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Modular integrated construction (MiC) is an innovative construction method that is widely used in practice, but high transportation cost is an obstacle to its wider implementation. This paper is motivated by the real-world need for a scientific approach for MiC transport scheduling, and addresses the practical problem of how to achieve on-time door-to-door MiC delivery in an economical manner. An innovative integer programming model is formulated with the objective of minimising the total transportation costs, including trailer rental, fuel costs, and worker salaries. A case study based on Hong Kong data validates that the developed model can be efficiently solved for problems of practical size. The results also demonstrate that the derived MiC schedule plan can reduce transportation costs by 58.7% compared with a just-in-time (JIT) strategy, thus bringing great economic benefits to off-site construction practitioners. Useful managerial implications related to on-site MiC storage areas are derived through sensitivity analysis. Overall, this paper sets the ground for the application of mathematical programming methodology to the off-site construction field. Future research may be devoted to MiC transport scheduling under uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular integrated construction (MiC) becomes a promising solution to improve production efficiency in the construction industry. However, the off‐site production and on‐site installation processes of MiC pose challenges to collaboration efficiency among the multiple stakeholders involved, including subcontractors, contractors, and consumers. These challenges stem from information dispersion, which impedes effective collaboration and communication. Such problems can be solved by introducing a blockchain‐based cyber‐physical service platform, which can facilitate information sharing and collaboration across the supply chain. In this paper, we study the impacts of MiC and blockchain technology on construction supply chains and reveal several important insights. First, we find that there exists a first‐mover advantage in the traditional construction supply chain, where subcontractors engage in a sequential game, and the subcontractor who produces first obtains more profit than the counterparts. Moreover, the contractor's ability to increase profits by reducing the unit cost of construction time is limited, but it can improve the effectiveness of the time gap due to early delivery. Second, we show that MiC should not be introduced if it significantly reduces collaboration efficiency in the supply chain. Interestingly, increasing the unit cost of construction for subcontractors can actually result in greater profits for all members of the supply chain. Regarding adopting blockchain technology, our findings suggest that supply chain members generally hold similar attitudes. Specifically, when the value of blockchain in improving collaboration efficiency is below a certain threshold, its adoption may not be beneficial, despite its potential to enable rapid production and early delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Modular integrated construction (MiC) is a modern construction method innovating and reinventing the traditional site-based construction method. As it integrates advanced manufacturing principles and requires offsite production of volumetric building components, several factors and conditions must converge to make the MiC method suitable and efficient for building projects in each context. This paper aims to present a knowledge-based decision support system (KB-DSS) for assessing a project's suitability for the MiC method. Design/methodology/approach: The KB-DSS uses 21 significant suitability decision-making factors identified through literature review, consultation of experts and questionnaire surveys. It has a knowledge base, a DSS and a user interface. The knowledge base comprises IF-THEN production rules to compute the MiC suitability score with the efficient use of the powerful reasoning and explanation capabilities of DSS. Findings: The tool receives the inputs of a decision-maker, computes the MiC suitability score for a given project and generates recommendations based on the score. Three real-world projects in Hong Kong are used to demonstrate the applicability of the tool for solving the MiC suitability assessment problem. Originality/value: This study established the complex and competing significant conditions and factors determining the suitability of the MiC method for construction projects. It developed a unique tool combining the capabilities of expert systems and decision support system to address the complex problem of assessing the suitability of the MiC method for construction projects in a high-density metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modular integrated construction (MiC), the resource allocation problem (RAP) adopted by construction sites and vehicle routing problem (VRP) adopted by logistics companies are highly interdependent. However, this interdependence has been overlooked in the literature. Thus, the plans determined by each problem cannot be achieved practically. Moreover, there is no existing VRP model suitable for the MiC application. This study aims to propose a VRP model suitable for MiC, investigate the interdependence between the RAP and proposed VRP model, and develop a blockchain system to secure information sharing between the RAP and VRP. The first two objectives are achieved by developing a coordinated system formulated as a leader-follower Stackelberg game model (LFSGM). This model is presented as a bi-level optimisation model and solved using a nested ant colony optimisation-based algorithm. The effectiveness of the LFSGM is validated using a real case study. The results show that using the traditional approach (i.e. a separate RAP and proposed VRP) succeeds in providing a plan for the construction sites but not for the logistics company. In contrast, the LFSGM offers applicable plans for both the construction sites and logistics company. Lastly, some managerial implications are identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular integrated construction (MiC) is now widely adopted by industry and governments. However, its fragile and delicate logistics are still a concern for impeding project performance. MiC logistic operations involve rigorous multimode transportation, loading-unloading, and stacking during storage. Such processes may induce latent and intrinsic damage to the module. This damage causes safety hazards during assembly and deteriorates the module's structural health during the building use phase. Also, additional inspection and repairs before assembly cause uncertainties and can delay the whole supply chain. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the module's structural response during MiC logistics and the building use phase is vital. An IoT-based multi-sensing system is developed, integrating an accelerometer, gyroscope, and strain sensors to measure the module's structural response. The compact, portable, wireless sensing devices are designed to be easily installed on modules during the logistics and building use phases. The system is tested and calibrated to ensure its accuracy and efficiency. Then, a detailed field experiment is demonstrated to assess the damage, safety, and structural health during MiC logistic operations. The demonstrated damage assessment methods highlight the application for decision-makers to identify the module's structural condition before it arrives on site and proactively avoid any supply chain disruption. The developed sensing system is directly helpful for the industry in monitoring MiC logistics and module structural health during the use phase. The system enables the researchers to investigate and improve logistic strategies and module design by accessing detailed insights into the dynamics of MiC logistic operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As construction projects become increasingly complex, modular integrated construction (MiC) has emerged as a pivotal solution, driving integrated development in complex projects. However, the reliance on prefabricated modules underscores the crucial role of supply chain management (SCM) in MiC, necessitating strategic planning and operational control. This study aimed to use bibliometric analysis to map the SCM knowledge domain within MiC. Through the use of keywords related to "supply chain" and "MiC", 196 relevant papers were extracted from the Web of Science database. These papers were subjected to co-citation analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and time span analysis to elucidate the historical evolution, multidisciplinary domains, and future directions in planning and control within SCM-MiC. The research identified two milestones in SCM-MiC's historical trajectory, enhancing our understanding of its foundations. Moreover, 11 clusters were identified, illustrating the multidisciplinary nature of SCM-MiC. Dividing the literature into seven stages of the supply chain, the research outlined four research directions aligned with project complexity and technological development, highlighting current hotspots and gaps of the strategic planning and control. These directions bridge the construction management and information technology domains, guiding future SCM-MiC research within complex project management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crane-lift planning is critical but challenging to ensure construction safety and