three aspects of mine fire intelligent perception technology and equipment, prediction technology and modeling, and intelligent early warning system and platform is summarized. First, the internal and external cause fire information monitoring technology and equipment are summarized, the recognition process based on image-video recognition is summarized, and the content of multi-source information fusion and its application in the fire monitoring process are described. Secondly, the prediction techniques and models for mine fires are introduced, including machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine, artificial neural network, and random forest algorithms. Then, the mine fire early warning system and platform are elaborated. On the basis of summarizing the graded early warning technology for spontaneous coal combustion and exogenous fires in mines, the progress of the mine fire early warning system platform in terms of perception layer, network layer, service fusion layer and application layer is introduced. The connotation of each layer of the early warning system and the application framework are summarized, and the intelligent monitoring and early warning system for fires in mines is constructed. Finally, the future development trend of mine fire intelligent monitoring and early warning technology in China is outlooked including following aspects. In terms of intelligent perception technology of mine fire information, it is proposed to strengthen the research and development of sensing technology and equipment. In terms of intelligent prediction technology for mine fires, it is proposed to strengthen the research on the location exploration method of hidden fire sources and construct a transparent model of fire disasters. In terms of the construction of an intelligent early warning system for mine fires, it is proposed to integrate big data into intelligent judgment, identify the risk sources of mine fire and forecast the sources’ location of hidden fire, and realize the early warning of spontaneous coal combustion under special conditions. In terms of the linkage between the intelligent judgment and prevention and control technology for mine fires, it is proposed to utilize large-scale linguistic models to realize the self-adaptive prevention and control of mine fires on the basis of intelligent judgment.

A series of advanced equipment exposed to sub-/supercritical water environments at high temperatures, high pressures, and extreme water chemistry with high salt and dissolved oxygen content faces serious corrosion problems. Obtaining on-site corrosion data for typical materials in harsh environments is crucial for operating and maintaining related equipment and optimizing various corrosion prediction models. First, this article introduces the advantages and disadvantages, usage scenarios, and future development potential of several in situ monitoring technologies, including ultrasonic thickness measurement, the infrared thermography method, microwave imaging, eddy current detection, and acoustic emission. Considering the importance of electrochemical corrosion data in revealing microscale and nanoscale corrosion mechanisms, in situ testing techniques such as electrical resistance probes, electrochemical corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical noise that can be applied to sub-/supercritical water systems were systematically discussed. The testing platform and typical data obtained were discussed with thick and heavy colors to establish a mechanical prediction model for corrosion behavior. It is of great significance to promote the development of corrosion monitoring techniques, such as breaking through testing temperature limitations and broadening the industrial application scenarios and maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of agriculture and industry, an increasing number of pollutants are being discharged into the aquatic environment. These pollutants can harm aquatic life. The behavioral characteristics of animals are an external manifestation of their internal mechanisms. Changes in behavior reflect damage and changes in the internal mechanisms. Environmental pollution may lead to behavioral changes not only in the parental generation but also in the offspring that has not been exposed to the pollutants. That is, the intrinsic mechanism that leads to behavioral changes is inheritable. Fish are representative species of aquatic organisms and are commonly used in various research studies. The behavior of fish has also received extensive attention, and the monitoring technology for fish behavior has developed rapidly. This article summarizes the development process of behavior monitoring technology and introduces some of the latest technologies for studying fish behavior. This article also summarizes the intergenerational effects of pollutants on fish behavior, as well as the potential intrinsic and genetic mechanisms that may lead to behavioral changes. This article provides a reference for future relevant neurobehavioral studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The reliability of modern building electrical systems are receiving increasing attention as they become more intelligent and complex. As the majority of building electrical systems use neutral point grounding, earth faults or short circuits can get worse over time and damage both the distribution system and the electrical equipment. To this end, the corresponding three phases and four categories, namely three-phase voltage, three-phase current after fault, three-phase voltage distortion rate, three-phase current distortion rate, a total of 12 dimensional fault feature vectors and 10 fault simulation types, were summarised and extracted in conjunction with the actual operating conditions of the system. Using traditional fault identification ideas and neural network algorithm as reference, a 12-dimensional fault feature vector is used as the model input to construct a building electrical fault diagnosis and detection model based on ELM algorithm. Results showed that the ELM-based model's classification accuracy for this experimental sample was 97.56 %, its AUC was 0.92, and its RMSE was 0.3521. These figures were higher than the classification accuracy and performance of the BP algorithm and GA-BP algorithm fault diagnosis models, and they also demonstrate better robustness and generalizability. The model also has a 