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Natural processes are substantially impacted by human activity, and assessing human activity has significant ramifications for regional ecological conservation. The study developed an extended human footprint (HF) assessment model based on the theory of ecological effects and human pressures to evaluate human disturbances in the urban agglomerations of the Yellow River Basin using data from 2005 to 2020, revealing the spatiotemporal pattern in the region. The conclusions show that the HF value of urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin has steadily increased from 2005 to 2020, primarily driven by mining intensity and road construction. High HF areas are primarily concentrated in urban areas in the south-central of the region, with a tendency to spread outward. Medium HF areas are mainly distributed in the eastern part of the study area, and the spatial distribution increases year by year, extending outward from the center area. The moderately low and HF areas are mostly found in the mountainous areas of the northwest. Among the urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin, the Central Plains UA and Shandong Peninsula UA are the areas most heavily affected by human disturbance. The conclusions are instructive for the high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used integrated geochemical, and ionic ratios, to investigate hydrogeochemical aspects, quality, and possible contamination due to mining activities in Wadi Asal and Wadi Queih, Red Sea, Egypt. Five groundwater samples were gathered from Middle Miocene, Duwi Formation, and Nubian aquifers. The dominant ions are: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+/Cl– > > for Duwi aquifer, while Asal and Nubian aquifers have Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+/Cl– > > . The hydrochemical facies for Duwi aquifer plot in Ca–Na–Cl–SO4 field (40%), and Asal and Nubian aquifers in Wadi Queih (60%) plot in Na–Ca–Cl–SO4 field. The heavy metal contents are as follows: Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd > Cu for Asal and Pb > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cd > Cu for Queih; all related to mining activities of Pb–Zn and phosphates. Drinking water quality index (DWQI) reveal that all the groundwater samples are improper for drinking. Irrigation water quality index (IWQI) reveal that all groundwater demonstrating a medium quality class for irrigation purposes. Groundwater exploration combined with suitable remediation techniques is recommended for future sustainable development in the investigated zone and similar coastal areas in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The destruction of arable land caused by coal mining in coal grain compound areas is a major bottleneck restricting grain production increase. The spatiotemporal correlation between the decline in cultivated land quality and crop growth deterioration due to mining subsidence still needs to be clarified. This study employed the CDR AVHRR NDVI dataset and applied correlation and trend analysis methods to extract vegetation cover information from 1982 to 2022. It also explored the relationships between vegetation cover and temperature and precipitation. The study found the following: (1) Over the past 41 years, the NDVI in the study area showed a significant upward trend. Specifically, the average annual NDVI growth rate in the mining area was 51.85%, while the corresponding growth rates for the 10 km buffer area, 20 km buffer area, and check area (CK) were 65.91%, 65.86%, and 68.09%, respectively. The start of the growing season (SOS) for winter wheat in the mining area and control area advanced by 49 ± 1.5 days and 65 ± 1.5 days, respectively, while the length of the growing season (LOS) extended by 59 ± 1.5 days and 72 ± 1.5 days, respectively. For summer maize, the SOS advanced by 11 ± 1.5 days and 15 ± 1.5 days, respectively, and the LOS extended by 17 ± 1.5 days and 19 ± 1.5 days, respectively. The study area exhibited a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and temperature. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the mining area was 0.6865 (p < 0.01); for the 10 km buffer zone, it was 0.5937 (p < 0.01), for the 20 km buffer zone, it was 0.6775 (p < 0.01), and for the control check area (CK), it was 0.6591 (p < 0.01). The results of this study can provide data support for the collaborative rehabilitation of and source reduction in coal grain compound areas, as well as for the restoration of damaged farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have emerged as major contributors to environmental damage. This paper offers an analyse of the actual situation of environmental damages caused by mining activities in Europe. Alarmingly, pollution from mining activities in the European Union is increasing. Surface and underground mining have detrimental effects on air and water quality, land degradation, waste disposal, noise pollution, deforestation and loss of biodiversity, endangered species, microbiota, economy, and health. Moreover, the risk of dam destruction because of climate change is increased. Globally this fact ranked Europe in second place in terms of dangerousness. The situation of protected species is critical and their status remains poor. The rehabilitation cost is exorbitant, and enforcement of regulations is lacking. It is evident that, due to economic demand for metals, mining will play a central role in EU's future despite the growing emphasis on green initiatives and transition. Unfortunately, public awareness regarding environmental impact of mining activities is insufficient, and their voices are often disregarded. In order to reduce the negative impact of mining on the environment, economy and public health, it is necessary to take urgent political and technical measures. This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview and offer suggestions for future actions.

Insects are the largest and most diverse group of organisms which are typically the overwhelming dominant invertebrate faunal group extensively used in biomonitoring and bioassessment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the heavy metals levels in insect species collected from Enyigba Community with mining activities in Southeast Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. In this study, three sites namely: Upper Inyia-(SA), Lower Inyia (SB) and the Control Site (SC) were selected and insect specimens were collected and evaluated from July 2022 to February, 2023. The insect groups used were Reticulitermes flavipes (termite), Zonocerus elegans (grasshopper), Acraea acrita (butterfly) and Cremtogaster sp. (Ant). The selected insects' samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed heavy metal accumulations on the selected insects particularly the toxic metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Mercury (Hg). Insects examined were Reticulitermes flavipes, Zonocerus elegans, Acraea acrita, and Crematogaster sp. collected from Enyigba mines. High concentrations of Cd was recorded in Zonocerus elegans at SA (0.13±0.042) and SB (0.17±0.007) which is far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. The result further revealed that there was also high Cd concentration (0.21±0.011) in Reticulitermes flavipes, which is also far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. Grasshopper, termites and butterfly had the highest accumulation of heavy metals among the studied insect groups, highlighting the challenges of mining on agriculture and food security in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential toxic elements emanating from extracted ores during gold processing present occupational and unintentional health hazards in communities, the general populace, and the environment. This study investigated the concentrations and potential health effects of metal content in the topsoils of Obuasi municipality, which has been mined for gold over the past century. Surface topsoil samples, sieved to 250 µm, were initially scanned for metals using x-ray fluorescence techniques, followed by confirmation via ICP-MS. In vitro bioaccessibility assays were conducted using standard methods. The geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) indicate high enrichment of As (Igeo = 6.28) and Cd (Igeo = 3.80) in the soils, especially in the eastern part of the municipality where illegal artisanal mining is prevalent. Additionally, the southern corridor, situated near a gold mine, exhibited significant levels of As and Mn. Results obtained for the total metal concentrations and contamination indices confirmed the elevation of the studied potential toxic elements in the Obuasi community. A hazard index value of 4.42 and 3.30 among children and adults, respectively, indicates that indigens, especially children, are susceptible to non-cancer health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With significant coal resource potential, Jambi Province faces serious challenges in the mobilization of coal transportation, a crucial element in the energy industry supply chain. This research examines the complexity problems arising from coal mobilization activities in Jambi Province and their social and environmental impacts. The research employs a qualitative method, utilizing documentation from online news sources and official government documents, including regional regulations. Data analysis is conducted using Nvivo 12 Plus. The findings reveal mismatch between licensing and regulations, leading to severe traffic disruptions. The sustainability of mining activities is faces significant challenges that require holistic solutions. Strategic policy recommendations include thorough audits of industry regulations, strengthening law enforcement, and promoting economic diversification. Other solutions involve more efficient traffic management, such as constructing dedicated lanes to alleviate pressure on general traffic. This research also highlights the importance of open and inclusive dialogue among all relevant stakeholders, with the government playing a key mediating role. Achieving balanced economic, social, and environmental sustainability in Jambi Province requires cross-sector collaboration and the active participation from all stakeholders.