efficiency for the installation of heavy components. It engages a group decision-making process that involves various stakeholders to exchange knowledge of crane capabilities, site characteristics, and operational feasibility. However, conventional planning methods based on drawings, animations, and standalone virtual prototypes are inefficient in enabling collaborative decision-making due to rigid visualization and inflexible interactions among different stakeholders. This paper aims to develop a collaborative heavy lift planning (Co-HeLP) system that engages crane suppliers, site managers, and crane operators in an immersive and shared environment for crane layout optimization and lifting simulation. Specifically, the system incorporates a multiuser networking unit to enable stakeholders to design crane-lift layouts concurrently and synchronize changes in real time for facilitating information-sharing and collaborative planning. In addition, a cross-platform virtual reality (VR) unit is developed to provide stakeholders with role-tailored interactions of crane allocation and first-person operation. Automatic feasibility checking is also formulated to assist stakeholders in appraising jib reach limits and loading capacities more efficiently. The system is demonstrated using a real-life modular building project that involves the installation of multiple bulky modules. To evaluate the system, two groups of industry practitioners from crane suppliers and main contractors conducted heavy lift planning using Co-HeLP, where their responses were collected using questionnaire-based surveys and interviews. Results show that the system is rated highly on automatability (0.77/1), collectiveness (0.81/1), and applicability (0.85/1), with the advantages of full-scale visualization and multirole interactions. This paper opens up new possibilities for stakeholders to jointly manage crane-lift constraints and build consensus on layout plans through a mutually interactive and role-independent shared environment. More broadly, the paper derives a generic multiuser VR mechanism to address fragmented coordination and inefficient knowledge transfer, thereby facilitating collective planning and management in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nigerian construction industry is faced with environmental degradation, economic and social-related challenges, in which Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) could be regarded as practical solution. Sadly, many construction professionals and stakeholders are reluctant to adopt this innovative approach in developing countries like Nigeria. This informs the necessity to investigate the relationships between MiC indicators and performance metrics with a survey of professionals with practical experience in the use of MiC in executing infrastructure in Lagos and Abuja, Nigeria. The data retrieved from the respondents were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationships between MiC indicators and performance in this study. The results of the analysis revealed that both procedural and internal MiC indicators are significant to enhancing economic, environmental, and social performance. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the impact of MiC is extremely beneficial in all construction ramifications for sustainable practice. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that massive awareness campaigns regarding the necessity of using technology in construction activities be launched among professionals and stakeholders in the construction industry to enhance the use of MiC in the Nigerian construction industry.

Modular construction has been hailed as an innovative construction approach for overcoming labor shortages, the aging workforce, and low productivity in the construction industry. Previous studies focused on the technical aspects, but few contextualized modular construction in sustainable development (SD), nor analyzed stakeholders' knowledge, attitudes, and intentions toward adopting modular construction for SD. This paper develops a three-level knowledge-attitude-intention model to examine stakeholders' knowledge, attitudes, and intentions from technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects. The empirical research was conducted through a questionnaire survey with 197 stakeholders in the Hong Kong construction industry. The results indicate inconsistent knowledge, polarized attitudes, and high intention of stakeholders toward modular construction for SD in Hong Kong. The statistical analysis results show stakeholder differentials lead to differences in stakeholders' knowledge and attitudes about modular construction for SD, but no statistically significant difference was found in behavioral intentions. Besides, knowledge and attitudes were found to be significantly correlated to intention on modular construction for SD. The stakeholder knowledge, attitudes, and intentions toward modular construction for SD were considered to be complex sociotechnical systems, which led to varied articulations of the dialectics and complexities of modular construction for SD. The study contributes to the literature with systems thinking by scrutinizing institution-demand-supply-regulatory collaborations and partnerships, integrating the ontological, axiological, and epistemological understanding of stakeholders, revealing dialectic of stakeholders' knowledge, attitudes and intentions, and reviewing multifaceted and interwoven technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of modular construction for SD. Practical implications are provided to enable the exchange of knowledge on innovative modular construction for SD with institutions and industry, shape the attitude of industry and society stakeholders toward sustainability, and encourage the practice of innovation-driven SD. Practical applications could be further imposed to enhance the knowledge, shape the attitudes, and encourage the intentions about adopting modular construction for SD in Hong Kong as follows: To enhance the knowledge of modular construction for SD, the understanding of sociotechnical systems of modular construction coupled with economic, social, and environmental sustainability of modular construction is recommended. Industry councils are recommended to publish guidelines on the technical solutions for achieving a sustainable built environment through modular construction. Industry pioneers and practitioners are encouraged to demonstrate and share the feasibility and benefits of applying modular construction for the public and other industry stakeholder groups. Regarding knowledge acquisition-sharing-application mechanism, the relationships between institutions and other stakeholder groups should be enhanced and strengthened by an institution-demand-supply-regulatory partnership. This enhancement would be beneficial for knowledge transfer and able to bridge academic outcomes with industry needs. In terms of attitudes, the government and developers are encouraged to collaborate with universities and professionals to raise awareness of the sustainability of modular construction for SD in urban development. Government departments should formulate more legislation and initiatives to change current unwillingness and negative attitudes toward modular construction for SD, especially social sustainability. Thus, promoting corporate social responsibilities of adopting modular construction for SD through public media should be considered to raise the industry's interests and the general public's awareness. Enhancing stakeholders' intentions should be addressed and emphasized at the current stage to guide and encourage the adoption of modular construction for SD in the future. Engaging a policy mix that includes carrot, cusp, and stick policies is recommended to achieve feasible and effective enhancement toward stakeholders' intentions and practices of modular construction for SD. The policy mix includes carrot policies (tax incentives, rebates, and grants), cusp policies, which are neither clearly carrot nor stick, but often have a leaning toward one or other (loans and improved rental/selling rights), and stick policies (minimum standards and mandatory disclosure). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectively monitoring and analyzing on-site module installation for modular integrated construction (MiC) is essential to properly coordinating the MiC process. In this study, the authors propose an automated productivity monitoring framework for on-site module installation operations consisting of three modules: object detection, activity classification, and productivity analysis. The object detection module detects mobile cranes and modules interacting with mobile cranes, and the activity classification module classifies module installation activities into five different activities by considering the spatiotemporal relationship between the detected objects. Finally, the productivity analysis module analyzes the productivity of the module installation process by utilizing the accumulated activity classification results over image frames. The proposed model achieves an average accuracy of 89% (hooking: 85.71%, lifting: 84.44%, positioning: 94.90%, returning: 83.09%, and idling: 96.87%) in classifying the five activities. The developed framework enables practitioners to measure the productivity of the on-site module installation process automatically. In addition, productivity data stored from diverse construction sites contribute to identifying progress-impeding factors and improving the productivity of the entire MiC process.