97.27 % correct rate in fault discrimination, while the computation time is only 0.201 s, and its fault identification and diagnosis speed is faster than other algorithmic models. At the same time, this research model has a good fault monitoring accuracy of up to 98.6 % for building electrical systems. The research can provide a more sensitive, accurate and rapid fault monitoring method for the current building electrical system. It also improves the reliability of the building electrical system in a complex environment and achieves better protection of the system. This has a certain significance for the development of the building electrical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire-laser directed energy deposition has emerged as a transformative technology in metal additive manufacturing, offering high material deposition efficiency and promoting a cleaner process environment compared to powder processes. This technique has gained attention across diverse industries due to its ability to expedite production and facilitate the repair or replication of valuable components. This work reviews the state-of-the-art in wire-laser directed energy deposition to gain a clear understanding of key process variables and identify challenges affecting process stability. Furthermore, this paper explores modeling and monitoring methods utilized in the literature to enhance the final quality of fabricated parts, thereby minimizing the need for repeated experiments, and reducing material waste. By reviewing existing literature, this paper contributes to advancing the current understanding of wire-laser directed energy deposition technology. It highlights the gaps in the literature while underscoring research needs in wire-laser directed energy deposition.

The EuropaBON project aims to co-design a European Biodiversity Observation Network by utilising Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) as the foundation for its monitoring system. To co-design the workflow steps for each EBV, the project organised a virtual workshop to engage a diverse group of experts and stakeholders. The workshop focused on describing various workflow components, identifying future needs for EBV implementation and specifying the relative importance of different monitoring techniques for each EBV. With 520 participants from 49 countries, the workshop benefited from a large stakeholder engagement and a wide range of expertise across realms, EBV classes, monitoring techniques and workflow components. During the 3-day workshop (2 hours per day), participants captured different workflows components (i.e. data collection and sampling, data integration and modelling), specified current EU or national initiatives and identified emerging tools and future needs for all 70 currently proposed EBVs. By the end of the workshop, all 70 templates of EBV workflows contained details about workflow components and future needs. Specific future needs for data collection and sampling highlighted by participants were to increase sampling efforts (e.g. number of sites, geographic coverage, sampling frequency and taxonomic scope), to develop and better incorporate novel monitoring techniques (e.g. eDNA, remote sensing and digital sensors) and to create new or improved sampling designs at a European scale. For data integration, combining and harmonising data from diverse sources and data collectors and developing standards and protocols were mentioned as key needs. For modelling, participants especially highlighted the need to develop spatially-explicit models or improve other types of existing models, ideally with open-source software and code. Next steps for designing EBV workflows are to analyse the gathered workshop information, to provide detailed descriptions of EBV workflows and to formulate specific recommendations for the development of a European Biodiversity Observation Network. Recommendations for each monitoring technique (structured in-situ monitoring, citizen science, digital sensors, genetics, satellite remote sensing and aerial remote setting) will also be identified. The gathered information will contribute to the co-design of the European Biodiversity Observation Network and to supporting the establishment of a Biodiversity Monitoring Coordination Centre in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring critical process parameters of chemical and biotechnological processes is an essential tool at every stage of drug manufacturing technology. The aim of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is to provide effective tools, such as multidimensional data analysis, modern analytical methods, and monitoring tools, for the continuous improvement of process understanding and knowledge. Among the methods of wide interest are optical and spectroscopic techniques that can be used in the control of chemical and biotechnological processes. The selection of the appropriate method is crucial and depends on many factors, including the nature of the process, the number of variables, and analytical limitations. This review focuses on a brief and precise characterization of spectroscopic and optical methods that can be applied to monitoring and control of chemical and biotechnological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide life-saving support for critically ill patients suffering severe respiratory and/or cardiac failure. However, thrombosis and bleeding remain common and complex problems to manage. Key causes of thrombosis in ECMO patients include blood contact to pro-thrombotic and non-physiological surfaces, as well as high shearing forces in the pump and membrane oxygenator. On the other hand, adverse effects of anticoagulant, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and hyperfibrinolysis are all established as causes of bleeding. Finding safe and effective anticoagulants that balance thrombosis and bleeding risk remains challenging. This review highlights commonly used anticoagulants in ECMO, including their mechanism of action, monitoring methods, strengths and limitations. It further elaborates on existing anticoagulant monitoring strategies, indicating their target range, benefits and drawbacks. Finally, it introduces several highly novel approaches to real-time anticoagulation monitoring methods including sound, optical, fluorescent, and electrical measurement as well as their working principles and future directions for research.

