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This article conducts an in-depth analysis of the critical importance of international financial assistance in supporting and rebuilding Ukraine's economy under the challenging conditions of the prolonged conflict with russia. The study encompasses a detailed examination of the volumes and structures of financial flows received from global financial institutions, including the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union, as well as bilateral aid from partner countries during the years 2022–2023. The article elaborately describes how these funds were directed towards the urgent needs of the Ukrainian economy, including macro-financial stabilization, rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure, and other critical sectors affected by the war. The research reveals how international assistance contributed to strengthening the economic foundation of Ukraine, assessing its effect in both the short-term and long-term perspectives. The article analyzes strategies for utilizing these resources not only for recovery but also for the transformation of the economy, focusing on innovation, industrial modernization, and infrastructure development. A significant aspect of the study is the evaluation of opportunities to attract additional international finances for large-scale reconstruction projects that encompass not just physical reconstruction but also the social sphere, including education and healthcare. The article also emphasizes the need for transparency and efficiency in the use of international financial assistance, highlighting the importance of good governance, monitoring, and impact assessment of these investments on the country's recovery and development. The role of the international community in shaping strategies for implementing long-term reconstruction projects is discussed, aimed not only at the immediate restoration of damaged infrastructure but also at establishing a foundation for sustainable development in the future. Initiatives for rebuilding economic structures are examined, which will enable Ukraine to integrate more effectively and competitively into the global economy.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the problem of the influence of military actions in Ukraine on the speech development of preschool children. In the countries where military operations are conducted, there are a large number of children with disorders of speech development who need special conditions of education and upbringing. Today, the issue of providing special assistance to such children is very relevant. The analysis of the practice of special education shows that insufficient attention is paid to the implementation of the use of correctional and developmental methods, therefore the need to study the theoretical and experimental features of innovative correctional and developmental methods, the psychological and pedagogical significance of the given problem determined the choice of the research topic. The problems of identifying the potential opportunities of such children, adapting them to life acquire great social significance. The article highlights the problem that at the time of active military operations in Ukraine, practicing teachers feel a lack of potential opportunities to overcome educational losses among children. In this regard, it is necessary to develop and use innovative methods and comprehensive works covering all spheres of the child's personality. In special pedagogy, there is an active search for the safest and most optimal conditions for the organization of an educational and corrective and developmental environment for all children. The article also highlights the priority areas of correctional work with children with speech disorders, which is a prerequisite for effective speech therapy work under martial law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the formulation of the concept of «environmental risk associated with military operations», and to the identification of its key features based on the analysis of the developments of legal science and related fields, provisions of national legislation and practice of its application. Given that our country has faced an unprecedented event - a full-scale war, which in turn has led to the emergence of new environmental risks associated with military operations, and these risks are of a completely different nature than the environmental risks studied in so-called «peacetime», there is a need to expand and modernize the legal conceptual and categorical apparatus, in particular, through the introduction of the concept of «environmental risk associated with military operations». This is the reason for the relevance of this scientific article. The article analyzes the doctrinal and regulatory approaches to the definition of the concept of «risk». Scientific sources on the interpretation of the concept of «environmental risk» are studied. The author also analyzes the content of the category of «military actions». The author's definition of environmental risk associated with military actions is formulated as «a quantitative measure of environmental hazard which reflects the possibility of negative consequences for both components of the biosphere and for humans, their life and health and is caused by the organized use of branches and individual branches of troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, other military formations formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine, as well as the armed forces and other military formations of the enemy in operations and hostilities». It is established that the environmental risks associated with military operations are not characterized by anthropocentric focus and substitutionality. It is substantiated that the signs of environmental risks associated with military operations are monovariation of forms of origin (military actions are always carried out at the will of a person, and, accordingly, the negative consequences for the environment/biosphere/human are exclusively of anthropogenic origin); limited possibility of absolute determination (the current state of technology and available experience do not allow to accurately determine the level of environmental threats caused by military actions); cumulative nature (environmental risks associated with military actions may cause other environmental risks and lead to a multiplicity of negative consequences). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing technological advances have led to the facilitation of specific supply chain operations in general, and military supply chains in particular, in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of military and other operational logistics. In this regard, the robotic exoskeleton system plays a particularly important role, along with other technologies that facilitate the successful conduct of national and multinational military operations within the armies of the North Atlantic Alliance nations. In developing the content of this material, we have taken into account the requirements for the future soldier's behaviour and actions, which include extensive use of the passive exoskeleton to facilitate the transport of each soldier's payload of necessary supplies and weapons, as well as to increase individual mobility during offensive and/or defensive military actions. At the same time, we have highlighted the importance of qualified personnel's use of the exoskeleton system in the carrying out of operational logistic support activities for the fulfillment of missions assigned to the combat forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the military operations taking place on the territory of Ukraine, thousands of buildings and structures have suffered significant damage and destruction. A substantial share of such buildings belongs to immovable cultural heritage sites, such as historical buildings of local and national significance; frequently, including educational institutions such as kindergartens, schools, lyceums etc. Damaged buildings are subject to restoration by repairing or strengthening their building structures, restoration, or conservation. There is a large number of repair materials and technologies for conducting restoration works, which are regulated by the requirements of DSTU B V.3.1-2:2016. However, while performing repair work on the structures of historical buildings, it is necessary to focus on the DSTU-NB B B.3.2-4 requirements. Among the most common types of damage to historical buildings caused by blast waves, splinters etc., are cracks in the masonry of wall structures and foundations; cracks in the joint of structures; knocking out fragments of masonry with damage to facing; damage to the elements of the floor and covering; systematic soaking of foundations etc. An essential aspect of restoring historical buildings is the maximum preservation of their historical and cultural significance with minimal interventions in the structure of structures and their appearance. The article considers modern methods of restoring the operational suitability of historical building elements, namely repair of cracks by injection and impregnation; strengthening the walls of buildings with the help of external reinforcement with carbon tapes and installation of high-strength rods in stone walls; restoration of stonework using special mixtures; strengthening of reinforced concrete and metal span elements with high-strength carbon fabrics, or lamellas (FRP); installation of waterproofing of walls subjected to systematic locking from the middle of the building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military actions not only cause massive human casualties and extensive destruction of homes, infrastructure, and other property, but also a significant environmental damage. It raises the issue of the importance of assessment of environmental damage as a necessary prerequisite for obtaining reparations. The paper analyses international legal documents which relate to the issue of assessment of the amount of environmental damage, as well as relevant decisions of international bodies in this sphere. A conclusion was made about the lack of a uniform approach to the assessment of amount of environmental damage, both in international documents and in international judicial practice. The necessity of the adoption of an international document that would establish the methodology which should be used during environmental damage assessment was proved. This paper should determine components of the environment deterioration of which should be compensated.

War has always been the greatest challenge for armed forces and soldiers. The modern warfare, through its forms and new technologies, challenges the training of leaders and military structures at higher levels, able to operate in all conditions and with all forms and super-technological systems encountered in the modern theatre of war. Contemporary dangers, threats and risks force the decision-making structures to identify solutions to combat them, in line with their level of technology and the field in which they propagate. Modern warfare challenges leaders, commanders, and staff officers of planning, command, and control structures to identify ways to maximize the combined effects of manoeuvre and firepower and to synchronize military actions in the tactical field with the characteristics of modern technologies and with the established strategic objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals enter the soil in the form of oxides and salts (both soluble and practically insoluble in water). There is an assumption that heavy metal oxides are fixed mainly in the solid phase of the soil, especially in a neutral or alkaline pH environment. It should be noted that their toxic effect depends entirely on such factors as the type of soil and the pH of the pore solution. The behavior of heavy metals in soils is significantly different from the behavior of most cations of macroelements. The purpose of this work is to assess the anthropogenic impact of heavy metal oxides, as well as accompanying oxides that are formed as a result of an explosion on the ground. To assess the degree of soil contamination, distribution and immobilization of heavy metals in the soils of industrial agglomerations.

Protecting and ensuring the rights of children is one of the crucial and fundamental tasks of the state, as children represent the future of any nation in the world. In the present circumstances, the attention and measures from Ukrainian authorities and society, demand clear and effective adherence to international standards regarding the rights of children, who have been illegally displaced and taken out of Ukraine. According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, every child has the right to protection from any form of violence, including protection against illegal removal from their country. The actions taken by the aggressor state against Ukrainian children pose a direct threat to the lives and health of the civilian population, contravene international and domestic laws, and violate the constitutional rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens. Our country must ensure the restoration of children’s connections with their parents or other family members who are within the territory of Ukraine. The state authorities should exercise effective control over the exportation of children beyond the country’s borders, establish the reasons and circumstances of illegal removal, and participate in international cooperation with other countries to facilitate the return of illegally removed children to Ukrainian territory. However, in the conditions of war, fully controlling and unquestionably implementing this issue is difficult and problematic. The return of illegally removed children to Ukrainian territory and the protection of those who are in temporarily occupied territories constitutes a lengthy and challenging process that requires adequate efforts and significant legal support and resources. One of the top priorities for our state is the necessity to establish an effective system for safeguarding children’s rights, which would assist in their return to Ukrainian territory and their subsequent effective integration into society. Therefore, the practical implementation of comprehensive measures worldwide necessitates the development of new legal mechanisms for protecting children’s rights that would operate in conditions of war and allow international legal institutions to promptly respond to any violations of children’s rights.

