Search

"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." This maxim underscores the importance of historical awareness in medicine, particularly for obstetricians and gynecologists (ObGyns). ObGyns significantly impact societal health through their care for pregnant women, fetuses, and newborns, uniquely positioning them to advocate for health initiatives with lasting societal benefits. Despite its importance, the history of medicine is underrepresented in medical curricula, missing opportunities to foster critical thinking and ethical decision-making. In today's climate of threatened reproductive rights, vaccine misinformation, and harmful ideologies, it is imperative for ObGyns to champion comprehensive historical education. The history of medicine, particularly in relation to societal issues – such as racism, discrimination, genocides, pandemics, and wars – provides valuable context for addressing challenges like maternal mortality, reproductive rights, vaccine hesitancy, and ethical issues. Understanding historical milestones and notable ethical breaches, such as the Tuskegee Study and the thalidomide tragedy, informs better practices and safeguards patient rights. Technological advancements in hygiene, antibiotics, vaccines, and prenatal care have revolutionized the field, yet contemporary ObGyns must remain vigilant about lessons learned from past challenges and successes. Integrating historical knowledge into medical training enhances clinical proficiency and ethical responsibility, fostering innovation and improving health outcomes. By reflecting on historical achievements and their impacts, current and future ObGyns can advance the field, ensuring comprehensive and ethically sound approaches to patient care. This paper highlights the crucial role of historical knowledge in shaping modern ObGyn practices, advocating for its integration into medical education to address contemporary health challenges and ethical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed pressure urticaria (DPU) is a subset of chronic inducible urticaria. It is characterized by the formation of wheals anytime between 30 minutes and 24 hours after stimulus exposure of localized pressure application. In this case report, we discuss a military flight crew member with no significant past medical history who developed DPU following rapid decompression in an altitude chamber. The chamber training included an uneventful ascent to 45,000 feet, higher than he had been previously, and a rapid decompression. About 16 hours later, he developed pruritic swelling of his hands and feet, along with diffuse deep nodular swelling, erythematous plaques, and erythematous nodules. His DPU was refractory to monotherapy treatment with antihistamines, and he continued to develop lesions in weight-bearing areas. Control of symptoms was achieved through combination treatment of a second-generation antihistamine, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, and an immunosuppressant (cyclosporine). His waiver to return to flight status was denied while on cyclosporine. He was transitioned to a monoclonal antibody that binds free immunoglobin E (omalizumab) with resolution of symptoms and was cleared to return to active duty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Military service members (SMs) are exposed to repetitive head impacts (RHIs) in combat and training that are purported to adversely affect brain health, including cognition, behavior, and function. Researchers have reported that RHI from blast-related exposure may affect both vestibular and ocular function, which in turn may be related to symptomology. As such, an examination of the effects of RHI on exposed military SMs should incorporate these domains. To date, researchers have not compared groups of exposed special operations forces (SOF) operators on combined clinical vestibular/ocular and eye-tracker-based outcomes. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to compare participant-reported symptoms and performance on the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool with performance on the computerized RightEye tracking system between SOF operators exposed to blast-related RHI and healthy controls without blast-related exposure. In addition, the study aimed to compare subgroups of snipers and breachers exposed to RHI to controls on the preceding metrics, as well as identify a subset of individual (demographic) factors, participant-reported symptoms, and performance metrics on VOMS and RightEye that best identify SOF operators exposed to RHI from unexposed controls. Materials and Methods The study involved a cross-sectional design including 25 Canadian SOF SMs comprised of breachers (n  = 9), snipers (n  = 9), and healthy, unexposed controls (n  = 7). The former 2 groups were combined into an RHI group (n  = 18) and compared to controls (n  = 7). Participants provided demographics and completed a self-reported concussion-related symptom report via the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation 2, the VOMS, and RightEye computerized eye-tracking assessments. Independent samples t -tests and ANOVAs were used to compare the groups on the outcomes, with receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) analyses to identify predictors of blast exposure. This study was approved by the Defence Research Development Canada Human Research Ethics Committee and the Canadian Forces Surgeon General/Special Forces Command. Results The results from t -tests supported group differences for age (P  = .012), participant-reported symptoms (P  = .006), and all VOMS items (P range = <.001-.02), with the RHI group being higher than healthy controls on all variables. ANOVA results supported group differences among snipers, breachers, and controls for age (P  = .01), RightEye saccades (P  = .04), participant-reported total symptom severity (P  = .03), and VOMS total scores (P  = .003). The results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses supported age (AUC = 0.81), Military Acute Concussion Evaluation 2 participant-reported total symptom severity (AUC = 0.87), and VOMS total scores (AUC = 0.92) as significant predictors of prior blast exposure. Conclusions Participant-reported concussion symptoms, VOMS scores, and age were useful in identifying SOF operators exposed to RHI from controls. RightEye metrics were not useful in differentiating RHI groups from controls. Differences between snipers and breachers warrant further research. Overall, the findings suggest that VOMS may be a useful tool for screening for the effects of exposure to RHI in SOF operators. Future investigations should be conducted on a larger sample of military SMs, consider additional factors (e.g. RHI exposure levels, medical history, and sex), and include additional assessment domains (e.g. balance, cognitive, and psychological). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of mobile applications helps improving self-management in adolescents with asthma. However, no evidence is available for children with preschool wheezing. In addition, we have no data on the reliability of medical history collected at visits. The first aim was to assess the feasibility of a smartphone app in the management of preschool wheezing; secondly we aimed to evaluate the reliability of anamnestic data collected during face-to-face medical interviews. Methods: Children with recurrent wheezing, age between 25 and 72 months, were randomly assigned to the intervention group, provided with a smartphone app for symptoms monitoring and asthma attack treatment, or to the control group, with a written action plan. At follow-up medical history was collected and the asthma control test and a clinical questionnaire were completed. App acceptability was also explored. Respiratory symptoms, medication and utilization of healthcare resources were collected. Plus, medical information obtained from the paper questionnaires was compared with data daily recorded by the app. Results: We enrolled 85 preschool children with recurrent wheezing: 43 assigned to the intervention and 42 to the control group. The average (SD) adherence to e-Diary compilation was 60 (15)%. The acceptance and usability of the intervention was favorable as 70% and 93% of participants in the intervention arm described the app as ''simple and intuitive" at Visit1 (after 3 months from enrollement) and Visit2 (3 months later than Visit1), respectively and 95% and 98% found it useful in symptoms management. There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical outcomes. At Visit1, the cACT median score (IQR) was 23,5 (21–25) for the control group (42 patients) and 23 (21–24) for the intervention group (43 patients). At Visit2 (41 controls and 42 in the intervention group) it was 25 (24–25) and 24 (24–25), respectively. Secondary analysis of data from the intervention group showed higher incidence of daily symptoms recorded by the app in comparison with the paper questionnaire, suggesting that collection of retrospective medical history may not be completely reliable. Conclusions: The smartphone app is usable and acceptable by families of preschool wheezers. Future controlled trial are needed to prove an impact on clinical outcomes or its efficacy in a telemedicine program. Finally a daily questionnaire could provide physicians with a more reliable clinical picture as reflected better daily asthma symptoms than the written retrospective questionnaire filled at clinical visit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the earliest refutations of the Visum et Repertum (1732) by Johann Flückinger was from Johann Wilhelm Nöbling, a young student of philosophy and theology at the University of Jena, who attacked the findings from a position of scientific scepticism enshrouded with Lutheran theology in his thesis Concerning the Blood-Sucking Corpses of those so-called Vampires or People-Suckers. While he is best remembered for first proposing the incubus or nightmare of sleep paralysis as being the real cause of the superstition, his major contribution was theological, concerning the relation between body and soul. And yet while Nöbling provides a rigorous, scripture-based denial of vampirism, his framework necessarily accommodates contemporary medical theory, demonstrating both the adaptation of theology to science and the extent to which pneumatology still inhered in scientific enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis is the property of Amsterdam University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The process of including special students in the school system has prompted a comprehensive examination of strategies to ensure equity in school justice, the quality of learning, and the harmonious development of students’ potential. The efficacy of these strategies is contingent upon the life experiences and medical backgrounds of the educators in question. Objectives. The study aimed to evaluate the extent to which personal and family medical histories impact teachers’ sense of pedagogical competence (TSPC) and their knowledge (TK) of students’ physical activity management. Materials and methods. The methodology entailed the distribution of an online questionnaire to 339 physical education and sports (PE) teachers, comprising 159 females and 180 males over the age of 21, employed in public schools at the high school and middle school levels. The measurement instrument consisted of four sections: sociodemographic characteristics, personal and family background, sense of pedagogical competence, and teacher knowledge. Results. The findings indicate a notable prevalence of diseases such as obesity and diabetes in males compared to females, with a significant predominance in older people. It is demonstrated that gender has a particular influence on TSPC and TK in managing hypertensive students. Furthermore, older teachers and those employed in urban settings tend to exhibit greater self-efficacy, despite the absence of a statistically significant association between their initial PES training and TSPC and knowledge outcomes. There is a positive correlation between TSPC and teacher knowledge. Conclusions. To sum it up, older teachers are more susceptible to developing illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. This medical history has a significant impact on the development of inclusive skills and knowledge of school-related pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The current research aimed to analyze the history of bioterrorism in antiquity and to adapt the data to modern medical knowledge. To this end, a thorough evaluation of the literature related to the ancient history of bioterrorism and modern data was done using the Web of Sciences, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Results showed that knowledge of bioterrorism has existed since antiquity in different civilizations. Biological and toxicological agents were used as an instrument of legal execution, as a warfare tool in battles, or to eliminate political rivals across nations. Ancient people researched bioterrorism to apply it against enemies and at the same time provide countermeasures in favor of themselves and allies. Despite the existence of the principles of bioterrorism since ancient times, adaptation of the data to modern research can assist in planning countermeasure efforts, preventive actions, and treatments in the framework of modern counterterrorism medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallstone ileus is a relatively rare complication of cholelithiasis, and an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction most commonly seen in elderly and debilitated people with associated comorbidities. Symptoms of gallstone ileus are insidious and may be vague while the delay in diagnosis results in a high mortality rate. Herein we report two cases of gallstone ileus in elderly patients with complex medical history who presented at the emergency department with abdominal pain and distension, vomiting and fluid/electrolyte disorders due to cholecysto-enteric fistula and bowel obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 48-year-old female presented to the emergency department with severe fatigue. Admission laboratory test results were hemoglobin 6.6 g/dL, platelet count 287,000/μL, and white blood cell count 25,200/μL. Lactate dehydrogenase was elevated at 898 U/L, haptoglobin was markedly decreased (< 31 mg/dL), indirect bilirubin was elevated (5.3 mg/dL), and the absolute reticulocyte count was low