Landslide monitoring is a mandatory step in landslide risk assessment. It requires collecting data on landslide conditions (e.g., areal extent, landslide kinematics, surface topography, hydrogeometeorological parameters, and failure surfaces) from different time periods and at different scales, from site-specific to local, regional, and national, to assess landslide activity. In this analysis, we collected information on landslide monitoring techniques from 17 members of the Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (from EuroGeoSurveys) deployed between 2005 and 2021. We examined the types of the 75 recorded landslides, the landslide techniques, spatial resolution, temporal resolution, status of the technique (operational, non-operational), time of using (before the event, during the event, after the event), and the applicability of the technique in early warning systems. The research does not indicate the accuracy of each technique but, rather, the extent to which Geological Surveys conduct landslide monitoring and the predominant techniques used. Among the types of landslides, earth slides predominate and are mostly monitored by geological and engineering geological mapping. The results showed that Geological Surveys mostly utilized more traditional monitoring techniques since they have a broad mandate to collect geological data. In addition, this paper provides new insights into the role of the Geological Surveys on landslide monitoring in Europe and contributes to landslide risk reduction initiatives and commitments (e.g., the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein crystallization is nowadays performed at the micro to macro scale in academia and industry, being particularly interesting for pharmaceutical applications. Protein crystallization offers an attractive alternative to chromatography as a downstream processing step in the biotechnology industry, but also in the food and chemical industries. Monitoring of the protein crystallization process is required to understand the crystal growth mechanism and to obtain the information necessary for efficient process control, which needs to comply with the critical quality attributes of the product. Since a wide range of monitoring techniques have already been developed and established, this review focuses on the recent advances of selected techniques in monitoring protein crystallization processes such as the focused beam reflectance method (FBRM), and machine learning-based image analysis for solid-phase monitoring, as well as the spectroscopic methods for liquid-phase monitoring, such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV/Vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring critical process parameters of chemical and biotechnological processes is an essential tool at every stage of drug manufacturing technology. The aim of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is to provide effective tools, such as multidimensional data analysis, modern analytical methods, and monitoring tools, for the continuous improvement of process understanding and knowledge. Among the methods of wide interest are optical and spectroscopic techniques that can be used in the control of chemical and biotechnological processes. The selection of the appropriate method is crucial and depends on many factors, including the nature of the process, the number of variables, and analytical limitations. This review focuses on a brief and precise characterization of spectroscopic and optical methods that can be applied to monitoring and control of chemical and biotechnological processes.

