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Данная работа посвящена анализу методов протонной терапии, ее особенностей и перспектив развития. Задачи, которые решались в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ работы: изучение Ñ„Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð°ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð² протонной терапии; изучение строения ускорителей протонов для лучевой терапии; рассмотрение Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð² радиационного поражения клетки. Работа представлена обзором литературы по вопросу применения методов протонной лучевой терапии и Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÐ¸Ð¼ÑƒÑ‰ÐµÑÑ‚Ð² в лечении Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ð½ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹. Для этого были рассмотрены процессы взаимодействия протонов с веществом, формирование пика Брэгга, Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ‹ поражения клетки ионизирующем излучением, проведено сравнение распределения дозы по глубине проникновения для Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ‡Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ† в водном фантоме. Так же в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ работы были рассмотрены практики применения протонной терапии в Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð° и тенденции ее развития., This paper focuses on the analysis of proton therapy methods, its features, and prospects. Tasks that were solved during the work: 1. investigation of the physical layers of proton therapy; 2. examination of the structure of Proton Accelerators for Radiotherapy; 3. consideration of the mechanisms of radiation damage to the cell. The work is presented by a literature review on the application of proton radiation therapy techniques and their advantages in the treatment of various oncological diseases. For this, the processes of interaction of protons with matter, the formation of the Bragg peak, the mechanisms of cell damage by ionizing radiation were considered, and a comparison was made of the dose distribution over the penetration depth for various particles in a water phantom. Also, in the course of the work, the practices of using proton therapy in different countries of the world and the trends in its development were considered.

The concept of psychological interaction of class teachers with student groups is disclosed in the article. Based on the principles of a systems approach, we define this interaction as the interaction of two subsystems, which simultaneously includes other structures (microgroups, dyads), and is part of larger systems - school, education system as a whole. We assume that the interaction in the educational environment, which is operationalized through the types and models of interaction, is set mainly by the class teacher, but also supported by students and parents.We consider models and types of interaction as those that, on the one hand, are related to the level of psychological climate in the student’s group, on the other hand – are determined by the psychological characteristics of the participants education process. Accordingly, we assume that the type and model of interaction has certain correlations with: 1) the level of socio-psychological climate of student group; 2) prevailing tendencies of interpersonal interaction; 3) the prevailing values of teachers, setting the most general and highly organized principles of communication processes in the educational environment; 4) strategies of behavior in conflict, as typical behavioral patterns implemented by teachers in situations of difficult communication.Thus, to verify the correlations of types and models of interaction in the educational environment with the psychological characteristics of the studied teachers and students, we performed a procedure of factor analysis of an array of empirical datas. As 47 variables used in factorization, we selected indicators on the scales of the methods that we used in the empirical study. Thus, 11 factors are choosen describe the mechanisms of interaction. As a result, a unique model of interaction is built, which describes its essence and has three components. The first component – the prevailing models and types of interaction in the educational environment; the second component – mechanisms for the implementation of interaction by teachers; the third component is a component of the mechanisms of students’ reaction to the interaction with the teacher. Therefore, the essence of the interaction process is investigated, its mechanisms on both sides - teachers and students are described, and the determinants that affect the effectiveness of this interaction are identified., В статті розкрито поняття психологічної взаємодії класних керівників з учнівськими групами. Типи та моделі взаємодії, визначені нами в класних колективах, є унікальним способом побудови системи діяльності і комунікацій в навчальному середовищі. Моделі та типи взаємодії ми розуміємо як такі, що, з одного боку, пов’язані з властивим учнівському колективу рівнем психологічного клімату, з іншого – детермінуються психологічними характеристиками самих учасників навчального процесу – вчителів та учнів. За допомогою факторного аналізу визначено 11 факторів, які описують механізми взаємодії. В результаті побудована унікальна модель взаємодії, яка описує її суть, має три компоненти, а саме – переважаючі моделі та типи взаємодії в освітньому середовищі; компонент механізмів реалізації взаємодії з боку вчителів; компонент механізмів реакції учнів на взаємодію з вчителем.

У роботі визначено сутність, принципи та напрямки взаємодії органів державної виконавчої влади з органами місцевого самоврядування. На основі системного підходу досліджені теоретичні та методичні засади взаємодії органів державної виконавчої влади з органами місцевого самоврядування. Використовуючи метод структурно-функціонального аналізу досліджено сутність поняття "взаємодія органів публічної влади". Узагальнено методи взаємодії органів публічної влади та органів самоорганізації населення. Визначено основні проблеми взаємодії органів публічної влади та органів самоорганізації населення, до яких можна віднести неудосконалене правове поле, відсутність систем електронного документообігу в організаціях, низькі темпи запровадження електронних форм взаємодії, неготовність громадян співпрацювати з органами влади через інформаційно-комунікаційні технології. В работе определена сущность, принципы и направления взаимодействия органов государственной власти с органами местного самоуправления. На основе системного подхода исследованы теоретические и методические основы взаимодействия органов государственной власти с органами местного самоуправления. Используя метод структурно-функционального анализа исследована сущность понятия "взаимодействие органов публичной власти". Обзор методы взаимодействия органов публичной власти и органов самоорганизации населения. Определены основные проблемы взаимодействия органов публичной власти и органов самоорганизации населения, к которым можно отнести несовершенное правовое поле, отсутствие систем электронного документооборота в организациях, низкие темпы внедрения электронных форм взаимодействия, неготовность граждан сотрудничать с органами власти через информационно-коммуникационные технологии. The essence, principles and directions of interaction of state executive bodies with local self-government bodies are determined in the work. On the basis of the system approach the theoretical and methodical bases of interaction of bodies of the state executive power with bodies of local government are investigated. Using the method of structural and functional analysis, the essence of the concept of "interaction of public authorities" is investigated. The methods of interaction between public authorities and bodies of self-organization of the population are generalized. The main problems of interaction between public authorities and self-organization of the population, which include imperfect legal field, lack of electronic document management systems in organizations, low rates of introduction of electronic forms of interaction, unwillingness of citizens to cooperate with government through information and communication technologies.

