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Plants serve as critical links between above- and below-ground microbial communitites, both influencing and being influenced by microbes in these two realms. Below-ground microbial communities are expected to respond to soil resource environments, which are mediated by the roots of plants that can, in turn, be influenced by the above-ground community of foliar endophytes. For instance, diverse plant communities deposit more, and more diverse, nutrients into the soil, and this deposition is often increased when foliar pathogens are removed. DiFFerences in soil resources can alter soil microbial composition and phenotypes, including inhibitory capacity, resource use, and antibiotic resistance. In this work, we consider plots differing in plant richness and application of foliar fungicide, evaluating consequences on soil resource levels and root-associated Streptomyces phenotypes. Soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter were greater in samples from polyculture than monoculture, yet this increase was surprisingly offset when foliar fungal communities were disrupted. We find that Streptomyces phenotypes varied more between richness plots--with the Streptomyces from polyculture showing lower inhibitory capacity, altered resource-use profiles, and greater antibiotic resistance--than between subplots with/without foliar fungicide. Where foliar fungicide affected phenotypes, it did so differently in polyculture than in monoculture, for instance decreasing niche width and overlap in monoculture while increasing them in polyculture. No diffserences in phenotype were correlated with soil nutrient levels, suggesting the need for further research looking more closely at soil resource diversity and particular compounds that were found to differ between treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial titled "Interactions between bioactive food ingredients and intestinal microbiota, volume II" published in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology. The editorial discusses the importance of understanding how different diets affect the gut microbiome and explores the connections between diet, host, and microbes for precision nutrition and microbiome-based therapies. It summarizes 15 publications in Volume II of the Research Topic, which include studies on the effects of various substances on the gut microbiome in healthy humans and patients with colorectal cancer and kidney disease. The editorial also highlights studies on mouse models of colitis to investigate the therapeutic potential of natural compounds and interventions for gut health. The research suggests that substances like puerarin, ursolic acid, red quinoa polysaccharide, okra polysaccharides, and hemp seed can improve gut health by restoring the composition and abundance of gut microbiota. The document concludes by stating that further research in this field is expected to have significant implications for human health. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT Understanding factors influencing the composition and maintenance of beneficial host-associated microbial communities is central to understanding their ecological, evolutionary, and health consequences for hosts. Host immunity is often implicated as a regulator of these microbiota, but immunity may also play a disruptive role, with responses to infection perturbing beneficial communities. Such effects may be more prominent from innate immune responses, with more rapid-acting and often non-specific components, compared to adaptive responses. We investigated how upregulation of antibacterial immunity in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens affects its core gut microbiota, testing the hypothesis that immunity-induced perturbation impacts the microbiota structure. Freshly emerged adult bees were fed a microbiota inoculum before receiving a non-pathogenic immune stimulation injection. We quantified microbial communities using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and targeted quantitative PCR. Coarse community membership shows apparent robustness, but we find that immune stimulation alters the abundance of two core community members, Gilliamella and Snodgrassella. Moreover, a positive association in communities between these bacteria is perturbed following a Gram-negative challenge. The observed changes in the gut microbial community are suggestive of immune response-induced dysbiosis, linking ecological interactions across levels between hosts, their pathogens, and their beneficial gut microbiota. The potential for collateral perturbation of the natural gut microbiota following an innate immune response may contribute to immune costs, shaping the evolutionary optimization of immune investment depending on the ecological context.IMPORTANCEOur work demonstrates how innate immunity may influence the host-associated microbiota. While previous work has demonstrated the role of adaptive immunity in regulating the microbiota, we show that stimulation of an innate immune response in bumble bees may disrupt the native gut microbial community by shifting individual abundances of some members and pairwise associations. This work builds upon previous work in bumble bees demonstrating factors determining microbe colonization of hosts and microbiota membership, implicating immune response-induced changes as a factor shaping these important gut communities. While some microbiota members appear unaffected, changes in others and the community overall suggests that collateral perturbation of the native gut microbiota upon an innate immune response may serve as an additional selective pressure that shapes the evolution of host innate immunity.

As an alternative to host resistance, transgenic expression of entomocidal and antimicrobial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in maize can mitigate Fusarium ear rot (FER). This study evaluated FER in Bt and conventional maize and the role of microbes in the kernel-associated metagenome using quantitative reduced representation sequencing. Our results revealed significant differences in FER severity across environments and varieties and between inoculation treatments. The lower FER scores of conventional maize Spectrum 6416 relative to other varieties highlighted resistant alleles in maize germplasm, whereas strong correlations indicated FER-induced yield loss. Mitigation of FER by transgenes was validated by about threefold enrichment of Fusarium verticillioides (Fv) postinoculation compared with nonsignificant Fv enrichment in conventional maize. Although the major causal pathogen of FER, Fv, was the most abundant species in the metagenomes (r = 0.41 to 0.49), a similar degree of correlation was observed between FER and several Fusarium spp. (r = 0.2 to 0.56). The potential FER-suppressing properties of Talaromyces stipitatus and Ustilago maydis were indicated by negative correlations with FER (r = –0.22 to –0.42), Fv, and some Fusarium spp. The more FER-resistant varieties consistently enriched for potential FER-suppressing Burkholderia cenocepacia (negatively correlated with Fv). This suggests host genetic background-dependent recruitment of beneficial microbes that suppress pathogens and that microbe–microbe interactions play a role in FER severity. Quantitative and species/strain-level metagenomic profiles hold promise for identifying robust disease-suppressing microbes and microbes that act in synergy with pathogens and for developing holobiont-aware breeding strategies that account for host–microbiome coevolution and host genotype, microbiome/metagenome, and environment interactions. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Plants serve as critical links between above- and below-ground microbial communitites, both influencing and being influenced by microbes in these two realms. Below-ground microbial communities are expected to respond to soil resource environments, which are mediated by the roots of plants that can, in turn, be influenced by the above-ground community of foliar endophytes. For instance, diverse plant communities deposit more, and more diverse, nutrients into the soil, and this deposition is often increased when foliar pathogens are removed. Differences in soil resources can alter soil microbial composition and phenotypes, including inhibitory capacity, resource use, and antibiotic resistance. In this work, we consider plots differing in plant richness and application of foliar fungicide, evaluating consequences on soil resource levels and root-associated Streptomyces phenotypes. Soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter were greater in samples from polyculture than monoculture, yet this increase was surprisingly offset when foliar fungal communities were disrupted. We find that Streptomyces phenotypes varied more between richness plots—with the Streptomyces from polyculture showing lower inhibitory capacity, altered resource-use profiles, and greater antibiotic resistance—than between subplots with/without foliar fungicide. Where foliar fungicide affected phenotypes, it did so differently in polyculture than in monoculture, for instance decreasing niche width and overlap in monoculture while increasing them in polyculture. No differences in phenotype were correlated with soil nutrient levels, suggesting the need for further research looking more closely at soil resource diversity and particular compounds that were found to differ between treatments.

