Search

V današnjem svetu se srečujemo z intenzivnim mednarodnim trgovanjem in investiranjem. Mednarodna trgovina in tuje neposredne investicije lahko podjetjem in državam ustvarijo veliko pozitivnih učinkov, zato se veliko število podjetij odloči, da širijo svoj trg zunaj lastne države. Za vzpostavitev dobrih odnosov s tujimi podjetji in lažje nastopanje na tujem trgu, morajo podjetja narediti analizo poslovnega okolja ciljne države. Japonska predstavlja tretje največje gospodarstvo na svetu. Znana je po prebivalstvu z visoko delovno etiko, visoko razviti tehnologiji, zanimivi zgodovini in bogati kulturi. Z vidika vstopa slovenskih podjetij na japonski trg obstaja še mnogo priložnosti. Na to kaže tudi skromna vrednost izvoza slovenskih izdelkov na Japonsko. V diplomskem seminarju smo s pomočjo PEST analize analizirali poslovno okolje Japonske. Proučili smo politično, ekonomsko, družbeno-kulturno in tehnološko dimenzijo poslovnega okolja te države. Poleg tega smo podali oceno, v katerih panogah bi lahko bila slovenska podjetja na Japonskem uspešna. In today's world we face with the intense international trade and investment. International trade and foreign direct investment can create many positive effects for companies and countries, and a large number of companies decide to expand their market outside their own country. In order to establish good relationships with foreign companies and to facilitate the appearance on the foreign market, companies must make an analysis of the business environment of the target country. Japan is the third largest economy in the world. It is known for population with high work ethics, highly developed technology, interesting history and rich culture. From the point of view of the entry of Slovenian companies into the Japanese market there are still many opportunities. This is also reflected in the modest amount of exports of Slovenian products to Japan. In the diploma thesis we analyzed the business environment of Japan by PEST analysis. We studied the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological dimension of the business environment of this country. In addition, we gave an assessment of the sectors in which Slovenian companies in Japan could be successful.

Zaradi zapletenosti poslovanja na tujih trgih in zaradi tveganj, ki se pojavljajo v mednarodni menjavi, so se razvili finančni instrumenti, ki podjetjem olajšajo nastop na tujih trgih. V diplomskem delu obravnavamo financiranje mednarodne trgovine s faktoringom in forfaitingom. Izvozniki se pri izvozu blaga ali storitev srečujejo z različnimi zahtevami uvoznikov, ki pa jih zaradi obravnavanih dveh instrumentov financiranja lažje obvladujejo in tako povečujejo svojo konkurenčnost. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela opisujemo splošne značilnosti faktoringa in forfaitinga kot instrumentov financiranja mednarodnih poslov, njune prednosti in slabosti, vrste faktoringa v mednarodni menjavi, tveganja, ki jih lahko obvladujemo z njuno uporabo, ter stroške obeh instrumentov. Zaradi redkih poslov forfaitinga v empiričnem delu obravnavamo le faktoring kot obliko financiranja mednarodne menjave. Ugotavljamo povezavo med višino mednarodne menjave in višino mednarodnega faktoringa za članice EU. V nadaljevanju empirične analize ugotavljamo povezavo med BDP in deležem faktoringa v mednarodni menjavi. Primerjamo tudi stroške financiranja s faktoringom v primerjavi z bančnim kreditom in predstavljamo pogodbo o faktoringu ter njene značilnosti. Due to the complexity of business in foreign markets and due to the risks that arise in international trade, financial instruments that facilitate the performance of businesses in foreign markets were developed. In this thesis we discuss the financing of international trade with factoring and forfaiting. In the process of exports of goods and services exporters meet with various requirements of importers, however, due to the discussed two instruments of funding they manage them easier and thus, enhance their competitiveness. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we describe the general characteristics of factoring and forfaiting as instruments of financing international transactions, their advantages and disadvantages, types of factoring in international trade, risks that can be managed by their use, adn the costs of both instruments. Due to the scarce forfaiting transactions, the empirical part deals only with factoring as a form of financing international trade. We establish a link between the amount of international trade and the level of international factoring for the EU. In the continuation of empirical analysis we investigate the link between the GDP and the share of factoring in international trade. We compare the cost of financing through factoring with a bank credit and present contract on factoring and its features.