at 0.0050/μL. A sample was sent to the immunohematology reference laboratory. The direct antiglobulin test immunoglobulin G was negative; C3 was 1+. All cells were reactive at immediate spin phase, indirect antiglobulin testing (IAT) with polyethylene glycol, with low ionic strength saline, neat, prewarm, and in the solid phase. All cells were nonreactive at IAT-ficin. Additional testing included a cold antibody titer that was 1:4096 and thermal amplitude studies demonstrating reactivity of 2+ at 37°C. These results were consistent with a clinically significant anti-Pr and cold agglutinin disease (CAD). Although rituximab is effective in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, this may take weeks. The patient was treated with pegcetacoplan, a pegylated peptide that targets C3 inhibiting hemolysis. The patient was discharged on day 29 with a hemoglobin of 8 g/dL. This is a report of one of the first patients successfully treated with pegcetacoplan for CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the title indicates, this article deals with the origins of anatomic terminology and its development up to the present day. The first attempt to name anatomical structures in animals and humans date back to Alkmaion, i.e. to the fifth century BC. Further work has been done at the same time by the Hippocratics and about 100 years later by Aristotle. As the Alexandrians Erasistratos and Herophilos first in history dissected human bodies, they expanded the anatomical terms. Until Celsus (around Christ's birth) and even later on, anatomical terminology was almost exclusively based on the Greek language. Thus, Celsus and not—as frequently done—Galenos has to be called the father of Latin-based anatomical terminology. Due to several translations including Arabic, first periods of proverbial Bable resulted. Return to systematic order was achieved finally by Andreas Vesal (1514/15–1564) and Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624). But again due to translations into several national languages, the uniformity of the anatomical nomenclature was undermined. Thus, by the end of the nineteenth century, in 1895 the newly founded Anatomische Gesellschaft created a uniform terminology, the Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA). Although it has been revised several times, it is still the very basic of human anatomical terminology. Recently, an attempt was made to replace it by English translations of the original Latin (and also still Greek) terms to mainly get machine-readable denominations. As this will result again in non-uniformity of terminology, the Anatomische Gesellschaft proposes a version of the latest, generally accepted terminology, based on the Latin terms but incorporating recent developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The use of mobile applications helps improving self-management in adolescents with asthma. However, no evidence is available for children with preschool wheezing. In addition, we have no data on the reliability of medical history collected at visits. The first aim was to assess the feasibility of a smartphone app in the management of preschool wheezing; secondly we aimed to evaluate the reliability of anamnestic data collected during face-to-face medical interviews. Methods Children with recurrent wheezing, age between 25 and 72 months, were randomly assigned to the intervention group, provided with a smartphone app for symptoms monitoring and asthma attack treatment, or to the control group, with a written action plan. At follow-up medical history was collected and the asthma control test and a clinical questionnaire were completed. App acceptability was also explored. Respiratory symptoms, medication and utilization of healthcare resources were collected. Plus, medical information obtained from the paper questionnaires was compared with data daily recorded by the app. Results We enrolled 85 preschool children with recurrent wheezing: 43 assigned to the intervention and 42 to the control group. The average (SD) adherence to e-Diary compilation was 60 (15)%. The acceptance and usability of the intervention was favorable as 70% and 93% of participants in the intervention arm described the app as ‘’simple and intuitive’’ at Visit1 (after 3 months from enrollement) and Visit2 (3 months later than Visit1), respectively and 95% and 98% found it useful in symptoms management. There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical outcomes. At Visit1, the cACT median score (IQR) was 23,5 (21–25) for the control group (42 patients) and 23 (21–24) for the intervention group (43 patients). At Visit2 (41 controls and 42 in the intervention group) it was 25 (24–25) and 24 (24–25), respectively. Secondary analysis of data from the intervention group showed higher incidence of daily symptoms recorded by the app in comparison with the paper questionnaire, suggesting that collection of retrospective medical history may not be completely reliable. Conclusions The smartphone app is usable and acceptable by families of preschool wheezers. Future controlled trial are needed to prove an impact on clinical outcomes or its efficacy in a telemedicine program. Finally a daily questionnaire could provide physicians with a more reliable clinical picture as reflected better daily asthma symptoms than the written retrospective questionnaire filled at clinical visit.

Background. The process of including special students in the school system has prompted a comprehensive examination of strategies to ensure equity in school justice, the quality of learning, and the harmonious development of students’ potential. The efficacy of these strategies is contingent upon the life experiences and medical backgrounds of the educators in question. Objectives. The study aimed to evaluate the extent to which personal and family medical histories impact teachers’ sense of pedagogical competence (TSPC) and their knowledge (TK) of students’ physical activity management. Materials and Methods. The methodology entailed the distribution of an online questionnaire to 339 physical education and sports (PE) teachers, comprising 159 females and 180 males over the age of 21, employed in public schools at the high school and middle school levels. The measurement instrument consisted of four sections: socio-demographic characteristics, personal and family background, sense of pedagogical competence, and teacher knowledge. Results. The findings indicate a notable prevalence of diseases such as obesity and diabetes in males compared to females, with a significant predominance in older people. It is demonstrated that gender has a particular influence on TSPC and TK in managing hypertensive students. Furthermore, older teachers and those employed in urban settings tend to exhibit greater self-efficacy, despite the absence of a statistically significant association between their initial PES training and TSPC and knowledge outcomes. There is a positive correlation between TSPC and teacher knowledge. Conclusions. To sum it up, older teachers are more susceptible to developing illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. This medical history has a significant impact on the development of inclusive skills and knowledge of school-related pathologies.