The main purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop a method for determining the level of heavy metal contamination in the soil. For this end, the following tasks are set: - to develop a method for the integrated assessment of heavy metal contamination in the soil at the regional and local levels; - to identify the most heavy metal contaminated regions of Ukraine; - to estimate the level of hazard of heavy metal contamination in the soil for territories with different types of land use; - to assess the pollution of soils with heavy metals as a result of hostilities in Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Methodology. The method takes into account the soil morphology, genezises, trace metals background concentrations and based on the development of the self-purification index for various soils in different regions of Ukraine. According to the proposed method soils have been classified by trace metals contamination. Results. At the local level, trace metals in soils were assessed for urban recreational areas, highways and roads, landfills and industrial zones. The soils in recreational areas were classified as ‘good’, highways and roads are classified as ‘satisfactory’ and ‘poor’, industrial and landfill was classified as ‘very poor’ according to the trace metals contamination. At the regional level, the highest contamination Class was given to the soils of Donetsk and Luhansk regions due to the highest density of industrial areas and performed military activities. The environmental assessment of trace metals contamination in soils due to the military activity was performed for these regions. The results of trace metals determination in Kharkiv according to this method indicate that the most dangerous areas are domestic waste landfills and facilities of the industrial companies. Recreation zones are ranked in Class 2. and the territory near the highways are assessed in quality Class 2 and 3. Assessment of the hazard level of trace metal contamination in the soil by the proposed method will allow making a scientifically substantiated decision on the priority of implementation of environmental measures. Scientific novelty. The paper presents a new method of assessing soil contamination with heavy metals at the regional and local level. The advantage of this method is taking into account the hazard class of pollutants and the self-cleaning index. A new classification of the level of danger of soil contamination with heavy metals has been developed. Practical significance. The use of the proposed methodological approach will contribute to obtaining comparable data when assessing the level of soil contamination by heavy metals and determining the priority of implementing environmental protection measures and increasing the level of environmental safety, which is especially relevant for the post-war recovery of our country.

The subject of the research is conceptual provisions about the structure, components and threats of economic security in the conditions of martial law and war; possibilities of its preservation and maintenance. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the conceptual provisions regarding the structure and components of economic security in military conditions, as well as the possibilities of its preservation and support. The methodological basis of the article is the methods of dialectical unity and contradiction, historical, monographic, system-structural analysis and synthesis; statistical and economic methods (absolute and relative values, index, grouping and ranking), mathematical programming and modeling. Results of the article. It was revealed that the structure of economic security is formed by the following structural blocks: international politics, world economy, globalization processes; economic, state and public institutions; resources and productivity; ideology, strategies and models of the country's development; monitoring, methods of evaluation and diagnosis and forecasting. Factors affecting it are sources of formation and threats and risks of destruction. It was determined that the main threat to the economic security of Ukraine was the long-term Russian aggression and war, especially starting in 2022. It was not brutal, it led to the capture of approximately 20% of the territory; large-scale destruction of public infrastructure, energy, housing stock, industry and agriculture; displacement of millions of people; murders of hundreds of thousands of people; inflation and devaluation and threats of default; curtailment of social programs. Direct losses are accompanied by no less devastating indirect ones. Further measures to support economic security should be based on constant monitoring of not only the economic, but primarily the military situation, quantitative assessments and forecasts. Field of application of results. The conclusions of the article can be used in enterprises, institutions of higher education, research institutions, consulting organizations. Conclusions. Under these conditions, the state authorities, with the help of the international community, implemented the following measures for its preservation: the institutions of the executive power were optimized; millions of people and enterprises, institutions of higher education, etc., were relocated. to relatively safe places; budget expenditures were optimized and defense funding was increased; applied digital and online tools of activity and management. Law and order and personal safety of citizens in controlled territories are ensured; the integrity of the economy through the work of the banking, tax, customs systems, markets, trade and export-import operations. Further measures to support economic security should be based on constant monitoring of not only the economic, but primarily the military situation, quantitative assessments and forecasts.

Significant changes in the environment have caused awareness of the strategic importance of forests as a factor in global environmental security, and socio-economic development of territories. Evidence of this are many international acts, including the provisions of the New EU Forest Strategy for 2030. However, in areas where hostilities are taking place, forests are being destroyed en masse, leading to systemic losses, the restoration of which will require large investments, efforts, and a long period of time. Therefore, it is important to improve the mechanisms for recovering compensation from the aggressor country, whose actions have led to losses from loss or damage to forest ecosystems. In this case, justification of the amount of compensation plays a significant role, and therefore there is a need to develop methodological approaches to their definition. Based on the summary of international practices, guidelines of international organizations, regulations of Ukraine, and scientific publications on the assessment and compensation of environmental damage, the author used a systematic approach that combines the assessment of damage from loss or damage to forest ecosystems and the cost of their restoration. The methodology involves taking into account the degree of damage in determining losses, lost profits, and costs of restoration of forest ecosystems in the context of forest ecosystem services – Provisioning Services, Regulating Services, Supporting Services, or other ecosystem maintenance services; Cultural Services, such as educational, aesthetic, and cultural heritage values, recreation, and tourism. The author proposes relevant methods for each component of the assessment and the relevant indicators. In determining the sets of indicators the author used those that can be calculated based on objective data, or that have an international practice of their calculation. The choice of data sources for the calculation of damage and losses from losses or damage to forest ecosystems and objects within them, caused to Ukraine as a result of hostilities, is stipulated.