Skozi magistrsko nalogo smo sprva predstavili teoretičen vidik pomorskega transporta, ki je eden izmed bistvenih elementov, ki omogoča razvoj mednarodne trgovine. Sam transport in trgovina sta dobila nove razsežnosti z razvojem kontejnerjev, ki omogočajo stroškovno in prostorsko učinkovit transporta blaga, še posebej na razdaljah, kjer je tranzitni čas daljši. Velikost in prostornina kontejnerja sta izbrana glede na vrsto blaga in težo. Pri pomorskem kontejnerskem transportu je potrebno posebej poudariti ekonomski vidik tovrstnega načina transporta, kot je zmanjševanje stroškov pakiranja, povečanje varnosti pri samem prevozu, hitrejše manipuliranje, poenostavljanje administrativnih poslov in drugo. Kljub koristnim učinkom, pa se tudi pomorski kontejnerski transport ni mogel izogniti učinkom svetovne gospodarske krize. Kriza je povzročila in zabeležila padec opravljanja tovrstnega prevoza tovora, zmanjšala se je potreba po proizvodnji ladij, nekateri ladjarji so izgubili svoje ključne prevozne poti, vse to pa je posledica zmanjšanega povpraševanja po tujih proizvodih, kar pomeni manjši uvoz oziroma izvoz. Ta padec mednarodne menjave je bil zabeležen tudi v trgovinski bilanci med Slovenijo in Kitajsko v zadnjih treh letih, ki pa se počasi stabilizira. Ljudska republika Kitajska je z vstopom v Svetovno trgovinsko organizacijo leta 2001 pridobila veliko, saj ji je bilo omogočeno trgovanje z večjim delom Evropskih držav, med njimi tudi Slovenijo. Odnosi med omenjenima državama so se utrdili z nekaterimi sporazumi, ki urejajo trgovinske odnose med njima. V magistrski nalogi je osvetljen tudi problem oziroma dejstva, ki se navezujejo na analizo uvoza pošiljke iz Kitajske. Sama menjava dobrin zagotovo ne bi bila uspešna brez skrbno organizirane transportne poti. Sprva je v nalogi predstavljen teoretičen vidik izbire ustrezne poti in pravilne organizacije poti ter zavarovanja. Ključen pomen pri mednarodni menjavi pa imajo tudi pravila ICC zato so v nalogi predstavljene tiste klavzule, ki so ključnega pomena za pomorski transport. Podjetja se za brezhibno opravljen transport blaga obračajo na špediterska podjetja. Predstavljen je pomen in razvoj špedicije ter njihove naloge. Za boljšo in nazornejšo analizo primera uvoza pošiljke iz Kitajske, smo za pomoč zaprosili večje špeditersko podjetje, izpostava Koper. S svojimi izkušnjami in prakso so nam razložili kakšen je potek uvoza blaga. Throughout the master thesis we have firstly presented a theoretical aspect of the maritime transport, which is one of the essential elements, that enables the development of international trade. Transportation and trade itself were given a new dimension with the development of containers, which enables a low cost and space efficient transport of goods, especially for long distances, where the transit time is longer. The size and the volume of the containers are selected depending on the type and weight of the goods. In maritime container-transport, the economic aspects must be extra stressed out, such as reducing the costs of packing, increasing the safety of the transport itself, faster handling, simplifying administrative work and other. Despite the great utility, the sea-container transport also could not escape the impact of the global economic crises. The crisis has created and recorded a decrease of performing the transportation, the need for the manufacture of ships has decreased, many ship-owners have lost their key routes, and all of this is a consequence due to reduced demand of foreign products, which brings a lower import and export. This decline of international trade has been recorded in the balance of trade between Slovenia and China in the past three years as well, but is beginning to stabilize. The People's Republic of China has gained a lot by joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2011, because it was able to trade with most European countries, including Slovenia. The relations among these two countries have strengthened by signing a few agreements that manage trade relations between them. The master thesis also highlights the problems and facts, related to the analysis of import shipments from China. The goods exchange itself certainly would not be so successful without carefully organized routes. Initially, the theoretical aspect of the selection of the proper way, correct organization and insurance is presented in the thesis. The ICC rules also have a crucial meaning concerning the international trade therefore the clauses that have an important meaning for maritime transport are presented in the thesis. Companies turn to forwarding companies for the flawlessly done transport of the goods. The meaning, development and functions of forwarding agency are also presented. For a better and more intuitive analysis of the case of import shipments from China, we have requested the assistance of major forwarding company, branch office of Koper. With their experiences and practice, they have explained the course of the imported goods.