Modular integrated construction (MiC) is now widely adopted by industry and governments. However, its fragile and delicate logistics are still a concern for impeding project performance. MiC logistic operations involve rigorous multimode transportation, loading-unloading, and stacking during storage. Such processes may induce latent and intrinsic damage to the module. This damage causes safety hazards during assembly and deteriorates the module’s structural health during the building use phase. Also, additional inspection and repairs before assembly cause uncertainties and can delay the whole supply chain. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the module’s structural response during MiC logistics and the building use phase is vital. An IoT-based multi-sensing system is developed, integrating an accelerometer, gyroscope, and strain sensors to measure the module’s structural response. The compact, portable, wireless sensing devices are designed to be easily installed on modules during the logistics and building use phases. The system is tested and calibrated to ensure its accuracy and efficiency. Then, a detailed field experiment is demonstrated to assess the damage, safety, and structural health during MiC logistic operations. The demonstrated damage assessment methods highlight the application for decision-makers to identify the module’s structural condition before it arrives on site and proactively avoid any supply chain disruption. The developed sensing system is directly helpful for the industry in monitoring MiC logistics and module structural health during the use phase. The system enables the researchers to investigate and improve logistic strategies and module design by accessing detailed insights into the dynamics of MiC logistic operations.

As construction projects become increasingly complex, modular integrated construction (MiC) has emerged as a pivotal solution, driving integrated development in complex projects. However, the reliance on prefabricated modules underscores the crucial role of supply chain management (SCM) in MiC, necessitating strategic planning and operational control. This study aimed to use bibliometric analysis to map the SCM knowledge domain within MiC. Through the use of keywords related to “supply chain” and “MiC”, 196 relevant papers were extracted from the Web of Science database. These papers were subjected to co-citation analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and time span analysis to elucidate the historical evolution, multidisciplinary domains, and future directions in planning and control within SCM-MiC. The research identified two milestones in SCM-MiC’s historical trajectory, enhancing our understanding of its foundations. Moreover, 11 clusters were identified, illustrating the multidisciplinary nature of SCM-MiC. Dividing the literature into seven stages of the supply chain, the research outlined four research directions aligned with project complexity and technological development, highlighting current hotspots and gaps of the strategic planning and control. These directions bridge the construction management and information technology domains, guiding future SCM-MiC research within complex project management.

This study investigates an integrated yard planning and module transportation problem in modular integrated construction (MiC). A Stackelberg game model is proposed to characterize the relations between the government and contractors. The government is the leader and decides the locations and areas of temporary storage yards to facilitate the cost-effective and eco-friendly transportation of MiC modules. The contractors are the followers and decide the transport mode (i.e., road transport or intermodal transport) for modules to minimize their total transportation costs. This study provides an in-depth analysis of model properties to derive a number of useful managerial insights. The economical and environmental trade-offs between costs and emissions are observed. Our study further proves that an optimal solution is likely to simultaneously reduce the overall costs and carbon emissions, in comparison to choosing the location with the largest area to construct a temporary storage yard. These insights offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the interactions between government and contractors. Overall, this paper aims to promote the implementation of MiC by achieving the economical and sustainable transportation of MiC modules.

As a new construction form, modular integrated construction (MiC) can effectively improve the construction quality and productivity, especially for the construction of high-density and high-rise buildings. However, the current MiC quality inspection relies on manual inspection, which is inefficient and unreliable. Systematic research on digital inspection techniques (DITs) is fragmented and unable to fully realize the potential of the MiC industry. This study aims to explore the current state of DIT applications in MiC and to summarize the knowledge in the field through an analysis of 248 relevant literatures. Accordingly, this study combines bibliometric analysis, and a system engineering evaluation approach based on 3D structures (time, knowledge, and logic) to provide an overview of the current state of DIT development. The overview includes the application of DITs from a whole life cycle perspective, the DIT knowledge structure, specific DIT applications, as well as current challenges and future prospects.