Coal mining in Shendong Mining area has an important impact on the local ecological environment, especially the growth of vegetation. In order to describe this effect quantitatively, this study uses a regional evapotranspiration model to calculate the Potential Net Primary Productivity (PNP,p) of the Shendong mining area. MODIS17A3 dataset (2001—2022) was used to characterize the Actual Net Primary Productivity (PNP,a), and combined with the monthly net primary productivity raster dataset of terrestrial ecosystems in China (PNP,al, 1988—2015), using GWR model construction correction method to correct PNP,al to obtain 1988—2000 PNP,a data, and using the difference between the two PNP,h to characterize the impact of coal mining. The effect of coal mining on vegetation PNP in Shendong mining area was evaluated. The results show that: ① the accuracy of PNP,al data corrected by GWR model is about 0.76, and the corrected PNP,al data has a strong spatial correlation with the MODIS17A3 dataset, which indicates the reliability of the accuracy of the corrected model; ② The overall PNP,a and PNP,h of Shendong mining area showed a trend of decreasing first and then recovering gradually, but the PNP of vegetation did not recover to the pre-mining level. The mean values of PNP,h before mining and PNP,h after mining are 21.50 g/m2 and −60.20 g/m2, respectively. PNP,h

The Changhe Basin is located in the earth–rock mountainous area in southeastern Shanxi, China, and represents a characteristic northern coal-bearing hilly area. The terrain is complex, and the area is rich in coal mines. It plays an indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance and sustainable development in North China. To investigate the changes in ecological quality in the Changhe Basin, as well as the impact of human mining activities and natural topography on ecological quality, this study constructs the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) based on Landsat remote sensing images from 2001, 2008, 2015, and 2022, undertaking an analysis of the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the ecological quality and its changing trends over the past 20 years. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation distribution features are revealed using Moran's I. The exploration extends to examining the relationship between mining activities and the surrounding ecological quality. Subsequently, we study the relationship between Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and RSEI. The results indicate the following: (1) On the temporal scale, the average proportion of RSEIs categorized as excellent and good from 2001 to 2022 is 46.78%. Types showcasing stable ecological conditions average 52.49%. The level of overall ecological quality of the basin has remained consistently high. On the spatial scale, the western part of the Changhe River, particularly in mountainous areas, exhibits higher ecological quality. Poorer areas concentrate in Chuandi Town in the southwestern part, and are significantly impacted by mining activities. The eastern region manifests areas undergoing either rapid or gradual degradation. (2) The four-phase Moran index results reveal a robust positive correlation in the spatial distribution of ecological quality within the basin. High–High and Low–Low clusters dominate, while High–Low and Low–High distributions are scattered. (3) Mining activities exert a discernible impact on the surrounding ecological quality. As the distance from the buffer zone outside the mining area increases, RSEI gradually decreases. The impact level exhibits an initial increase and subsequent decrease from 2001 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mining operations have been a significant source of environmental pollution due to their excessive water usage during ore processing and the subsequent discharge of tailings into the environment. It is imperative to assess the extent of toxic metal release resulting from these activities at any given time. In this investigation, we explore the environmental risks and the release patterns of zinc (Zn) from zinc leach residues (ZLRs) originating from the Angoran mine in the Zanjan province of Iran. A series of batch experiments were conducted on two distinct ZLR samples (S1 and S2) to analyze the influence of factors such as particle size, contact duration, liquid-to-solid ratio, and pH of the leach solution on the leaching behavior of Zn. The primary constituents in the ZLR samples were found to be SiO2 and CaSO4. It was observed that the release of Zn was contingent on pH, with increased acidity leading to higher Zn release. Even after 360 min of contact, equilibrium was not achieved, and the release exhibited an upward trajectory. Heterogeneous behavior was noted in the particle size distribution, with the greatest Zn release observed in particles within the 0.3–0.5 mm size range. The solubility of Zn was identified as the dominant factor influencing its release from the residues, raising environmental concerns as a significant portion of Zn is present in a soluble fraction. Based on the mobility index and leaching limits defined in Decision 2003/33/EC, the tested ZLR samples were classified as highly hazardous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 22, 2023, a devastating landslide occurred on the mining slope of an open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia, China, leading to the mining area being buried and 53 fatalities. The source area of the landslide measured approximately 500 m in both length and width, with an estimated volume of the deposited material reaching approximately 5 million cubic metres. Based on the severe impact of this incident, our study conducted preliminary research using a combination of methodologies, including particle image analysis, synthetic aperture radar interferometry, interpretation of optical remote sensing data, and post-event news reports analysis. The results indicated that the landslide lasted 23 s from initiation to cessation of movement. The historical deformation indicated that prior to the resumption of the mining activities, only localized deformation was observed at the rear edge of the landslide. However, when mining activities resumed in April 2021 and extended to the vicinity of the north slope, the deformation range and rate in the source area of the landslide rapidly increased. The investigation deduced that the soft foundation at the slope bottom and mining activities are the primary causative factors of this event. Mining activities, which stripped coal seams within the slope and surface rock masses, led to the expansion of tension cracks within the landslide body, weakening resisting forces at the leading edge and thus playing a significant role in destabilizing the landslide body. The evolution of the landslide from incubation to instability could be divided into four stages: early microcrack development, slow creep, accelerated deformation after resumption of mining, and ultimate instability. Therefore, it is of great significance to advance real-time deformation monitoring and early warning systems specifically those designed for mining slope areas by comprehensive measures. Furthermore, enhancing the high-frequency monitoring capabilities of synthetic aperture radar satellites is crucial to reducing the occurrence of these catastrophic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities in the kaolin mining area have led to the disruption of the ecological health of the mining area and nearby soils, but the effects on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere soils of the plants are not clear. Three common plants (Conyza bonariensis, Artemisia