A series of advanced equipment exposed to sub-/supercritical water environments at high temperatures, high pressures, and extreme water chemistry with high salt and dissolved oxygen content faces serious corrosion problems. Obtaining on-site corrosion data for typical materials in harsh environments is crucial for operating and maintaining related equipment and optimizing various corrosion prediction models. First, this article introduces the advantages and disadvantages, usage scenarios, and future development potential of several in situ monitoring technologies, including ultrasonic thickness measurement, the infrared thermography method, microwave imaging, eddy current detection, and acoustic emission. Considering the importance of electrochemical corrosion data in revealing microscale and nanoscale corrosion mechanisms, in situ testing techniques such as electrical resistance probes, electrochemical corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical noise that can be applied to sub-/supercritical water systems were systematically discussed. The testing platform and typical data obtained were discussed with thick and heavy colors to establish a mechanical prediction model for corrosion behavior. It is of great significance to promote the development of corrosion monitoring techniques, such as breaking through testing temperature limitations and broadening the industrial application scenarios and maturity.

Monitoring blood glucose levels is a vital indicator of diabetes mellitus management. The mainstream techniques of glucometers are invasive, painful, expensive, intermittent, and time-consuming. The ever-increasing number of global diabetic patients urges the development of alternative non-invasive glucose monitoring techniques. Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors, biomaterials, wearable sensors, biomedical signal processing, and microfabrication technologies have led to significant research and ideas in elevating the patient's life quality. This review provides up-to-date information about the available technologies and compares the advantages and limitations of invasive and non-invasive monitoring techniques. The scope of measuring glucose concentration in other bio-fluids such as interstitial fluid (ISF), tears, saliva, and sweat are also discussed. The high accuracy level of invasive methods in measuring blood glucose concentrations gives them superiority over other methods due to lower average absolute error between the detected glucose concentration and reference values. Whereas minimally invasive, and non-invasive techniques have the advantages of continuous and pain-free monitoring. Various blood glucose monitoring techniques have been evaluated based on their correlation to blood, patient-friendly, time efficiency, cost efficiency, and accuracy. Finally, this review also compares the currently available glucose monitoring devices in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide life-saving support for critically ill patients suffering severe respiratory and/or cardiac failure. However, thrombosis and bleeding remain common and complex problems to manage. Key causes of thrombosis in ECMO patients include blood contact to pro-thrombotic and non-physiological surfaces, as well as high shearing forces in the pump and membrane oxygenator. On the other hand, adverse effects of anticoagulant, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and hyperfibrinolysis are all established as causes of bleeding. Finding safe and effective anticoagulants that balance thrombosis and bleeding risk remains challenging. This review highlights commonly used anticoagulants in ECMO, including their mechanism of action, monitoring methods, strengths and limitations. It further elaborates on existing anticoagulant monitoring strategies, indicating their target range, benefits and drawbacks. Finally, it introduces several highly novel approaches to real-time anticoagulation monitoring methods including sound, optical, fluorescent, and electrical measurement as well as their working principles and future directions for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East African Rift System (EARS) represents a major tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart into the Nubian Plate situated to the west, and the Somalian Plate to the east. The EARS comprises various rift segments and two microplates (the Victoria and Rovuma plates) and represents a key location for studying rift evolution. Researchers have proposed various scenarios for the evolution of the EARS, but the impact of continental-scale rotational rifting, caused by the rotation of the Somalian Plate, has received only limited attention. In this study we apply analogue models to explore the dynamic evolution of the EARS within the broader rotational rifting framework. Our models show that rotational rifting leads to the lateral propagation of deformation towards the rotation axis, but we must distinguish between the propagation of distributed deformation, which can move very rapidly, and localized deformation, which can significantly lag behind. The various structural weakness arrangements in our models (representing pre-existing structural heterogeneities) lead to a variety of different structures. Laterally overlapping weaknesses are required for localizing parallel rift basins to create rift pass structures, possibly leading to the rotation and segregation of micro-plates, as is the case for the Victoria Plate in the EARS. Additional model observations concern the development of early pairs of rift-bounding faults flanking the rift basins, followed by the localization of deformation along the axes of the most advanced rift basins. Furthermore, the orientation of rift segments with