Modular construction has been widely promoted with numerous benefits, but the promotion has largely been for low- to medium-rise buildings. The implementation of high-rise modular buildings in high-density cities remains limited. This paper aims to investigate modular adoption in high-rise high-density cities by examining drivers, constraints and strategies with the case of modular integrated construction in Hong Kong. The research was carried out through a literature review, expert interviews and a questionnaire survey with key stakeholders. The most important drivers were identified to be faster construction and shortened project duration, financial incentives, better quality control, policy initiative and promotion and improved workers' well-being. The most significant constraints were found to be over-stringent regulations, limited codes and standards, limited capable suppliers and contractors, logistics challenges and loss of saleable areas. The most important success strategies were identified relating to financial incentives, standards and codes, technical solutions, transport regulations and prioritized adoption in public housing. A systems framework is proposed to address the complexity of modular adoption within social, technological, economic, supply chain and regulatory contexts. The findings should help accelerate the adoption of modular methods in high-rise high-density cities and contribute a systematic approach to informing future research into modular construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular construction has been widely employed to build low-to-medium-rise buildings but limited for high-rises partly due to the knowledge gap about the lateral force resistance of modular high-rises. Most modular high-rises adopt in situ cores which still require substantial onsite works to resist lateral loads. Previous research developed a module wall system for modular high-rises to replace in situ cores. This study aims to propose coupling beams concealed in corridor slabs for modular high-rises without in situ cores. A 40-story public housing building in Hong Kong (HK) was adopted for the case study. A finite element (FE) model of precast concrete coupled shear walls was formulated using the OpenSees software and validated by reported test results. For the case building in the scenarios with and without coupling beams, the seismic and wind performances were respectively compared according to the results of the nonlinear dynamic analysis using the FE model and those of the nonlinear static analysis using an ETABS model of the building. The study not only proves that precast concrete coupled shear wall system is technically feasible to resist the seismic and wind loads for modular high-rises in HK but also facilitates the application of precast concrete modules in high-rise buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing carbon emissions from buildings is essential to achieving carbon neutrality. Modular construction (MC) has been adopted as an innovative approach to improve construction sustainability. However, detailed embodied carbon (EC) assessment of concrete modular high-rise residential buildings is lacking. This study aims to systematically assess the cradle-to-end-of-construction EC of concrete modular high-rise residential buildings. A multilevel EC assessment model was proposed and validated to assess the EC at different spatiotemporal levels. A concrete modular high-rise staff quarters building was selected for case study. Its cradle-to-end-of-construction EC was quantified as 569.3 kgCO 2 e/m2 with around 80 % from material production. The structural modules with structural walls generated more EC than the nonstructural modules. The residential area comprising the modules had higher EC emissions than the communal area. The case building generated 14.6 % less cradle-to-site EC from the production and transportation of structural materials but 20 % more cradle-to-end-of-construction EC compared with two prefabricated panelized building counterparts, respectively. The cradle-to-end-of-construction EC of the case building was reduced by 8.3 % by eliminating the nonstructural module floor and by 16.7 % by further decreasing the nonstructural module walls. The results show that concrete MC reduces the EC at the construction stage but does not necessarily achieve a lower initial EC than its conventional counterpart. Resolving the double-panel issues can effectively mitigate the EC of modular buildings. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multilevel EC assessment model and provide valuable insights for future research on the systematic EC assessment and reduction of modular buildings. • A Multi-level embodied carbon (EC) assessment model is proposed for modular buildings. • Cradle-to-end-of-construction EC of a case modular building is assessed as 569.3 kgCO 2 e/m2. • Intensive EC emissions are found from material production, especially concrete and rebar. • Modular construction can achieve low EC emissions at the construction stage. • Resolving the double-panel design issue can further reduce the EC of modular buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular integrated construction (MiC) is an innovative technology that minimizes the adverse impacts of construction not only in terms of material resources, energy consumption and environmental issues but also by reducing construction times and costs. The widespread adoption of these practices could therefore contribute to the construction industry's sustainable development. Despite the increasing public attention of MiC with a number of published works in various aspects, there is still a lack of systematic assessment of its sustainability performance. We therefore reviewed the published literature addressing the sustainability of MiC over the last two decades using a desktop research method integrating a bibliometric search with quantitative and qualitative analyses. Our objective was to investigate, evaluate, and summarize the ongoing research trends for sustainability-related studies in MiC published in leading construction journals to identify promising potential directions for future research. This research is intended to serve as a useful resource for practitioners and researchers seeking to better understand the significance of this outstanding technology as we strive to develop a more sustainable construction environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, modular construction has been adopted for rapidly delivering healthcare facilities, but few have systematically explored the impacts of the pandemic and the contributions of modular construction. This paper aims to evaluate modular construction for delivering healthcare facilities in response to COVID-19, through the exploration of the challenges, strategies, and performance of using modular construction for emergency healthcare building project delivery. The study was conducted using 12 real-life healthcare building projects in Hong Kong with both within- and cross-case analyses. The results of the within-case study reveal critical challenges such as tight program but limited resources available and the corresponding strategies such as implementation of smart technologies. The results of the cross-case analysis indicate 106% improved time efficiency and 203% enhanced cost efficiency of using modular construction compared with conventional practices. Based on the multi-case studies, the paper develops an innovative framework which illustrates the roles of stakeholders, goals, engineering challenges, and management principles of using modular construction. Practically, the paper should assist both policymakers and industry stakeholders in addressing the critical challenges of delivering healthcare facilities under COVID-19 in an efficient and collaborative manner. Theoretically, it should set an exemplar of linking the building construction industry with emergency management and healthcare service systems to facilitate efficient response to pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three types of socket steel beam-column corner-connections with grouting for modular integrated construction are proposed and experimentally investigated. Six grouted and two ungrouted specimens were fabricated and divided into two groups: one group underwent monotonic loading and the other was subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading. A comprehensive comparison was conducted across all these specimens. The test results show that grouted bolted socket corner-connection with diagonal stiffeners can enhance its lateral stiffness, bearing capacity, structural integrity, and energy dissipation capacity. Conversely, the absence of diagonal stiffeners and bolts connecting the flanges of the floor and the ceiling channel beams led to a significant decrease to the bearing capacity, lateral stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity of the grouted bolted socket corner-connection. This underscores the critical role of diagonal stiffeners and bolts in these connections. Notably, weld cracking or tearing was a common failure, especially at the welds connecting the beam to the column and those linking the diagonal stiffeners. This failure highlights the importance of ensuring weld quality in practical engineering applications. According to Eurocode 3, all the specimens tested could be classified as semi-rigid connection, however, only the grouted bolted socket