The subject of the study is social relations in the field of establishing constitutional guarantees of openness of the administration of justice as the basis of the right to a fair trial in conditions of economic turbulence due to military operations. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of induction and deduction, dialectical-materialistic method, method of analysis and synthesis, historical method, which allowed to objectively comprehend the content and essence of the issues under study. The purpose of the article is to study the constitutional guarantees of openness of the administration of justice as the basis of the right to a fair trial in the conditions of economic turbulence due to military operations, and then to propose mechanisms for their effective functioning. The results of the study showed that there are two main types of procedures for the application of constitutional norms in the field of ensuring the right to a fair trial. It seems that the optimization of the application of constitutional norms in the field of ensuring the right to a fair trial involves achieving a balance between these two types of procedures, which ultimately ensure the proper implementation of the constitutional right to a fair trial. Based on the results of the application of the constitutional norm in the field of the right to a fair trial by the courts, two groups of legal consequences of the adoption of acts of application were identified. Conclusions. The idea of justice has been enshrined in the constitutional text as a legal idea rather than a principle of law. At the same time, in modern Ukrainian jurisprudence there is a paradoxical situation when the formally subjective right to a trial has a greater internal content than the principle of "justice" used in various, including procedural, branches of Ukrainian law. Modern Ukrainian legislation rarely operates with the category of "right to a fair trial", but in this case we are dealing with the legitimization at the level of sectoral Ukrainian legislation of the legal construction already established in domestic science and practice, which came from international law, and not an attempt to give the principle of fairness of judicial activity a real formal legal nature. The fact that the modern Ukrainian legislator failed to systematically and conceptually reflect its attitude to the idea of judicial justice in the conditions of the military-economic crisis also has a negative impact on the relevant judicial practice.

The current conflict on Romania’s border is a genuine threat to national and European security, but above all to world security, given that one of the two belligerents possesses nuclear weapons and has always taken a hostile stance towards democratic circles. The Russian Federation’s unprovoked and totally unjustified invasion of Ukraine will radically change the entire geopolitical and security environment both nationally and on NATO’s eastern flank. Although the conflict is still ongoing, Russian logistical support to the war in Ukraine requires further approaches and is a critical area of research for several reasons. First, a thorough understanding of Russian logistical support can help develop effective strategies to counter Russian aggression in Ukraine. Second, an understanding of Russian logistical support can help policymakers assess the effectiveness of economic sanctions and other measures aimed at reducing Russian involvement in the conflict. Third, understanding Russian logistical support can provide insights into Russia’s broader geopolitical strategy in the region, which could help to resolve the conflict diplomatically and promote stability in the region

One of the aspects of military conflicts is environmental. A specific and rather intense impact accompanies the conduct of hostilities and preparations for war on the environment. Although ecological damage is not usually a goal of warfare, such damage is integral to most armed conflicts. There is no single model of how war affects the environment. At the same time, war, like most human activity, changes the environment, damaging natural ecosystems and destroying human habitats. Numerous attempts to classify the environmental consequences of military confrontation boil down to the fact that it is expedient to distinguish direct and indirect implications on different scales and at various stages of military conflict. The destruction of natural systems of Ukraine during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the accompanying environmental challenges are numerous and diverse: the use of ammunition and damage to enterprises of various industries, including the chemical industry, the rise of radioactive dust into the air due to the movement of heavy equipment in the Chornobyl zone and strikes on nuclear power plants and associated infrastructure facilities, destruction of gas pipelines and oil storage facilities, numerous fires in populated areas, mining of large areas and the impact of shock waves and combustion products on the components of natural and anthropogenically altered ecosystems, etc. The consequences of hostilities will affect nature, people, and society even after these actions are over. Among other things, the territories and objects of the PZF are in the risk zone. It is essential to record and document the facts of environmental crimes and develop longterm plans to neutralize their consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Significant changes in the environment have caused awareness of the strategic importance of forests as a factor in global environmental security, and socio-economic development of territories. Evidence of this are many international acts, including the provisions of the New EU Forest Strategy for 2030. However, in areas where hostilities are taking place, forests are being destroyed en masse, leading to systemic losses, the restoration of which will require large investments, efforts, and a long period of time. Therefore, it is important to improve the mechanisms for recovering compensation from the aggressor country, whose actions have led to losses from loss or damage to forest ecosystems. In this case, justification of the amount of compensation plays a significant role, and therefore there is a need to develop methodological approaches to their definition. Based on the summary of international practices, guidelines of international organizations, regulations of Ukraine, and scientific publications on the assessment and compensation of environmental damage, the author used a systematic approach that combines the assessment of damage from loss or damage to forest ecosystems and the cost of their restoration. The methodology involves taking into account the degree of damage in determining losses, lost profits, and costs of restoration of forest ecosystems in the context of forest ecosystem services – Provisioning Services, Regulating Services, Supporting Services, or other ecosystem maintenance services; Cultural Services, such as educational, aesthetic, and cultural heritage values, recreation, and tourism. The author proposes relevant methods for each component of the assessment and the relevant indicators. In determining the sets of indicators the author used those that can be calculated based on objective data, or that have an international practice of their calculation. The choice of data sources for the calculation of damage and losses from losses or damage to forest ecosystems and objects within them, caused to Ukraine as a result of hostilities, is stipulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief analysis of the state, problems and external conditions of operation of combined heat and power plants in Ukraine, as well as their