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The chemical composition of rocks from the Kanzafarova open pit mine is determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; their petrochemical properties are estimated. On the basis of the obtained data, the mineral composition is estimated, permitting the raw material to be referred to the family of basalt basic volcanic rocks of normal alkaline suborder 45 ≤ SiO2 ≤ 52; 0.5 ≤ (Na2O + K2O) ≤ 5. This is also confirmed by the results of X-ray phase analysis. Calculation of the coefficient of acidity of the rock allows it to be recommended as a raw material for the production of mineral fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the construction industry, pursuing sustainable development by using sustainable materials necessitates using renewable resources. Among different renewable materials, mineral-derived natural fibers are relatively cheaper and abundantly available in various countries. This study summarizes the research advancements on concrete reinforced with mineral-derived natural fibers. This review on the incorporation of mineral fibers in concrete evaluates, identifies, and synthesizes research outcomes for creating a summary of current evidence which can contribute to evidence-based practice. Mapping knowledge, c/o-occurrence, and co-citation are hard gears for innovative research. Accordingly, the present study is aimed at exploring the literature on key features of mineral fiber-reinforced concrete by performing a scientometric analysis. The current study implemented an advanced approach for mining, processing, and analyzing data, interpretation, and presentation of available bibliographic data on mineral fibers in concrete. Furthermore, the discussion on the applications and limitations of using mineral fiber-reinforced concrete in the construction industry is also made. The current research may aid academics in exchanging new ideas and techniques and developing collective efforts.

Natural fiber is a sustainable bio-renewable resource, which can improve the overall road performance of asphalt mixture, especially the anti-cracking and anti-fatigue performance. It delays the early disease of asphalt pavement and has good application prospect. The article introduces the characteristics of natural fibers and the performance enhancement mechanism of fiber asphalt mixtures, reviews the latest research results of natural organic plant fibers and inorganic mineral fibers in asphalt mixtures. In the future, the research and application of plant fibers such as waste fibers and non-wood fibers in pavement should be strengthened, and the problems of compatibility, hydrophilicity and thermal stability of plant fibers should be explored from the surface modification of fibers; in addition, basalt fiber is a high-performance natural inorganic mineral fiber, and its enhancement mechanism and effect on asphalt concrete performance should be studied from the aspects of composite modification, and the research on ceramic fiber or other non-polluting mineral fiber should be strengthened to broaden the choice of polluting high-performance fibers for road, to promote the development of high-performance asphalt mixtures and achieve long life of asphalt pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies on the production of fiber-reinforced concrete with mineral fibers produced in a plasma reactor, composite binders and nanomodifying additives. For dispersed reinforcement of concrete, basalt mineral fibers obtained by the electrothermal method in a plasma-arc reactor were used. To reduce the negative impact of Portland cement, composite binders based on Portland cement and fly ash were used. Fly ash meets the requirements of standards and is suitable for using it as a part of building materials. The nanosilica produced at an electron accelerator was used for comparison. The introduction of nanosilica improves the mechanical properties of cement by accelerating the hydration processes of Portland cement, improving the microstructure and changing the phase composition of the cement stone. The optimal content of fly ash in the composite binder, which allows obtaining high mechanical properties, has been determined. To reduce water content in the binder super plasticizer polycarboxylate type was used.

