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The enhancing risk from human action and multi‐hazard interaction has substantially complicated the hazard–society relationship. The underlying vulnerabilities are crucial in predicting the probable impact to be caused by multi‐hazards. Thus, the evaluation of social vulnerability is decisive in inferring the driving factor and preparing for mitigation strategies. The Himalayan landscape is prone to multiple hazards as well as possesses a multitude of vulnerabilities owing to changing human landscape. Thus, an attempt has been made to inquire into the underlying socioeconomic factors enhancing the susceptibility of the region to multi‐hazards. The social vulnerability index (SVIent) has been introduced, consisting of 13 indicators and 33 variables. The variables have been standardized using the maximum and minimum normalization method and the relative importance for each indicator has been determined using Shannon entropy methods to compute SVIent. The findings revealed that female population, population above 60 years old, net irrigated area, migrant population, dilapidated house, nonworkers, bank, and nonworkers seeking jobs were found to be relatively significant contributors to the vulnerability. The western part of the study area was classified as the highly vulnerable category (SVI > 0.40628), attributed to high dependence, and higher share of unemployed workers and high poverty. The SVIent was shown to have positive correlation between unemployment, socioeconomic status, migration, dependency, and household structure significant at two‐tailed test. The study's impact can be found in influencing the decision of policymakers and stakeholders in framing the mitigation strategies and policy documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore three main questions. (1) Which urban morphological metrics are related to temperature variations? (2) Does the correlations between metrics and LST change with varying neighborhood sizes? (3) Are there different metrics related to LST for different-sized urban units? A Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between urban morphology metrics and land surface temperatures regarding five different neighborhood sizes, namely 1000 m, 500 m, 250 m, 125 m, and 62.5 m. Thirty-eight urban metrics related to land cover, topography, 3D surface, land use, complexity, and building and road properties have been calculated for Istanbul using Geographic Information System Environment. The results show that while the vegetation index, green area ratio, and the average distance between buildings have negative correlations, the rest have positive correlations. In addition, land cover indices, green area ratio, the number of buildings, and building coverage ratio are highly correlated for all neighborhood sizes. At the same time, other urban morphology metrics have varying correlation levels. The correlation of building coverage ratio, floor area ratio, perimeter–volume ratio, the fractal dimension of buildings, shadow intensity, and sky view factor increase with decreasing neighborhood size. The study indicates that the correlation level of urban morphological metrics with land surface temperature varies with neighborhood size. Therefore, different action strategies should be considered to improve urban microclimatic comfort on different scales. The number of samples can be increased, and ground truths can be used for validation to ensure the accuracy of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The under‐involvement of adolescents in health research has been attributed to multiple barriers faced by both researchers and adolescents. Despite identifying these barriers, the literature offers few solutions, mostly from the perspective of researchers. To address this, we conducted a qualitative study to explore effective strategies to address these barriers from the perspective of both researchers and adolescents. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with adolescents (n = 25) and researchers (n = 25) from 14 countries. We included adolescents aged 10–24 years with experience of contributing to health research studies and health researchers with experience of engaging adolescents in health research. The interviews explored the mitigation strategies to commonly reported barriers to meaningful adolescent involvement for researchers and adolescents. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. We identified three overarching strategies to address the commonly experienced barriers to adolescent involvement. First, participants suggested the need to plan for adequate resources, organizational support, capacity building, accessibility, compensation, and adolescents' safety. Second, they recommended building relationships by engaging the community, fostering trust and respect with adolescents, promoting teamwork, and maintaining transparent communication. Third, they proposed making involvement engaging for adolescents by creating a conducive environment, increasing their representation, using interesting methods, and addressing power dynamics. These findings build on the current best practices for adolescent involvement in health research by highlighting which strategies should be incorporated early on to plan for and prevent potential challenges to adolescent involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Habitat loss and fragmentation from extensive road development have escalated wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) as a major cause of wildlife mortality. This study covers 9 years of WVC data across South Korea, examining species involved, seasonal and regional variations, and road factors affecting WVCs, to analyze impacts and propose mitigation strategies. Over 4561 km of roads were monitored, yielding insights into the connection between WVCs, road characteristics, and species-specific patterns. The study identified 13,606 WVCs involving 143 terrestrial vertebrate species, with detailed patterns and models for the top seven mammal species. Spatial differences in WVCs appeared more related to wildlife habitats, but some road features correlated variably with WVC frequency, highlighting complex prevention challenges. Effective mitigation requires comprehensive strategies tailored to species traits, seasonality, and road types. Severe habitat loss and fragmentation due to extensive road development have escalated wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) as one of the major causes of wildlife mortality. This study, spanning 9 years from 2009 to 2017, presents comprehensive WVC data in South Korea, including species composition, seasonal and regional patterns, and road factors influencing WVCs, aiming to analyze their impact and propose effective mitigation strategies. We collected WVC data with road variables for 9 years from 4561 km of nationwide monitoring road sections and analyzed the data to understand the relationship between WVCs and road characteristics, as well as species-specific patterns. A nationwide survey identified 13,606 WVCs involving 143 terrestrial vertebrate species, and patterns and models of the top seven mammal species (raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus), Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), water deer (Hydropotes inermis), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), Korean hare (Lepus coreanus), and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)) were presented. Patterns revealed declines in WVCs overall, except for water deer. Although spatial differences in WVCs seemed linked more to wildlife habitats, certain road features correlated both positively or negatively with WVC frequency, highlighting complexities in the effectiveness of preventative measures. For effective mitigation and prevention of WVCs, comprehensive strategies considering species traits, seasonality, and road types should be implemented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increased globalisation supply chain (SC) disruption significantly affects people, organisations and society. Supply chain network design (SCND) reduces the effects of disruption, employing mitigation strategies such as extra capacity and flexibility to make SCs resilient. Currently, no systematic literature review classifies mitigation strategies for SCND. This paper systematically reviews the literature on SCND, analysing proposed mitigation strategies and the methods used for their integration into quantitative models. First to understand the key failure drivers SCND literature is categorised using geography, with local, regional or global disruptions linked to vulnerable sections of a SC. Second, the strategies used in mathematical models to increase SC resilience are categorized as proactive, reactive, or SC design quality capabilities. Third, the relative performance of mitigation strategies is analysed to provide a comparison, identifying the most effective strategies in given contexts. Forth, mathematical modelling techniques used in resilient SCND are reviewed, identifying how strategies are integrated into quantitative models. Finally, gaps in knowledge, key research questions and future directions for researchers are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Public health strategies have focused on preventing and slowing the transmission of COVID‐19 by promoting the uptake of mitigation strategies. However, little is known about the uptake of these strategies in the presence of underlying health conditions. Objectives: To describe the attitudes and behaviours of a sample of Australians towards COVID‐19 mitigation strategies, and determine if uptake of these strategies differed across different health conditions. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Setting and Participants: National survey of Australian residents over 18 years. Main Outcome Measures: A purpose‐built survey was used to collect participants' attitudes and behaviours towards COVID‐19 mitigation strategies. Results: Over half (53%) of the 2867 participants (99% completion rate) reported having one or more comorbidities. The most commonly self‐reported health condition was cardiometabolic conditions (28%). Most participants disagreed that masks were no longer needed (74%) and wanted the 5‐day isolation mandate (66%). More than one‐third would like masks to be mandated for indoor spaces (38%) and 25% avoided going to hospitals. Participants with allergies (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.14, 1.65), cardiometabolic (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23, 1.79), respiratory (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.07, 1.62) and neurological (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.12, 2.32) conditions were more likely to avoid using public transport compared to those without. In contrast, participants with underlying mental health conditions were less likely to use N95/P2 facemasks in public spaces (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.25, 0.87) compared to those without. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of Australians continued to adopt COVID‐19 mitigation measures or expressed a desire for more mitigations, including mandatory isolation for COVID‐19, despite the lack of mandates. People with an underlying health condition who represent more than half of all adults appear to be more careful with mitigations to avoid COVID‐19. Patient or Public Contribution: Members of the public were invited to participate in a soft launch of the survey between 4th and 5th January 2023 to test flow and functionality, and to allow the final wording of survey questions to be refined as required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a detailed analysis of how the widespread use of agrochemicals in agriculture impacts wetland ecosystems, particularly affecting bird populations that rely on these habitats for survival. Wetlands, known for their high productivity and biodiversity, are increasingly at risk due to pollutants from pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals. These substances enter wetlands through runoff and leaching, posing direct threats to bird species through toxicity, altered reproductive success, and immune function, as well as indirect threats by changing food availability and habitat structure. The review highlights the critical balance between agricultural productivity and environmental preservation, examining mitigation strategies such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), buffer zones, wetland restoration, and the use of constructed wetlands to reduce pollution. It emphasizes the need for sustainable agricultural practices and conservation efforts to safeguard wetland ecosystems and their avian inhabitants, calling for integrated management approaches to mitigate the ecological impacts of agrochemicals on wetland birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, driven primarily by human activities, has resulted in significant alterations to the Earth's climatic patterns. This article explores the dynamics of climate change by examining key environmental indicators such as global temperature rise, changing precipitation patterns, glacier and ice cap shrinkage, and modifications in water body extents. Drawing on the latest scientific research and data, the article analyzes the underlying causes of these changes and discusses their far-reaching implications for natural ecosystems, human societies, and global economies. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the evidence and implications of climate change, the article underscores the urgent need for collective action to mitigate and adapt to its impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review examines the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Africa, investigates mitigation strategies, and projects future emissions. It evaluates comprehensive publications on climate change, global warming, GHG emission sources, and mitigation measures in Africa from 2013 to 2022. Ethiopia and South Africa are prominent nations in this field of study, with South Africa being the major source of GHG emissions. Rising GHG emissions and climate change pose significant ecological problems, necessitating effective mitigation techniques. North Africa has a small negative balance compared to Sub-Saharan Africa. Key drivers of GHG emissions and climate change were Land Use (AFOLU) sectors, accounting for 56% of total emissions in 2016 where currently energy sector count 73% of GHGs in 2022. It leads to biodiversity loss, water scarcity, economic losses, species extinction, ecological changes, and coastal life threats. Africa is responsible for 2–3% of global GHG emissions in last decays and currently increased to 3.6–4%. Agroforestry systems, which combine agriculture and forestry, have proven effective in reducing emissions, with the agroforestry sector predicted to sequester up to 135 metric tonnes of CO2 over the next 20 years. Africa should employ climate-smart agriculture and agroforestry to prevent climate change, lower emissions, and promote a green economy. This aligns with the Paris Agreement's goals of lowering carbon emissions and improving food security, reduce poverty, and environmental damage. This review is intended to aid academics and planners prioritize GHG emissions sources and design effective mitigation measures using African countries' resources and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of antibiotic contamination, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate dynamics poses a critical environmental and public health challenge. Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the persistent presence of antibiotics, which, coupled with rising global temperatures, accelerate the development and spread of AMR. This review examines the sources, pathways, and mechanisms through which antibiotics enter freshwater systems and how climate change exacerbates these processes. This review discusses this convergence's ecological and human health impacts, highlighting the implications for biodiversity and public health. It also explored the current monitoring and mitigation strategies, including advanced oxidation processes, natural-based solutions, and policy interventions. Finally, this review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions for managing the intertwined threats of antibiotic contamination, resistance, and climate change. It emphasizes the need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to protect freshwater resources in an increasingly volatile global environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs a non-essential metal, cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to food safety and public health. This risk is particularly pronounced for infants and young children due to their high food consumption relative to body weight and immature physiological systems. This review examines the health risks associated with Cd exposure, particularly during the prenatal period through adolescence. It evaluates the prevalence of Cd-rich foods in children’s diets