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The rise of gas-sensing applications and markets has led to microwave sensors associated to polymer-based sensitive materials gaining a lot of attention, as they offer the possibility to target a large variety of gases (as polymers can be easily functionalised) at ultra-low power and wirelessly (which is a major concern in the Internet of Things). A two-channel microstrip sensor with one resonator coated with 1,2 epoxybutane-functionalised poly(ethyleneimine) (EB-PEI) and the other left bare was designed and fabricated for humidity sensing. The sensor, characterised under controlled laboratory conditions, showed exponential response to RH between 0 and 100%, which is approximated to −1.88 MHz/RH% (−0.03 dB/RH%) and −8.24 MHz/RH% (−0.171 dB/RH%) in the RH ranges of 30–80% and 80–100%, respectively. This is the first reported use of EB-PEI for humidity sensing, and performances, especially at high humidity level (RH > 80%), as compared with transducer working frequencies, are better than the state of the art. When further tested in real outdoor conditions, the sensor shows satisfying performances, with 4.2 %RH mean absolute error. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the sensor is selective to relative humidity alone, irrespective of the other environmental variables acquired during the campaign (O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and Temperature). The sensitivities obtained outdoors in the ranges of 50–70% and 70–100% RH (−0.61 MHz/%RH and −3.68 MHz/%RH, respectively) were close to lab results (−0.95 MHz/%RH and −3.51 MHz/%RH, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of gas-sensing applications and markets has led to microwave sensors associated to polymer-based sensitive materials gaining a lot of attention, as they offer the possibility to target a large variety of gases (as polymers can be easily functionalised) at ultra-low power and wirelessly (which is a major concern in the Internet of Things). A two-channel microstrip sensor with one resonator coated with 1,2 epoxybutane-functionalised poly(ethyleneimine) (EB-PEI) and the other left bare was designed and fabricated for humidity sensing. The sensor, characterised under controlled laboratory conditions, showed exponential response to RH between 0 and 100%, which is approximated to −1.88 MHz/RH% (−0.03 dB/RH%) and −8.24 MHz/RH% (−0.171 dB/RH%) in the RH ranges of 30–80% and 80–100%, respectively. This is the first reported use of EB-PEI for humidity sensing, and performances, especially at high humidity level (RH > 80%), as compared with transducer working frequencies, are better than the state of the art. When further tested in real outdoor conditions, the sensor shows satisfying performances, with 4.2 %RH mean absolute error. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the sensor is selective to relative humidity alone, irrespective of the other environmental variables acquired during the campaign (O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and Temperature). The sensitivities obtained outdoors in the ranges of 50–70% and 70–100% RH (−0.61 MHz/%RH and −3.68 MHz/%RH, respectively) were close to lab results (−0.95 MHz/%RH and −3.51 MHz/%RH, respectively).

Abstract: The adsorption of a target gas on a material induces a change in several physical characteristics, such as the dielectric constant, the work function or the conductivity. The use of different transducers sensitive to the variation of these parameters appears to be a relevant methodology worthy of investigation. In the field of sensors, molecular materials present interesting and potentially valuable features as sensing elements for real gas sensor applications. In this article, we review the different types of conductimetric transducers and also show how a molecular material-based microwave transducer can be used for gas sensing. Among conductimetric transducers, resistors have been historically the most commonly exploited way for the detection and quantification of gas pollutants. Herein, we focus on new transducers, either based on the well-known OFETs, or on transducers combining two molecular materials, namely the p–n junctions and the brand new molecular semiconductor–doped insulator (MSDI) heterojunctions. The sensitivity of the devices is demonstrated through the detection of ammonia and ozone in the range of ppm and ppb, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

On-chip signal processing at microwave frequencies is key for modern mobile communication. When one aims at small footprints, low power consumption, reprogrammable filters, and delay lines, magnons in low-damping ferrimagnets offer great promise. Ferromagnetic grating couplers have been reported to be specifically useful as microwave-to-magnon transducers. However, their interconversion efficiency is unknown and real-space measurements of the emitted magnon wavelengths have not yet been accomplished. Here, we image with subwavelength spatial resolution the magnon emission process into ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) at frequencies up to 8 GHz. We evidence propagating magnons of a wavelength of 98.7 nm underneath the gratings, which enter the YIG without a phase jump. Counterintuitively, the magnons exhibit an even increased amplitude in YIG, which is unexpected and due to a further wavelength conversion process. Our results are of key importance for magnonic components, which efficiently control microwave signals on the nanoscale.