annua, and Dodonaea viscosa) in kaolin mining areas were selected and analyzed their rhizosphere soil fungal communities using ITS sequencing. The alpha diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, observed-species, pielou-e) of the fungal communities decreased to different extents in different plants compared to the non-kauri mining area. The β-diversity (PCoA, NMDS) analysis showed that the rhizosphere soil fungal communities of the three plants in the kaolin mine area were significantly differentiated from those of the control plants grown in the non-kaolin mine area, and the extent of this differentiation varied among the plants. The analysis of fungal community composition showed that the dominant fungi in the rhizosphere fungi of C. bonariensis and A. annua changed, with an increase in the proportion of Mycosphaerella (genus) by about 20% in C. bonariensis and A. annua. An increase in the proportion of Didymella (genus) by 40% in D. viscosa was observed. At the same time, three plant rhizosphere soils were affected by kaolin mining activities with the appearance of new fungal genera Ochrocladosporium and Plenodomus. Predictive functional potential analysis of the samples revealed that a significant decrease in the potential of functions such as biosynthesis and glycolysis occurred in the rhizosphere fungal communities of kaolin-mined plants compared to non-kaolin-mined areas. The results show that heavy metals and plant species are the key factors influencing these changes, which suggests that selecting plants that can bring more abundant fungi can adapt to heavy metal contamination to restore soil ecology in the kaolin mining area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial for preserving ecosystems, assessing natural resources, and making decisions regarding compensation. In this study, we employed the InVEST model's habitat quality (HQ) module to calculate the HQ and degradation levels in the study area using land use/land cover (LULC) data from 2000 to 2020. Our analysis utilized quantitative methods, including spatial correlation, hotspot analysis, and geo-probing, to determine the value of ESs and identify trends. Furthermore, we examined the spatial and temporal variation in the significance of ESs and their driving factors. The results show the following. (1) The primary LULC types in the Zhundong coalfield from 2000 to 2020 are grassland and barren areas. (2) The average value of the HQ index in the study area exhibited a generally decreasing trend. Between 2000 and 2010, HQ significantly declined, particularly in the region's large barren industrial and mining zones. However, over time, the proportion of sites with minimal degradation improved steadily, resulting in better overall HQ in the study area by 2020. This pertains to the measures put in place by the local government to safeguard and rehabilitate the ecosystem. (3) The spatial distribution of the ecosystem service value (ESV) aligns with changes in HQ and LULC, with significant hotspots primarily observed in forest and grassland areas, nature reserves, and areas around water sources. (4) LULC, temperature, annual precipitation, and elevation are the main drivers of spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong area; the spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong coalfield is primarily influenced by the interaction between human factors and natural factors, in which LULC plays a dominant role. This study's findings can guide the development of rational ecological planning, integrating resource conservation mining with effective zoning management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are the largest and most diverse group of organisms which are typically the overwhelming dominant invertebrate faunal group extensively used in biomonitoring and bioassessment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the heavy metals levels in insect species collected from Enyigba Community with mining activities in Southeast Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. In this study, three sites namely: Upper Inyia-(SA), Lower Inyia (SB) and the Control Site (SC) were selected and insect specimens were collected and evaluated from July 2022 to February, 2023. The insect groups used were Reticulitermes flavipes (termite), Zonocerus elegans (grasshopper), Acraea acrita (butterfly) and Cremtogaster sp. (Ant). The selected insects’ samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed heavy metal accumulations on the selected insects particularly the toxic metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Mercury (Hg). Insects examined were Reticulitermes flavipes, Zonocerus elegans, Acraea acrita, and Crematogaster sp. collected from Enyigba mines. High concentrations of Cd was recorded in Zonocerus elegans at SA (0.13±0.042) and SB (0.17±0.007) which is far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. The result further revealed that there was also high Cd concentration (0.21±0.011) in Reticulitermes flavipes, which is also far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. Grasshopper, termites and butterfly had the highest accumulation of heavy metals among the studied insect groups, highlighting the challenges of mining on agriculture and food security in the region.

Abstract Background Africa is blessed with vast arable land and enriched with valuable natural resources encompassing both renewable (like water, forests, and fisheries) and non-renewable (such as minerals, coal, gas, and oil). Under the right conditions, a natural resource boom should serve as an important driver for growth, development, and the transition from cottage industry to factory output. However, despite its wealth, Africa is often associated with the notion of a resource curse. Negative outcomes are often linked with mineral wealth. This paper investigates the causes of adverse health outcomes in resource-rich regions. The study provides empirical support for the natural resource curse with particular emphasis on the environmental health risks in Africa. We explore the multifaceted connections among mineral deposits, environmental risks, conflict events and population dynamics, shedding light on the complexities of resource-rich areas. Results We amalgamate georeferenced data pertaining to 22 specific mineral deposits with information on the prevalence of reliance on compromised infrastructures at a spatial resolution of 0.5 $$^{\circ } \times 0.5^{\circ }$$ ∘ × 0 . 5 ∘ for all of Africa between 2000 and 2017. Through comprehensive econometric analysis of environmental health risk factors, including reliance on contaminated water sources, open defecation, unimproved sanitation, particulate matter concentration, and carbon concentration, we uncover the intricate pathways through which mineral deposits impact public health. Our findings revealed the significant role of in-migration in mediating environmental health risks. Moreover, we found that the activities of extractive companies amplify certain environmental risks including reliance on unimproved sanitation and practices and particulate matter concentration. Conflict events emerge as a key mediator across all environmental health risks, underlining the far-reaching consequences of instability and violence on both local communities and the environment. Conclusion The study contributes to the discourse on sustainable development by unraveling the nuanced associations between mineral wealth and health challenges. By drawing attention to the intricate web of factors at play, we provide a foundation for targeted interventions that address the unique environmental and health challenges faced by mineral-rich communities.