corner-connection with diagonal stiffeners met the criteria for full-strength connections. • Propose novel grouted steel beam-column corner-connections for MiC. • Explore static and cyclic loading performance of ungrouted/grouted corner-connections. • Quantify the effect of diagonal stiffeners, grouting and bolts on static/cyclic behavior. • Perform the joint classification based on EC 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A collision detection strategy is developed for lift path planning in modular construction. • An optimized octree with a fast encoding method is built to divide the lifting space. • A novel AABB and OBB integrated method is developed for collision detection. • An adaptive variable-step strategy is proposed to ensure continuous collision detection. • The developed algorithm reduces planning time by about 95 % while ensuring accuracy. Crane-lift path planning (CLPP) ensures the safe and efficient installation of hefty modules in high-rise modular integrated construction (MiC). The implementation of CLPP requires effective collision detection strategies. However, existing collision detection strategies suffer from limitations in terms of computational intensity or insufficient accuracy. This paper aims to develop a fast and accurate collision detection strategy for CLPP in high-rise MiC projects using a single tower crane, thereby achieving safe and efficient module installation. It is executed with the assumptions that the geometry of the building remains unchanged, the positions and orientations of the lifted module and the tower crane are monitored, and no external loads act on the lifted module. Based on the research scope and assumptions, an octree and bounding box (Oct-Box) integrated strategy is developed. The strategy operates in two stages, the pre-execution and execution stages, supported by two critical technical components: (1) an optimized octree for lifting space division and encoding, and (2) an integrated bounding box algorithm for construction object collision detection. The strategy was evaluated using a real-life MiC project in Hong Kong. The results show that the developed strategy minimized the CLPP time by about 95 %, while ensuring continuous and accurate collision detection. In addition, the strategy was significantly affected by the depth of octree, the encoding method of octree, the bounding box algorithm and the configuration density. The developed Oct-Box strategy for CLPP is novel as it addresses temporal efficiency and spatial tightness in tandem, and marks a breakthrough for collision detection in modular construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) is a rapid and sustainable solution for construction projects. However, it poses challenges in crane safety operations (CSO). This paper examines CSO in MiC, offering fresh perspectives and contributions. The research aims to identify patterns, knowledge gaps, and future directions in CSO within MiC. Scientometric and systematic review approaches are integrated to ensure a comprehensive analysis. CSO research is categorized into four primary problem-based categories: Crane-Related Fatalities, Accidents, and Hazards; Risk Analysis and Evaluation; Enhancing Lifting Process Efficiency and Crane Operator Safety; and Technological Solutions and Innovations. Each category is subdivided into methods-based subcategories. The paper provides insights into methodologies and global trends in CSO practices, facilitating safety improvements in MiC projects. It also outlines future research directions and practical recommendations for implementing strategies aligned with these directions. This paper serves as a catalyst for enhancing safety and implementing research findings in real-world MiC scenarios. [Display omitted] • MiC offers rapid, efficient construction but poses unique challenges, notably in CSO. • MiC's CSO research growth prompts pattern detection and gap analysis. • A mixed review method blends scientometrics and systematic reviews CSO in MiC. • Four problem-based categories: fatalities, risk, lifting, and technology. • The systematic review identifies five gaps and outlines future research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular integrated construction (MiC) has been introduced in building construction for achieving sustainable development. As MiC disruptively transforms the construction process compared with conventional construction, it is imperative to systematically understand its performance, which, however, has not been sufficiently reported in previous literature. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a new framework of key performance indicators (KPIs) for project stakeholders to comprehensively measure and effectively benchmark the performance of MiC projects. This framework is developed based on the concept of sustainable construction that covers social, environmental and economic aspects. Through a comprehensive literature review, expert interviews and a focus group meeting, 32 KPIs are established in the three sustainability aspects. An eight-step process is suggested for project stakeholders to adopt these KPIs to measure MiC performance in three tiers – that is, overall building, off-site and on-site works and modular works. A case study is then presented, which demonstrates that the framework is effective in measuring the sustainability of MiC and applicable for comparing MiC with conventional practices. The framework fills the knowledge gap of performance measurement on modular building construction and contributes a methodological foundation for the future quantitative benchmarking of MiC sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By maximizing offsite work and minimizing onsite activities, modular construction has become increasingly popular in high-rise, high-density cities. For successfully delivering high-rise modular buildings, a key issue is the effective scheduling of offsite logistics, consisting of module manufacturing, transportation, and storage. This paper proposes an integrated offsite logistics scheduling approach for high-rise modular building projects that addresses project-specific constraints and uncertainties, based on the stochastic Petri net (SPN) method. The proposed approach supports multi-criteria decision-making, that considers completion time, total cost, storage capacity utilization, and production process stability under what-if scenarios. Its efficacy and novelty for offsite logistics scheduling were demonstrated through a real-life project case study. The results indicate the need to (1) strengthen suppliers' demand responsiveness by shortening module production time; (2) enhance manufacturing flexibility by increasing factory storage utilization; (3) improve supply chain synchronization; and (4) capitalize on the government's role in offsite logistics enhancement. The findings methodologically innovate offsite logistics scheduling, and practically support contractors and module suppliers in successfully delivering high-rise modular building projects in high-density cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined logistics planning in the modular integrated construction supply chain (MiC-SC). Existing models overlook two important characteristics of the MiC-SC—the dynamic behavior of its stakeholders, and the uncertain interactions between its activities and resources—making their applicability limited in real practice. The literature also lacks an understanding of which logistics and construction decisions significantly impact the MiC-SC key performance indicators (KPIs) (e.g., project duration, MiC-SC costs, and emissions). Moreover, optimizing logistics and construction decisions to achieve a trade-off between these KPIs is yet to be addressed. This study contributes to the MiC-SC knowledge by (1) developing a multimethod simulation model that captures the dynamic behavior of MiC-SC stakeholders through agent-based modeling and the uncertain interactions between their internal activities and resources using discrete-event simulation and considering more realistic features such as traffic condition, site layout, heterogeneous truck types, and uncertainty of activities duration; (2) integrating the developed model with the Taguchi approach (TA) to identify the significant logistics and construction decisions that impact five KPIs (project duration, construction costs, construction emissions, logistics costs, and logistics emissions); and (3) applying a simulation-optimization (SO) approach to find the near-optimum logistics and construction decisions that maximize the MiC-SC sustainability through minimizing the project duration, total costs, and carbon emissions. The model's applicability was demonstrated using a case study of a high-rise MiC project. The TA analysis highlighted some interactions between logistics and construction decisions, calling for collaborative decision-making between stakeholders. The proposed SO approach could provide them with near-optimum decisions that minimize the project duration, MiC-SC costs, and emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study features the development of a framework to identify drivers towards increasing adoption of modular integrated construction (MiC) methods for affordable sustainable housing (ASH). The rise of offsite construction (OSC) techniques, especially MiC, has been evident in recent years. MiC's adoption in ASH is still underdeveloped; however, due to various benefits of MiC