Background: Plant-microbe associations play central roles in ecosystem functioning, with some critical microbes significantly influencing the growth and health of plants. Additionally, some microbes are highly associated with other microbes in either competitive or cooperative microbe-microbe associations. Here, we aimed to determine whether there is overlap between critical microbes in plant-microbe and microbe-microbe associations by using guayule (a rubber-producing crop) as a model plant. Methods: Using marker gene amplicon sequencing, we characterized the bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities in soil samples collected from a guayule agroecosystem at six time points that represent changes in guayule productivity and growth stage. The critical microbes in guayule-microbe associations were phylotypes whose relative abundances were positively (positive taxa) or negatively (negative taxa) associated with guayule productivity. Network analysis was used to identify the critical microbes in microbe-microbe associations. Results: Some positive taxa in guayule-microbe associations were ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and negative taxa included some microbes resistant to aridity. Some of the critical microbes in microbe-microbe associations were fungal plant pathogens. There were 9 phylotypes representing the overlap between critical microbes in guayule-microbe and microbe-microbe associations. This overlap group included AOB, phototrophic bacteria, AMF, and saprotrophic fungi, along with unique taxa of unknown function. Conclusions: Our study highlighted the association of the soil microbiome with the growth and health of guayule. Our systematic approach narrowed down the immense number of microbial taxa to a 'most wanted' list that we define as critical to the entire guayule agroecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota imbalance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here, we determined microbe-microbe interactions and gut microbiome stability in a Japanese population with varying body mass indices (BMIs) and enterotypes. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, we analyzed gut microbial data from fecal samples obtained from 3,365 older Japanese individuals. The individuals were divided into lean, normal, and obese groups based on their BMIs. They were further categorized according to their gut microbiota enterotypes: Bacteroides (enterotype B), Prevotella (enterotype P), and Ruminococcus (enterotype R). We obtained data on different host factors, such as age, BMI, and disease status, using a survey questionnaire evaluated by the Mykinso gut microbiome testing service. Subsequently, we evaluated the co-occurrence network. Individual differences in BMI were associated with differences in co-occurrence networks. By exploring the network topology based on BMI status, we observed that the network density was lower in the lean group than that in the normal group. Furthermore, a simulation-based stability analysis revealed a lower resistance index in the lean group than those in the other two groups. Our results provide insights into various microbe-microbe interactions and gut microbial stability and could aid in developing appropriate therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota modulation to manage frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. As horizontally transmitted symbionts, the life cycle of rhizobia includes a free-living phase in the soil and a plant-associated symbiotic phase. Throughout this life cycle, rhizobia are exposed to a myriad of other microorganisms that interact with them, modulating their fitness and symbiotic performance. In this review, we describe the diversity of interactions between rhizobia and other microorganisms that can occur in the rhizosphere, during the initiation of nodulation, and within nodules. Some of these rhizobia-microbe interactions are indirect, and occur when the presence of some microbes modifies plant physiology in a way that feeds back on rhizobial fitness. We further describe how these interactions can impose significant selective pressures on rhizobia and modify their evolutionary trajectories. More extensive investigations on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of rhizobia in complex biotic environments will likely reveal fascinating new aspects of this well-studied symbiotic interaction and provide critical knowledge for future agronomical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition time during which a virus leaves its host and infects the next susceptible host is critical for virus survival. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is stable in aqueous environments, but its molecular interactions with bacteria and their biofilms are not well-established. Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful gut bacterial pathogen, with its capacity to form biofilms being linked to its transmission. Given that both are gut-associated microbes, we hypothesized that biofilms formed by H. pylori may play a significant role in the survival of EV71 in the external environment. In this study, we examine the interactions of EV71 with the preformed biofilm of H. pylori to mimic its natural state in the environment. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that EV71 particles persisted for up to 10 days when incubated with the H. pylori biofilm. Furthermore, the presence of the H. pylori biofilm significantly augmented viral viability, as verified through virus plaque assays. Interestingly, the viability of EV71 was dependent on the quantity of H. pylori biofilm formation. Thus, two H. pylori strains able to generate large amounts of biofilm could facilitate EV71 viability for up to 17 days, whereas two other H. pylori strains that produced moderate or low quantities of biofilm could not prolong virus viability. It is interesting that biofilm contains N-acetyl-glucosamine and glycosaminoglycan, and that EV71 has binding affinity to cell-surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan, which acts as an EV71 attachment receptor. The synergistic ability of H. pylori biofilm to promote EV71 viability for extended periods implies that H. pylori biofilm may serve as an additional pathway of EV71 transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Biotic and abiotic interactions shape natural microbial communities. The mechanisms behind microbe–microbe interactions, particularly those protein based, are not well understood. We hypothesize that released proteins with antimicrobial activity are a powerful and highly specific toolset to shape and defend plant niches.We have studied Albugo candida, an obligate plant parasite from the protist Oomycota phylum, for its potential to modulate the growth of bacteria through release of antimicrobial proteins into the apoplast.Amplicon sequencing and network analysis of Albugo‐infected and uninfected wild Arabidopsis thaliana samples revealed an abundance of negative correlations between Albugo and other phyllosphere microbes. Analysis of the apoplastic proteome of Albugo‐colonized leaves combined with machine learning predictors enabled the selection of antimicrobial candidates for heterologous expression and study of their inhibitory function. We found for three candidate proteins selective antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria isolated from A. thaliana and demonstrate that these inhibited bacteria are precisely important for the stability of the community structure. We could ascribe the antibacterial activity of the candidates to intrinsically disordered regions and positively correlate it with their net charge.This is the first report of protist proteins with antimicrobial activity under apoplastic conditions that therefore are potential biocontrol tools for targeted manipulation of the microbiome. See also the Commentary on this article by Rovenich & Thomma, 239: 2064–2066. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Thermophilic composting is a promising method of sanitizing pathogens in manure and a source of agriculturally important thermostable enzymes and microorganisms from organic wastes. Despite the extensive studies on compost prokaryotes, shifts in microbial profiles under the influence of various green materials and composting days are still not well understood, considering the complexity of the green material sources. Here, the effect of regimens of green composting material on the diversity, abundance, and metabolic capacity of prokaryotic communities in a thermophilic compost environment was examined. Methods Total community 16S rRNA was recovered from triplicate compost samples of Lantana-based, Tithonia-based, Grass-based, and mixed (Lantana + Tithonia + Grass)- based at 21, 42, 63, and 84 days of composting. The 16S rRNA was sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Bioinformatics analysis was done using Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm version 2 (DADA2) R version 4.1 and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States version 2 (PICRUSt2) pipelines for community structure and metabolic profiles, respectively. In DADA2, prokaryotic classification was done using the Refseq-ribosomal database project (RDP) and SILVA version 138 databases. Results Our results showed apparent differences in prokaryotic community structure for total diversity and abundance within the four compost regimens and composting days. The study showed that the most prevalent phyla during composting included Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria. Additionally, there were differences in the overall diversity of metabolic pathways but no significant differences among the various compost treatments on major metabolic pathways like carbohydrate biosynthesis, carbohydrate degradation, and nitrogen biosynthesis. Conclusion Various sources of green material affect the succession of compost nutrients and prokaryotic communities. The similarity of amounts of nutrients, such as total Nitrogen, at the end of the composting process, despite differences in feedstock material, indicates a significant influence of composting days on the stability of nutrients during composting.

Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. As horizontally transmitted symbionts, the life cycle of rhizobia includes a free-living phase in the soil and a plant-associated symbiotic phase. Throughout this life cycle, rhizobia are exposed to a myriad of other microorganisms that interact with them, modulating their fitness and symbiotic performance. In this review, we describe the diversity of interactions between rhizobia and other microorganisms that can occur in the rhizosphere, during the initiation of nodulation, and within nodules. Some of these rhizobia-microbe interactions are indirect, and occur when the presence of some microbes modifies plant physiology in a way that feeds back on rhizobial fitness. We further describe how these interactions can impose significant selective pressures on rhizobia and modify their evolutionary trajectories. More extensive investigations on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of rhizobia in complex biotic environments will likely reveal fascinating new aspects of this well-studied symbiotic interaction and provide critical knowledge for future agronomical applications.

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus frequently occur together in polymicrobial infections, and there is evidence that their interactions negatively affect disease outcome in patients. At the molecular level, interactions between the two bacterial species are well-described, with P. aeruginosa usually being the dominant species suppressing S. aureus through a variety of inhibitory molecules. However, in chronic infections the two species interact over prolonged periods of time, and S. aureus might be able to evolve resistance against inhibitory molecules deployed by P. aeruginosa. Here, we used experimental evolution to test this hypothesis by exposing three different S. aureus strains (Cowan I, 6850, and JE2) to the growth-inhibitory supernatant of P. aeruginosa PAO1 over 30 days. Prior to evolution, we found that S. aureus strains were inhibited by secreted compounds regulatorily controlled by the Pseudomonas quinolone signal quorum-sensing system. Following evolution, inhibitory effects were significantly attenuated, and we observed that adaptations were S. aureus strain specific and involved the upregulation of virulence traits such as staphyloxanthin production and the formation of small colony variants. At the genetic level, mutations in membrane transporters (known to be involved in antibacterial uptake) were the most frequent evolutionary targets. Our work indicates that adaptations of S. aureus to P. aeruginosa occurs rapidly and affect both virulence trait expression and membrane transporter functionality. Thus, pathogen evolution could promote species co-existence and complicate treatment options in infections. IMPORTANCE Polymicrobial infections are common. In chronic infections, the different pathogens may repeatedly interact, which could spur evolutionary dynamics with pathogens adapting to one another. Here, we explore the potential of Staphylococcus aureus to adapt to its competitor Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These two pathogens frequently co-occur, and P. aeruginosa is seen as the dominant species being able to displace S. aureus. We studied three different S. aureus strains and found that all became quickly resistant to inhibitory compounds secreted by P. aeruginosa. Our experimental evolution revealed strains-specific adaptations with three main factors contributing to resistance evolution: (i) overproduction of staphyloxanthin, a molecule protecting from oxidative stress; (ii) the formation of small colony variants also protecting from oxidative stress; and (iii) alterations of membrane transporters possibly reducing toxin uptake. Our results show that species interactions can change over time potentially favoring species co-existence, which in turn could affect disease progression and treatment options.

ABSTRACT The microbiota mediate multiple aspects of skin barrier function, including colonization resistance to pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. The endogenous skin microbiota limits S. aureus colonization via competition and direct inhibition. Novel mechanisms of colonization resistance are promising therapeutic targets for drug-resistant infections, such as those caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Here, we developed and characterized a swine model of topical microbiome perturbation and MRSA colonization. As in other model systems, topical antimicrobial treatment had a little discernable effect on community diversity though the overall microbial load was sensitive to multiple types of intervention, including swabbing. In parallel, we established a porcine skin culture collection and screened 7,700 isolates for MRSA inhibition. Using genomic and phenotypic criteria, we curated three isolates to investigate whether prophylactic colonization would inhibit MRSA colonization in vivo. The three-member consortium together, but not individually, provided protection against MRSA colonization, suggesting cooperation and/or synergy among the strains. Inhibitory isolates were represented across all major phyla of the pig skin microbiota and did not have a strong preference for inhibiting closely related species, suggesting that relatedness is not a condition of antagonism. These findings reveal the porcine skin as an underexplored reservoir of skin commensal species with the potential to prevent MRSA colonization and infection. IMPORTANCE The skin microbiota is protective against pathogens or opportunists such as S. aureus, the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections. S. aureus can colonize normal skin and nasal passages, and colonization is a risk factor for infection, especially on breach of the skin barrier. Here, we established a pig model to study the competitive mechanisms of the skin microbiota and their role in preventing colonization by MRSA. This drug-resistant strain is also a livestock pathogen, and swine herds can be reservoirs of MRSA carriage. From 7,700 cultured skin isolates, we identified 37 unique species across three phyla that inhibited MRSA. A synthetic community of three inhibitory isolates provided protection together, but not individually, in vivo in a murine model of MRSA colonization. These findings suggest that antagonism is widespread in the pig skin microbiota, and these competitive interactions may be exploited to prevent MRSA colonization.

Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that infects the colon. C. difficile is estimated to cause nearly half a million cases in the United States annually, with about 29,000 associated deaths. Unfortunately, the current antibiotic treatment is not ideal. While antibiotics can treat the infections, they also disrupt the gut microbiota that mediates colonization resistance against enteric pathogens, including C. difficile; disrupted gut microbiota provides a window of opportunity for recurrent infections. Therefore, therapeutics that restore the gut microbiota and suppress C. difficile are being evaluated for safety and efficacy. This review will start with mechanisms by which gut bacteria affect C. difficile pathogenesis, followed by a discussion on biotherapeutics for recurrent C. difficile infections.