changes during hostilities. Issues and proposals for the choice of rational modes of operation of CHP in the conditions of primary fuel shortage, reduction of electrical loads of the energy system, the risk of possible damage to energy equipment during hostilities and in the postwar recovery. It is proposed to develop and implement in the practice of planning the development of survivability criteria of stations with connected district heating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, in addition to human losses, include significant damage to environmental systems and natural resources. As a result of the Russian attack, 20% of Ukraine's protected areas totaling about one million hectares were affected. Currently, 8 nature reserves and 10 national parks remain under occupation, and due to the hostilities, the protected areas protection services are unable to perform their functions and ensure the conservation of rare species, while some reserves and national parks are on the verge of a humanitarian crisis. The hostilities lead to environmental pollution with heavy metals (titanium, vanadium, strontium) as a result of artillery shelling, poisoning of drinking water and radioactively contaminated waters of the Azov and Black Seas and rivers: Dnipro and Siverskyi Donets as a result of flooding of mines, destruction of vegetation and wildlife. Numerous cases of air pollution and potentially serious contamination of groundwater, surface water, and soil have already been reported. Due to forest fires, the burning of oil products and industrial facilities, air emissions have already exceeded 67 million tons, so the long-term effects of the war could be even more harmful not only to public health and safety, but also to ecosystems and biodiversity. These problems require an immediate response from the state and authorities. At the same time, local governments are the most prompt and differentiated responders to all problems arising in certain territories. It is they who, using a system of economic and administrative methods, eliminate existing problems and troubles. Today, these bodies need immediate financial assistance from the state to implement projects to restore nature reserves, restore forests and territories, etc. There is a need to develop and implement a program for the restoration and revitalization of territories, which should include "guides" for local governments on how to raise funds and other resources to restore destroyed infrastructure. A mechanism for bringing the Russian Federation as an aggressor state to justice for the damage caused to the environment of Ukraine needs to be developed immediately. The author argues that it is necessary to develop a methodology for documenting and assessing environmental damage caused by military operations. It is determined that the problem of environmental restoration is complex, and therefore requires coordination of efforts of all subjects of the hromada and their active participation in this important matter. That is why this study focuses on the problems of bringing to justice those responsible for committing environmental crimes caused by military actions and mechanisms of compensation for the damage caused.

The article relevance is related to the insufficient number of scientific works that consider the features of the formation of strategies of Ukrainian enterprises during the war. The following scientific tasks are solved in the article: the establishing of the main factors that influence the choice of an enterprise’s strategy during military operations; determination of the main features of the formation of strategies of Ukrainian enterprises during the war; development of recommendations regarding the improvement of the efficiency of the development of the company’s strategy. It was established that the significant losses of material, financial and labor resources actualize the need to have the strategic documents in which the priorities, mission, main goals and distribution of resources for their achievement, etc. will be determined. The main factors that influence the need to develop and choose the enterprise strategy during military operations are identified and including: forced evacuation of enterprises from the war zone; forced migration of population and conscription to the army; reducing the purchasing power of population; loss of customers; problems with exporting goods due to logistics difficulties, existing currency restrictions; reduction of imports of components of goods and semi –factories. Positive factors that have allowed Ukrainian business to adapt faster in difficult conditions include some reduction in tax pressure. Tax changes provide the decrease in: value added tax; income tax of enterprises. The main features of the formation of strategies of Ukrainian enterprises include: a small number of enterprises that were able to adapt to activities during the war and had an active strategy of activity; a gradual increase in the importance of strategic planning. The model of strategic management of enterprises that functions on the basis of the scientific validity of management decisions, obtaining the maximum result at a minimum of costs, the coherence of all elements of the system, is complemented by flexibility in the conditions of the operation of the management system in a risk situation, with understanding of the most urgent needs of society. The following trends were established in the development of strategies for the development of Ukrainian enterprises during the war: maximum adaptation of the existing strategy to the operation of the enterprise in military conditions; transition of enterprises to a diversification strategy. Recommendations have been developed to increase the effectiveness of the company’s strategy development: SWOT analysis based on new realities of activity, audit of the company’s assets; the development of additional measures regarding the preservation of labor, material, financial and informational resources. In future, it is necessary for state authorities to build a new organization of relations with entrepreneurs based on the principles of mutual responsibility, support, and partnership. During the forming the strategy for the development of enterprises, as the determining factor serves the information provision of further activities regarding the prospects for the development of territories, their restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop a method for determining the level of heavy metal contamination in the soil. For this end, the following tasks are set: - to develop a method for the integrated assessment of heavy metal contamination in the soil at the regional and local levels; - to identify the most heavy metal contaminated regions of Ukraine; - to estimate the level of hazard of heavy metal contamination in the soil for territories with different types of land use; - to assess the pollution of soils with heavy metals as a result of hostilities in Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Methodology. The method takes into account the soil morphology, genezises, trace metals background concentrations and based on the development of the self-purification index for various soils in different regions of Ukraine. According to the proposed method soils have been classified by trace metals contamination. Results. At the local level, trace metals in soils were assessed for urban recreational areas, highways and roads, landfills and industrial zones. The soils in recreational areas were classified as ‘good’, highways and roads are classified as ‘satisfactory’ and ‘poor’, industrial and landfill was classified as ‘very poor’ according to the trace metals contamination. At the regional level, the highest