over conventional construction methods, it is envisioned to be a significant emerging approach for tackling growing housing demand, and ASH in particular. Although a few prior studies identified some factors for utilization of MiC towards ASH, studies to date have not provided a holistic review of drivers or a comprehensive framework of the interrelationships between such drivers. To address this issue, this study utilizes a three-way process including a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews and the Total Interpretive Structure Modelling (TISM) method to study the drivers for MiC adoption in ASH. Initially, 111 drivers were extracted from a review of 40 studies in the existing literature. Following that, the significant drivers of MiC adoption for ASH were grouped into cost, time, productivity, quality, environmental, social, policy and demand. Drawing on concepts of systems thinking and graph theory, the TISM model for eight drivers was developed from both the literature review and the interview results. Four levels of hierarchy were found among drivers containing linkage, driving, depending and autonomous. Succeeding the steps of TISM and Reachability Matrix (RM) and Matrice d' Impacts Croises-Multipication Appliqué a Classement (MICMAC) analysis, social drivers were found to have the highest driving and lowest dependency power, followed by productivity and policy drivers. This signifies the importance of social factors for enhancing MiC adoption for ASH. In addition, a strategic framework of boosting MiC adoption in ASH is also presented, highlighting the key stakeholders and strategies for transformation along with conclusions. This study delivers a wider landscape of drivers for MiC-ASH synergy that may assist practitioners, policy makers and relevant stakeholders to better understand the relationships between the drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) has gained prominence as a construction method, and the integrity of its structural connections plays a critical role in ensuring the overall stability and safety of buildings. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the static and hysteretic performance of grouted steel beam-column inter-connections designed for MiC. The study examines eight full-scale specimens subjected to both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions, with a focus on failure characteristics, deformation behavior, loading-displacement curves, loading-strain curves, skeleton curves of hysteretic loops, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation. Key findings of the study include the observation of weld cracking between beam flanges and columns in all specimens, highlighting the necessity of welding quality control to prevent such issues. Grouted connections exhibited superior integrity, with no gap opening or misalignment between upper and lower columns. Additionally, it was found that grouting could enhance the stiffness of certain connections. Removal of diagonal stiffeners significantly decreased peak bearing capacity, emphasizing their importance. The composite action brought about by bolts connecting ceiling and floor beams also proved influential. According to Eurocode 3, all grouted specimens fall under the classification of semi-rigid connections, with a distinction made for partial and full-strength connections. This research contributes valuable insights into the static behavior and hysteretic performance of grouted steel beam-column inter-connections for MiC, providing essential knowledge for the structural design and safety of buildings utilizing this innovative construction method. • Propose novel grouted steel beam-column inter-connections for MiC. • Conduct static monotonic and quasi-static cyclic loading tests on grouted connection. • Explore the static behavior of grouted connection considering different factors. • Investigate the effect of diagonal stiffeners, grouting and bolts on the hysteretic performance. • Conduct the joint classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, modular construction has been adopted for rapidly delivering healthcare facilities, but few have systematically explored the impacts of the pandemic and the contributions of modular construction. This paper aims to evaluate modular construction for delivering healthcare facilities in response to COVID-19, through the exploration of the challenges, strategies, and performance of using modular construction for emergency healthcare building project delivery. The study was conducted using 12 real-life healthcare building projects in Hong Kong with both within- and cross-case analyses. The results of the within-case study reveal critical challenges such as tight program but limited resources available and the corresponding strategies such as implementation of smart technologies. The results of the cross-case analysis indicate 106% improved time efficiency and 203% enhanced cost efficiency of using modular construction compared with conventional practices. Based on the multi-case studies, the paper develops an innovative framework which illustrates the roles of stakeholders, goals, engineering challenges, and management principles of using modular construction. Practically, the paper should assist both policymakers and industry stakeholders in addressing the critical challenges of delivering healthcare facilities under COVID-19 in an efficient and collaborative manner. Theoretically, it should set an exemplar of linking the building construction industry with emergency management and healthcare service systems to facilitate efficient response to pandemics.

A critical concern in the supply chain of modular construction is offsite logistics that involve complicated module manufacturing, storage, and transportation processes. However, numerous uncertainties exist in a supply chain that could detrimentally affect the performance of offsite logistics and thereby the success of modular construction projects. A systematic exploration of sources of uncertainties (SoUs) in offsite logistics is needed, as they have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to identify and categorize SoUs affecting the offsite logistics of high-rise modular building projects in high-density cities. A multicase study method was adopted involving three modular high-rise projects. Data were collected through documentation, site visits, and interviews, drawing on the uncertainty circle model. A total of 30 key SoUs were identified in five areas: the offsite logistics process, the demand side, the supply side, planning and control systems, and the environment. A framework for SoUs was derived, which showed the multifaceted, interconnected, and context-specific features of SoUs and illustrated their probabilities and impacts. Most SoUs arise from offsite logistics processes and planning and control systems. The demand-side SoUs were found to have higher probabilities and impacts. The supply-side SoUs were less probable but could have significant impacts on offsite logistics. Suggestions are made that would allow practitioners to break uncertainty circles and policymakers to promote the development of a robust modular construction supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study features the development of a framework to identify drivers towards increasing adoption of modular integrated construction (MiC) methods for affordable sustainable housing (ASH). The rise of offsite construction (OSC) techniques, especially MiC, has been evident in recent years. MiC’s adoption in ASH is still underdeveloped; however, due to various benefits of MiC over conventional construction methods, it is envisioned to be a significant emerging approach for tackling growing housing demand, and ASH in particular. Although a few prior studies identified some factors for utilization of MiC towards ASH, studies to date have not provided a holistic review of drivers or a comprehensive framework of the interrelationships between such drivers. To address this issue, this study utilizes a three-way process including a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews and the Total Interpretive Structure Modelling (TISM) method to study the drivers for MiC adoption in ASH. Initially, 111 drivers were extracted from a review of 40 studies in the existing literature. Following that, the significant drivers of MiC adoption for ASH were grouped into cost, time, productivity, quality, environmental, social, policy and demand. Drawing on concepts of systems thinking and graph theory, the TISM model for eight drivers was developed from both the literature review and the interview results. Four levels of hierarchy were found among drivers containing linkage, driving, depending and autonomous. Succeeding the steps of TISM and Reachability Matrix (RM) and Matrice d’ Impacts Croises-Multipication Appliqué a Classement (MICMAC) analysis, social drivers were found to have the highest driving and lowest dependency power, followed by productivity and policy drivers. This signifies the importance of social factors for enhancing MiC adoption for ASH. In addition, a strategic framework of boosting MiC adoption in ASH is also presented, highlighting the key stakeholders and strategies for transformation along with conclusions. This study delivers a wider landscape of drivers for MiC-ASH synergy that may assist practitioners, policy makers and relevant stakeholders to better understand the relationships between the drivers.