Soil-dwelling microbes are the principal inoculum for the root microbiota, but our understanding of microbe-microbe interactions in microbiota establishment remains fragmentary. We tested 39,204 binary interbacterial interactions for inhibitory activities in vitro, allowing us to identify taxonomic signatures in bacterial inhibition profiles. Using genetic and metabolomic approaches, we identified the antimicrobial 2,4-diacetylphloroglucino l (DAPG) and the iron chelator pyoverdine as exometabolites whose combined functions explain most of the inhibitory activity of the strongly antagonistic Pseudomonas brassicacearum R401. Microbiota reconstitution with a core of Arabidopsis thaliana root commensals in the presence of wild-type or mutant strains revealed a root niche-specific cofunction of these exometabolites as root competence determinants and drivers of predictable changes in the root-associated community. In natural environments, both the corresponding biosynthetic operons are enriched in roots, a pattern likely linked to their role as iron sinks, indicating that these cofunctioning exometabolites are adaptive traits contributing to pseudomonad pervasiveness throughout the root microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitative interactions between microbial species are ubiquitous in various types of ecosystems on the Earth. Therefore, inferring how entangled webs of interspecific interactions shift through time in microbial ecosystems is an essential step for understanding ecological processes driving microbiome dynamics. By compiling shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of an experimental microbial community, we examined how the architectural features of facilitative interaction networks could change through time. A metabolic modeling approach for estimating dependence between microbial genomes (species) allowed us to infer the network structure of potential facilitative interactions at 13 time points through the 110-day monitoring of experimental microbiomes. We then found that positive feedback loops, which were theoretically predicted to promote cascade breakdown of ecological communities, existed within the inferred networks of metabolic interactions prior to the drastic community-compositional shift observed in the microbiome time-series. We further applied “directed-graph” analyses to pinpoint potential keystone species located at the “upper stream” positions of such feedback loops. These analyses on facilitative interactions will help us understand key mechanisms causing catastrophic shifts in microbial community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thermophilic composting is a promising method of sanitizing pathogens in manure and a source of agriculturally important thermostable enzymes and microorganisms from organic wastes. Despite the extensive studies on compost prokaryotes, shifts in microbial profiles under the influence of various green materials and composting days are still not well understood, considering the complexity of the green material sources. Here, the effect of regimens of green composting material on the diversity, abundance, and metabolic capacity of prokaryotic communities in a thermophilic compost environment was examined. Methods: Total community 16S rRNA was recovered from triplicate compost samples of Lantana-based, Tithonia-based, Grass-based, and mixed (Lantana + Tithonia + Grass)- based at 21, 42, 63, and 84 days of composting. The 16S rRNA was sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Bioinformatics analysis was done using Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm version 2 (DADA2) R version 4.1 and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States version 2 (PICRUSt2) pipelines for community structure and metabolic profiles, respectively. In DADA2, prokaryotic classification was done using the Refseq-ribosomal database project (RDP) and SILVA version 138 databases. Results: Our results showed apparent differences in prokaryotic community structure for total diversity and abundance within the four compost regimens and composting days. The study showed that the most prevalent phyla during composting included Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria. Additionally, there were differences in the overall diversity of metabolic pathways but no significant differences among the various compost treatments on major metabolic pathways like carbohydrate biosynthesis, carbohydrate degradation, and nitrogen biosynthesis. Conclusion: Various sources of green material affect the succession of compost nutrients and prokaryotic communities. The similarity of amounts of nutrients, such as total Nitrogen, at the end of the composting process, despite differences in feedstock material, indicates a significant influence of composting days on the stability of nutrients during composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifidobacteria are extensively exploited for the formulation of probiotic food supplements due to their claimed ability to exert health-beneficial effects upon their host. However, most commercialized probiotics are tested and selected for their safety features rather than for their effective abilities to interact with the host and/or other intestinal microbial players. In this study, we applied an ecological and phylogenomic-driven selection to identify novel B. longum subsp. longum strains with a presumed high fitness in the human gut. Such analyses allowed the identification of a prototype microorganism to investigate the genetic traits encompassed by the autochthonous bifidobacterial human gut communities. B. longum subsp. longum PRL2022 was selected due to its close genomic relationship with the calculated model representative of the adult human-gut associated B. longum subsp. longum taxon. The interactomic features of PRL2022 with the human host as well as with key representative intestinal microbial members were assayed using in vitro models, revealing how this bifidobacterial gut strain is able to establish extensive cross-talk with both the host and other microbial residents of the human intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background While a considerable amount of research has explored plant community composition in primary successional systems, little is known about the microbial communities inhabiting these pioneer plant species. Fungal endophytes are ubiquitous within plants, and may play major roles in early successional ecosystems. Specifically, endophytes have been shown to affect successional processes, as well as alter host stress tolerance and litter decomposition dynamics—both of which are important components in harsh environments where soil organic matter is still scarce. Results To determine possible contributions of fungal endophytes to plant colonization patterns, we surveyed six of the most common woody species on the Pumice Plain of Mount St. Helens (WA, USA; Lawetlat'la in the Cowlitz language; created during the 1980 eruption)—a model primary successional ecosystem—and found low colonization rates (

Bifidobacteria are extensively exploited for the formulation of probiotic food supplements due to their claimed ability to exert health-beneficial effects upon their host. However, most commercialized probiotics are tested and selected for their safety features rather than for their effective abilities to interact with the host and/or other intestinal microbial players. In this study, we applied an ecological and phylogenomic-driven selection to identify novel B. longum subsp. longum strains with a presumed high fitness in the human gut. Such analyses allowed the identification of a prototype microorganism to investigate the genetic traits encompassed by the autochthonous bifidobacterial human gut communities. B. longum subsp. longum PRL2022 was selected due to its close genomic relationship with the calculated model representative of the adult human-gut associated B. longum subsp. longum taxon. The interactomic features of PRL2022 with the human host as well as with key representative intestinal microbial members were assayed using in vitro models, revealing how this bifidobacterial gut strain is able to establish extensive cross-talk with both the host and other microbial residents of the human intestine.

Salmonella spp. are remarkably adaptable pathogens, and this adaptability allows these bacteria to thrive in a variety of environments and hosts. The mechanisms with which these pathogens establish within a niche amid the native microbiota remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to uncover the mechanisms that enable Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 14028 to benefit from the degradation of plant tissue by a soft rot plant pathogen, Pectobacterium carotovorum The hypothesis that in the soft rot, the liberation of starch (not utilized by P. carotovorum) makes this polymer available to Salmonella spp., thus allowing it to colonize soft rots, was tested first and proven null. To identify the functions involved in Salmonella soft rot colonization, we carried out transposon insertion sequencing coupled with the phenotypic characterization of the mutants. The data indicate that Salmonella spp. experience a metabolic shift in response to the changes in the environment brought on by Pectobacterium spp. and likely coordinated by the csrBC small regulatory RNA. While csrBC and flhD appear to be of importance in the soft rot, the global two-component system encoded by barA sirA (which controls csrBC and flhDC under laboratory conditions) does not appear to be necessary for the observed phenotype. Motility and the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids play critical roles in the growth of Salmonella spp. in the soft rot.IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of produce-associated illness continue to be a food safety concern. Earlier studies demonstrated that the presence of phytopathogens on produce was a significant risk factor associated with increased Salmonella carriage on fruits and vegetables. Here, we genetically characterize some of the requirements for interactions between Salmonella and phytobacteria that allow Salmonella spp. to establish a niche within an alternate host (tomato). Pathways necessary for nucleotide synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and motility are identified as contributors to the persistence of Salmonella spp. in soft rots.