and their intake levels across various countries. The review demonstrates that Cd exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, immune dysfunction, and cardiovascular diseases. It also highlights geographic differences in exposure, with some Asian countries, such as Thailand and China, exhibiting higher overall levels of Cd intake among children compared to other regions. This review presents several recommendations to mitigate Cd intake during early childhood, including reducing the Cd content in food, inhibiting Cd absorption, and promoting its excretion from the body. To minimize the risk of dietary Cd intake in children, it is recommended that stringent regulations of Cd limits in children’s food be implemented, alongside a coordinated multi-stakeholder effort. This review provides important insights into effective public health policy development, laying the foundation for achieving broader public health goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: At the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, schools closed across the United States. Given the impact of virtual learning and lost access to school resources, schools eventually reopened with COVID‐19 mitigation protocols in place. This qualitative study sought to understand parental perceptions of school‐based COVID‐19 mitigation strategies. METHODS: Using a phenomenology approach, nine focus groups were completed with 40 parents of children in grades K‐8 representing eight Maryland counties. Based on acceptance of masking policies (as indicated on a survey), parents were sorted into 2 groups—lower and higher masking acceptance. A thematic analysis was conducted for each group and themes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The main themes were related to parents' general sentiments regarding COVID‐19, compliance, pandemic‐related changes over time, changes in personal opinions, and in‐person learning. Both groups described challenges related to inconsistent COVID‐19 mitigation policies and practices, the challenges of rapid and frequent changes in guidelines during the pandemic, and the benefits of in‐person learning. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of elementary and middle school children, regardless of general acceptance of masking policies, shared concerns about implementation and guidance regarding school‐based mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Polish-Ukrainian border conflict, which has become a focal point of geopolitical tension. The consequences of this conflict extend beyond the political realm and impact the export-import activities of enterprises. The blockades are being implemented in six of the nine directions along the border between Poland and Ukraine, which is a key factor in deepening the crisis. This study aims to comprehensively analyse the multifaceted impact of the conflict on trade dynamics, regulatory changes, operational challenges faced by businesses, and potential strategies adopted to overcome these difficulties. This study uses a mix of methods, such as in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and statistical analysis of trade data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, to find out how geopolitical factors, trade policy, and business operations are all connected in complex ways. By shedding light on the complex relationship between border conflict and export-import activity, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and researchers grappling with the effects of geopolitical tensions on international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, a pressing global concern, poses significant challenges to agricultural systems worldwide. Among the myriad impacts of climate change, the cultivation of kiwifruit trees (Actinidia spp.) faces multifaceted challenges. In this review, we delve into the intricate effects of climate change on kiwifruit production, which span phenological shifts, distributional changes, physiological responses, and ecological interactions. Understanding these complexities is crucial for devising effective adaptation and mitigation strategies to safeguard kiwifruit production amidst climate variability. This review scrutinizes the influence of rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and a heightened frequency of extreme weather events on the regions where kiwifruits are cultivated. Additionally, it delves into the ramifications of changing climatic conditions on kiwifruit tree physiology, phenology, and susceptibility to pests and diseases. The economic and social repercussions of climate change on kiwifruit production, including yield losses, livelihood impacts, and market dynamics, are thoroughly examined. In response to these challenges, this review proposes tailored adaptation and mitigation strategies for kiwifruit cultivation. This includes breeding climate-resilient kiwifruit cultivars of the Actinidia species that could withstand drought and high temperatures. Additional measures would involve implementing sustainable farming practices like irrigation, mulching, rain shelters, and shade management, as well as conserving soil and water resources. Through an examination of the literature, this review showcases the existing innovative approaches for climate change adaptation in kiwifruit farming. It concludes with recommendations for future research directions aimed at promoting the sustainability and resilience of fruit production, particularly in the context of kiwifruit cultivation, amid a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coralligenous, a typical Mediterranean mesophotic habitat, is a highly diverse assemblage, severely threatened by several stressors, including fishing litter. To characterise the coralligenous of the upper mesophotic of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea, Italy), video transects at 35 and 50 m depth were performed at four sites. Benthic assemblages and lost fishing gears were recorded, and the two depths compared. A higher coverage of taxa with complex 3D structures was found at 50 m, mainly due to the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata. However, the overall low density of this species (0.4–6.6 colonies/m2), together with the impact caused by 120 fishing lines found along the transects, highlights the need for tailored conservation measures. With climate change moving further down the water column and fishing impacts being a major cause of degradation, the design of marine protected areas needs to be extended to include mesophotic depths, contributing to the 30 × 30 targets agreed upon at the COP15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is an important global environmental issue impacting public health across the world. Innovative satellite-based technology has revolutionized the monitoring of air pollution, enabling assessments on various scales with unprecedented accuracy and coverage. The study attempts to estimate the seasonal and spatial fluctuations of various gaseous pollutants using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite images at the district level in Odisha. In order to comprehend the environmental impact of air pollution, an effort must be made to assess potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and potential acidification levels in Odisha. Results showed that potential emissions of greenhouse gases vary regionally and range from 378.82 g CO2 equivalent/m2 to 386.22 g CO2 equivalent/m2, while potential acidification levels range from 0.008 g SO2 equivalent/m2 to 0.034 g SO2 equivalent/m2. The north-western (Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Sonepur, and Sundargarh) and north-central (Angul, Dhenkanal, and Deogarh) regions of Odisha exhibit high potential emissions of greenhouse gases and levels of acidification. This is attributed to comparatively higher concentrations of various pollutants stemming from sources like industrial and vehicle emissions. Although the satellite-based study enabled us to characterise the relative air pollution across the state, it necessitated a number of air pollution monitoring stations for validation purposes. A future road map to address climate change and environmental protection may be developed with the aid of local officials and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue is one of the menaces that contribute to the rising number of construction-related accidents and fatalities in projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify several strategies that can be adopted to mitigate fatigue in construction projects. This was achieved through a quantitative study. A questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection in the quantitative study. The study revealed that frustration/depression or work pressure is one of the significant causes of fatigue in construction projects. Fatigue risk management education and bonding among workers are some of the underlying strategies that can be used to mitigate the identified causes. Depending on the nature of the fatigue causative elements, the study further established that some mitigation strategies are more effective than others. Therefore, further studies should be conducted by prospective researchers on a range of attributes that may influence the success of fatigue mitigation strategies in construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the discovery, extraction, and export of petroleum have significantly strengthened the economy. However, the processes of petroleum exploration, development and production have localized negative impacts on the atmosphere, soil, sediments, surface, groundwater, marine environment, and terrestrial ecosystems. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons and waste streams has led to environmental pollution that poses risks to human health, affects socioeconomic conditions, and impacts communities in oil-producing countries. It is therefore crucial to promote a deeper understanding of petroleum contamination in soil, water, and atmosphere—an understanding that is actively evolving. The literature will mark a new milestone in the study of petroleum contamination and highlight significant advances in this environmental field. This comprehensive review examines the wide-ranging impacts of petroleum contamination on soil, water, and the atmosphere and aims to identify potential mitigation strategies that can reduce the impact on the environment and human health. Focusing on the latest technologies and practices for petroleum spill monitoring, remediation, and prevention, the report addresses all facets of this issue and helps researchers identify opportunities and gaps. It provides an assessment of the different treatment approaches for the period from 2010 to 2022 and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Finally, it addresses the challenges that need to be overcome in the detection and treatment of oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the pervasive connectivity and integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices into daily life, system security is of utmost significance in the modern era. The article examines escalating concerns regarding the security of the Internet of Things, its inherent vulnerabilities, and the necessary precautions required to safeguard our interconnected global environment. Objective: With forecasts indicating that the IoT ecosystem will comprise over 50 billion interconnected devices by 2030, the alarming 300% increase in IoT intrusions over the past year underscores the urgency of addressing this issue. Methodology: In this article, IoT security challenges are divided into three primary categories which include device vulnerabilities, network vulnerabilities, and data security vulnerabilities. Results: Our findings emphasize the necessity for end users, developers, and manufacturers to follow security best practices and take part in security training. The study discovered that successful DDoS attacks use infected IoT devices 65% of the time and there is still legacy firmware on 70% of those devices making them susceptible. Possible solutions that are currently under investigation include secure elements, machine learning anomaly detection intrusion detection systems, and blockchain-based device authentication. Most prominently, proactive IoT security solutions have reduced 85% of the security vulnerabilities for organizations; it is truly a remarkable achievement. Conclusion: Understanding the security dynamic of the IoT ecosystem is a very demandable job as it keeps on changing, and so does the knowledge about it. To ensure that the IoT remains powerful and transformative in a connected society, this article will take a look further into the increasing risks, vulnerabilities, scary stats as well as effective solutions. It underscores the need for strong measures to protect security and greater awareness.

Plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions, including cold, drought, heat, salinity, and heavy metals, which negatively impact plant growth and productivity of edible crops worldwide. Although the previous literature summarized the nanoparticle’s involvement in abiotic stress mitigation, the interaction of nanoparticles with other stress mitigators to overcome abiotic stress from plants remains unclear. Currently, nanotechnology is considered a growing new field in agriculture for understanding plants’ adapted stress tolerance mechanisms. Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can effectively mitigate abiotic stress by interacting synergistically with plant growth regulators. To address this, we comprehensively demonstrated the combined positive potential of nanoparticles in combination with plant growth regulators (signaling molecules, phytohormones, nanoparticles-nanoparticles interaction, fungi, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and other metal salts) to improve plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses. Their co-applications augment the plant’s growth, nutrient uptake, antioxidant defense system, water absorption, cell viability, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic and biochemical attributes by reducing oxidative stressors under various abiotic stresses in different plant species. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the combined applications of nanoparticles and plant growth regulators, a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stress on plants. It identifies research gaps and recommends future studies to overcome their phytotoxicity worldwide.

Crop production stands as a pivotal pillar of global food security, but its sustainability faces complex challenges from plant diseases, which pose a substantial threat to agricultural productivity. Climate change significantly alters the dynamics of plant pathogens, primarily through changes in temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns, which can enhance the virulence and spread of various plant diseases. Indeed, the increased frequency of extreme weather events, which is a direct consequence of climate change, creates favorable conditions for outbreaks of plant diseases. As global temperatures rise, the geographic range of many plant pathogens is expanding, exposing new regions and species to diseases previously limited to warmer climates. Climate change not only affects the prevalence and severity of plant diseases but also influences the effectiveness of disease management strategies, necessitating adaptive approaches in agricultural practices. This review presents a thorough examination of the relationship between climate change and plant pathogens and carefully provides an analysis of the interplay between climatic shifts and disease dynamics. In addition to insights into the development of effective strategies for countering the adverse impacts of climate change on plant diseases, these insights hold significant promise for bolstering global crop production resilience against mounting environmental challenges.

Objective: Herein, we aimed to summarize the evidence-base for these interventions with a focus on the role of specific chemicals in driving AD. Methods: A narrative review of nonprescription mitigation strategies in AD was conducted. Results: We identified avoidance strategies for the various routes of exposure such as air pollution, water contamination, or inclusion in home goods, skin care products, and cleansers. Evidence for and against dietary modification and emollient use as primary prevention were also elucidated. To remember these interventions we propose a mnemonic, HELPSS AD: Home decor, Emollients, Laundering, Probiotics, Soaks, Social support, Air quality, and Diet. Limitations: Each of these categories presents nuanced molecular differences that must be considered. For example, probiotic responses vary by the specific species while home products and pollution must be analyzed by the specific toxins. Conclusion: Although the interventions discussed lack the level of evidence required for inclusion into formal guidelines, awareness of these approaches may offer aid to, and build trust with, patients and caregivers.