Modular integrated construction (MiC) is a groundbreaking innovative technology, transforming the traditional construction into a value-driven assembly of free-standing volumetric modules that are manufactured in a factory and installed on site. Because MiC has been gaining the attention of local construction stakeholders, it is imperative to assess the feasibility, challenges, and critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing MiC in Hong Kong. Existing literature has disclosed the CSFs from the worldwide perspective, but investigation on the applicability of these generic CSFs in Hong Kong is missing from the existing literature. Therefore, this study has first thoroughly explored the feasibility, challenges, and CSFs through literature synthesis and then shortlisted the CSFs relevant to Hong Kong through structured discussions from MiC researchers in Hong Kong. A questionnaire survey on the relevant factors is then conducted to (1) determine the relative importance of CSFs through pairwise comparisons using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) by dividing the CSFs into five categories: industry factors, government factors, stakeholder factors, performance-driven factors, and project-specific factors; (2) determine the performance level of each CSF; and (3) quantify the feasibility index of MiC. The CSFs are further validated through expert interviews. The most significant CSFs found using AHP are client's understanding and willingness, suitable site characteristics and layout, and establishment of government legislation. Experts have also revealed the most significant challenges facing the MiC industry in Hong Kong and provided worthwhile recommendations on improving the contemporary situation. The topmost challenges are limitations of transportation, onsite transportation of MiC modules, and shortage of knowledge and experience. This study has also proposed a useful feasibility index that employs the performance levels and aggregate global weights of CSFs to evaluate the feasibility of MiC projects. Three case studies are carried out to substantiate the effectiveness of the MiC feasibility index. Performance levels of CSFs are calculated for each case study. It is found that the CSFs grouped under the categories of industry factors and government factors need improvement to enhance the feasibility of MiC projects in Hong Kong. In essence, this study provides checklists and valuable guidance to ameliorate the successful implementation of MiC in Hong Kong. The feasibility index is an easy and handy tool for future projects' implementation and empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Steel‐framed modular buildings afford certain advantages, such as rapid and high‐quality construction. However, although steel‐framed modules have been adopted in several countries, most of them are limited to low‐to‐medium‐rise structures; modular high‐rise buildings are rare. This study proposes a feasible structural design solution for high‐rise buildings using a steel‐framed modular system. A 31‐story student hostel building in Hong Kong is redesigned as a steel‐framed modular building and used as a case study. The finite element models of the building are formulated, and the structural behaviors under wind and earthquake load scenarios are compared. Moreover, the structural design process used for the 31‐story building is applied to design a hypothetical 40‐story modular building to further examine the proposed design solution. The numerical analysis results indicate that the roof lateral displacements and interstory drift ratios of the redesigned modular building are within the allowable limits of design codes; moreover, the modular connections behave elastically under the most adverse loading scenarios. Accordingly, the proposed solution can be used to design steel‐framed modular buildings of up to 40 stories, while complying with relevant wind and seismic codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular integrated construction (MiC) is an innovative construction approach which transforms the fragmented linear site-based construction of buildings into an integrated production and assembly of value-added prefabricated prefinished modules. As MiC has gained attention in the construction industry, more in-depth knowledge of the critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing MiC projects is imperative. This research reviewed studies on the CSFs for implementing MiC projects during the period 1993–2019. Analysis showed that the US, UK, Malaysia, Australia, and Hong Kong are the largest contributors to the MiC CSFs studies. Further analysis generated 35 CSFs for implementing MiC projects. Of these, the six most cited CSFs shared between countries and MiC projects include good working collaboration and effective communication among project participants; effective supply chain management; accurate design and early design freeze; involvement of key project participants throughout the project; suitable procurement strategy and contracting; and standardization & benchmarking of best practices. These shared CSFs can be used to develop decision support systems, enabling the prediction of project success. The developed checklists and conceptual model of the CSFs could help to guide and improve the successful implementation of MiC projects and may form a useful basis for future empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Module-to-core wall connection for assembling modules to the core wall system plays a key role in transferring loads in modular high-rise buildings. However, its mechanical mechanisms are not systematically understood. This study proposes an innovative module-to-core wall connection, which could be installed and detached with good feasibility and efficiency during construction and detachment processes. The roles that module-to-core wall connections play in steel-framed modular high-rise buildings are discussed. The hysteretic behaviors, stiffness deterioration, energy dissipation and failure process of the connection against cyclic load are investigated, and resistances of the connection against extreme loads are examined. Parametric analyses are conducted to study influences of strengths of critical components on resistance of the proposed connection. Results show that the proposed connection has good mechanical behaviors against cyclic load and has sufficient resistances against extreme loads. The connection behaves within an elastic range during the working stage and has good vibration isolation capability. The failure of the connection subjected to cyclic load is caused by the fracture of the end of beams, while those subjected to extreme loads are governed by fractures of connector assembly and bolts. Finally, a series of design equations is proposed to predict resistances of the module-to-core wall connection with good accuracy. The present study provides useful references for the application of module-to-core wall connection in steel-framed modular high-rise buildings. • Propose a novel module-to-core wall connection for modular high-rise buildings. • Reveal mechanical behaviors of the connection against different loads. • Identify critical parameters influencing resistance of connection against loads. • Develop design methods to predict resistances of connection against loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular integrated construction (MiC) adopts room units that integrate maintenance structure, decoration and equipment