Alongside narratives of the rarity, beauty, and value of rubies, owning assets (e.g. state, power) has also been expressed in the literature on medieval Anatolian Turkish literature with reference to rubies. Ruby jewelry is a means of displaying wealth and splendor. However, the use of rubies in the field of medicine explains how this wealth signifies more than just owning a precious stone. Those adorned with jewelry made of rubies were protected against deadly diseases like the plague and malaria, resisted bouts of various chronic illnesses, and lived with a joyful heart. Rubies were believed to be an antidote against poisons, and in cases of poisoning, rubies were consumed as the applied medical method. In addition, wearing ruby jewelry was one of the precautions taken against poisonings. The affinity rulers, nobles, and the very wealthy had toward rubies is also linked to preserving health. Medicines prepared using rubies were employed to treat lung, spleen, and stomach diseases, as well as paralysis and epilepsy. Rubies are one of the most expensive materials used in medicine. Medicines made from rubies demonstrate the occurrence of a luxurious treatment, but the frequency of their use remains uncertain

Historical fiction can be understood as a hybrid space: it represents the past and simultaneously allows a consideration of the culture it is written in. Under the assumption that novels help address cultural shifts and attitudes, this paper aims to investigate how, why, and with what implications medical discourses surrounding women are depicted in fiction. This paper explores the manifold conceptualizations of hysteria in An Inconvenient Wife written by Megan Chance in 1998, arguing that the novel presents a complex view of discourses of medicalization. Its central claim is that the novel constructs hysteria not only as a tool of oppression but also as a tool with which to escape social constraints and patriarchal control. Through understanding historical fiction as not merely commenting on the past, but as addressing contemporary issues, the text adds to discussions centering on intersections of medicine and literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim is to relate the linguistic features, the linguistic-discursive quality, the disciplinary evaluation and the perception of self-efficacy in writing of the genre Clinical History. In this correlational study, a corpus of 52 Clinical produced by medical students from a Chilean university. The participants answered a self-efficacy perception questionnaire. For disciplinary evaluation, the grades given to the text given by doctors-teachers was considered. For the analysis of linguistic-discursive quality, a specific instrument was designed and validated (Rubric for Evaluating the Linguistic-Discursive Quality of Disciplinary Texts in Medicine). The results show statistically significant correlations between the evaluation carried out by the doctors and the linguistic-discursive quality. The perception of self-efficacy is not correlated with any of these variables. The research represents an important advance in the description of the Medical History as a genre from a multidimensional and a interdisciplinary perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional disorder known as diabetes mellitus results in a lack of insulin hormone, either because the pancreas is unable to produce it or because body cells are unable to properly utilize the insulin the pancreas has produced. Because of this disorder, blood sugar levels will rise uncontrollably. Continuously high glucose levels will poison the body, including its organs. The 2018 Riskesdas statistics show that 2% of Indonesians over the age of 15 have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Compared to the 1.5% prevalence of DM in the 2015 Riskesdas data, this figure indicates a rise. Nonetheless, blood sugar levels rose from 6.9% to 8.5% in 2018 based on data from tests conducted in 2013. According to this statistic, about 25% of DM patients are aware that they have the disease. Finding the diabetes mellitus risk variables at the Trauma Center Health Center in Samarinda City is the aim of this study. The study uses a cross-sectional analytical survey that is directed at all 189 patients at the Trauma Center Health Center in Samarinda City who have diabetes mellitus. The study uses unintentional sampling and a questionnaire to gather data. To examine the data for persons with diabetes, we employ the chi-square test at a 5% confidence level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs has considerable health consequences. Substance histories are often only incompletely taken in everyday clinical practice. When learning to take a medical history in medical school, one of the learning objectives is to inquire about consumption behavior. The aim of this exploratory study was therefore to examine the content and language of substance histories taken by medical students. Methods: From a simulation training of a first working day in hospital, 91 video films of medical histories were available, which advanced medical students had conducted with six patients with different consumer behavior. These interviews were verbatim transcribed and analyzed using content-structuring qualitative content analysis according to Kuckartz. For all substances, the reasons for the questions and the depth of the respective substance use were categorized and errors in the questions were examined. In addition, a linguistic analysis of the verbal ways in which the substances were inquired about was carried out. Results: The students most frequently asked about smoking (73.3%). In only 15.4% of the interviews were all substances asked about, in none were all substances asked about completely. A total of 112 protocol questions and 21 occasion-related questions were identified. Logical errors and double questions were found. Most of the questions were asked in a factual manner. However, questions in the categories "evasive" and "stigmatizing" were also found. Conclusion: The content-related and linguistic deficits of medical students in the collection of substance histories identified in this study should be addressed in communication courses at an early stage of undergraduate medical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Annual surveillance mammography is recommended for women with a personal history of breast cancer. Risk prediction models that estimate mammography failures such as interval second breast cancers could help to tailor surveillance imaging regimens to women's individual risk profiles. Methods In a cohort of women with a history of breast cancer receiving surveillance mammography in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium in 1996-2019, we used Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)-penalized regression to estimate the probability of an interval second cancer (invasive cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ) in the 1 year after a negative surveillance mammogram. Based on predicted risks from this one-year risk model, we generated cumulative risks of an interval second cancer for the five-year period after each mammogram. Model performance was evaluated using cross-validation in the overall cohort and within race and ethnicity strata. Results In 173 290 surveillance mammograms, we observed 496 interval cancers. One-year risk models were well-calibrated (expected/observed ratio = 1.00) with good accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.64). Model performance was similar across race and ethnicity groups. The median five-year cumulative risk was 1.20% (interquartile range 0.93%-1.63%). Median five-year risks were highest in women who were under age 40 or pre- or perimenopausal at diagnosis and those with estrogen receptor-negative primary breast cancers. Conclusions Our risk model identified women at high risk of interval second breast cancers who may benefit from additional surveillance imaging modalities. Risk models should be evaluated to determine if risk-guided supplemental surveillance imaging improves early detection and decreases surveillance failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After World War II, infant mortality rates started dropping steeply. We show how this was accomplished in socialist countries in East-Central Europe. Focusing on the two postwar decades, we explore comparatively how medical experts in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany saved fragile newborns. Based on an analysis of medical journals, we argue that the Soviet Union and its medical practices had only a marginal influence; the four countries followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization instead, despite not being members. Importantly, we analyze the expert clashes over definitions of livebirth, which impact infant mortality statistics. We analyze the divergent practices and negotiations between countries: since the infant mortality rate came to represent the level of socioeconomic advancement, its political significance was paramount. Analyzing the struggle to reduce infant mortality thus helps us understand how socialist countries positioned themselves within the transnational framework while being members of the "socialist bloc." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we test a long-held assumption regarding Otago, New Zealand, goldfields life and death- that scurvy was a ubiquitous and persistent cause of misery and death among the goldminers. We will also explore a parallel argument that the Chinese market gardeners played a large role in stamping out the disease in the goldfields. Through the interrogation of various archival medical primary sources, we show that scurvy was indeed a terrible scourge in the Otago goldfields, but only during the initial rushes into new regions. We also argue that while Chinese market gardeners undoubtedly contributed to a more nutritious and varied diet for European miners and settlers, scurvy had already markedly reduced in frequency by the time of their arrival in the gold fields. Patient-oriented accounts of scurvy in the gold demonstrate the clinical and functional cost of scurvy in during the initial gold rushes of Otago. Furthermore, individual stories of previously anonymous patients found locked in these archival sources demonstrate the importance of re-humanising the past to understand the biological and social context of these frontier times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the realm of book reviews within medical history journals, an area often overlooked in the existing literature. By scrutinizing four prominent journals over a five-year period, encompassing 780 book reviews, this research elucidates prevalent trends and patterns. Findings reveal disparities in review volume and author demographics, underscored by English-language dominance. Challenges such as limited word counts and evaluation dynamics emerge as impediments to review quality. Proposed enhancements include relaxing word limits, conducting reader surveys, and fostering access to non-English literature. These strategies aim to invigorate scholarly discourse, enriching the landscape of medical history research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of all the studies that have been conducted on the concept of patient privacy is to improve the standards of care. Personal privacy is a basic human principle and as a fundamental right of every human being, it is an important and necessary requirement that must be observed in health care and nursing organizations. Due to the fear of emerging and contagious diseases and the patients' fear of rejection from their families and in a wider sense of society, they hesitate to express the symptoms of contagious diseases as a social stigma, and this issue itself leads to disruption in It becomes the treatment process of the patients and doubles the importance of preserving the privacy of the patients. Considering the many and abnormal consequences of violating the patient's privacy, such as increasing anxiety, stress, inciting aggressive and violent behaviors, and more importantly, hiding parts of the patient's history or medical history due to the concern of violating their privacy. This research will be conducted with the aim of investigating the level of privacy compliance and its related factors in corona patients of Razi Hospital in Rasht city in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Epilepsy, a chronic brain disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity that causes seizures and other symptoms, is typically treated using anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) as the first-line therapy. However, due to the variations in their modes of action, identification of effective AEDs often relies on ad hoc trials, which is particularly challenging for pediatric patients. Thus, there is significant value in computational methods capable of assisting in the selection of AEDs, aiming to minimize unnecessary medication and improve treatment efficacy. Results In this study, we collected 7,507 medical records from 1,000 pediatric epilepsy patients and developed a computational clinical decision-supporting system for AED selection. This system leverages three multi-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) models tailored to three specific AEDs (vigabatrin, prednisolone, and clobazam). Each CNN model predicts whether a respective AED is effective on a given patient or not. The CNN models showed AUROCs of 0.90, 0.80, and 0.92 in 10-fold cross-validation, respectively. Evaluation on a hold-out test dataset further revealed positive predictive values (PPVs) of 0.92, 0.97, and 0.91 for the three respective CNN models, representing that suggested AEDs by our models would be effective in controlling epilepsy with a high accuracy and thereby reducing unnecessary medications for pediatric patients. Conclusion Our CNN models in the system demonstrated high PPVs for the three AEDs, which signifies the potential of our approach to support the clinical decision-making by assisting doctors in recommending effective AEDs within the three AEDs for patients based on their medical history. This would result in a reduction in the number of unnecessary ad hoc attempts to find an effective AED for pediatric epilepsy patients.

All dental treatments and dental surgeries are preceded by taking a medical history. Our experience shows that in the last decade the number of anamnestic data that we have to take into account during our treatments has multiplied. Because the majority of our patients comes from an ageing society, and the drugs receiving for the treatment of their illnesses have become multifaceted and the protocol for their use often changes. We investigated these trends in our researches.