Natural processes are substantially impacted by human activity, and assessing human activity has significant ramifications for regional ecological conservation. The study developed an extended human footprint (HF) assessment model based on the theory of ecological effects and human pressures to evaluate human disturbances in the urban agglomerations of the Yellow River Basin using data from 2005 to 2020, revealing the spatiotemporal pattern in the region. The conclusions show that the HF value of urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin has steadily increased from 2005 to 2020, primarily driven by mining intensity and road construction. High HF areas are primarily concentrated in urban areas in the south-central of the region, with a tendency to spread outward. Medium HF areas are mainly distributed in the eastern part of the study area, and the spatial distribution increases year by year, extending outward from the center area. The moderately low and HF areas are mostly found in the mountainous areas of the northwest. Among the urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin, the Central Plains UA and Shandong Peninsula UA are the areas most heavily affected by human disturbance. The conclusions are instructive for the high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin.

The destruction of arable land caused by coal mining in coal grain compound areas is a major bottleneck restricting grain production increase. The spatiotemporal correlation between the decline in cultivated land quality and crop growth deterioration due to mining subsidence still needs to be clarified. This study employed the CDR AVHRR NDVI dataset and applied correlation and trend analysis methods to extract vegetation cover information from 1982 to 2022. It also explored the relationships between vegetation cover and temperature and precipitation. The study found the following: (1) Over the past 41 years, the NDVI in the study area showed a significant upward trend. Specifically, the average annual NDVI growth rate in the mining area was 51.85%, while the corresponding growth rates for the 10 km buffer area, 20 km buffer area, and check area (CK) were 65.91%, 65.86%, and 68.09%, respectively. The start of the growing season (SOS) for winter wheat in the mining area and control area advanced by 49 ± 1.5 days and 65 ± 1.5 days, respectively, while the length of the growing season (LOS) extended by 59 ± 1.5 days and 72 ± 1.5 days, respectively. For summer maize, the SOS advanced by 11 ± 1.5 days and 15 ± 1.5 days, respectively, and the LOS extended by 17 ± 1.5 days and 19 ± 1.5 days, respectively. The study area exhibited a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and temperature. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the mining area was 0.6865 (p < 0.01); for the 10 km buffer zone, it was 0.5937 (p < 0.01), for the 20 km buffer zone, it was 0.6775 (p < 0.01), and for the control check area (CK), it was 0.6591 (p < 0.01). The results of this study can provide data support for the collaborative rehabilitation of and source reduction in coal grain compound areas, as well as for the restoration of damaged farmland.

Background Africa is blessed with vast arable land and enriched with valuable natural resources encompassing both renewable (like water, forests, and fisheries) and non-renewable (such as minerals, coal, gas, and oil). Under the right conditions, a natural resource boom should serve as an important driver for growth, development, and the transition from cottage industry to factory output. However, despite its wealth, Africa is often associated with the notion of a resource curse. Negative outcomes are often linked with mineral wealth. This paper investigates the causes of adverse health outcomes in resource-rich regions. The study provides empirical support for the natural resource curse with particular emphasis on the environmental health risks in Africa. We explore the multifaceted connections among mineral deposits, environmental risks, conflict events and population dynamics, shedding light on the complexities of resource-rich areas. Results We amalgamate georeferenced data pertaining to 22 specific mineral deposits with information on the prevalence of reliance on compromised infrastructures at a spatial resolution of 0.5 for all of Africa between 2000 and 2017. Through comprehensive econometric analysis of environmental health risk factors, including reliance on contaminated water sources, open defecation, unimproved sanitation, particulate matter concentration, and carbon concentration, we uncover the intricate pathways through which mineral deposits impact public health. Our findings revealed the significant role of in-migration in mediating environmental health risks. Moreover, we found that the activities of extractive companies amplify certain environmental risks including reliance on unimproved sanitation and practices and particulate matter concentration. Conflict events emerge as a key mediator across all environmental health risks, underlining the far-reaching consequences of instability and violence on both local communities and the environment. Conclusion The study contributes to the discourse on sustainable development by unraveling the nuanced associations between mineral wealth and health challenges. By drawing attention to the intricate web of factors at play, we provide a foundation for targeted interventions that address the unique environmental and health challenges faced by mineral-rich communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is focused on the assessment of the pollution status of river and lake sediments near Pb, Zn, and Cu mines and tailings in the southeastern part of Serbia—Krajište area. The study is based on hypothesis that investigated rivers and lakes in the Krajište area could be polluted by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and that these elements could pose considerable ecological risk to the studied surface water environment. High PTE contents are detected in studied river sediments (up to 7892 mg kg−1 for Zn, 3224 mg kg−1 for Cu, 36,790 mg kg−1 for Pb, 64.2 mg kg−1 for Cd, and 1444 mg kg−1 for As). Given that the contents of the studied elements in most of the river sediments exceeded the background values, values prescribed by regulations of the Republic of Serbia, as well as probable effect concentration (PEL), it is possible to conclude that sediments were heavily polluted and that detrimental effects can be expected. Contamination indices including the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (Eri), ecological risk index (RI), pollution load index (PLI), and aggregative toxicity index (ATI) were used to assess the degree of pollution by PTEs. The ecological risk assessment revealed that there is a significant risk observed for toxic elements (primarily Pb, Cu, Cd, and As) at this moment. The highest contamination indices (EF, Igeo, CF, PLI, and ATI) are mainly associated with historical and current mining activities. The Monte Carlo analysis based on the risk assessment indices was used to evaluate the uncertainty. The most pronounced toxic risk is found for the Pb, Cu, Cd, and As which