Heavy metal pollution is a significant global health concern, posing risks to both the environment and human health. Exposure to heavy metals happens through various channels like contaminated water, food, air, and workplaces, resulting in severe health implications. Heavy metals also disrupt the gut's microbial balance, leading to dysbiosis characterized by a decrease in beneficial microorganisms and proliferation in harmful ones, ultimately exacerbating health problems. Probiotic microorganisms have demonstrated their ability to adsorb and sequester heavy metals, while their exopolysaccharides (EPS) exhibit chelating properties, aiding in mitigating heavy metal toxicity. These beneficial microorganisms aid in restoring gut integrity through processes like biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of heavy metals. Incorporating probiotic strains with high affinity for heavy metals into functional foods and supplements presents a practical approach to mitigating heavy metal toxicity while enhancing gut health. Utilizing probiotic microbiota and their exopolysaccharides to address heavy metal toxicity offers a novel method for improving human health through modulation of the gut microbiome. By combining probiotics and exopolysaccharides, a distinctive strategy emerges for mitigating heavy metal toxicity, highlighting promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and health improvements. Further exploration in this domain could lead to groundbreaking therapies and preventive measures, underscoring probiotic microbiota and exopolysaccharides as natural and environmentally friendly solutions to heavy metal toxicity. This, in turn, could enhance public health by safeguarding the gut from environmental contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the dynamics of perceived livestock depredation over the last 2 years (from 2021 to 2022) in villages close to Mkomazi National Park in Tanzania. The findings revealed that sheep were the most frequently affected livestock (57.1%), followed by goats (36.7%) and cattle (6.1%). Attacks primarily occurred at home (59.2%) and during the night (65.3%), with a higher prevalence during the dry season (75.5%). The majority of respondents (81.6%) perceived a decrease in attacks. Logistic regression indicated village proximity to the park as a significant predictor in explaining the reported incidents related with livestock depredation, with closer villages experiencing higher risks. Gender, age, education level, and resident status showed no significant correlation with the reported livestock depredation incidents. Spotted hyena sightings varied significantly based on village proximity to the park (p = 0.039), while other factors showed no significant differences. Mitigation measures against livestock depredation included guarding livestock (28.3%), employing noise and scaring tactics (42.2%), and utilizing domestic dogs (29.4%). These findings offer valuable insights into human-wildlife conflicts and inform targeted interventions for mitigating livestock losses not only in the surveyed villages but also in other areas globally facing similar challenges.

Prolonged exposure to high-intensity noise environments in urban rail transit systems can negatively impact the health and work efficiency of drivers. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the noise pattern and, therefore, effective mitigation strategies. To control the noise in urban rail transit systems, this study proposes a comprehensive noise assessment framework, including metrics such as average sound pressure level, peak sound pressure level, percentile sound pressure levels, dynamic range, main frequency component, and cumulative time energy to evaluate the noise characteristics. We also employ a density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) method to identify the noise patterns with the evaluation of their hazard to urban rail transit drivers. The results have revealed that: (1) The equivalent continuous sound pressure level (Leq) in the cab of Lanzhou Urban Rail Transit Line 1 averages 87.12 dB, with a standard deviation of 8.52 dB, which reveals a high noise intensity with substantial fluctuations. (2) Ten noise patterns were identified, with frequencies varying from 14.47 Hz to 69.70 Hz and Leq varying from 60 dB to 115 dB. (3) The major noise sources from these patterns are inferred to be the train's mechanical systems, wheel–rail interaction, aerodynamic effects, and braking systems. Combined with the noise patterns and urban rail transit's operation environment, this study proposes tailored mitigation strategies for applications aimed at protecting drivers' hearing health, enhancing work efficiency, and ensuring driving safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life-story interviews with 39 Jewish supporters of a football club whose quasi-Jewish identity is the catalyst for antisemitic abuse were used to explain the under-researched everyday experiences among members of the Anglo-Jewish community. All interviewees said their experiences of antisemitism within English men's football supporter culture were much worse than in wider society. All interviewees believed references to Hitler and the Holocaust exceeded any threshold of acceptability and that the death of 6 million people should never be associated with football. While denigration of Jewish rituals and practices was offensive and problematic for some, Jewish stereotypes tended to be downplayed, dismissed, or tolerated by most interviewees as part of the "banter" endemic in English supporter culture to lessen or disrupt the impact of the hate speech they endure. These responses indicate complex processes of anger, acceptance and rationalisation as recipients attempt to make sense of and deal with everyday antisemitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. dairy sector is a significant emitter of methane and nitrous oxide, with the US EPA estimating it produced around 90 Tg CO2 eq. in 2021. This paper reviews the literature on and evaluates various mitigation actions for reducing GHG emissions in the U.S. dairy sector, focusing on both direct and indirect emission sources. We conducted a narrative literature review based on the cradle to gate life-cycle assessment method, covering the entire dairy supply chain up until milk enters retail establishments, including dairy and feed producing farm practices, processing, transportation, and their associated emissions/costs. The papers included were selected over a three year process depending on discussions with experts and issues mentioned in the emerging literature. We review significant opportunities for the U.S. dairy sector to reduce emissions, particularly through improved enteric fermentation and manure management practices. Additionally, we cover the potential for mitigating indirect emissions from feed production, processing, and transportation, areas less frequently covered in existing studies. This review also covers a gap in the literature by integrating economic findings including cost analysis and incentives to mitigate based on the social value of emissions reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime transport is vulnerable to disruptions which could threaten the resilience performance of maritime businesses. Consequently, the management of disruptions has gained significant attention from academics and the industry. The objective of this study is to review and consolidate academic research on disruption management in maritime shipping. A systematic review is performed on the search engine, Scopus. The review findings highlight (1) major categories of disruptions; (2) impacts of disruptions, which include social and economic impact and operational challenges; and (3) disruption management strategies, which cover technology, policies and regulations, service quality improvement, capacity management, collaboration with stakeholders as well as continuous training and education. The study contributes to the literature by providing a timely consolidation of the increasing focus on disruption management and maritime resilience. The results offer some implications for government authorities, policymakers, and maritime industry players to ensure the shipping industry continues to be resilient and versatile to thrive in this dynamic, fast-paced, and ever-changing