pipelines in the factory-made modules, resulting in a lack of operating space for connecting modules at the construction site. In the previous research, the joints between modules are usually hinged or semi-rigid connections and partial strength joints. In this paper, a new type of joint with the grouting sleeve connection is proposed to connect modules horizontally and vertically, which is more convenient for construction and does not conflict with interior decoration. Six full-scale cruciform joints were tested to study the effect of axial compression ratio and different structural details. The test results presented the failure mode, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation of the specimens. The ultimate inter-story drift ratio is between 4.78 % rad and 5.96 % rad, which is larger than the requirement of 4 % rad in the special moment frame (SMF) system. The horizontal connection plate between modules can cooperate the deformation of left and right beams and columns, and significantly improve the lateral resistance of the joint. The vertical connection between modules did not slip or open and the grouting material is not broken. The inner and outer reinforced plates in the beam-to-column connection can transfer the tensile force of the beam flange well so the outer sleeve does not tear, and the wedge-shaped stiffener can inhibit the cracking of the beam-to-column connection. EC3 Part 1–8 was adopted to evaluate the stiffness characteristic of the proposed connection, indicating that the proposed joint can be classified as rigid joint for the non-sway frame. Finally, the theoretical ultimate resistance of the joint under the ideal failure mode is obtained, which is lower than the test results, indicating that the plastic development of the joint is sufficient and can be classified as full-strength joint. • The proposed cruciform grouted joint for modular steel construction is novel. • Compared with the limited number of bolts connection in MiC, the proposed grouting connection has better seismic performance. • The ultimate inter-story drift ratio is between 4.78 % rad and 5.96 % rad, which satisfies the requirements of SMF systems. • The proposed joint designed reasonably can meet the requirements of full-strength joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the worldwide efforts of adopting innovative low carbon construction methods to reduce net zero embodied carbon of buildings and to minimize local environmental impacts during the construction period. It uses agent-based models (ABM) to simulate multi-threaded and multi-objective construction activities through collecting detailed project data of two case studies (one using the modular integrated construction (MiC) method and the other one using the cast-in-situ method) in Hong Kong. Considering that the construction process is dynamic and site issues are complex in nature, three major environmental impacts of carbon emissions, air pollution and noise are modelled at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. The findings show that the MiC project has significant environmental advantages over the cast-in-situ project in terms of reducing CO 2 emissions, harmful emissions (including sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and organic volatile compounds), PM2.5 and PM10 emissions, and noise pollution levels, consequently reducing health risk associated with people in surrounding communities near construction sites. In terms of per square meter of construction floor area (per m2 CFA), the MiC project produced 17.60% less CO 2 , 42.54% less harmful gases, 32.15% less PM2.5 and 27.41% less PM10. The duration of noise exceeding 70 dB (minutes) in the neighbourhood of the MiC project was 81.25% shorter than the cast-in-situ project. The total health damage (in DALYs per m2 CFA) of the former was 63.18% lower than the latter. The research concludes that the adoption of low carbon construction methods like MiC can help to foster sustainable buildings and healthy communities in an urban context. [Display omitted] • Simulate activities of different construction methods using agent-based models. • Modular integrated construction (MiC) and cast-in-situ projects are compared. • Environmental impacts of carbon emissions, air pollution and noise are modelled. • Health risks of people living near construction sites are assessed. • The MiC project generated lower levels of CO 2 , harmful gases, PM2.5, PM10 and noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new construction form, modular integrated construction (MiC) can effectively improve the construction quality and productivity, especially for the construction of high-density and high-rise buildings. However, the current MiC quality inspection relies on manual inspection, which is inefficient and unreliable. Systematic research on digital inspection techniques (DITs) is fragmented and unable to fully realize the potential of the MiC industry. This study aims to explore the current state of DIT applications in MiC and to summarize the knowledge in the field through an analysis of 248 relevant literatures. Accordingly, this study combines bibliometric analysis, and a system engineering evaluation approach based on 3D structures (time, knowledge, and logic) to provide an overview of the current state of DIT development. The overview includes the application of DITs from a whole life cycle perspective, the DIT knowledge structure, specific DIT applications, as well as current challenges and future prospects., Competing Interests: On behalf of my co-authors, we declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Efficient information sharing across Modular integrated Construction (MiC) stakeholders (e.g., client, contractor, manufacturer, etc.) is critical for MiC project success. Blockchain, a creative information and communication technology, provides MiC participants with powerful solutions to address the "island of information" and foster mutual trust among inter-organizational collaborations. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence from the construction industry about blockchain deployment, showing that the industry is cautious about, and generally unprepared for, implementing this disruptive technology. Existing studies mainly focused on proposing technological solutions for blockchain-based applications, with little attempt made to demonstrate how MiC stakeholders make decisions about blockchain adoption. Aiming to bridge this gap, this study adopted game theory to examine stakeholders' decision-making processes. The results revealed the best responses of key MiC stakeholders regarding whether or not to implement blockchain under various conditions. Their decisions were largely influenced by diffusion rate value thresholds, which were mainly affected by three factors: the benefits of blockchain adoption; government subsidies; and relevant costs. In addition, two valuable implications (i.e., enhancing stakeholders' perceived values on blockchain adoption through pilot projects and publishing subsidy or incentive policies) were determined for promoting the adoption of blockchain in MiC projects. • Investigate drivers and barriers to adopting blockchains in MiC projects. • Establish a two-stage sequential game model for analyzing stakeholder strategies. • MiC stakeholders' best responses on blockchain adoption are discussed. • Policymakers can promote pilot projects and issue government subsidy incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]