assessment was in the range of high and extremely high-risk probabilities. The obtained results suggest that levels of toxic elements pose a significant ecological risk to the surface water environment near Pb, Zn, and Cu mines in the Krajište area. The methodology applied in this paper could be very useful for other researchers dealing with the problem of environmental pollution by toxic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the environmental contamination of stream sediments due to geogenic and anthropogenic sources is of growing concern. In this study, the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in 22 superficial sediments in Wadi Asal, Red Sea, Egypt, were explored to assess sediment sources, the mobility of chemical species, and the degree of contamination in sediments. Therefore, the total heavy metal values in the fine fraction (< 63 μm), a five-step sequential extraction on selective samples, risk assessment, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied. The mobility of heavy metals in Wadi Asal sediments, according to non-residual fraction percent, declines in the following order: Cd (90.9%) > Pb (85.2%) > Co (84.4%) > Cu (80.8%) > Zn (75.9%) > Ni (48.4%) > Cr (39.6%); indicating the high mobility of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Co. The mean metal contamination factor (CF) order is Cd (10.96) > Ni (3.91) > Cr (2.77) > Zn (2.18) > Pb (2.10) > Co (1.12) > Cu (0.70). The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) is decreased in the following order: Cd (2.19) > Ni (0.78) > Cr (0.55) > Zn (0.44) > Pb (0.42) > Co (0.22) > Cu (0.14). The risk assessment code (RAC) revealed very high to high risk for Cd, Co, and Pb. The results pointed out that the metals Cr, Co, Cu, and Ni are from geogenic sources, while Zn, Cd, and Pb are from anthropogenic sources due to Pb–Zn mining activities. Based on the threshold effect level (TEL), Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb have adverse effects on living organisms. According to these findings, the area along Wadi Asal and the downstream regions on the beach are highly polluted and heavy metal monitoring in sediments and aquatic organisms is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the contents of eight heavy metal(loid)s (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb and Tl) in 50 sediment samples from a headwater of Beijiang River were studied to understand their pollution, ecological risk and potential sources. Evaluation indexes including sediment quality guidelines (SDGs), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), risk assessment code (RAC) and bioavailable metal index (BMI) were used to evaluate the heavy metal(loid)s pollution and ecological risk in the sediments. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to identify the sources of heavy metal(loid)s. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metal(loid)s obviously exceeded the background values, except Cr. Metal(loid)s speciation analysis indicated that Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were dominated by non-residual fractions, which presented higher bioavailability. The S content in sediments could significantly influence the geochemical fractions of heavy metal(loid)s. As was expected, it had the most adverse biological effect to local aquatic organism, followed by Pb. The EF results demonstrated that As was the most enriched, while Cr showed no enrichment in the sediments. The assessment of Igeo suggested that Cd and As were the most serious threats to the river system, while Cr showed almost no contamination in the sediments. Heavy metal(loid)s in sediments in the mining- and smelting-affected area showed higher bioavailability. According to the results of the above research, the mining activities caused heavier heavy metal(loid)s pollution in the river sediment. Three potential sources of heavy metal(loid)s in sediment were distinguished based on the Pearson's correlation analysis and PCA, of which Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Sb and Cu were mainly derived from mining activities, Cr was mainly derived from natural sources, Tl was mainly derived from smelting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial role of the fluorescent components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in controlling antimony (Sb) mobilization in groundwater has been confirmed. However, the molecular signatures contributing to Sb enrichment in DOM remain unknown. This study aims to investigate the origins and molecular compositions of DOM in different high-Sb aquifers (Sb-mining and no-Sb-mining aquifer), as well as compare different molecular signatures of DOM and mechanisms for Sb migration. The findings showed that Sb concentrations in Sb-mining aquifer exhibited a positive correlation with lignin- and tannin-like molecules characterized by high O/C and low H/C ratios, indicating an increased abundance of aromatic components with higher Humification Index and SUV-absorbance at 254 nm, compared to no-Sb-mining aquifer. Correspondingly, the complexation and competitive adsorption were considered as the predominate formation mechanisms on Sb enrichment in Sb-mining aquifer. In addition, high abundances of bioreactivity DOM may facilitated the migration of Sb via electron transfer and competitive adsorption in native no-Sb-mining aquifer. The outcomes of this investigation offer novel insights into the mechanism on Sb enrichment influenced by DOM at the molecule level.

This study aimed to compare how vulnerable informal and formal households are to disaster risks in Bekkersdal mining area in the Rand West City municipality, using a mixed method. A qualitative approach was used to construct a situational analysis of the community, while a questionnaire was used to collect descriptive data. Findings showed both household types (formal and informal) experienced disaster-related risks as their coping resources are limited. Disaster risks such as mining-related incidents (dust, earth tremors and windstorms) are more significant in the informal areas than in formal areas because of their geographical locations. The latter are located in high density areas, with limited access to basic services. Resulting in among others, construction of illegal informal areas and use of illegal electricity connections. These disaster incidents occur against the backdrop of an already vulnerable dolomitic environment that tends to form sinkholes. Thus, the negative impact of mining is the highest disaster risk factor in the area, yet households seem tolerant and distant as they perceive mining as a job opportunity. The study recommended the municipality to include disaster risks in their integrated development plans to ensure that sustainable mining practices are in place to minimise the negative effects in the area. The rehabilitation of mines, measures to prevent informal construction or illegal occupation, and educational awareness on mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary. Contribution: The study adds to the body of knowledge by revising some old techniques of addressing disaster risk measures, especially in surrounding mining communities.

