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The military aggression of the Russian Federation has caused significant negative impacts on Ukraine's natural ecosystems, including its soils. Comprehensive assessments of soil conditions, the extent, and the scale of damage caused by warfare are essential for documenting the resulting losses. However, the use of traditional field surveys of soil cover is hindered by the significant threat of landmines in areas liberated from occupation. This limitation necessitates the widespread adoption of remote sensing methods, such as satellite imagery. This study aimed to assess the condition of soils and the extent of their damage due to military activity within the Chkalovske territorial community of the Chuhuiv District in the Kharkiv Region. The study identified the optimal combinations of optical bands from Sentinel-2 satellites for monitoring the consequences of military impact on soil cover. A spatial layer of objects was developed to represent various types of military-induced soil degradation within the community, including damage from continuous shelling (craters from shells, rockets, and bombs); soil compaction from the movement of military vehicles (tracks and pathways); fortification structures (defensive fighting positions and dugouts); and fires caused by shelling. Using high-resolution satellite imagery, the number of craters and the soil mass loss caused by explosions, the areas of burned and compacted land, as well as the length of anti-tank ditches and defensive fighting positions with dugouts, were calculated at the test site. On the irrigated lands of the Chkalovske territorial community, the areas affected by shelling and those burned due to military-related fires were also estimated. The information derived from satellite imagery serves as a crucial step in developing measures for the restoration of the soil cover in the pilot area affected by military degradation. The study utilised satellite imagery of varying resolutions and geographic information systems to calculate the damage caused by military actions with sufficient accuracy. It also analysed the temporal and quantitative interrelations among different types of military impact. This research will serve as a basis for assessing the scale and spatial distribution of soil damage, calculating the loss of fertile soil layers, and conducting an economic evaluation of the damage inflicted on soil resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military aggression of the Russian Federation has caused significant negative impacts on Ukraine’s natural ecosystems, including its soils. Comprehensive assessments of soil conditions, the extent, and the scale of damage caused by warfare are essential for documenting the resulting losses. However, the use of traditional field surveys of soil cover is hindered by the significant threat of landmines in areas liberated from occupation. This limitation necessitates the widespread adoption of remote sensing methods, such as satellite imagery. This study aimed to assess the condition of soils and the extent of their damage due to military activity within the Chkalovske territorial community of the Chuhuiv District in the Kharkiv Region. The study identified the optimal combinations of optical bands from Sentinel-2 satellites for monitoring the consequences of military impact on soil cover. A spatial layer of objects was developed to represent various types of military-induced soil degradation within the community, including damage from continuous shelling (craters from shells, rockets, and bombs); soil compaction from the movement of military vehicles (tracks and pathways); fortification structures (defensive fighting positions and dugouts); and fires caused by shelling. Using high-resolution satellite imagery, the number of craters and the soil mass loss caused by explosions, the areas of burned and compacted land, as well as the length of anti-tank ditches and defensive fighting positions with dugouts, were calculated at the test site. On the irrigated lands of the Chkalovske territorial community, the areas affected by shelling and those burned due to military-related fires were also estimated. The information derived from satellite imagery serves as a crucial step in developing measures for the restoration of the soil cover in the pilot area affected by military degradation. The study utilised satellite imagery of varying resolutions and geographic information systems to calculate the damage caused by military actions with sufficient accuracy. It also analysed the temporal and quantitative interrelations among different types of military impact. This research will serve as a basis for assessing the scale and spatial distribution of soil damage, calculating the loss of fertile soil layers, and conducting an economic evaluation of the damage inflicted on soil resources

By this study we proposed to analyze the concept of complementary punishments applicable to natural people compliant to the regulations of the New Criminal Law, motivated by the numerous significant amendments brought in by the above mentioned writ, such as: deduction of the peak limits of the punishments from 10 to 5 years, increase of the number of the rights part of punishments’ content, significant increase of punishments’ field of incidence by introducing some of the safety orders into complementary punishments’ category (prohibition of entering certain cities, foreigners’ deporting, prohibition of returning to family’s residence for a certain period), the facility to advertise natural person’s Court Final Decision of sentencing, as well as many other news we intend to present in the present article.

THE COMPLEMENTARY PUNISHMENTS ARE MEANT TO COMPLETE THE REPRESSION INSTITUTED BY THE MAIN PUNISHMENT. THE COMPLEMENTARY PUNISHMENTS ARE PROVIDED BY THE LAW AND APPLIED BY THE COURT ONLY TOGETHER WITH A MAIN PUNISHMENT. AS CRIMINAL SANCTION, THE COMPLEMENTARY PUNISHMENTS MEET, ALONG WITH THE MAIN PUNISHMENTS, FUNCTIONS OF CONSTRAINT, REEDUCATION AND EXEMPLARITY. PREVENTING THE COMMISSION OF NEW OFFENCES, AS A PUNISHMENT PURPOSE, MAY BE ALSO CONDUCTED, BY APPLYING THE COMPLEMENTARY PUNISHMENTS1. ACCORDING TO THE ART. 55 OF THE NEW CRIMINAL CODE, THE COMPLEMENTARY PUNISHMENTS APPLICABLE TO THE PHYSICAL PERSON ARE: THE PROHIBITION OF EXERCISING SOME RIGHTS, MILITARY DEGRADATION AND THE PUBLICATION OF THE CONVICTION DECISION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of restoration techniques on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activity on an abandoned military training site in the Lüneburger Heaths in Germany. Restoration actions include spreading of heath plaggen, spreading of Festuca filiformis and succession. The pH, bulk density, abundance of roots, soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen were measured after ten years of restoration. Bulk density and pH proved to be higher than on the reference site at all disturbed sites. SOC storage reached from 37 to 91 percent and the regeneration of nitrogen was slightly lower.