Amphiboles are common rock‐forming minerals but when they form asbestos, they are known carcinogens. Mesothelioma mortality among miners and millers per the unit of asbestiform amphibole exposure varies significantly across cohorts when asbestos exposure measurements are based on the membrane filter method. Because the cohorts were exposed to different occurrences of asbestiform amphibole, variance in mesothelioma potency (RM) among cohorts is likely due to differences in exposure characteristics not reflected by the membrane filter method. In this paper using both linear and nonlinear models we correlate RM from four mining and milling cohorts with two‐dimensional parameters of the exposure. The parameters are based on the proportion of elongated minerals that are >5 μm in length from each occurrence that also have either (a) width ≤ 0.15 μm, or (b) width ≤ 0.25 μm. Based on the models we derived, it was possible to quantify RM for the occurrences of asbestiform amphibole associated with mesothelioma excess but for which epidemiologically based RM has not been published. It was demonstrated that modeled RM for amphibole occurrences in nonasbestiform habits are lower (fibrous glaucophane) or not significant (cleavage fragments). The results of the study can be used in a risk assessment of elongated mineral particles and have implications for public policy and regulations. Mesothelioma potency (RM) among cohorts of miners and millers exposed to four occurrences of asbestiform amphibole is correlated with fiber dimensionality parameters (width <0.15 and <0.25 μm) through linear and nonlinear models. The modeled relationships are applied to derive a predicted RM for occurrences where exposure to asbestiform amphibole is also associated with mesothelioma but RM is unknown. RM predicted from exposure to nonasbestiform amphibole occurrences appeared lower or not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of thermal insulation materials with superior comprehensive properties is crucial to building energy conservation. This paper presents a kaolinite-based porous geopolymer type composite thermal insulation material through alkali activation, room temperature foaming technology, and the rock wool fiber reinforcement. The effects of rock wool fiber contents and heat treatment on the comprehensive properties of the kaolinite-based porous geopolymer were investigated. The addition of rock wool fiber can enhance the mechanical properties of kaolinite-based porous geopolymer, while heat treatment can generate a hierarchical porous structure, resulting in a dramatical improvement in thermal insulation performance. With a rock wool fiber content of 15 wt%, the sample exhibits a porosity of ∼90%, density of 0.118 g/cm3, thermal conductivity of 0.057 W/(m·K), and a maximum compressive strength of 0.66 MPa, increased by ∼22% compared to samples without addition of rock wool. Additionally, the optimized thermal insulation material followed waterproofing treatment exhibits excellent hydrophobicity with a contact angle of up to 98.5°. Therefore, this novel thermal insulation material not only has a simple manufacturing process and eco-friendly properties, but also showcases properties including lightweight construction, high strength, and low thermal conductivity. Consequently, it holds immense potential in the area of building energy conservation. [Display omitted] • Rock wool fibers were firstly used to reinforce the strength of kaolinite based porous geopolymer. • Optimized material exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 0.057 W/(m·K) • Compressive strength improved by 22% with addition of rock wool. • Simulations to evaluate the thermal insulation effects were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basalt electric melting advantages in application of basalt fiber in industrialized construction and heat power engineering are shown. The results of thermodynamic calculations of the process of Kazakhstan basalt melting are given. The calculations have shown that in gaseous and condensed products of the process there are no harmful substances. Experiments on electric melting of basalt in a reactor with electromagnetic mixing of the melt were carried out. The prospects of electric melting of basalt and obtaining mineral fiber with the use of small-size module installations involving an electromagnetic reactor are shown. The specific energy consumption for obtaining a homogeneous basalt melt does not exceed 1.1 kW·h/kg, which is superior to the widely used SHF-reactors in which the specific energy consumption is several times higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrous erionite is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic substance to humans (Group 1). In the areas where it is present in the bedrock, it may cause environmental exposure, and both professional and environmental exposures are possible when the bedrock is used for industrial applications (e.g., building materials). For health and environment protection, prevention is a priority action. In this framework, the recent guidelines of the Consensus Report of the Weinman International Conference on Mesothelioma suggest identifying locations where potentially hazardous mineral fibers (like erionite) are found in the environment, to prevent environmental exposure. The present study will show that one such potentially hazardous mineral fiber might be fibrous ferrierite. Here, the mineralogy, chemical-physical properties, and surface activity of a hydrothermal fibrous ferrierite from Monte Lake British Columbia (Canada) and a diagenetic fibrous ferrierite from Lovelock, Nevada (U.S.A.), were investigated using a combination of “state of the art” experimental methods including optical microscopy, electron microscopy and microprobe analysis, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (for the trace elements), vibrational spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and synchrotron powder diffraction. The chemical-physical properties of these fibrous ferrierites (morphometric parameters, specific surface area, chemical composition with special attention to metals, mainly iron) that prompted adverse effects in vivo were compared to those of the positive carcinogenic standard