This study aimed to compare how vulnerable informal and formal households are to disaster risks in Bekkersdal mining area in the Rand West City municipality, using a mixed method. A qualitative approach was used to construct a situational analysis of the community, while a questionnaire was used to collect descriptive data. Findings showed both household types (formal and informal) experienced disaster-related risks as their coping resources are limited. Disaster risks such as mining-related incidents (dust, earth tremors and windstorms) are more significant in the informal areas than in formal areas because of their geographical locations. The latter are located in high density areas, with limited access to basic services. Resulting in among others, construction of illegal informal areas and use of illegal electricity connections. These disaster incidents occur against the backdrop of an already vulnerable dolomitic environment that tends to form sinkholes. Thus, the negative impact of mining is the highest disaster risk factor in the area, yet households seem tolerant and distant as they perceive mining as a job opportunity. The study recommended the municipality to include disaster risks in their integrated development plans to ensure that sustainable mining practices are in place to minimise the negative effects in the area. The rehabilitation of mines, measures to prevent informal construction or illegal occupation, and educational awareness on mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary. Contribution: The study adds to the body of knowledge by revising some old techniques of addressing disaster risk measures, especially in surrounding mining communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to address the drinking water crisis in the Mahan River catchment area resulting from the disruption of groundwater availability due to extensive coal mining. The study uses GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to map the groundwater potential of the area by analysing several factors that affect groundwater availability, including rainfall, water depth, geomorphology, geology, soil, land-cover/land-use, and topographic characteristics derived from DEM. The groundwater potential map created using the MCDA technique classified the area into low, moderate, and high groundwater potential zones. The map was validated and verified using water table depth and electrical conductivity values available in the region, indicating that it can be used to identify groundwater recharging sites. The study's results show that about 30% of the area has high groundwater potential, and more than 45% of the area has moderate groundwater potential. The information derived from the study can be used for sustainable management and proper planning of groundwater resources in the Mahan River catchment area. Overall, the study presents a useful approach to address the groundwater depletion problem resulting from coal mining activities in the Mahan River catchment area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We would like to think that Maramureş mining and thematic philately had a common destiny. The merging of the two areas of interest, although it started timidly, has continued to capture the public's interest more and more frequently in the period after 1988 and up to the present. Through the present work, we aimed to highlight the philatelic elements (postage stamps, first day of issue envelopes/FDCs, illustrated postcards, special and anniversary envelopes, maximum postcards, etc.) that appeared and promoted part of the activity of local mining, especially the one in Maramureș County. The identification, indexing, analysis, and description of the philatelic pieces were carried out starting from the existing material on several specialist websites with a philatelic profile and e-commerce platforms (Allnumis®, Colnect®, Delcampe®, eBay®, Jurnalul Filatelic, Romfilatelia, WOPA+®, WorldStamps®, etc), as well as that placed at the disposition of colleagues, philately enthusiasts and frantic collectors. The results of our current research have materialized in an impressive series of manifestations of the creation of Maramuresi philatelists, who have not forgotten for a moment that the basis of local development in the past was mining, through its economic, operational, and cultural contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities often generate important amounts of extractive waste, and, as a consequence, environmental impacts that affect all factors to a greater or lesser extent. Depending on a variety of variables, the impact can be permanent or temporary, reversible or irreversible, negative or positive. This study conducted research on the status of closure and remediation processes of mining areas in Romania, specifically in the counties of Maramureș, Suceava, Harghita, Alba, Hunedoara and Caraș-Severin. Furthermore, based on the type and level of pollution, the degree of application of remediation techniques for water and soil pollution in the investigated mining areas was studied. From the analysed information, it is evident that although the closure and remediation process started in Romania over 20 years ago, unfortunately, to this day, the technical projects, technical assistance, and execution of closure and remediation works have not yet completely solved the complex environmental issues in the mining sector. Most of the tailing ponds and waste piles of former mines continue to pose permanent specific risks to the environment and the population. This study concludes that the mining sector in Romania, although it has the necessary techniques and technologies for the ecological rehabilitation of degraded lands related to the Extractive Waste Facilities and the elimination of negative impacts on the environment and public health, has not yet been able to fully concretize its remediation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Changhe Basin is located in the earth–rock mountainous area in southeastern Shanxi, China, and represents a characteristic northern coal-bearing hilly area. The terrain is complex, and the area is rich in coal mines. It plays an indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance and sustainable development in North China. To investigate the changes in ecological quality in the Changhe Basin, as well as the impact of human mining activities and natural topography on ecological quality, this study constructs the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) based on Landsat remote sensing images from 2001, 2008, 2015, and 2022, undertaking an analysis of the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the ecological quality and its changing trends over the past 20 years. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation distribution features are revealed using Moran’s I. The exploration extends to examining the relationship between mining activities and the surrounding ecological quality. Subsequently, we study the relationship between Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and RSEI. The results indicate the following: (1) On the temporal scale, the average proportion of RSEIs categorized as excellent and good from 2001 to 2022 is 46.78%. Types showcasing stable ecological conditions average 52.49%. The level of overall ecological quality of the basin has remained consistently high. On the spatial scale, the western part of the Changhe River, particularly in mountainous areas, exhibits higher ecological quality. Poorer areas concentrate in Chuandi Town in the southwestern part, and are significantly impacted by mining activities. The eastern region manifests areas undergoing either rapid or gradual degradation. (2) The four-phase Moran index results reveal a robust positive correlation in the spatial distribution of ecological quality within the basin. High–High and Low–Low clusters dominate, while High–Low and Low–High distributions are scattered. (3) Mining activities exert a discernible impact on the surrounding ecological quality. As the distance from the buffer zone outside the mining area increases, RSEI gradually decreases. The impact level exhibits an initial increase and subsequent decrease from 2001 to 2022.

The valuation of ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial for preserving ecosystems, assessing natural resources, and making decisions regarding compensation. In this study, we employed the InVEST model’s habitat quality (HQ) module to calculate the HQ and degradation levels in the study area using land use/land cover (LULC) data from 2000 to 2020. Our analysis utilized quantitative methods, including spatial correlation, hotspot analysis, and geo-probing, to determine the value of ESs and identify trends. Furthermore, we examined the spatial and temporal variation in the significance of ESs and their driving factors. The results show the following. (1) The primary LULC types in the Zhundong coalfield from 2000 to 2020 are grassland and barren areas. (2) The average value of the HQ index in the study area exhibited a generally decreasing trend. Between 2000 and 2010, HQ significantly declined, particularly in the region’s large barren industrial and mining zones. However, over time, the proportion of sites with minimal degradation improved steadily, resulting in better overall HQ in the study area by 2020. This pertains to the measures put in place by the local government to safeguard and rehabilitate the ecosystem. (3) The spatial distribution of the ecosystem service value (ESV) aligns with changes in HQ and LULC, with significant hotspots primarily observed in forest and grassland areas, nature reserves, and areas around water sources. (4) LULC, temperature, annual precipitation, and elevation are the main drivers of spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong area; the spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong coalfield is primarily influenced by the interaction between human factors and natural factors, in which LULC plays a dominant role. This study’s findings can guide the development of rational ecological planning, integrating resource conservation mining with effective zoning management.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) undergoes rapid changes due to human production activities, which have an impact on the land carbon cycle and ultimately global change. As one of the main human production activities, coal mining significantly impacts the soil carbon cycle. However, due to the lack of remote sensing modeling of soil carbon in mining areas, the spatio-temporal changes and driving mechanisms of SOC in mining areas remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated and determined SOC data from 300 sampling points (depth of 0–20 cm) located in an arid mining area of China. Remote sensing images were then used to established a soil organic carbon density (SOCD) prediction model within the Random Forest (RF) model to achieve digital mapping of soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS). The spatiotemporal changes of SOCS were analyzed using SOCS digital mapping, and the influencing mechanism of SOCS was revealed using path analysis. The results showed that the constructed SOCD predictive model meets the demand for SOCD prediction (R2 ≥ 0.74, p soil erosion > mining intensity > precipitation > elevation > land use > temperature. The negative impact of coal mining on SOCS was mainly indirect, through disturbance to elevation, vegetation, and soil erosion. The uneven ground subsidence and stretching caused by coal mining contribute to intensified soil erosion and vegetation degradation in the affected area, leading to a reduction in SOCS. However, SOCS did not decrease under high intensity mining, which was related to the increase in vegetation and the reduction in soil erosion in the mining area. In this study, a soil carbon prediction model was established based on remote sensing modeling to evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of soil carbon in an arid mining area. The results can serve as valuable references for the scientific improvement of the ecological environment in mining areas, the rational planning of mining area construction, as well as low-carbon land reclamation and ecological compensation assessments.