contamination Class was given to the soils of Donetsk and Luhansk regions due to the highest density of industrial areas and performed military activities. The environmental assessment of trace metals contamination in soils due to the military activity was performed for these regions. The results of trace metals determination in Kharkiv according to this method indicate that the most dangerous areas are domestic waste landfills and facilities of the industrial companies. Recreation zones are ranked in Class 2. and the territory near the highways are assessed in quality Class 2 and 3. Assessment of the hazard level of trace metal contamination in the soil by the proposed method will allow making a scientifically substantiated decision on the priority of implementation of environmental measures. Scientific novelty. The paper presents a new method of assessing soil contamination with heavy metals at the regional and local level. The advantage of this method is taking into account the hazard class of pollutants and the self-cleaning index. A new classification of the level of danger of soil contamination with heavy metals has been developed. Practical significance. The use of the proposed methodological approach will contribute to obtaining comparable data when assessing the level of soil contamination by heavy metals and determining the priority of implementing environmental protection measures and increasing the level of environmental safety, which is especially relevant for the post-war recovery of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is the review of the impact on the Ukrainian environment (rather a review of the results of the social and ecological monitoring of the environment) in 2022 caused by military operations, using the analysis of remotely sensed data. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations using multispectral images for operational monitoring of socio-ecological processes and their consequences during the period of military operations on the territory of Ukraine in 2022. To achieve this goal, the work used remote sensing data from the Sentinel-2, Sentinel-5P, Suomi NPP satellites. The visible results of the ecological damage after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, such as atmospheric air pollution, the destruction of dams (the drainage of the Oskil reservoir and the flooding of the Irpin river floodplain) and forests, grass fires, as well as the destruction of agricultural land are shown using images from Sentinel satellites for the March-June 2022 period. The article also presents the results of the analysis of the night illumination of Ukrainian cities from the Suomi NPP/VIIRS satellite for March and April 2021, 2022. In particular, it was established that the cities of Mykolaiv, Kramatorsk, Sumy and Mariupol were the most affected, where the values of night illumination decreased 13-20 times and range between 0.3-0.7 nanoWatts/cm2/sr. A comprehensive analysis of the consequences of ecocide (the degradation of the natural environment, the destruction of economic, life support systems, housing, migration and the death of the population) is provided, and points towards a man-made humanitarian disaster and a high probability of an ecological disaster. The complex consequences of ecocide (the degradation of the natural environment, the destruction of economic complexes, life support systems, housing, migration, and the death of the population) indicate a man-made humanitarian disaster and a high probability of for an ecological disaster. In order not to waste time, it is necessary today, even in the conditions of war, to make balanced decisions regarding the environmental situation in order to at least mitigate the current and future environmental consequences of said military operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the role of the Pochaiv branch of the Union of the Russian People in complicating interethnic relations in the Volyn region during the First World War. Based on the materials of the periodical press of the 'allies', the author analyzes how the members of this Pochaiv branch created a negative image of the enemies of the empire and the Orthodox Church. Special attention is paid to the coverage and the analysis of the unfounded blaming of Jews and agrarian colonists for the «betrayal» of the empire. The author also shows that the Black Hundreds accused the army of enemies of committing crimes against civilians and prisoners of war. This was done with a clear propagandistic intention and in order to discredit opponents in any way. In this study, considerable attention is paid to highlighting the special role of the Black Hundreds in the implementation of domestic policy of the Russian Empire and identification of the key principles of their advocacy work in this area. Based on primary sources, the author of this article shows that during the First World War the Black Hundreds continued their activities aimed at discrediting other ethnic groups living in the Volyn region, primarily Jews and German agrarian colonists. Taking into consideration the situation in the empire during the war, the Black Hundreds intensified the anti-German vector of their propaganda work. German agrarian colonists were accused of «peaceful conquest of Russia», spreading Protestantism in the region, and cooperation with Kaiser Germany. In making these and a number of other accusations, the Black Hundreds failed to substantiate them with actual facts. Special attention should be paid to the analysis of publications about the alleged crimes of the Austro-Hungarian and German troops, and their abuse of Red Cross nurses, and prisoners of war in the pages of their press. However, in other publications, the Black Hundreds called on local residents to provide all possible assistance to prisoners of war, which contradicted their allegations of ill-treatment. The author also researched a number of articles regarding the situation in the counties liberated in 1916 and the destruction of Orthodox churches by Austro-Hungarian and German troops. However, these articles did not mention a single word about the criminal activities of the Russian army in the Volyn region, or the loss of civilians from ill-considered and irresponsible military activities. The author concludes that the Black Hundreds, moving in the direction of imperial propaganda, did everything possible to form the image of the enemy -- a Jewish and a German colonist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military authorities are empowered to carry out a form of public administration, respectively to provide a public service called national defense, in exceptional circumstances, being at the same time the holders of the means of armed violence authorized by the state. At the same time, the discretion with which the military authority is legally determined to issue military command documents, exempted from forms of judicial control, must not lead to the violation of fundamental human rights, the whole activity being subordinated to the principle of legality. Not all acts of military authority concerning military relations are also acts of military command, especially those concerning military careers (promotions, promotions, secondments, appointments, transfers or retirements, etc.) or related to human resources management. (recruitment competitions, holding positions, participation in competitions, change of profile, etc.). The acts of military command are those issued for the needs of the war and justified by it, both in time of peace and in time of war. The military command is endowed with absolute state force, the non-observance of its dispositions attracting the criminal responsibility reserved for the crimes of insubordination.