fibrous erionite-Na from Jersey, Nevada (U.S.A.). The results of our study have demonstrated that, although there are differences in the crystal chemistry and genetic environment, ferrierite samples exhibit outstanding similarities with fibrous erionite samples: both fibrous erionite and fibrous ferrierite may occur in large amounts as microcrystalline fibrous–asbestiform phases in diagenetic rocks with fibers of breathable sizes. For both zeolites, iron is not structural but is associated with impurities lying at the surface of the fibers. Moreover, data useful to understand the surface activity of these fibrous ferrierites were collected. As far as hydrothermal sample is concerned, the EPR data indicate the presence of hydrophilic (SiO-, AlO-, SiOH) and hydrophobic (Si-O-Si) interacting surface groups able to bind the charged CAT1 probes at close sites and attract the probes in the water pools formed into the fiber aggregates. A high percentage of CAT1 probes weakly interacting with the surface due to competition with metal ions were observed for surface of the diagenetic sample. CAT8 probes were less adsorbed by its surface if compared to the diagenetic sample but the more charged surface provided a stronger binding strength for the diagenetic sample compared to the hydrothermal one. In summary, the results of this study indicate that fibrous ferrierite may represent a potential health hazard and, applying the precautionary principle, it should undergo a procedure of toxicity testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erionite is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral found in many parts of the world, including the western United States. Inhalational exposure to erionite fibers in some localities is associated with health effects similar to those caused by asbestos exposure, including malignant mesothelioma. Therefore, there is concern regarding occupational exposures in the western United States. Currently, there are no standard sampling and analytical methods for airborne erionite fibers, as well as no established occupational exposure limits. Due to the potential adverse health effects, characterizing and minimizing exposures is prudent. Crystalline silica also occurs naturally in areas where erionite is found, principally as the mineral quartz. Work activities involving rocks containing quartz and soils derived from those rocks can lead to exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS). The typically dry and dusty environment of the western United States can increase the likelihood of exposures to aerosolized rocks and soils, but inhalation exposure is also possible in more humid conditions. In this case study, we describe several outdoor occupational environments with potential exposures to erionite and RCS. We describe our method for evaluating those exposures and demonstrate: (1) the occurrence of occupational exposures to airborne erionite and RCS, (2) that the chemical make-up of the erionite mineral can be determined, and (3) that effective dust control practices are needed to reduce employee exposures to these minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers, including mineral and plant fibers, are increasingly used for polymer composite materials due to their low environmental impact. In this paper, thermographic non-destructive inspection techniques were used to evaluate and characterize basalt, jute/hemp and bagasse fibers composite panels. Different defects were analyzed in terms of impact damage, delaminations and resin abnormalities. Of particular interest, homogeneous particleboards of sugarcane bagasse, a new plant fiber material, were studied. Pulsed phase thermography and principal component thermography were used as the post-processing methods. In addition, ultrasonic C-scan and continuous wave terahertz imaging were also carried out on the mineral fiber laminates for comparative purposes. Finally, an analytical comparison of different methods was given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the research results of mineral fiber use as a reinforcing component for concrete. The introduction of nanosilica to fiber cement compositions improves the corrosion resistance of the mineral fiber, due to the fact that nanosilica binds Ca(OH)2 during Portland cement hydration. Physical and mechanical properties of cement and fiber-reinforced concrete with the introduction of mineral fibers from basalt and slag waste materials and nanosilica are determined. A significant improvement of the properties of fiber-reinforced concrete is explained by the complex action of mineral fibers and nanosilica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results are given for a study of parameters for preparing low density flexible fibrous material based on mineral fibers using plant fiber. The effect of amount of plant fiber (flax fiber - cottonized fiber) on material density and flexibility, prepared by aeration precipitation, and also the effect of binder based on plant raw material and facings on the main properties of flexible heat insulation materials are studied. A process is described for adapting production parameters applied to manufacturing material in pilot plant equipment in the FGUP VIAM branch in Voskresensk. On the basis of research results compositions and production principles are developed for manufacturing low-density heat insulation fibrous material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin fibers typically influence the mixture performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA), such as strength, stability, durability, noise level, rutting resistance, fatigue life, and water sensitivity. However, limited studies were conducted to analyze the influence of fibers on the percent voids in mineral aggregate in bituminous mixture (VMA) during the mixture design. This study analyzed the effect of different fibers and fiber contents on the VMA in SMA mixture design. A surface-dry condition method test and Marshall Stability test were applied on the SMA mixture with four different fibers (i.e., flocculent lignin fiber, mineral fiber, polyester fiber, blended fiber). The test results indicated that the bulk specific gravity of SMA mixtures and asphalt saturation decreased with