respect to the regional (rotational) plate divergence affects deformation along these segments: oblique rift segments are 30 less wide due to a strike-slip deformation component. Overall, our model results are a good fit with the large-scale features of the EARS, providing constraints on the timing of rift development and on the segregation and rotation of the Victoria plate within the broader rotational rifting framework of the EARS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of muscle contractions generated by the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) plays a critical role in medical diagnoses, monitoring, rehabilitation, and functional assessments, including the potential for movement prediction modeling used for prosthetic control. Over the last decade, the use of combined traditional techniques to quantify information about the muscle condition that is correlated to neuromuscular electrical activation and the generation of muscle force and vibration has grown. The purpose of this review is to guide the reader to relevant works in different applications of ultrasound imaging in combination with other techniques for the characterization of biological signals. Several research groups have been using multi-sensing systems to carry out specific studies in the health area. We can divide these studies into two categories: human–machine interface (HMI), in which sensors are used to capture critical information to control computerized prostheses and/or robotic actuators, and physiological study, where sensors are used to investigate a hypothesis and/or a clinical diagnosis. In addition, the relevance, challenges, and expectations for future work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein crystallization is nowadays performed at the micro to macro scale in academia and industry, being particularly interesting for pharmaceutical applications. Protein crystallization offers an attractive alternative to chromatography as a downstream processing step in the biotechnology industry, but also in the food and chemical industries. Monitoring of the protein crystallization process is required to understand the crystal growth mechanism and to obtain the information necessary for efficient process control, which needs to comply with the critical quality attributes of the product. Since a wide range of monitoring techniques have already been developed and established, this review focuses on the recent advances of selected techniques in monitoring protein crystallization processes such as the focused beam reflectance method (FBRM), and machine learning-based image analysis for solid-phase monitoring, as well as the spectroscopic methods for liquid-phase monitoring, such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV/Vis spectroscopy.

Automated infrastructure monitoring systems play a vital role in ensuring transportation safety and have been studied extensively in the literature. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this paper conducts literature review to investigate the stereoscopic monitoring of transportation infrastructure. Based on the specific inclusion criteria, a total of 137 publications are systematically reviewed. Different from most of existing work that focus on either specific infrastructure or monitoring technique, this survey provides a stereoscopic monitoring perspective for the first time, and simultaneously reviews the fundamentals and applications of representative satellite, aerial, ground, and body-based monitoring techniques for roads, bridges and tunnels. Beyond that, the future research trends are discussed in the conclusion. • A stereoscopic perspective for transportation infrastructure monitoring was proposed. • Fundamentals and applications of representative monitoring techniques were systematically reviewed. • Roads, bridges, and tunnels were simultaneously considered. • Future research trends on stereoscopic monitoring of transportation infrastructure were outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bats are the most diverse mammalian order second to rodents, with 1400+ species globally. In the tropics, it is possible to find more than 60 bat species at a single site. However, monitoring bats is challenging due to their small size, ability to fly, cryptic nature, and nocturnal activity. Recently, bioacoustic techniques have been incorporated into survey methods, either through passive acoustic monitoring or acoustic bat lures. Lures have been developed on the premise that broadcasting acoustic stimuli increases the number of captures in harp traps or mist nets. However, this is a relatively new, niche method. This study tested the efficacy of two commonly used acoustic bat lure devices, broadcasting two different acoustic stimuli, to increase forest understory bat captures in the tropics. This is the first time an acoustic bat lure has been systematically tested in a tropical rainforest, and the first study to compare two lure devices (Sussex AutoBat and Apodemus BatLure). Using a paired experimental design, two synthesized acoustic stimuli were broadcasted, a feeding call and a social call, to understand the importance of the call type used on capture rates and genus‐specific responses. Using an acoustic lure significantly increased capture rates, while the type of device did not impact capture rates. The two acoustic stimuli had an almost even distribution of captures, suggesting that the type of call may be less important than previously thought. Results indicate a possible deterrent effect on Rhinolophous sp., while being particularly effective for attracting bats in the genera Murina and Kerivoula. This study highlights the effectiveness of lures, however, also indicates that lure effects can vary across