A diverse lineage of microorganisms inhabits plant roots and interacts with plants in various ways. Further, these microbes communicate and interact with each other within the root microbial community. These symbioses add an array of influences, such as plant growth promotion or indirect protection to the host plant. Omics technology and genetic manipulation have been applied to unravel these interactions. Recent studies probed plants’ control over microbes. However, the activity of the root microbial community under host influence has not been elucidated enough. In this mini-review, we discussed the recent advances and limits of omics technology and genetics for dissecting the activity of the root-associated microbial community. These materials may help us formulate the correct experimental plans to capture the entire molecular mechanisms of the plant–microbe interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Complex interactions between microbial populations can greatly affect the overall properties of a microbial community, sometimes leading to cooperation and mutually beneficial coexistence, or competition and the death or displacement of organisms or subpopulations. Interactions between different biofilm populations are highly relevant in diverse scientific areas, from antimicrobial resistance to microbial ecology. The utilization of modern microscopic techniques has provided a new and interesting insight into how bacteria interact at the cellular level to form and maintain microbial biofilms. However, our ability to follow complex intraspecies and interspecies interactions in vivo at the microscopic level has remained somewhat limited. Here, we detailed BacLive, a novel noninvasive method for tracking bacterial growth and biofilm dynamics using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and an associated ImageJ processing macro (https://github.com/BacLive) for easier data handling and image analysis. Finally, we provided examples of how BacLive can be used in the analysis of complex bacterial communities. IMPORTANCE Communication and interactions between single cells are continuously defining the structure and composition of microbial communities temporally and spatially. Methods routinely used to study these communities at the cellular level rely on sample manipulation which makes microscopic time-lapse experiments impossible. BacLive was conceived as a method for the noninvasive study of the formation and development of bacterial communities, such as biofilms, and the formation dynamics of specialized subpopulations in time-lapse experiments at a colony level. In addition, we developed a tool to simplify the processing and analysis of the data generated by this method.

ABSTRACT The oral microbiota is enormously diverse, with over 700 microbial species identified across individuals that play a vital role in the health of our mouth and our overall well-being. In addition, as oral diseases such as caries (cavities) and periodontitis (gum disease) are mediated through interspecies microbial interactions, this community serves as an important model system to study the complexity and dynamics of polymicrobial interactions. Here, we review historical and recent progress in our understanding of the oral microbiome, highlighting how oral microbiome research has significantly contributed to our understanding of microbial communities, with broad implications in polymicrobial diseases and across microbial community ecology. Further, we explore innovations and challenges associated with analyzing polymicrobial systems and suggest future directions of study. Finally, we provide a conceptual framework to systematically study microbial interactions within complex communities, not limited to the oral microbiota.

SUMMARY: Soil is a living ecosystem, the health of which depends on fine interactions among its abiotic and biotic components. These form a delicate equilibrium maintained through a multilayer network that absorbs certain perturbations and guarantees soil functioning. Deciphering the principles governing the interactions within soils is of critical importance for their management and conservation. Here, we focus on soil microbiota and discuss the complexity of interactions that impact the composition and function of soil microbiota and their interaction with plants. We discuss how physical aspects of soils influence microbiota composition and how microbiota–plant interactions support plant growth and responses to nutrient deficiencies. We predict that understanding the principles determining the configuration and functioning of soil microbiota will contribute to the design of microbiota‐based strategies to preserve natural resources and develop more environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Significance Statement: We discuss here how physical aspects of soils influence its microbiota composition and how microbiota‐plant interactions support plant growth and its response to nutrient deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In natural and agricultural ecosystems, survival and growth of plants depend substantially on residing microbes in the endosphere and rhizosphere. Although numerous studies have reported the presence of plant-growth promoting bacteria and fungi in below-ground biomes, it remains a major challenge to understand how sets of microbial species positively or negatively affect plants' performance. By conducting a series of single- and dual-inoculation experiments of 13 plant-associated fungi targeting a Brassicaceae plant species (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), we here systematically evaluated how microbial effects on plants depend on presence/absence of co-occurring microbes. The comparison of single- and dual-inoculation experiments showed that combinations of the fungal isolates with the highest plant-growth promoting effects in single inoculations did not have highly positive impacts on plant performance traits (e.g., shoot dry weight). In contrast, pairs of fungi with small/moderate contributions to plant growth in single-inoculation contexts showed the greatest effects on plants among the 78 fungal pairs examined. These results on the offset and synergistic effects of pairs of microbes suggest that inoculation experiments of single microbial species/isolates can result in the overestimation or underestimation of microbial functions in multi-species contexts. Because keeping single-microbe systems under outdoor conditions is impractical, designing sets of microbes that can maximize performance of crop plants is an important step for the use of microbial functions in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In heterogenous, spatially structured habitats, individuals within populations can become adapted to the prevailing conditions in their local environment. Such local adaptation has been reported for animals and plants, and for pathogens adapting to hosts. There is increasing interest in applying the concept of local adaptation to microbial populations, especially in the context of microbe–microbe interactions. Here, we tested whether cooperation and cheating on cooperation can spur patterns of local adaptation in soil and pond communities of Pseudomonas bacteria, collected across a geographical scale of 0.5 to 50 m. We focussed on the production of pyoverdines, a group of secreted iron‐scavenging siderophores that often differ among pseudomonads in their chemical structure and the receptor required for their uptake. A combination of supernatant‐feeding and competition assays between isolates from four distance categories revealed tremendous variation in the extent to which pyoverdine non‐ and low‐producers can benefit from pyoverdines secreted by producers. However, this variation was not explained by geographical distance, but primarily depended on the phylogenetic relatedness between interacting isolates. A notable exception occurred in local pond communities, where the effect of phylogenetic relatedness was eroded in supernatant assays, probably due to the horizontal transfer of receptor genes. While the latter result could be a signature of local adaptation, our results overall indicate that common ancestry and not geographical distance is the main predictor of siderophore‐mediated social interactions among pseudomonads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation boosts the availability of electron acceptors in the intestinal lumen, creating a favorable niche for pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. However, the mechanisms linking intestinal inflammation-mediated changes in luminal metabolites and pathogen expansion remain unclear. Here, we show that mucosal inflammation induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) infection increases intestinal levels of the amino acid aspartate. S. Tm used aspartate-ammonia lyase (aspA) - dependent fumarate respiration for growth in the murine gut only during inflammation. AspA-dependent growth advantage was abolished in the gut of germ-free mice and restored in gnotobiotic mice colonized with members of the classes Bacteroidia and Clostridia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during the host response caused lysis of commensal microbes, resulting in the release of microbiota-derived aspartate that was used by S. Tm, in concert with nitrate-dependent anaerobic respiration, to outcompete commensal Enterobacteriaceae. Our findings demonstrate the role of microbiota-derived amino acids in driving respiration-dependent S. Tm expansion during colitis. [Display omitted] • Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm) uses aspartate for growth during colitis in mice • Gut microbiota is the main source of aspartate during S. Tm intestinal infection • Aspartate supports S. Tm expansion by enabling anaerobic fumarate respiration • Host-derived ROS lyses commensal microbes to increase aspartate availability Yoo et al. describe how Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm)-induced gut inflammation increases aspartate levels, which fuels S. Tm growth during colitis in mice. Microbiota killing due to the host inflammatory response increases aspartate availability, and S. Tm uses this newly available aspartate to overcome competitors such as E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Plants have evolved intimate interactions with soil microbes for a range of beneficial functions including nutrient acquisition, pathogen resistance and stress tolerance. Further understanding of this system is a promising way to advance sustainable agriculture by exploiting the versatile benefits offered by the plant microbiome. The rhizosphere is the interface between plant and soil, and functions as the first step of plant defense and root microbiome recruitment. It features a specialized microbial community, intensive microbe-plant and microbe-microbe interactions, and complex signal communication. To decipher the rhizosphere microbiome assembly of soybean (Glycine max), we comprehensively characterized the soybean rhizosphere microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and evaluated the structuring influence from both host genotype and soil source. Results Comparison of the soybean rhizosphere to bulk soil revealed significantly different microbiome composition, microbe-microbe interactions and metabolic capacity. Soil type and soybean genotype cooperatively modulated microbiome assembly with soil type predominantly shaping rhizosphere microbiome assembly while host genotype slightly tuned this recruitment process. The undomesticated progenitor species, Glycine soja, had higher rhizosphere diversity in both soil types tested in comparison to the domesticated soybean genotypes. Rhizobium, Novosphingobium, Phenylobacterium, Streptomyces, Nocardioides, etc. were robustly enriched in soybean rhizosphere irrespective of the soil tested. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed dominant soil type effects and genotype specific preferences for key microbe-microbe interactions. Functional prediction results demonstrated converged metabolic capacity in the soybean rhizosphere between soil types and among genotypes, with pathways related to xenobiotic degradation, plant-microbe interactions and nutrient transport being greatly enriched in the rhizosphere. Conclusion This comprehensive comparison of the soybean microbiome between soil types and genotypes expands our understanding of rhizosphere microbe assembly in general and provides foundational information for soybean as a legume crop for this assembly process. The cooperative modulating role of the soil type and host genotype emphasizes the importance of integrated consideration of soil condition and plant genetic variability for future development and application of synthetic microbiomes. Additionally, the detection of the tuning role by soybean genotype in rhizosphere microbiome assembly provides a promising way for future breeding programs to integrate host traits participating in beneficial microbiota assembly.