the increasing fiber content, whilst the percent air voids in bituminous mixtures (VV), Marshall Stability and VMA increased. Mineral fiber had the most obvious impact on the bulk specific gravity of bituminous mixtures, while flocculent lignin fiber had a minimal impact. The mixture with mineral fiber and polyester fiber had significant effects on the volumetric properties, and, consequently, exhibited better VMA over the conventional SMA mixture with lignin fiber. Modified fiber content range was also provided, which will widen the utilization of mineral fiber and polyester fiber in the applications of SMA mixtures. The mixture evaluation suggested no statistically significant difference between lignin fiber and polyester fiber on the stability. The mineral fiber required a much larger fiber content to improve the mixture performance than other fibers. Overall, the results can be a reference to guide SMA mixture design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The products of mineral wool are widely used for thermal insulation of buildings, both at construction of new buildings and at renovation of old ones. The mechanical resistance and stability of them, as well as their energy saving and heat saving requirements are in most cases related to the essential specifications of the building. The mechanical characteristics of these products are subject to structure of material, density, content of binder in the product and to technology of production. Subject to the latter, mineral wool products with different fibrous structure are received, therefore, for the structure of each type, the individual structural models are developed attempting to describe the properties of fibrous systems. The deformability of mineral wool products is conditioned by mobility of fibrous structure, which shows up best under compression by short term loads. This study established the impact of various thicknesses and deformations on changes in structure of rock wool products. It also established that the thickness of mineral wool products conditions and influences considerable changes in their structure.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.18.2.1926

The plasma technologies are presented in this work. These technologies include the synthesis of protective-decorative coatings on silicate materials using the low-temperature plasma energy, producing mineral fiber from silicate melts, and fabricating microspheres by plasma technologies. The plasma’s impact on the silicate materials is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers, including mineral and plant fibers, are increasingly used for polymer composite materials due to their low environmental impact. In this paper, thermographic non-destructive inspection techniques were used to evaluate and characterize basalt, jute/hemp and bagasse fibers composite panels. Different defects were analyzed in terms of impact damage, delaminations and resin abnormalities. Of particular interest, homogeneous particleboards of sugarcane bagasse, a new plant fiber material, were studied. Pulsed phase thermography and principal component thermography were used as the post-processing methods. In addition, ultrasonic C-scan and continuous wave terahertz imaging were also carried out on the mineral fiber laminates for comparative purposes. Finally, an analytical comparison of different methods was given.

In order to improve the performance of epoxy asphalt concrete (EAC), epoxy asphalt concrete modified with mineral fiber (FEAC) was designed. The properties of epoxy asphalt modified with mineral fiber (FEA) under different fiber contents and lengths were studied by viscosity test and direct tensile test, and the performance of FEAC with different fiber contents were evaluated through several laboratory experiments. The results showed that the mineral fiber with appropriate length and content can increase the viscosity of FEA, can improve tensile strength and fracture elongation of FEA, and can shorten the allowable construction time of FEAC. Moreover, the improvement effects of mineral fiber on permeability, friction and high temperature stability of FEAC is not significant, but use of mineral fiber can significantly increase raveling resistance and moisture susceptibility of FEAC. When the fiber content changes from 0% to 9%, the increasing amplitude of flexural strain at failure at −20 °C is 55.2%. It indicates that the addition of mineral fiber can significantly improve crack resistance of FEAC at low temperatures. Furthermore, FEAC has good resistance to fatigue cracking when fiber content is around 9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various forms of the acidity coefficients and mineral compositions of gabbro-basalt raw materials from ten Russian deposits are calculated. These data are used to assess the physicochemical and technological properties of the rocks required for mineral fiber production and stone casting. Examples of the regulation of the mineral formation process during the melting and crystallization stages are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The products of mineral wool are widely used for thermal insulation of buildings, both at construction of new buildings and at renovation of old ones. The mechanical resistance and stability of them, as well as their energy saving and heat saving requirements are in most cases related to the essential specifications of the building. The mechanical characteristics of these products are subject to structure of material, density, content of binder in the product and to technology of production. Subject to the latter, mineral wool products with different fibrous structure are received, therefore, for the structure of each type, the individual structural models are developed attempting to describe the properties of fibrous systems. The deformability of mineral wool products is conditioned by mobility of fibrous structure, which shows up best under compression by short term loads. This study established the impact of various thicknesses and deformations on changes in structure of rock wool products. It also established that the thickness of mineral wool products conditions and influences considerable changes in their structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short