genera. Therefore, lures may bias survey results by altering the species composition of bats caught. Future research should focus on a single species or genus, using synthesized calls of conspecifics, to fully understand the effect of lures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the state of active volcanoes is the foundational component of volcanic risk reduction strategies. To a large extent, these responsibilities rest with volcano observatories. Based on the 11 Reports that constitute this Special Issue—“Volcano Observatories in Latin America”—we provide a comprehensive overview of the work that has been carried out by the observatories in Latin America, a region in which tens of millions of people are exposed to volcanic activity. Since the first steps taken in the 1980s, volcano observatories of the region have made significant progress in assessing and monitoring volcanic activity. Currently, 17 institutions officially contribute to monitoring 135 volcanoes in 10 countries. Along with the improvements in the instrumental, technical, and operational capabilities, advancements have been made in long-term hazard assessment and hazard communication. But despite all the progress accomplished, several challenges and limiting factors still remain, such as the lack of financial resources and training opportunities. Efforts should be focused on increasing the number and quality of monitoring networks. El monitoreo del estado de los volcanes activos es un componente fundamental de las estrategias para la reducción del riesgo volcánico. En gran medida, estas responsabilidades recaen en los observatorios volcánicos. A partir de los 11 Reportes que constituyen este Número Especial –“Observatorios volcanológicos en América Latina”– brindamos un detallado resumen del trabajo llevado adelante por los observatorios en Latinoamérica, una región con decenas de millones de personas expuestas a la actividad volcánica. Desde sus primeros pasos a principios de 1980, los observatorios volcanológicos de la región han logrado avances significativos en la evaluación y vigilancia de la actividad volcánica. Actualmente, 17 instituciones contribuyen oficialmente al monitoreo de 135 volcanes en 10 países. Junto con las mejoras en sus capacidades instrumentales, técnicas y operativas, se produjeron avances también en la evaluación y comunicación de peligros a largo plazo. A pesar del avance logrado, aún persisten desafíos y factores limitantes, como la falta de recursos económicos y oportunidades de capacitación. Los esfuerzos futuros deben centrarse en aumentar el número y la calidad de las redes de monitoreo.

The study of muscle contractions generated by the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) plays a critical role in medical diagnoses, monitoring, rehabilitation, and functional assessments, including the potential for movement prediction modeling used for prosthetic control. Over the last decade, the use of combined traditional techniques to quantify information about the muscle condition that is correlated to neuromuscular electrical activation and the generation of muscle force and vibration has grown. The purpose of this review is to guide the reader to relevant works in different applications of ultrasound imaging in combination with other techniques for the characterization of biological signals. Several research groups have been using multi-sensing systems to carry out specific studies in the health area. We can divide these studies into two categories: human–machine interface (HMI), in which sensors are used to capture critical information to control computerized prostheses and/or robotic actuators, and physiological study, where sensors are used to investigate a hypothesis and/or a clinical diagnosis. In addition, the relevance, challenges, and expectations for future work are discussed.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a traditional process that not only manages different sources of organic waste but also generates renewable energy (biomethane) at the same time. However, AD relies on the cooperation of certain microbial communities and is, therefore, vulnerable to process disturbances that may affect biogas production and methane yield. In this context, process monitoring has been receiving attention as a strategy for achieving a stable process and ensuring a high yield of biogas. This review was undertaken to address the recent progress related to contemporary techniques deployed for real-time monitoring of the AD process at different scales. It also points out the necessity of choosing appropriate early-warning indicators and proper monitoring biosystems to achieve accurate information on the bioprocess. Nonetheless, the implementation of online monitoring techniques has been restricted due to its high-cost, which limits its industrial application. On this premise of rigid cost control, further studies are required to make AD real-time monitoring more technically and economically sustainable. [Display omitted] • AD instability is a crucial operational challenge for biogas production. • Process monitoring can provide stable and efficient biogas production. • Recent and effective AD monitoring methods are reviewed. • In-line monitoring techniques are the best for detecting AD parameters. • High costs are still restricting the broad usage of online monitoring methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drastic reduction in the manufacturing cost of sensors and actuators has resulted in considerable growth in the number of smart objects. The so-called Internet of Things (IoT) blends the real and virtual environments and removes time and distance barriers. It is widely perceived as a major enabler for the efficient and effective provision of services