environment. Recommendations for future research are also provided. • Consolidate research on maritime resilience • Organize the types of disruptions • Identify common resilience strategies • Highlight future research directions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of analytical methods for measuring furan levels in food. Given the potential carcinogenicity of furans in humans, several studies have focused on assessing furan levels in various food products. In this review, we specifically examine furan levels in foods that are central to regional culinary traditions and summarize the results of country-specific risk assessments. Consequently, we have identified foods that contribute significantly to dietary furan exposure in each region. Coffee and baby foods, regardless of region, emerged as the primary sources of furan intake among adults and infants, respectively. Several previous studies have been conducted to develop various mitigation strategies aimed at reducing exposure to furan through food intake. Therefore, in this paper, we categorize effective mitigation strategies into two main groups: alterations to processing conditions and the addition or removal of food additives and ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating spill pollution in the Nile River is crucial to protecting aquatic life, water quality, and public health. Extensive studies focused on the assessment of water quality and hydrodynamics of the Nile River, but there have been relatively few studies that have applied integrated hydrodynamic and water quality modeling approaches to simulate actual accidents in the Nile Fourth Reach. The goal of this study is to develop advanced computational models to simulate accidental spills in the Nile River and track the resulting impacts on water quality. Hydrodynamic and water quality simulations were performed using Delft3D software for 144 km of the Nile River, Egypt, from El-Menia to Assuit. Once the hydrodynamic and water quality models were calibrated, two phosphate spill scenarios were modeled under maximum and minimum flow conditions. The spatial distribution of the spill plume along the studied river section was visualized every 12 h following the spill occurrence for both scenarios. The results of the research were calibrated and validated against measured field data. In addition, various error and performance indicators were calculated to thoroughly assess the rigor and reliability of the results. The results demonstrated that flow velocity was the main factor influencing the spill plume characteristics and behavior. Initially, advection force plays a significant role after a spill occurs. After that, phosphate becomes mixed and diluted through dispersion. The spill plume took less time to reach downstream areas during the period of maximum flow compared to minimum flow. Additionally, the concentration of phosphate decreased as the water flowed downstream. The spatial distribution of the spill over time can assist water treatment facilities in developing mitigation strategies to address the spill impacts. However, complex Nile River dynamics demand extensive computational power. Therefore, the model was simplified for spill events, using the modeling capabilities to analyze hypothetical spills and contaminant spread in the absence of real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impacts of climate change on coastal erosion, focusing on how rising sea levels, increased storm intensity, shifting ocean currents, and human activities contribute to the accelerated loss of coastal land. Through a comparative analysis of vulnerable regions--South Pacific Islands, Gulf Coast (USA), Coastal Bangladesh, and the East African Coast--the research highlights the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural consequences of erosion. It emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive mitigation strategies, including engineering solutions (e.g., sea walls, groynes, artificial reefs), nature-based measures (e.g., mangrove restoration, beach nourishment, wetland conservation), and robust policy frameworks. The findings underscore that while engineering solutions offer immediate protection, nature-based approaches provide sustainable, long-term resilience by restoring ecosystems and supporting biodiversity. Effective policy and governance, supported by international collaboration and local engagement, are crucial to implementing adaptive strategies that address both regional vulnerabilities and global challenges. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of coastal erosion dynamics and inform policies that enhance coastal resilience against the impacts of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racism in nursing is multifaceted, ranging from internalized racism and interpersonal racism to institutional and systemic (or structural) elements that perpetuate inequities in the nursing profession. Employing the socio‐ecological model, this study dissects the underlying challenges across various levels and proposes targeted mitigation strategies to foster an inclusive and equitable environment for nursing education. It advances clear, context‐specific mitigation strategies to cultivate inclusivity and equity within nursing education. Effectively addressing racism within this context necessitates a tailored, multistakeholder approach, impacting nursing students, faculty, administration, professional organizations, and licensing and accrediting bodies. This all‐encompassing strategy recognizes that the interplay of interpersonal dynamics, community culture, institutional policies, and broader societal structures intricately shapes individual experiences. Nurses, nurse leaders, educators, organizations, and policymakers can work together to create a more equitable and inclusive nursing profession by targeting each of these levels. This transformational process can yield positive outcomes across various environments where nurses learn, work, and serve people and enable the demographic composition of nurses to better match the populations served. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The main objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the association between trichloramine (TCA) exposure and respiratory health effects in swimming pool workers. Methodology In this study, air sampling was performed for TCA concentrations at fixed locations (static measurements) and on individual workers (personal measurements) in six indoor public swimming pools during periods of high swimmer attendance over the winter school break. Health effects were evaluated using questionnaires and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) tests performed before and after the working day. Results In these swimming pools, the environmental TCA concentration ranged from 0.11 to 0.88 mg/m³. Worker exposure ranged from 0.05 to 0.72 mg/m³ for personal measurements. Furthermore, in each swimming pool, the average worker exposure to TCA exceeded the recommended occupational exposure limit of 0.35 mg/m³. Personal TCA measurements were consistently lower than static measurements performed around the pool, with a reduction ranging from 21% to 49%. This can be explained by the time that the workers spend in the pool area, office, and break room. The most common respiratory health effects self-reported by the workers were coughing, shortness of breath, and sneezing with prevalence rates of 38%, 37%, and 35%, respectively. This study demonstrated an association between TCA exposure and eye irritation. Analysis of the FENO tests revealed that individuals with preexisting asthma or allergies exhibited sustained FENO elevation. Conclusion The findings suggest that occupational exposure to TCA in indoor swimming pools is a matter of concern. Implementing and improving workplace safety measures is crucial for safeguarding the respiratory health of swimming pool workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effects of climate change on hydrological cycle, water availability, agricultural production, and energy usage in India. Topics discussed include explanation on hydrological cycle, how climate change affects water availability, and effect of climate on groundwater zones. Also mentioned are the effect of climate change on recharge and discharge and effects of climate change on groundwater quality.