This study investigated the magnitude of media coverage of environmental hazards in the mining communities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Motivated by the poor agricultural yields and increased prevalence of health challenges in the mining communities, it was established that the media is indispensable in the fight for a healthy environment in the State. However, the failure of the mass media in the State to embark on any form of environmental communication in order to monitor environmental issues made the fight almost impossible. Thus, the study set out to determine how committed and professional the media were in the fight. A sample size of 25 media practitioners, two radio stations and four newspapers all domiciled in the State were assessed using multi-staged random sampling technique. The study employed quantitative and qualitative research designs with questionnaire, interview and content analysis as instruments for data collection. Findings revealed that the mass media in the State were not involved in the fight for a healthy environment; none of them had environmental column/desk to monitor environmental hazards arising from mining activities in the State. The research concluded that the mass media should scrutinize the affairs of the State environmental actors in order for them to hold the mining companies accountable and protect the interests of the mining communities in the State.

Freshwater reservoirs are essential owing because of their ecological, economic, and social importance. They are particularly vulnerable to contamination, as of metal and metalloids, derived from anthropogenic activities like mining. The temporal variations in trace element concentrations (arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)), enrichment, fluxes, and possible sources were evaluated by studying two sediment cores from the La Angostura (ANG) Reservoir (northwest Mexico), using 210Pb geochronology. The enrichment factors showed from null to minor enrichment for most elements, but moderate to severe enrichment of mercury (Hg). Most trace element concentrations had a detrital origin, and notable Hg concentration increases since the past decade were associated with severe drought periods, likely resulting from wildfires. The observed sediment concentrations of As and Hg can cause adverse effects on biota in the ecosystem since they are above the probable effect level (PEL). Development of strategies for metal attenuation in this reservoir is recommended and metals should be controlled until specific ecotoxicological studies are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In equatorial and tropical regions, supergene mineral deposits created during water/rock interactions are found. Simply put, these supergene deposits are formed through the accumulation of low solubility ions or through the preservation of primary minerals. The supergene manganese (Mn) deposits are examples of the economic importance associated with the chemical weathering processes. In Brazil, the Southern Brasilia Orogen (SBO) was generated during the collision between the Paranapanema Craton and the passive margin of the São Francisco Craton. In the southern Minas Gerais (MG), several supergene Mn occurrences are hosted in the SBO, which were originated during the chemical weathering of gondites belonging to the Amparo Complex. Here, we studied the supergene Mn occurrences in the southern MG, more specifically in the municipalities of Ouro Fino and Careaçu. The MnO contents ranged from 25.50 to 28.40 wt% at Ouro Fino and from 16.80 to 21.20 wt% at Careaçu. These supergene Mn deposits have a diverse mineral assemblage, being composed of spessartine, quartz, Mn-oxides, goethite and kaolinite. The various Mn minerals formed due to spessartine incongruent dissolution were hollandites, cryptomelanes, romanechites, pyrolusites and lithiophorites. Both study areas are relevant for the possible opening of mines for the commercialization of Mn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to design an appropriate dewatering system in an open pit mine, it is necessary to know the hydrogeological conditions and factors affecting the condition of groundwater in the mining area. One of the important factors for investigating the hydrogeological conditions of a mining site is to know the status of the catchment area, temporal and spatial changes of the piezometric levels and the range of disturbances caused by mining activities, climate conditions and the tectonic state of the mining area. The hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of Sangan iron mine are also affected by climate factors such as precipitation and tectonic factors including the number of faults and their trends, their distances and their relationship with each other. Therefore, in this study, the influence of various factors including precipitation, distance from waterways, tectonic status and faults, and the pit development during the exploitation period on the fluctuation of groundwater were investigated. By examining the fluctuations of the piezometric levels caused by these factors in the period from March 2011 to March 2014 and statistical analysis of the results, it was found that among the affecting factors, the Cn-pit expansion has the greatest effect on the groundwater level fluctuation of the western anomalies of Sangan mine. By drawing the ccorrelation diagram between the distance from Cn-Pit and the groundwater level drop of observation piezometers of the nearby areas of the Cn-pit, and obtaining a coefficient of determination equal to 0.94 (R2 =0.94), it was found that the radius of the influence of the Cn-pit expansion on the changes in the groundwater level of the adjacent areas is about 700 meters. In addition, it was found that the amount of precipitation and the distance from the waterways do not have a significant effect on the groundwater level fluctuations in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The impacts of a metal mine on the surrounding grassland were studied, and the ecological environment was evaluated using remote sensing technology as a significant aid to ecological restoration and environmental protection of mining areas. [Methods] The study was conducted at a desert-steppe gold mine located in an ecologically fragile area. Spatial and temporal dynamics of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the mine area were analyzed based on long time series remote sensing data to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the ecological quality of the study area using the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI). [Results] The impacted area of desert-steppe gold mining was determined as the area with a radius of 5 km outward from the mine boundary. There was a fluctuating increase in NDVI values in the mine and impact areas that varied with the duration of mining in the steppe from 2009 to 2021. The annual average value of NVDI within the mine area during the underground mining operation period was 51.9% higher than during the open pit mining operation period. In addition, the impact of open pit mining on vegetation in the study area was higher compared with underground mining. The RSEI values in the mining area and the impacted area initially increased, then decreased, and then stabilized, resulting in an overall non-significant increase. The spatial distribution of RSEI indicated that the areas with poor ecological environmental quality in the mine and impact areas were mainly the waste dump and surrounding area. [Conclusion] Gold mining influenced the surrounding desert grassland within a radius of 5 km from the mine. The ecological environment of the mine and the impacted area gradually improved through management efforts during mining. Ecological restoration and environmental management of the waste dump and the surrounding area should be strengthened during the process of mine ecological construction.