The lac operon is one of the best known gene regulatory circuits and constitutes a landmark example of how bacteria tune their metabolism to nutritional conditions. It is nearly ubiquitous in Escherichia coli strains justifying the use of its phenotype, the ability to consume lactose, for species identification. Lactose is the primary sugar found in milk, which is abundant in mammals during the first weeks of life. However, lactose is virtually non-existent after the weaning period, with humans being an exception as many consume dairy products throughout their lives. The absence of lactose during adulthood in most mammals and the rarity of lactose in the environment, means that the selective pressure for maintaining the lac operon could be weak for long periods of time. Despite the ability to metabolize lactose being a hallmark of E. coli 's success when colonizing its primary habitat, the mammalian intestine, the selective value of this trait remains unknown in this ecosystem during adulthood. Here we determine the competitive advantage conferred by the lac operon to a commensal strain of E. coli when colonizing the mouse gut. We find that its benefit, which can be as high as 11%, is contingent on the presence of lactose in the diet and on the presence of other microbiota members in the gut, but the operon is never deleterious. These results help explaining the pervasiveness of the lac operon in E. coli , but also its polymorphism, as lac -negative E. coli strains albeit rare can naturally occur in the gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rumen microbial ecosystem is known for its biomass-degrading and methane-producing phenotype. Fermentation of recalcitrant plant material, comprised of a multitude of interwoven fibers, necessitates the synergistic activity of diverse microbial taxonomic groups that inhabit the anaerobic rumen ecosystem. Although interspecies hydrogen (H2) transfer, a process during which bacterially generated H2 is transferred to methanogenic Archaea, has obtained significant attention over the last decades, the temporal variation of the different taxa involved in in situ biomass-degradation, H2 transfer and the methanogenesis process remains to be established. Here we investigated the temporal succession of microbial taxa and its effect on fiber composition during rumen incubation using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Switchgrass filled nylon bags were placed in the rumen of a cannulated cow and collected at nine time points for DNA extraction and 16S pyrotag profiling. The microbial community colonizing the air-dried and non-incubated (0 h) switchgrass was dominated by members of the Bacilli (recruiting 63% of the pyrotag reads). During in situ incubation of the switchgrass, two major shifts in the community composition were observed: Bacilli were replaced within 30 min by members belonging to the Bacteroidia and Clostridia, which recruited 34 and 25% of the 16S rRNA reads generated, respectively. A second significant shift was observed after 16 h of rumen incubation, when members of the Spirochaetes and Fibrobacteria classes became more abundant in the fiber-adherent community. During the first 30 min of rumen incubation ~13% of the switchgrass dry matter was degraded, whereas little biomass degradation appeared to have occurred between 30 min and 4 h after the switchgrass was placed in the rumen. Interestingly, methanogenic members of the Euryarchaeota (i.e., Methanobacteria) increased up to 3-fold during this period of reduced biomass-degradation, with peak abundance just before rates of dry matter degradation increased again. We hypothesize that during this period microbial-mediated fibrolysis was temporarily inhibited until H2 was metabolized into CH4 by methanogens. Collectively, our results demonstrate the importance of inter-species interactions for the biomass-degrading and methane-producing phenotype of the rumen microbiome-both microbially facilitated processes with global significance.

Deciphering the cues that stimulate microorganisms to produce their full secondary metabolic potential promises to speed up the discovery of novel drugs. Ecology-relevant conditions, including carbon-source(s) and microbial interactions, are important effectors of secondary metabolite production. Vice versa secondary metabolites are important mediators in microbial interactions, although their exact natural functions are not always completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of microbial interactions and in-culture produced antibiotics on the production of secondary metabolites by Vibrio coralliilyticus and Photobacterium galatheae , two co-occurring marine Vibrionaceae. In co-culture, production of andrimid by V. coralliilyticus and holomycin by P. galatheae , were, compared to monocultures, increased 4.3 and 2.7 fold, respectively. Co-cultures with the antibiotic deficient mutant strains (andrimid− and holomycin−) did not reveal a significant role for the competitor's antibiotic as stimulator of own secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, we observed that V. coralliilyticus detoxifies holomycin by sulphur-methylation. Results presented here indicate that ecological competition in Vibrionaceae is mediated by, and a cue for, antibiotic secondary metabolite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms interact with plant roots through colonization of the root surface, i.e., the rhizoplane or the surrounding soil, i.e., the rhizosphere. Beneficial rhizosphere bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. can promote plant growth and protect against pathogens by producing a range of bioactive compounds, including specialized metabolites like cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) known for their biosurfactant and antimicrobial activities. However, the role of CLPs in natural soil systems during bacteria-plant interactions is underexplored. Here, Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, producing the CLP viscosin, was used to study the impact of viscosin on bacterial root colonization and microbiome assembly in two cultivars of winter wheat (Heerup and Sheriff). We inoculated germinated wheat seeds with SBW25 wild type or a viscosin-deficient mutant and grew the plants in agricultural soil. After 2 weeks, enhanced root colonization of SBW25 wild type compared to the viscosin-deficient mutant was observed, while no differences were observed between wheat cultivars. In contrast, the impact on root-associated microbial community structure was plant-genotype-specific, and SBW25 wild type specifically reduced the relative abundance of an unclassified oomycete and Phytophthora in Sheriff and Heerup, respectively. This study provides new insights into the natural role of viscosin and specifically highlights the importance of viscosin in wheat root colonization under natural soil conditions and in shaping the root microbial communities associated with different wheat cultivars. Furthermore, it pinpoints the significance of microbial microdiversity, plant genotype, and microbe-microbe interactions when studying colonization of plant roots., Importance: Understanding parameters governing microbiome assembly on plant roots is critical for successfully exploiting beneficial plant-microbe interactions for improved plant growth under low-input conditions. While it is well-known from in vitro studies that specialized metabolites are important for plant-microbe interactions, e.g., root colonization, studies on the ecological role under natural soil conditions are limited. This might explain the often-low translational power from laboratory testing to field performance of microbial inoculants. Here, we showed that viscosin synthesis potential results in a differential impact on the microbiome assembly dependent on wheat cultivar, unlinked to colonization potential. Overall, our study provides novel insights into factors governing microbial assembly on plant roots, and how this has a derived but differential effect on the bacterial and protist communities., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