mineral fiber reinforced polypropylene composites have been investigated in order to determine their static properties. Tests have been performed on composites with different fibers (basalt and ceramic) and with different reinforcing contents (5, 15, and 25 wt%). The composites were made of fibers consolidated by a carding technique combined with needle-punching. Composite properties such as tensile and flexural strength, stiffness and fracture toughness have been calculated. It has been realized that mechanical properties strongly depend on fiber content and the direction of fibers. These results have been supported by scanning electron microscopy taken from the fracture surfaces and by the acoustic emission method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent studies have suggested that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a role in the development of asbestos-related pulmonary disorders. The pulmonary reactions of rats and hamsters upon exposure to asbestos fibers are well known to be disparate. In addition, in vitro experiments have indicated that mononuclear phagocytes from hamsters, in contrast to those from rats, lack the iNOS pathway. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether rats and hamsters differ in lung iNOS expression in vivo upon exposure to asbestos fibers and whether differences in iNOS induction are associated with differences in the acute pulmonary inflammatory reaction. Body weight, alveolar–arterial oxygen difference, differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, total protein leakage, lung myeloperoxidase activity and lipidperoxidation, wet/dry ratio, iNOS mRNA and protein expression, and nitrotyrosine staining of lung tissue were determined 1 and 7 days after intratracheal instillation of asbestos fibers in CD rats and Syrian golden hamsters. Exposure of rats to asbestos fibers resulted in enhanced pulmonary iNOS expression and nitrotyrosine staining together with an acute inflammation that was characterized by an influx of neutrophils, enhanced myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation, damage of the alveolar–capillary membrane, edema formation, and impairment of gas exchange. In comparison, instillation of asbestos fibers in hamsters resulted in a significantly milder inflammatory reaction of the lung with no induction of iNOS in pulmonary cells. The data obtained provide important information to understand the underlying mechanisms of species differences in the pulmonary response upon exposure to asbestos fibers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Fiber reinforcement on high strength one-part AAM composites are investigated. • Steel, glass, and basalt fibers are applied to ternary blended matrix. • Steel fibers outperformed mineral fibers in strength contribution. • Finite element modelling is developed to predict the nonlinear behaviour. This paper details the effect of fiber reinforcement on mechanical characteristics of by-products based one-part alkali activated material (AAM). Two different binder matrices were considered in this study, such as, plain slag, and ternary blended slag, to understand their efficiency in fiber reinforced system. These matrices were reinforced with 1% v/v of three different fibers (steel, glass and basalt) to improve the flexural performance of high strength mortar blends. Steel fiber reinforced one-part AAM outperforms mineral fibers in compressive strength contribution. The fracture energy of steel fiber reinforced compositions was roughly 4 times higher than that of mineral fiber reinforced materials. In addition, the flexural performance of ternary blended matrix was higher than that of slag-based composition regardless fiber types and properties. Finally, preliminary finite element modelling was considered to assess the applicability of the concrete damage plasticity constitutive model in predicting the nonlinear behavior of the developed composites. The numerical predictions proved the accuracy of the model with good agreement between experimental and numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetting characteristics of binder resins used in the production of mineral fiber thermal insulations are examined. Contact angles for droplets of phenol-formaldehyde and sodium silicate resins on glass and mineral fibers were de termined under process conditions using a technique developed by Carroll. It is shown that these solutions give consistently low contact angles (θ < 20°) over all concentrations studied. Time-dependent contact angles are also discussed to com pare cure characteristics of the two resin systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The thermal resistances of four cellulosic and three mineral fiber spray-applied m- sulations have been determined using the flat Nichrome screen-heater apparatus de veloped at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Measurements were also made at Dynatech Scientific, Inc., on two of the same specimens of the cellulosic material and one similar specimen of the same mineral fiber product using conventional guarded hot plate and heat flow meter apparatuses.The experimental data obtained at ORNL were used to calculate R-values at 75°F from data obtained in the range 81 to 133 ° F The R-values obtained at Dynatech in cluded measurements at 75°F as well as measurements from 50 to 100°F for cellu losic insulations and 25 to 150°F for a mineral fiber insulation. The results from the two laboratories for the thermal resistance of identical specimens of spray-applied cellulose agreed to better than 1% while the agreement on similar specimens of a spray-applied mineral fiber insulation differed by less than 3%.The data discussed in this paper include spray-applied insulations that span the density range 1 to 8 lb/ft3 and the results show that material R -values for the spray- applied products can be predicted to within ± 10%, using correlations for the ap parent thermal conductivities of loose-fill insulation of the same type and density. They show further that existing plate and similar longitudinal heat flow methods are most appropriate for evaluating the performance of these types of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]