The article is devoted to improving the vectors of strategic development of the tourism and hospitality industry in armed conflicts and post-conflict recovery and optimizing possible measures to coordinate the activities of major players in the tourism and hospitality industry to justify trends in further postwar recovery. The negative consequences of the armed conflicts in the sphere of tourism and hospitality are systematized, the main obstacles to the development of inbound tourism in modern realities are identified, the state and features of tourism in Ukraine in military and postwar realities are studied. It is noted that the development of tourism in Ukraine was negatively affected by the events of 2014, which in 2022 due to full-scale invasion had a very negative impact on the tourism business and hospitality industry, which requires the development and implementation of anti-crisis measures by Ukraine. Currently, domestic tourist flows in Ukraine are expected to decrease, and the reason for this is the decline in the purchasing power of citizens due to the military conflict and the impact on the economy and social sphere of the country. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there are many countries in the world when, after large-scale hostilities, the tourism industry was rapidly recovering and developing. The experience of post-war restoration of tourism in the countries affected by the wars: Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Israel is analyzed and the use of these countries experience in the restoration of tourism in Ukraine is proposed. It is noted that the tourism industry and the hospitality industry should be the locomotive of the postwar economic recovery of Ukraine. The fact is emphasized that a fundamental renewal of Ukraine's tourism branding is needed, which will be based on the safety and protection of tourists, as well as the formation of the image of a safe country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The urgency of carrying out the scientific researches, connected with the influence of military actions on the accounting system is grounded. The basic directions of accounting development in the conditions of military operation conducting are singled out (accounting for the entities conducting military operations; accounting in the enterprises that perform the providing function in the course of military conflicts; accounting of the property of enterprises, which activities were directly influenced by military actions; accounting as a political tool for military conflicts). It is substantiated that the occurrence of military operations leads to the transformation of the accounting system in the direction of its simplification, both for the entities of their implementation, and in the enterprises that perform a providing function during military conflicts. It is revealed that the most important function of accounting during the war is a control function, the implementation of which allows to mobilize the resources needed to effectively counteract the aggressor country. It is established that in conditions of hybrid war domestic enterprises adjust the value of assets over which control has been lost. A perspective area of research is the consideration of accounting as a political tool in the conditions of military operation conducting.

The aim of this work was a comparative study of coping strategies in participants of military actions with eyes injury and partial loss of vision amidst clinical manifestations of psychological maladaptation or post-traumatic syndrome in order to determine further targets for medical and psychological rehabilitation measures. Under the condition of informed consent with adhering to the principles of bioethics and deontology during 2014–2018 years, 191 participants of military actions (PMA) were examined. The age of the surveyed was 20–53 years. For comparison, the study included 59 men with partial loss of vision (PVL) due to household injuries which made the comparison group (CG). All respondents were screened for a mental state using a clinical diagnostic scale CAPS (Clinical-administered PTSD Scale), a questionnaire for determining the level of neuroticism and psychopathisation, they were consulted by a psychiatrist and a psychodiagnostic study was carried out. The following study groups were formed. Major groups: (MG1) – 54 PMA with eyes injury and PVL due to participation in military actions with clinical manifestations of post-traumatic syndrome; (MG2) – 49 PMA with eyes injury and PLV due to participation in military actions with manifestations of psychological maladaptation. Comparison groups: group 1 (CG1) – 46 PMA with clinical manifestations of post-traumatic syndrome; group 2 (CG2) – 42 PMA with psychological maladaptation; group 3 (CG3) – 59 men with PLV due to household injuries. The study found the following. With the phenomena of psychological maladaptation in the emotional, cognitive and behavioral areas, unproductive and relatively productive coping strategies dominated. They were accompanied by changes in behavioral and communicative levels, decrease in adaptive capacity of the personality and predisposition to asthenic manifestations. Eyes injury amidst psychological maladaptation is accompanied by the development of unproductive and relatively productive coping strategies on the cognitive, emotional and behavioral levels. This was accompanied by deterioration of the level of behavioral regulation and asthenic reactions. A significant advantage of unproductive emotional coping strategies with manifestations of post-traumatic disorder was found. Their use by the person led to the deterioration of behavioral and diffuse disorganization of cognitive coping strategies. According to the outputs of the personal questionnaire “Adaptability”, this was accompanied by a deterioration of cognitive potential. Eyes injury with partial loss of vision amidst the clinical manifestations of post-traumatic syndrome leads to a deterioration of productivity of the formed coping strategies. These disorders are also much more manifested than an injury amidst psychological maladaptation. Maladaptation disorders have no differences and dependence on the phenomena of psychological maladaptation or clinical manifestations of post-traumatic syndrome. The obtained results will be taken into account when creating specialized highly-target approaches to medical and psychological rehabilitation for this contingent.