This study is focused on the environmental geochemistry of potentially toxic metals (PTMs)-bearing products and wastes in a mining area in Djebel Onk (NE Algeria) and their potential ecological and health risk assessment. Representative samples from (i) commercial products and (ii) grain size classes of wastes were mineralogically characterized using X-ray diffraction. The major and PTMs elements in the samples were chemically analyzed via ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively. The results reveal that the samples were mostly composed of carbonate fluorapatite (P2O5 > 24 wt %) and yielded PTM concentrations within the average range of phosphorites in neighboring countries and worldwide deposits as well. The concentrations of V, Cd, As, Ni, and Pb in the products were found to be within the acceptable values according to various standards, such as the Canadian and German Fertilizer Ordinance policies. Geochemically, PTMs distribution is linked to the main sub-composition of phosphate rock (apatite, clay, and dolomite). The Enrichment Factors (EF) display very-high-to-extremely-high enrichment of PTMs (Cr, Zn, As, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Th, and U), while V, Co, Cu, Ni, Zr, Ga, Nb, and Pb show minor and moderate-to-high enrichments. Among all the PTMs, Cd, Tl, and U display a very high ecological risk (PERI) and contribute most to the total risk index (RI). The human health risk assessment of PTMs represented by the Hazard Index (HI) indicates that the non-carcinogenic risks are below the threshold values (HI < 1), while the HI values are higher for children than they are for adults. However, the cancer index (life time cancer risk) for Cr, Ni, As, and Cd for children and Cd for adults is greater than the acceptable threshold. These results are useful for phosphate beneficiation via removing these PTMs from the commercial product for efficient waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspilia grazielae (J. U. Santos) is an endemic plant species in Morro do Urucum in the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). A. grazielae is used for the restoration of areas impacted by iron mining activities. This study evaluates the diversity (composition, value and abundance) of endophytic fungal communities, considering parts of the plant and soil condition. The leaves and roots of A. grazielae were collected from native vegetation areas (NVA) and recovery areas (RCA) in Morro do Urucum. Illumina sequencing technology was used to investigate variation in endophytic fungal biodiversity. The operational taxonomic units detected in NVA ranged from 183 to 263 (leaf) and 115 to 285 (root), while RCA samples ranged from 200 to 282 (leaf) and 156 to 348 (root). Ascomycota phylum was the most common species among all plant samples. The most significant classes identified were Lecanoromycetes and Dothideomycetes that differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) according to their plant hosts and soil stress. The relative abundance of Pestalotiopsis (Sordariomycetes class) and Stereocaulon (Lecanoromycetes class) genera was influenced by the iron mining activities according to the leaf samples analysed. However, the abundance and wealth of endophytic fungal communities in A. grazielae from RCA were evidence that could explain their high resilience to environmental disturbances and the source-sink dynamics of fungal propagules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury, a persistent, mobile, and toxic pollutant, often contaminates soils due to mining activities. This study investigates the use of thiol-modified biochar derived from olive stones to immobilize mercury in a tailings-contaminated soil sample from the National University of Engineering, Peru. The soil, characterized by high heavy metal concentration, acidic pH, and sandy composition, underwent a 10-week incubation with varying biochar amounts, leading to a 53-73% immobilization of the available mercury. The primary immobilization mechanism could be attributed to complexation between biochar functional groups and soil mercury. Results confirmed biochar addition progressively reduced mercury concentration. Despite thiol addition reducing the biochar's specific surface area due to pore clogging, the surface functionalization was successful, evident from chemical analysis. However, decreased fixed and elemental carbon content likely resulted from the initial feedstock content and pyrolysis conditions. Our findings suggest thiol-modified olive stone biochar as a promising, cost-effective solution for mercury immobilization in contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have been shown to affect the rate of carbon decomposition in aquatic ecosystems by altering the traits of the organic matter (e.g., leaf litter). However, the ecological function of soil microbes that enter aquatic ecosystems in association with organic matter is not known. Here, standardized cotton strip assays (CSA) were used to quantify the effects of soil microbial colonization location (mine vs. forest riverbank) and time (7 days vs. 14 days) on cellulose decomposition in aquatic ecosystems. The CSA results showed that the mine riverbank location and microbial colonization time had significant effects on the microbial community structure, microbial biomass, and functional genes of cellulose decomposition. Compared with the forest riparian zone, the fungal biomass and bacterial cellulose‐decomposing gene (GH48) abundance of cotton strips colonized in the mine riparian zone for 14 days were 12.5‐times and 54.93‐times higher than that of the cotton strips colonized in the forest riparian zone, respectively, while the fungal cellulose‐decomposing gene (cbhI) was detected only after 14 days of colonization. After 90 days of stream incubation, the decomposition rate and GH48 gene abundance of cotton strips colonized in the mine riparian zone for 14 days were significantly higher than those of cotton strips colonized in the forest riparian zone. However, the abundance of the cbhI gene in cotton strips colonized for 14 days was significantly higher than that in cotton strips colonized for 7 days. These results show that bacteria were mainly affected by the microbial colonization environment, while fungi were mainly affected by colonization time. Mining activities accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in aquatic ecosystems by increasing soil fungal biomass and bacterial cellulose decomposition genes. To reduce the carbon loss of aquatic ecosystems, it is necessary to study the potential influence of soil microbes on the decomposition of organic carbon in riparian zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries in the world, the conservation of habitats is at risk mainly due to anthropic pressures on the environment. A study was conducted to assess the extent to which sensitive and high nature-value habitats are damaged by high-impact human activities. Some evaluation methods that are applied may not be entirely appropriate to the characteristics of the investigated areas or may be very accurate but provide results that are delayed with respect to the occurrence of the events that created the loss of their characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to optimise some methodologies for monitoring the impacts of human activities making it possible to obtain better results in less time and with much lower costs. This methodology has been applied in two different areas present in the Puglia Region in south-eastern Italy, in the central Mediterranean area. The biotope fragmentation method was applied on coastal dunes, in the province of Brindisi, affected by an important tourist influx. The results of the inclusion, in the evaluation methodology, of the remote sensing of the paths indicate a more real situation on the state of fragmentation of the coastal dunes. The second methodology concerns the monitoring, through topographical profiles obtained from Sentinel-1 DEM images, of active and inactive mining sites, allowing to obtain of very detailed information on the progress of mining activities in a very short time. By implementing these methodologies, it is possible to improve the control of the territory allowing a more detailed analysis in order to safeguard the environment from impacting human activities and avoiding, as much as possible, the occurrence of illegal activities. Finally, compensation factors to ensure that human activities are conducted in a sustainable way are also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]