across a range of sectors. It has naturally attracted the interest of cyberattackers. Due to the heterogeneity, resource-constraints, scale, and internet connectivity of IoT devices, each IoT layer is prone to various threats. Intruders consider the network layer of IoT as the gateway and leverage vulnerabilities in the routing protocol to compromise the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) of connected nodes. Researchers have proposed different security infrastructures to mitigate harm to IoT networks. One of these is the Intrusion Detection System (IDS). An IDS is an essential component for the network security layer and is widely adopted to reinforce the security of the IoT network. This systematic literature review explores the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) and its existing threats, classifies relevant IDS techniques and identifies areas requiring further investigation. We review 103 published papers in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of infrared-flash camera traps has increased dramatically over the past ten years particularly for capturerecapture population studies of distinctly-marked species. However, to use capture-recapture with the more inconspicuous species, high-quality colour imaging (and therefore white flash) is required. A potential problem with white flash is that it may negatively affect behaviour, in this case at bait stations, therefore causing results that do not truly represent possum activity. Possums were used in this study to compare two different types of camera trap: infrared and white flash. Camera traps were placed to take images of possums visiting bait stations, and the number of possum visits was used to determine if white-flash cameras gave different results to infrared-flash cameras. The white-flash cameras had slightly higher possum visits than infrared-flash cameras but the difference was not significant (P=0.437). Over time, the number of possum events (P=0.62) and the amount of time possums spent at the stations did not differ significantly (P=0.81). There was also no difference in the amount of bait taken by possums at white flash compared to infrared stations (P=0.61). Results show possums are not likely to be affected by white-flash cameras compared to infrared-flash cameras. This study therefore showed that there is unlikely to be any behavioural disadvantage in using white flash over infrared, allowing white-flash cameras to be investigated for their potential in identifying individual possums, and as a monitoring tool in control operations.

Patient monitoring is now an accepted standard in medical care to ensure that a patient's condition can be evaluated over time and any deterioration identified quickly, enabling appropriate care to be instituted. This article reviews the basic components of any monitoring device, and its importance in relation to improving patient safety. Issues related to increasing complexity of monitoring devices are also discussed. Basic monitoring modalities are described including pulse oximetry, non-invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, temperature and capnography. Advanced cardiovascular monitoring is also discussed including invasive pressure monitoring, and invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring devices. Neurological monitoring systems which evaluate intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and brain electrical activity in the critical care and perioperative environment are also described in relation to acute brain injury. Point-of-care testing (PoCT) modalities are reviewed as all monitoring devices can be regarded as forms of PoCT devices. Common features of PoCT devices together with advantages and disadvantages of PoCT are defined. A range of PoCT devices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the superior thermal performance of traditional mud architecture over contemporary concrete block construction. The case study consists of two adjacent buildings representing the two building techniques that are located in the Asiri highlands, KSA. The research employed multi-field study techniques that include observation, as well as objective and subjective assessments. The objective assessment measured the different factors affecting the thermal comfort inside the case study houses by using a data logger and handheld equipment. The subjective assessment aimed to measure the response of the occupants by using semi-structured interviews and self-directed questioners. The results will be a further stepping-stone in motivating people to find value in their heritage and to preserve, reuse and reinhabit their houses while also stressing the importance to pass traditional knowledge to younger generations. The results showed a better performance for the vernacular houses while showed significant importance of adopting the passive strategies even with the new concrete houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a sharing platform for files,information and resources,CSN (content sharing network) possessed a very wide distribution in Internet.It did provide a great convenience for people to share various contents through Internet with the rapid development and wide application of network techniques,especially the emergence and prevalence of P2P (peer-to-peer).However,numerous malicious files,cheating information and spywares swarmed into Internet,which pose a serious threat to the security of CSN.A survey was made of some critical issues of CSN combining with the current development and research status from the perspective of network security.The critical issues include the definition and important properties,different taxonomies of types,key techniques,developing and researching trends of CSN.