The article summarizes and analyses the scientific approaches to the determination and systematization of the positioning parameters of local level territories. The authors determined and systematized the positioning parameters of the amalgamated territorial communities in Ukraine through the prism of sustainable development elements in the conditions of military operations to form the most effective position of a particular community among other administrative-territorial units of the first level. Based on the results of the analysis of the positioning status in Ukraine, the Ukrainian regions were clustered by the number of ATCs that determined the direction of positioning. It is proved that each of the ATC deserves a worthy positioning of its territory in the eyes of the key stakeholders of its development. However, the communities of precisely Donetsk and Luhansk regions will do just that, since they continue to receive losses from hostilities unfolding nearby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article touches upon the participation of Great Britain in the Gulf war of 1990-1991. This war was one of the largest armed conflicts after the Second World War, in which Britain took part. The reaction of London to the actions of the regime of Saddam Hussein has been analyzed. The political and military aspects of the crisis development in Iraq have been outlined. The quick decision-making and activity of the UNO Council during the settlement of the Iraqi crisis have been unfolded. The UN has been adopting 12 resolutions per year in order to put an end to the occupation of Kuwait, to restore international peace and security in the region. The position and approach of the North Atlantic Alliance to resolving the Iraqi crisis has been researched. The importance of NATO diplomatic consultations and the rapid response to the crisis situation on the periphery of the Alliance territory, as well as the cooperation between Britain and its allies, first of all, the United States, have been revealed. The activities of the international coalition, mainly the NATO member states, where the leading place was represented by the British military, have been highlighted. Major military operations, such as Desert Shield, Desert Storm and Grunbi which liberated the Kuwaiti territory from the Iraqi forces have been analyzed.

In the Romania’s Defence White Paper for the 2015-2019 timeframe, it is emphasized that, for the defence of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our country, one of the most important tasks under the responsibility of the Romanian Army is granting Host Nation Support, to back up the military actions that are taking place on national territory by the armed forces belonging to allied states and NATO partners. Throughout this article, we have dealt with the main specific elements intended for granting Host Nation Support on the national territory, namely: the goods and services that can be offered to the military within the foreign allied forces participating in military actions, the declared Romanian facilities, the data contained in the Romanian HNS Capabilities Catalogue and in the Romanian HNS Data Base and we have determined the directions of action to be followed, in order to modernize the process of granting Host Nation Support by Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes socio-economic situation in Volyn province that resulted from the military offensive of the Austro-Hungarian and German troops during World War I. The study shows that local authorities and the Russian military command had been preparing ahead of time to move the state and educational institutions, as well as a number of enterprises, to the eastern provinces. The enterprises that could not be moved were to be dismantled. Using primary sources, the author for the first time explores the mechanism of evacuation in Volyn during the summer and autumn of 1915. The military faced a number of shortcomings that resulted in failure to move certain property. The author also explores evacuation of officials and their families at the state expense. The situation was significantly complicated by the refugees from Galicia, who were originally placed in camps in the front-line districts, and later near Rivne and Zhytomyr. Zemstvos played an important role in supporting refugees, who were moving eastward on foot or by trains. Due to zemstvo’s efforts and funding, refugees were provided with food and basic goods. At the same time, zemstvos played an important role in fighting infectious diseases that proliferated in the region during that period. It was found that an increased flow of refugees boosted prices for basic goods and food products, despite the rigorous counter-effort from the military command and the administration. Local self-government tried to counteract these processes, however they did not always fully meet those goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the influence of the military-ecological and man-caused-anthropogenic factors on the environment state and natural processes. Epidemic risks and consequences resulted from landscapic changes of the environment which arise as a result of war and destruction of ecosystems are described.

The article considers the influence of the military-ecological and man-caused-anthropogenic factors on the environment state and natural processes. Epidemic risks and consequences resulted from landscapic changes of the environment which arise as a result of war and destruction of ecosystems are described.