ABSTRACT Multiple epidemiological studies identify Dolosigranulum pigrum as a candidate beneficial bacterium based on its positive association with health, including negative associations with nasal/nasopharyngeal colonization by the pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Using a multipronged approach to gain new insights into D. pigrum function, we observed phenotypic interactions and predictions of genomic capacity that support the idea of a role for microbe-microbe interactions involving D. pigrum in shaping the composition of human nasal microbiota. We identified in vivo community-level and in vitro phenotypic cooperation by specific nasal Corynebacterium species. Also, D. pigrum inhibited S. aureus growth in vitro, whereas robust inhibition of S. pneumoniae required both D. pigrum and a nasal Corynebacterium together. D. pigrum l-lactic acid production was insufficient to account for these inhibitions. Genomic analysis of 11 strains revealed that D. pigrum has a small genome (average 1.86 Mb) and multiple predicted auxotrophies consistent with D. pigrum relying on its human host and on cocolonizing bacteria for key nutrients. Further, the accessory genome of D. pigrum harbored a diverse repertoire of biosynthetic gene clusters, some of which may have a role in microbe-microbe interactions. These new insights into D. pigrum’s functions advance the field from compositional analysis to genomic and phenotypic experimentation on a potentially beneficial bacterial resident of the human upper respiratory tract and lay the foundation for future animal and clinical experiments. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. For both, nasal colonization is a risk factor for infection. Studies of nasal microbiota identify Dolosigranulum pigrum as a benign bacterium present when adults are free of S. aureus or when children are free of S. pneumoniae. Here, we validated these in vivo associations with functional assays. We found that D. pigrum inhibited S. aureus in vitro and, together with a specific nasal Corynebacterium species, also inhibited S. pneumoniae. Furthermore, genomic analysis of D. pigrum indicated that it must obtain key nutrients from other nasal bacteria or from humans. These phenotypic interactions support the idea of a role for microbe-microbe interactions in shaping the composition of human nasal microbiota and implicate D. pigrum as a mutualist of humans. These findings support the feasibility of future development of microbe-targeted interventions to reshape nasal microbiota composition to exclude S. aureus and/or S. pneumoniae.

Plants live in association with diverse microorganisms, collectively called the microbiome. These microbes live either inside (endosphere) or outside (episphere) of plant tissues. Microbes play important roles in the ecology and physiology of plants. Significant progress has been made in revealing structure and dynamics of plant microbiome in the last few years. Various factors related to host, microbes as well as environment influence the community composition and diversity of plant microbiome. This review aimed to provide a general account of the factors (host, microbe and environment) that drive the microbial community composition in plant. First, we gave an overview of the aboveground and belowground plant microbiomes. Next, we discussed which host factors are involved in variation in plants followed by importance of microbe-microbe interactions and the elements of environment that influence composition and community structuring of plant microbiomes.

ABSTRACT Antibiotics produced by bacteria play important roles in microbial interactions and competition Antibiosis can induce resistance mechanisms in target organisms, and at sublethal doses, antibiotics have been shown to globally alter gene expression patterns. Here, we show that hygromycin A from Streptomyces sp. strain 2AW. induces Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532 to produce the purple antibiotic violacein. Sublethal doses of other antibiotics that similarly target the polypeptide elongation step of translation likewise induced violacein production, unlike antibiotics with different targets. C. violaceum biofilm formation and virulence against Drosophila melanogaster were also induced by translation-inhibiting antibiotics, and we identified an antibiotic-induced response (air) two-component regulatory system that is required for these responses. Genetic analyses indicated a connection between the Air system, quorum-dependent signaling, and the negative regulator VioS, leading us to propose a model for induction of violacein production. This work suggests a novel mechanism of interspecies interaction in which a bacterium produces an antibiotic in response to inhibition by another bacterium and supports the role of antibiotics as signal molecules. IMPORTANCE Secondary metabolites play important roles in microbial communities, but their natural functions are often unknown and may be more complex than appreciated. While compounds with antibiotic activity are often assumed to underlie microbial competition, they may alternatively act as signal molecules. In either scenario, microorganisms might evolve responses to sublethal concentrations of these metabolites, either to protect themselves from inhibition or to change certain behaviors in response to the local abundance of another species. Here, we report that violacein production by C. violaceum ATCC 31532 is induced in response to hygromycin A from Streptomyces sp. 2AW, and we show that this response is dependent on inhibition of translational polypeptide elongation and a previously uncharacterized two-component regulatory system. The breadth of the transcriptional response beyond violacein induction suggests a surprisingly complex metabolite-mediated microbe-microbe interaction and supports the hypothesis that antibiotics evolved as signal molecules. These novel insights will inform predictive models of soil community dynamics and the unintended effects of clinical antibiotic administration.

Abstract Since the colonization of land by ancestral plant lineages 450 million years ago, plants and their associated microbes have been interacting with each other, forming an assemblage of species that is often referred to as a “holobiont.” Selective pressure acting on holobiont components has likely shaped plant-associated microbial communities and selected for host-adapted microorganisms that impact plant fitness. However, the high microbial densities detected on plant tissues, together with the fast generation time of microbes and their more ancient origin compared to their host, suggest that microbe-microbe interactions are also important selective forces sculpting complex microbial assemblages in the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and plant endosphere compartments. Reductionist approaches conducted under laboratory conditions have been critical to decipher the strategies used by specific microbes to cooperate and compete within or outside plant tissues. Nonetheless, our understanding of these microbial interactions in shaping more complex plant-associated microbial communities, along with their relevance for host health in a more natural context, remains sparse. Using examples obtained from reductionist and community-level approaches, we discuss the fundamental role of microbe-microbe interactions (prokaryotes and micro-eukaryotes) for microbial community structure and plant health. We provide a conceptual framework illustrating that interactions among microbiota members are critical for the establishment and the maintenance of host-microbial homeostasis.