Background: Epilepsy, a chronic brain disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity that causes seizures and other symptoms, is typically treated using anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) as the first-line therapy. However, due to the variations in their modes of action, identification of effective AEDs often relies on ad hoc trials, which is particularly challenging for pediatric patients. Thus, there is significant value in computational methods capable of assisting in the selection of AEDs, aiming to minimize unnecessary medication and improve treatment efficacy. Results: In this study, we collected 7,507 medical records from 1,000 pediatric epilepsy patients and developed a computational clinical decision-supporting system for AED selection. This system leverages three multi-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) models tailored to three specific AEDs (vigabatrin, prednisolone, and clobazam). Each CNN model predicts whether a respective AED is effective on a given patient or not. The CNN models showed AUROCs of 0.90, 0.80, and 0.92 in 10-fold cross-validation, respectively. Evaluation on a hold-out test dataset further revealed positive predictive values (PPVs) of 0.92, 0.97, and 0.91 for the three respective CNN models, representing that suggested AEDs by our models would be effective in controlling epilepsy with a high accuracy and thereby reducing unnecessary medications for pediatric patients. Conclusion: Our CNN models in the system demonstrated high PPVs for the three AEDs, which signifies the potential of our approach to support the clinical decision-making by assisting doctors in recommending effective AEDs within the three AEDs for patients based on their medical history. This would result in a reduction in the number of unnecessary ad hoc attempts to find an effective AED for pediatric epilepsy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is evolving, offering promising avenues for enhancing clinical decision making and patient management. Limited knowledge about lipedema often leads to patients being frequently misdiagnosed with conditions like lymphedema or obesity rather than correctly identifying lipedema. Furthermore, patients with lipedema often present with intricate and extensive medical histories, resulting in significant time consumption during consultations. AI could, therefore, improve the management of these patients. This research investigates the utilization of OpenAI's Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), a sophisticated large language model (LLM), as an assistant in consultations for lipedema patients. Six simulated scenarios were designed to mirror typical patient consultations commonly encountered in a lipedema clinic. GPT-4 was tasked with conducting patient interviews to gather medical histories, presenting its findings, making preliminary diagnoses, and recommending further diagnostic and therapeutic actions. Advanced prompt engineering techniques were employed to refine the efficacy, relevance, and accuracy of GPT-4's responses. A panel of experts in lipedema treatment, using a Likert Scale, evaluated GPT-4's responses across six key criteria. Scoring ranged from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest), with GPT-4 achieving an average score of 4.24, indicating good reliability and applicability in a clinical setting. This study is one of the initial forays into applying large language models like GPT-4 in specific clinical scenarios, such as lipedema consultations. It demonstrates the potential of AI in supporting clinical practices and emphasizes the continuing importance of human expertise in the medical field, despite ongoing technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamic Golden Age was the time in history from eighth to fourteenth century. This era was marked by expansion of Islamic world to all the Middle East, North Africa, South and East Europe, and Central Asia. The Islamic world was the wealthiest region in the world at that time and that wealth was utilized to promote great flourishing in the arts, philosophy, science, and medicine. The practice of healing was considered the most noble of human undertakings by Islamic scholars. In this era, many great physician-scientists emerged in the Islamic world, albeit several were not Muslims, who examined prior writings, corrected many, and proceeded to produce their own observations and innovations. This article highlights some of the most important contributions to gynecology of some prominent scholars during this shining phase of medical history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer continues to be a significant global health issue, necessitating advancements in prevention and early detection strategies. This review aims to assess and synthesize research conducted from 2020 to the present, focusing on breast cancer risk factors, including genetic, lifestyle, and environmental aspects, as well as the innovative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in prediction and diagnostics. Methods: A comprehensive literature search, covering studies from 2020 to the present, was conducted to evaluate the diversity of breast cancer risk factors and the latest advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in this field. The review prioritized high-quality peer-reviewed research articles and meta-analyses. Results: Our analysis reveals a complex interplay of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors for breast cancer, with significant variability across different populations. Furthermore, AI has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing the accuracy of breast cancer risk prediction and the personalization of prevention strategies. Conclusion: The review highlights the necessity for personalized breast cancer prevention and detection approaches that account for individual risk factor profiles. It underscores the potential of AI to revolutionize these strategies, offering clear recommendations for future research directions and clinical practice improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of Aga Khan University's (AKU) pioneering medical education initiatives over the past 40 years, exploring its impact on healthcare in the region and its commitment to advancing medical education and research in the developing world. Established in 1983 as the first private university in Pakistan, AKU has evolved into a global institution with a focus on improving healthcare standards and addressing healthcare needs in the developing world. The article also discusses the undergraduate and postgraduate medical education programs at AKU Medical College, Pakistan, highlighting their unique features and pioneering approaches to medical education. The institution's journey highlights its ability to adapt to the evolving healthcare landscape while maintaining a focus on quality and excellence, offering a model for other institutions striving to meet healthcare needs in low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue: For students in the preclinical years of medical school, it is easy to overlook the narrative component of medicine and become occupied with learning the vast sea of information about the human body. There are limited, if any, options to learn about historical figures in medicine and how they can inform our future in clinical medicine. Evidence: There is an apparent lack of education offered on pivotal figures in medicine across many institutions. The few instances that medical history has been incorporated into the curriculum are further discussed. Implications: In order to incorporate cultural competency in our delivery of care, it is important to consider the diversity of the population we will be serving and how we can prepare to help patients feel heard in their unique issues. In this paper, we propose learning about the true history of certain medical practices, rather than the "colonial" version often utilized in textbooks and lectures, as a means of diversifying students' perspectives of the origins of these practices as well as giving credit where it is due. The time period during