This study investigated the dynamics of perceived livestock depredation over the last 2 years (from 2021 to 2022) in villages close to Mkomazi National Park in Tanzania. The findings revealed that sheep were the most frequently affected livestock (57.1%), followed by goats (36.7%) and cattle (6.1%). Attacks primarily occurred at home (59.2%) and during the night (65.3%), with a higher prevalence during the dry season (75.5%). The majority of respondents (81.6%) perceived a decrease in attacks. Logistic regression indicated village proximity to the park as a significant predictor in explaining the reported incidents related with livestock depredation, with closer villages experiencing higher risks. Gender, age, education level, and resident status showed no significant correlation with the reported livestock depredation incidents. Spotted hyena sightings varied significantly based on village proximity to the park (p = 0.039), while other factors showed no significant differences. Mitigation measures against livestock depredation included guarding livestock (28.3%), employing noise and scaring tactics (42.2%), and utilizing domestic dogs (29.4%). These findings offer valuable insights into human-wildlife conflicts and inform targeted interventions for mitigating livestock losses not only in the surveyed villages but also in other areas globally facing similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in the use of pyrolysis plants for the conversion of solid waste into useful products (e.g., oil, gas, and char) and the analysis of air-polluting emissions associated with such a process is an emerging research field. This study applied a systematic mapping approach to collating, describing, and cataloging available evidence related to the type and level of air pollutants emitted from pyrolysis plants, the factors affecting emissions, and available mitigation strategies that can be adopted to reduce air pollution. The scientific literature indexed in Scopus and Google Scholar, as well as available industry reports, was interrogated to document the evidence. A database comprising 63 studies was synthesized and cataloged from which 25 air pollutants from pyrolysis plants were considered, including volatile organic compounds and persistent organic pollutants. Air pollutant levels varied depending on the scale of the pyrolysis plants, their operating conditions, and the feedstock used. Various technologies, such as wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and baghouse filters, are available and have been utilized to reduce emissions and comply with the existing EU regulations for waste incineration (2010/75/EU). The systematic mapping identified several knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to inform relevant environmental policymaking, technology development, and the adoption of best practices for the mitigation of emissions from pyrolysis plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union's Green Deal concept prioritizes the installation of photovoltaic and wind turbine systems, with the aim of significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and expanding the use of renewable energy. The inclusion of metals/metaloids such as Cd, Pb, Ni, and As to PV panels may be a matter of concern because they may provoke numerous negative environmental effects, especially after decommissioning. Although the release of Pb and Cd from solar panels is generally low, these releases may increase, posing long-term harm. Cd and Pb, if only released from solar panels, can enter the environment, including soil and water, posing a significant risk to human health and ecosystems. Cd, in particular, can have profound and lasting negative impacts on animals and humans, affecting cellular responses, enzyme operations, and immune system functionality. Pb exposure, in turn, can induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, disrupt ion regulatory pathways, and impair immune function. Despite efforts to reduce the release of toxic metals from PV panels, controlling their disposal and avoiding environmental contamination remains challenging. Discovering substitute materials for PV panel manufacture, implementing enhanced recycling procedures, performing bioremediation, and enforcing stronger restrictions are among the strategies to mitigate environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arable soils significantly contribute to atmosphere pollution through N2O emissions due to the massive use of N-based fertilizers and soil managements. N2O formation in the soil occurs mainly through nitrification and denitrification processes, which are influenced by soil moisture, temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, and the amount of available organic carbon and nitrogen. This review synthetically presents the mechanisms of N2O formation and emission in arable land and some of the current strategies to improve crop nutrient use efficiency. Biological nitrification inhibitor-based agronomic strategies are also presented as future prospects for the sustainable management of crops, which is missing in most of the reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution, agricultural practices, climate change, and the various stages of edible oil production are responsible for oil contamination with various chemicals. Among vegetable fats, olive pomace oils (OPOs) have higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents, exceeding the limits in some cases. Several methods for the determination of PAHs in animal and vegetable fats and oils have been published over the years, but they have often failed to eliminate matrix-specific interferences in OPO. The few methods proposed or applied for the specific analysis of PAHs in OPO over the past 20 years are mainly based on two different analytical approaches, namely liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (LC-FLD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the case of the LC-FLD approaches, liquid–liquid extraction with appropriate solvents and one or more purification steps on stationary phases of different compositions are performed. In the case of GC techniques, on the other hand, the most commonly used sample preparation is liquid–liquid partitioning. Due to widespread public concern about PAH contamination, several studies have been conducted to explore ways to mitigate the presence of PAHs in OPOs (i.e., refining processes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the digital revolution, cyber-enabled critical infrastructures are the foundation of societal operations. However, this interconnectivity introduces risks such as cascading failures where disruptions in the power grid affect multiple systems. Global collaboration becomes inescapable in forming holistic approaches that evolve alongside continuous technological advancements to enhance infrastructure resilience. Before these approaches can truly succeed, it is imperative to understand the decision-making processes within these environments and effectively mitigate biases that may alter priorities. This study investigates subconscious biases stemming from perceived solutions, intending to anticipate their potential impact on decision-making prioritization and enhance overall cybersecurity in critical infrastructure resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water bodies play a crucial role in supporting life, maintaining the environment, and preserving the ecology for the people of India. However, in recent decades, human activities have led to various alterations in aquatic environments, resulting in environmental degradation through pollution. The safety of utilizing surface water sources for drinking and other purposes has come under intense scrutiny due to rapid population growth and industrial expansion. Surface water pollution due to micro-plastics (MPs) (plastics < 5 mm in size) is one of the emerging pollutants in metropolitan cities of developing countries because of its utmost resilience and synthetic nature. Recent studies on the surface water bodies (river, pond, Lake etc.) portrait the correlation between the MPs level with different parameters of pollution such as specific conductivity, total phosphate, and biological oxygen demand. Fibers represent the predominant form of MPs discovered in surface water bodies, exhibiting fluctuations across seasons. Consequently, present study prioritizes understanding the adaptation, prevalence, attributes, fluctuations, and spatial dispersion of MPs in both sediment and surface water environments. Furthermore, the study aims to identify existing gaps in the current understanding and underscore opportunities for future investigation. From the present study, it has been reported that, the concentration of MPs in the range of 0.2–45.2 items/L at the Xisha Islands in the south China sea, whereas in India it was found in the range of 96 items/L in water samples and 259 items/kg in sediment samples. This would certainly assist the urban planners in achieving sustainable development goals to mitigate the increasing amount of emergent pollutant load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes), recognized as one of the most invasive aquatic plants worldwide, presents profound ecological and socioeconomic challenges across diverse ecosystems, particularly in rural communities. This systematic review examines