Brain is a unique organ of the body that receives highest amount of cardiac output and totally depend on the blood supply for its survival and no reserve of blood flow making it vulnerable for ischaemia. Other important properties of cerebral circulation include autoregulation of blood flow, high oxygen extraction, and selective increase in blood flow to specific brain areas during various functional activities. It is important to understand that systemic and local factors affect the cerebral blood flow and the brain functions. Moreover the alterations in cerebral blood flow (acute or chronic) can be responsible for various symptoms as well as diseases pertaining to the brain. Hence it is important to measure the cerebral blood flow for the diagnostic as well as therapeutic purpose. This review focusses on the various techniques available for monitoring the cerebral blood flow.

Highlights • Easier accessibility to mid-depth Underwater Cultural Heritage and high risk of anthropic interference. • Mid-depth Underwater Cultural heritage at risk needs to be part of a management protection plan. • A first stage of monitoring control using low-cost photogrammetric methods can ensure high quality accurate data is created. • Need for efficient technological improvements and low-cost infrastructure for the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Abstract Over the last few years there have been advances in technical diving, which have made it more accessible (including financially), making it possible to dive to greater depths and, consequently, reach underwater archaeological sites in deeper waters, which were previously considered "untouchable". As these sites are now at potential risk of anthropic interference, new approaches to monitoring techniques are therefore considered necessary to ensure the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. This paper presents a protocol for monitoring techniques to be applied to 'mid-depth archaeological remains'. The proposed technique is based on a combination of low-cost photogrammetric methods. Using as a case study a Roman era shipwreck from Majorca, off the east coast of Spain, this paper presents an ideal protocol for the essential first stages in protecting and managing the archaeological record of an underwater site at medium depth. The process gives immediate results, using photogrammetric and orthophoto coverage of the site to build up a highly accurate site map, as well as recording high-definition images in order to create a computer model of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is and a colorless, corrosive, flammable, and toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg smell. Although its detection can be conducted by conventional methods (like gas chromatography), highly effective and sensitive detection of H 2 S has been realized with the usage of various nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanostructures, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots). Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as employed for such applications either in their pristine or modified forms, have been recognized as the effective media for sensing of H 2 S due to synergistic effects in addition to their well-known merits (e.g., the large specific surface). This review has been organized to describe the potential applicability of MOF-based sensing against H 2 S through comparative evaluation of their capability against other materials or tools. We also discuss the present obstacles and outline the future scope of research on MOF-based sensing tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Quality assessment methods and techniques for laser welding have been developed both in- and post-process. This paper summarizes and presents relevant studies being classified according to the technology implemented (vision, camera, acoustic emissions, ultrasonic testing (UT), eddy current technique (ECT)) for the quality inspection. Furthermore, the current review aims to map the existing modeling approaches used to correlating measured weld characteristics and defects with the process parameters. Research gaps and implications of the quality assessment in laser welding are also described, and a future outlook of the research in the particular field is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cells have been regarded as promising power sources for cleaner energy production. Despite their high theoretical efficiency, fuel cells are still challenged with their durability issues that hinder their full commercialization. Recent work on fuel cells' prognostics provided multiple opportunities for predicting and monitoring the fuel cells' durability. Prognostic studies evaluate, predict and model complex fuel cell systems. This field witnessed an increase in application, accuracy, and depth recently. The application of several prognostic studies to predict the failure modes helped to improve the efficiency and estimate the remaining useful life (RUL) of the complex fuel cell system. This paper discusses the most recent prognostic and health monitoring studies of fuel cells systems that use hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels. It suggests that prognostics are promising approaches toward evaluating the fuel cell system's useful life. The paper also provides an overview of the most recent developments in the types of the applied prognostic models. It appears that the main challenge is the development of online prognostic methods for the dynamic fuel cell systems. This work concludes that a proper prediction/monitoring approach requires the application of more than one prognostic method. • The application of fuel cells is usually limited by their low lifespan and durability. • Prognostics offer a promising approach for predicting the failure modes in fuel cells. • Prognostic models are classified into model-free methods or model-based methods. • More than one model is required to properly evaluate the fuel cells failure modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]