which many of these medical practices were cultivated is referred to as the Islamic Golden Age, but scholars who made contributions belonged to many different faiths and cultural backgrounds. El-Zahrawi was a Muslim physician whose principal work, Kitab-at-Tasrif, contains topics on medicine, surgery, midwifery, pharmacology, therapeutics, diet, psychotherapy, and medical chemistry. He pioneered numerous techniques in surgery and invented surgical devices that are still used to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 300 physicians from Switzerland, the German as well as the Austro-Hungarian Empire joined the Dutch Colonial Army between 1814 and 1914. While their motives to volunteer in the first place could widely differ, many among them eagerly published on their experiences as medical officers 'Far East', presenting their alleged heroic deeds and the struggles they faced as medical men in the tropics to a broad readership in Germanophone Europe. This article zooms in on the lives of three such 'medical mercenaries' deployed in Aceh, where the Dutch fought one of the longest, most costly, and deadly wars in their Imperial history: the Swiss Dr. Heinrich Erni, Austrian Dr. Heinrich Breitenstein, and Prussian Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Stammeshaus. By analysing their testimonies of the daily lives in the military camps, it asks how European masculinities were forged, challenged, and contested through medicine and medical experts in colonial wars fought in from a European perspective remote, unknown tropical outdoor spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aimed to investigate how women without recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) lived their daily lives after being diagnosed with GDM in the past. Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted, consisting of semi-structured interviews with five women who did not have a recurrence of GDM. A verbatim transcript was prepared from the data obtained, and the parts of the transcript that were related to the daily life after the diagnosis of GDM were extracted, coded, and subcategories and categories were formed. Results Women without GDM recurrence were surprised at their diagnosis and reflected on their lives, while at the same time worrying about the effects of hyperglycemia on their fetus. They also talked about the reality of the mental and physical burden caused by the restrictions on daily life, requested by the medical staff, that they found troublesome and painful, which started along with the diagnosis. However, some women gained positive experience by managing their blood glucose through dietary changes with the support of their family members. By continuing their lifestyle at the time of GDM out of concern for recurrence and the effects on their fetus it prevented the recurrence of GDM. In addition, the cooperation of family members was necessary to maintain this lifestyle, and the participants expressed their continued concern that they would develop diabetes in the future. Conclusion Women without GDM recurrence continued with the lifestyle behaviors they had acquired during GDM with the support of their families both during and after GDM treatment. In addition, after pregnancy, these women remained mindful of preventing a recurrence of GDM in order to protect their children, from the harmful effects of hyperglycemia on the fetus. By maintaining their daily lifestyle changes they were able to prevent a recurrence of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dental treatment of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOPSCC) may be challenging for dentists. This study aimed to characterize systemic changes in patients with OOPSCC undergoing dental treatment prior to cancer therapy, with a specific focus on laboratory assessments. The primary objectives included identifying potential adverse events, such as infections or bleeding, resulting from dental procedures. Additionally, the study aimed to correlate baseline patient characteristics with treatment-related toxicities. This was a prospective cohort study that included 110 OOPSCC patients referred to the Dental Oncology Service at São Paulo State Cancer Institute, Brazil, between November/2019 and December/2020. Comorbidities, sociodemographic data, medication in use, cancer treatment-related toxicities, and altered laboratory tests results were correlated. The most common comorbidities and altered laboratory results were hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, as well as elevated levels of C-reactive protein, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Toxicities exhibited a progressive pattern over time, encompassing oral mucositis (OM), xerostomia, dysphagia, dysgeusia, trismus, and radiodermatitis. No correlation between comorbidities and cancer treatment-related toxicities, a positive correlation between medications in use and OM, and a negative correlation between medications and dysgeusia were found. OM was associated with altered thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (FT4), calcium, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and syphilis. Family income and housing were OM predictors. Altered T4/FT4/urea/calcium/alkaline phosphatase/creatinine/syphilis may be useful clinical predictors of OM. Despite the elevated prevalence of comorbidities and abnormal laboratory findings, dental treatment prior to cancer treatment yielded no adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical interviewing is the basic method to understand how a person feels and what are the presenting complaints, obtain medical history, evaluate personal attitudes and behavior related to health and disease, give the patient information about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, and establish a bond between patient and physician that is crucial for shared decision making and self-management. However, the value of this basic skill is threatened by time pressures and emphasis on technology. Current health care trends privilege expensive tests and procedures and tag the time devoted to interaction with the patient as lacking cost-effectiveness. Instead, the time spent to inquire about problems and life setting may actually help to avoid further testing, procedures, and referrals. Moreover, the dialogue between patient and physician is an essential instrument to increase patient's motivation to engage in healthy behavior. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of clinical interviewing and its optimal use in relation to style, flow and hypothesis testing, clinical domains, modifications according to settings and goals, and teaching. This review points to the primacy of interviewing in the clinical process. The quality of interviewing determines the quality of data that are collected and, eventually, of assessment and treatment. Thus, interviewing deserves more attention in educational training and more space in clinical encounters than it is currently receiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To comprehensively evaluate diagnostic algorithms for myocardial infarction using a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay. Patients and methods We prospectively enrolled patients with suspected myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation from nine emergency departments in Japan. The diagnostic algorithms evaluated: (i) based on hs-cTnI alone, such as the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 0/1-h or 0/2-h and High-STEACS pathways; or (ii) used medical history and physical findings, such as the ADAPT, EDACS, HEART, and GRACE pathways. We evaluated the negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity as safety measures, and proportion of patients classified as low or high-risk as an efficiency measure for a primary outcome of type 1 myocardial infarction or cardiac death within 30 days. Results We included 437 patients, and the hs-cTnI was collected at 0 and 1 hours in 407 patients and at 0 and 2 hours in 394. The primary outcome occurred in 8.1% (33/407) and 6.9% (27/394) of patients, respectively. All the algorithms classified