the extensive global impacts and explores various mitigation strategies to manage and utilize this pervasive species. Ecologically, water hyacinth disrupts aquatic ecosystems by depleting oxygen levels, obstructing sunlight, and displacing native species, which in turn compromises water quality and biodiversity. Economically, its rapid spread affects agriculture, fishing, and navigation, imposing significant costs on local economies and livelihoods. In response, this review assesses integrated management approaches combining mechanical, chemical, and biological controls that have been implemented to curb its growth. Moreover, innovative strategies that repurpose the biomass for bioenergy, handicrafts, and bio-remediation are discussed, highlighting their potential to transform an ecological menace into an economic resource. These strategies not only mitigate the plant's negative impacts but also contribute to sustainable development by providing economic opportunities and enhancing ecosystem services. This review stresses the necessity for a holistic approach to water hyacinth management that is adaptive, sustainable, and beneficial to affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nickel–rich layered oxides of LiNi1–x–yCoxMn(Al)yO2 (where 1–x–y>0.6) are considered promising cathode active materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high reversible capacity and energy density. However, the widespread application of NCM(A) is limited by microstructural degradation caused by the anisotropic shrinkage and expansion of primary particles during the H2→H3 phase transition. In this mini–review, we comprehensively discuss the formation of microcracks, subsequent material degradation, and related alleviation strategies in nickel–rich layered NCM(A). Firstly, theories on microcracks′ formation and evolution mechanisms are presented and critically analyzed. Secondly, recent advancements in mitigation strategies to prevent degradation in Ni–rich NCM/NCA are highlighted. These strategies include doping, surface coating, structural optimization, and morphology engineering. Finally, we provide an outlook and perspective to identify promising strategies that may enable the practical application of Ni–rich NCM/NCA in commercial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the upcoming period, city squares' urban redesign will be crucial in achieving sustainable development goals. This study presents a systematic review of OTC-related studies for the urban design of city squares using the PRISMA 2020 methodology. A review included a total of 173 papers from 2001 to 2023. The results identified five study types—clusters based on four pre-defined criteria: study approach, data collection methods, time duration, and primary objectives. The clusters indicate that more than half of all studies are related to the comparison of thermal comfort and heat mitigation measures. Most of the case studies were located in one of three climate zones: temperate oceanic (Cfb) (58 studies), hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) (40 studies), or humid subtropical (Cfa) (28 studies). The most common geometry of the analyzed urban square is medium-sized, is rectangular, and has dominant axel orientation south–north. Also, based on all five clusters, several research gaps were identified, appropriate for future research: the majority of studies related to the traditionally considered climate areas, no typology of urban square geometry configuration based on OTC assessment, and the lack of a local design model for assessing and improving the thermal comfort of city squares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and the resultant environmental deterioration signify one of the most challenging problems facing humankind in the 21st century. The origins of climate change are multifaceted and rooted in anthropogenic activities, resulting in increasing greenhouse gases in the environment and leading to global warming and weather drifts. Extremophilic fungi, characterized by their exceptional properties to survive extreme habitats, harbor great potential in mitigating climate change effects. This review provides insight into the potential applications of extremophilic fungi in climate change mitigation strategies. They are able to metabolize organic biomass and degrade carbon compounds, thereby safely sequestering carbon and extenuating its release into the environment as noxious greenhouse gases. Furthermore, they possess extremozymes, which break down recalcitrant organic species, including lignocellulosic biomass and hydrocarbons. Enzymatic machinery equips these extremophilic fungi to perform the bioremediation of polluted environments. Extremophilic fungi can also be exploited for various biological interventions, such as biofuels, bioplastics, and other bioprocessing applications. However, these fungi characterize a valued but underexplored resource in the arsenal of climate change mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a scoping review of the peer-reviewed literature regarding reported risks, adverse effects and mitigation factors related to providing mental health services using telehealth. The paper aims to describe risks and risk management strategies. Publications were included if they reported upon risks, adverse events or mitigation factors experienced, hypothesised or discussed for: any population (any country, any age), service (any mental health services), intervention (telehealth), English language, 2010 to 10 July 2021, any publication type (commentary, research, policy), excluding protocol papers, and self-help tools. The following databases were searched: PsycINFO (from 2010 to 10 July 2021), MEDLINE (2010 to 10 July 2021) and the Cochrane Database from 2010 to 10 July 2021. The search strategy resulted in 1,497 papers and after exclusions a final 55 articles were selected. Results of this scoping review are presented in terms of types of risk, risk by client population, risk by modality (eg group therapy using telehealth) and risk management. Recommendations for future research include gathering and publishing more detailed information regarding near-miss and actual adverse events when delivering mental health assessment and care using telehealth. In clinical practice, training is required for potential adverse events, and to prevent them and reporting mechanisms in place to collate and learn from these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effectiveness of a vertical trench in mitigating the hazards associated with reverse faulting on shallow foundations and assesses the accuracy of analytical relations for estimating the required trench depth through numerical analyses. Results show that a trench near a foundation diverts the fault rupture away from the building. Increasing the trench depth and width, positioning it closer to the foundation, and increasing the structure weight significantly increase the fault rupture diversion probability, reducing foundation damage level. Moving the foundation towards the hanging wall decreases rupture diversion probability. Trenches are more effective at smaller fault-dip angles. Narrower foundations with deeper alluvium require shallower trenches to minimize foundation damage. Existing analytical relations estimate trench depth with reasonable accuracy to divert fault rupture and minimize structural damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to predict the dynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination and ecological vulnerability within coastal regions of Africa utilizing time-averaged remote-sensed data patterns from 2020 to 2023. The analysis identified PFAS contamination hotspots along the coast of Africa, particularly in western Africa around Nigeria and in areas spanning Equatorial Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, with risk influenced by eastward wind patterns, overland runoff, and elevated aerosol optical depth (AOD) values. Regional trends indicated that variations in solar energy absorption and surface air temperature could influence PFAS dynamics in North Africa, South Africa, East Africa, and West Africa. In North Africa, intermediate overland runoff and lower sea-surface temperatures were observed. In South Africa, there were intermediate runoff levels and warmer sea-surface temperatures. East Africa experienced intermediate runoff as well. In West Africa, there was increased susceptibility to high overland runoff and aerosol-related PFAS contamination. From the weighted vulnerability index, significant disparities in environmental conditions across African coastal regions revealed that North Africa had relatively lower vulnerability, while West Africa had the highest susceptibility to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination. This study emphasizes the necessity for region-specific vulnerability index models and targeted mitigation strategies to address diverse ecological and health risks from PFAS contamination along the African coast. Regional and international collaboration, spearheaded by organizations such as the AU and ECOWAS, is essential, with tailored policies aligned with the SDGs, Agenda 2063, and NEPAD crucial for effective environmental management, urging policymakers to prioritize cooperation and resource sharing for comprehensive sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]