Keywords: Bioactive Food Ingredients; gut health; gut microbiota; polyphenol; microbe-microbe interactions; metabolomics EN Bioactive Food Ingredients gut health gut microbiota polyphenol microbe-microbe interactions metabolomics 1 3 3 04/28/22 20220422 NES 220422 With the rapid advancement in the various "omics" technologies, a wide range of strategies (e.g., the application of dietary nutrients) have been extensively explored worldwide to improve the human health (Hasin et al., [3]; Nayak et al., [4]; Si et al., [6]). Bioactive Food Ingredients, gut microbiota, polyphenol, metabolomics, gut health, microbe-microbe interactions To date, the molecular mechanisms regulating the interactions among the food nutrients/prebiotics, gut microbiota, and host health remain largely unclear. [Extracted from the article]

Mixed culture cultivation is well renowned for industrial applications due to its technological and economic benefits in bioprocess, food processing, and pharmaceutical industries. A mixed consortium encompasses to achieve growth in unsterile conditions, robustness to environmental stresses, perform difficult functions, show better substrate utilization, and increase productivity. Hence, mixed cultures are being valorized currently and has also augmented our understanding of microbial activities in communities. This chapter covers a wide range of discussion on recent improvements in mixed culture cultivation for microbial bioprocessing and multifarious applications in different areas. The history of microbial culture, microbial metabolism in mixed culture, biosynthetic pathway studies, isolation and identification of strains, along with the types of microbial interactions involved during their production and propagation, are meticulously detailed in the current chapter. Besides, parameters for evaluating mixed culture performance, large-scale production, and challenges associated with it are also discussed vividly. Microbial community, characteristics of single and mixed culture fermentation, and microbe-microbe interactions in mixed cultures have been summarized comprehensively. Lastly, various challenges and opportunities in the area of microbial mixed culture that are obligatory to improve the current knowledge of microbial bioprocesses are projected., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

How do pathogens affecting the same host interact with each other? We evaluated here the types of microbe-microbe interactions taking place between Streptomyces scabiei and Phytophthora infestans, the causative agents of common scab and late blight diseases in potato crops, respectively. Under most laboratory culture conditions tested, S. scabiei impaired or completely inhibited the growth of P. infestans by producing either soluble and/or volatile compounds. Increasing peptone levels correlated with increased inhibition of P. infestans. Comparative metabolomics showed that production of S. scabiei siderophores (desferrioxamines, pyochelin, scabichelin, and turgichelin) increased with the quantity of peptone, thereby suggesting that they participate in the inhibition of the oomycete growth. Mass spectrometry imaging further uncovered that the zones of secreted siderophores and of P. infestans growth inhibition coincided. Moreover, either the repression of siderophore production or the neutralization of their iron-chelating activity led to a resumption of P. infestans growth. Replacement of peptone by natural nitrogen sources such as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and urea also triggered siderophore production in S. scabiei. Interestingly, nitrogen source-induced siderophore production also inhibited the growth of Alternaria solani, the causative agent of the potato early blight. Overall, our work further emphasizes the importance of competition for iron between microorganisms that colonize the same niche. As common scab never alters the vegetative propagation of tubers, we propose that S. scabiei, under certain conditions, could play a protective role for its hosts against much more destructive pathogens through exploitative iron competition and volatile compound production., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Microbiological tools, biofertilizers, and biocontrol agents, which are bacteria and fungi capable of providing beneficial outcomes in crop plant growth and health, have been developed for several decades. Currently we have a selection of strains available as products for agriculture, predominantly based on plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), soil, epiphytic, and mycorrhizal fungi, each having specific challenges in their production and use, with the main one being inconsistency of field performance. With the growing global concern about pollution, greenhouse gas accumulation, and increased need for plant-based foods, the demand for biofertilizers and biocontrol agents is expected to grow. What are the prospects of finding solutions to the challenges on existing tools? The inconsistent field performance could be overcome by using combinations of several different types of microbial strains, consisting various members of the full plant microbiome. However, a thorough understanding of each microbiological tool, microbial communities, and their mechanisms of action must precede the product development. In this review, we offer a brief overview of the available tools and consider various techniques and approaches that can produce information on new beneficial traits in biofertilizer and biocontrol strains. We also discuss innovative ideas on how and where to identify efficient new members for the biofertilizer and biocontrol strain family.

Litter decomposition rates are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, including the presence of fungal endophytes in host plant tissues. This review broadly analyzes the findings of 67 studies on the roles of foliar endophytes in litter decomposition, and their effects on decomposition rates. From 29 studies and 1 review, we compiled a comprehensive table of 710 leaf-associated fungal taxa, including the type of tissue these taxa were associated with and isolated from, whether they were reported as endo- or epiphytic, and whether they had reported saprophytic abilities. Aquatic (i.e., in-stream) decomposition studies of endophyte-affected litter were significantly under-represented in the search results (p < 0.0001). Indicator species analyses revealed that different groups of fungal endophytes were significantly associated with cool or tropical climates, as well as specific plant host genera (p < 0.05). Finally, we argue that host plant and endophyte interactions can significantly influence litter decomposition rates and should be considered when interpreting results from both terrestrial and in-stream litter decomposition experiments.

Plants are colonised by millions of microorganisms representing thousands of species withvarying effects on plant growth and health. The microbial communities found on plants arecompositionally consistent and their overall positive effect on the plant is well known. However,the effects of individual microbiota members on plant hosts and vice versa, as well as the underlyingmechanisms, remain largely unknown. Here, we describe “Litterbox”, a highly controlled system toinvestigate plant−microbe interactions. Plants were grown gnotobiotically, otherwise sterile, onzeolite-clay, a soil replacement that retains enough moisture to avoid subsequent watering.Litterbox-grown plants resemble greenhouse-grown plants more closely than agar-grown plantsand exhibit lower leaf epiphyte densities (106 cfu/g), reflecting natural conditions. Apolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet was used to cover the zeolite, significantly lowering thebacterial load in the zeolite and rhizosphere. This reduced the likelihood of potential systemicresponses in leaves induced by microbial rhizosphere colonisation. We present results of exampleexperiments studying the transcriptional responses of leaves to defined microbiota members andthe spatial distribution of bacteria on leaves. We anticipate that this versatile and affordable plantgrowth system will promote microbiota research and help in elucidating plant-microbe interactionsand their underlying mechanisms.

Microbial interactions are an underappreciated force in shaping insect microbiome communities. Although pairwise patterns of symbiont interactions have been identified, we have a poor understanding regarding the scale and the nature of co-occurrence and co-exclusion interactions within the microbiome. To characterize these patterns in mosquitoes, we sequenced the bacterial microbiome of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus caught in the field or reared in the laboratory and used these data to generate interaction networks. For collections, we used traps that attracted host-seeking or ovipositing female mosquitoes to determine how physiological state affects the microbiome under field conditions. Interestingly, we saw few differences in species richness or microbiome community structure in mosquitoes caught in either trap. Co-occurrence and co-exclusion analysis identified 116 pairwise interactions substantially increasing the list of bacterial interactions observed in mosquitoes. Networks generated from the microbiome of Ae. aegypti often included highly interconnected hub bacteria. There were several instances where co-occurring bacteria co-excluded a third taxa, suggesting the existence of tripartite relationships. Several associations were observed in multiple species or in field and laboratory-reared mosquitoes indicating these associations are robust and not influenced by environmental or host factors. To demonstrate that microbial interactions can influence colonization of the host, we administered symbionts to Ae. aegypti larvae that either possessed or lacked their resident microbiota. We found that the presence of resident microbiota can inhibit colonization of particular bacterial taxa. Our results highlight that microbial interactions in mosquitoes are complex and influence microbiome composition.