low-risk patients without missing those with the primary outcome, except for the GRACE pathway. The hs-cTnI-based algorithms classified more patients as low-risk: the ESC 0/1-h 45.7%; the ESC 0/2-h 50.5%; the High-STEACS pathway 68.5%, than those using history and physical findings (15–30%). The High-STEACS pathway ruled out more patients (20.5%) by hs-cTnI measurement at 0 hours than the ESC 0/1-h and 0/2-h algorithms (7.4%). Conclusions The hs-cTnI algorithms, especially the High-STEACS pathway, had excellent safety performance for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction and offered the greatest improvement in efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fogorvosi Szemle is the property of Hungarian Dental Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While now known globally as Scotland's national poet, in November 1781 the daybook of surgeon Charles Fleeming simply records him as 'Robert Burns, Lint Dresser'. Discovered in the 1950s, the daybook documents Fleeming's treatment of Burns during a period of illness which would have a profound impact on the poet's life and creative output. The book's discovery added to the theories about the nature of Burns's illness, often at odds with Burns's own later descriptions. This paper presents a fresh examination of Burns's treatment, challenging those theories by considering Fleeming's prescriptions in the context of key medical authorities of the time. In considering Burns's entry in the daybook in its entirety, the wider value of Fleeming's daybook as a private record of medical practice at the time is highlighted, pointing to the potential value of this and other such volumes as underappreciated archival research material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background One recent trend in medical education is the integration of humanities into the curriculum, including viewing works of art in museums, with analysis of short-term, but not long-term, impact. We developed a course for medical students, trainees, and faculty at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai co-taught by an art historian and a physician/medical historian that features images of great works of art to make connections between art and medical history with the following goals: 1. To encourage the students to make careful and systematic observations, describe what they see to others in the group, and exchange their views respectfully, 2. To sensitize students to the patient’s experience of illness by discussing artists’ depictions of patients and the impact of their illness on family and friends, and 3. To highlight milestones in medical history by focusing on artworks that epitomize the state of medical care and science at a defined point in time. We have taught the course for more than a decade and so wanted to assess whether participating in the course had a long-term impact. Methods We created and deployed a five-question survey to 167 students and received responses from 35 of those students. Results 97% of respondents answered that they still think about the course, and large majorities of the respondents indicated that the course, had an impact on how they viewed works of art (91%), their appreciation of the history of medicine (89%), and their observational skills (80%). More than half the students responded that the course sensitized them to the patient’s perspective of illness (63%) and had an impact on how they viewed their role as a physician (51%). Conclusions Our course has had a long-term impact on the respondents across a wide range of professional and personal characteristics.

Background Premodern medical texts are an invaluable source for scholars from humanities and sciences. However, they are usually not accessible as few scientists with an interest in premodern materia medica are also qualified philologists. Therefore, a balance has to be struck to translate these texts while preserving information on how reliable we believe a given translation to be. In this paper, we conduct a case study on the vernacular version of Ioannes archiatrus. Methods The present study forms part of the output of a multidisciplinary Wellcome Trust Collaborative Award combining humanities and sciences. We deployed a multi-layer tagging system to systematise pharmaceutical terminology and to translate these terms while providing confidence factors for individual words. In a second step, we used AntConc, a freeware concordance software, to analyse our primary source and visualise patterns in the text. Results Our methodology created a readable text that made it possible for the reader to check confidence factors. It also allows our translation and tagging to be recycled for further research. Conclusions Our methods provide a tool that allows to balance the need to translate and the necessary caution about translated plant and mineral names. Our approach is transferable and it can be modified to suit the needs of other primary sources.

Following the Second World War, structural changes shadowed Iran’s higher education system in medicine. Major strategies, programs, teaching methods, etc., underwent significant changes during the second Pahlavi era. This study aimed to examine, academically and historically, the transformations in medical education during the second Pahlavi era. Regardless of its intrinsic value, it elucidates the roots of many contemporary problems and issues in medical education.This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical method within the framework of historical studies, relying on archival documents and library resources from the second Pahlavi era (statistical yearbooks, guidelines, executive programs of organizations and ministries, and historical texts of that period) in an attempt to address research questions. The findings indicate that significant international developments, domestic public demands, fundamental structure weaknesses, and the absence of centralized policies have led to a discourse inclined towards change and improvement in medical education during the second Pahlavi era.As a historical and continuous process, medical education is observable and dynamic. In the second Pahlavi era, it was presented and introduced as a necessary issue requiring change, directly impacting the quality of public health. This approach later led to integrating medical education into the service delivery system within the revolutionary discourse.

Background: The primary reasons for individuals seeking dental care, often referred to as chief complaints (CC), have significant importance in the process of gathering patient histories and devising treatment strategies before commencing treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and describe the prevalence and patterns of CC among a sample of dental patients attending the University Dental Hospital (UDH) at Taif University, Taif City, Saudi Arabia, and also to examine the association between the type of CC and gender and age. Settings and Design: This study was a retrospective study. Materials and Methods: The process of data extraction and organization included the use of a standardized form. The form primarily consisted of demographic characteristics, including age and sex, as well as CC. The dataset comprises information gathered from a sample of 900 dental patients who sought treatment at the dental clinics of the UDH at Taif University during the period from September 2022 to December 2022. Statistical Analysis: All statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 17 (Chicago Inc.). Results: The most primary complaints stated by patients were related to dental pain and the need for restorative procedures, involving 83.7% of the total number of visits. Dental pain was the most common CC (48.4%), followed by teeth restorations (35.3%), a routine checkup (6.6%), tooth cleaning (6.3%), and others (3.3%). There was a significant association between the CCs and the patient's age and gender (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of acquiring an accurate CC. Moreover, dental pain and the need for restorative procedures were identified as the key reasons for seeking dental care.