15 páginas, 1 apéndice, 2 tablas, 6 figuras, The development of new antioxidant compounds for incorporation in foods is a rapidly growing research area. The resulting interactions between complex antioxidant mixtures are a key issue; however, research in this area is still in its infancy. Experimental antioxidant models based on conventional dose–responses, that can predict joint effects of chemical mixtures, are urgently needed. This paper illustrates a methodological procedure for single electron transfer (SET) antioxidant assays to determine the synergistic and antagonistic effects of combining binary mixtures of antioxidants. Despite the abundance of theories and procedures to describe the synergistic/antagonistic effects in SET assays, they appear to be inadequate. Some features hindering advances in this field include the lack of: (1) experimental design, as a result of the extended use of unambiguous and simplistic procedures to quantify the effects of joint responses, based on single-dose values; (2) detailed mathematical hypotheses to quantify dose–response values, which in addition causes the associated difficulties for assessing the statistical consistence of the results; and (3) functional approaches that consider the possibility of interactive effects. This paper proposes solutions for each of these limitations. Established ideas from existing fields are used to replace the current simplistic procedures, in order to quantify the effects of joint responses. One of the common hypothesis (known as concentration addition) for describing the combined effects is established for SET assays. A dose dependent mathematical model representative of this hypothesis, based on probability functions with meaningful parameters, is applied. The interactive effects between antioxidants are introduced into the model with simple auxiliary functions that describe the variations induced by each antioxidant in the parameters that define the effects of the other. Finally, a comprehensive index to summarize the complex parametric responses in one single value is proposed. Although the approach was experimentally demonstrated just in two classical SET assays (DPPH and ABTS), the results could be directly expanded in future to other types of classical SET assays. The methodology proposed is more complex than some relatively common approaches; nevertheless we believe that it is free of the controversial aspects listed above. Statistically consistent responses of null, synergy and antagonism effects were found when characterizing the interactions between several pairs of individual and complex mixtures of chemical antioxidant agents, Miguel Ángel Prieto Lage was awarded with one traveling grant provided by the Axencia Galega de Innovación (Xunta Galicia) and the European Social Fund (ESF)

14 páginas, 1 apéndice, 3 tablas, 6 figuras, The yield extraction, basic compositional analysis, individual antioxidant capacity and synergistic/antagonistic antioxidant interactions of unroasted coffee bean extracts with different degree of polarity from different locations and species were studied and compared. The beans were extracted with hexane followed by methanol to obtain lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts, respectively. Furthermore, an autoclave extraction was conducted as a simple representative approach to obtain an antioxidant rich powder for industrial application. The antioxidant capacity of all extracts and their synergistic/antagonistic responses was determined by using different but complementary well-known kinetic methods of β-carotene and crocin bleaching assays, which are representative of lipidic and hydrophilic oxidation processes. The results of this study indicated that the yield distribution and antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic extract were much greater than the lipophilic ones, but similar to the industrial approach. The potential equivalent capacity of the industrial approach indicated that raw coffee beans possess a high content of antioxidants, offering an alternative source of nutraceuticals as well as preservatives in food formulations. Finally, statistically consistent synergistic and antagonistic values were found between the extracted coffee residues and some commercial antioxidants of well-known degree of polarity. Interestingly, it was found that the extracted residues with an equivalent degree of polarity act similar to the additive mode of interaction between single chemical entities, and as an independent interaction mode when their degree of polarity varies. The results if transferable to more realistic food matrices in the food industry, may guide the development and evaluation of food products and processes, underlying different phenomena that may affect the quality of products, The authors wish to thank Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project CTM2010-18411, co-financed with FEDER funds by European Union) for financial support. Miguel Angel Prieto Lage was awarded one grant from the JAE predoctoral program co-financed by the CSIC and European Social Fund (ESF)

12 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablas, This paper illustrates a methodological procedure to determine the synergistic and antagonistic effects of combining antioxidant agents. Current methods to determinate the interactive actions of antioxidants have been rejected, and we attempt to address this issue by incorporating well-established ideas from different existing fields. Two mathematical models are proposed, which provide explicit algebraic forms and generalize the classical hypothesis of independent action and concentration addition as they are defined in the dose–response relationships. In addition, a comprehensive index to summarize all the complex responses in one single value is proposed, which allows the extraction and identification of the relevant aspects. Although the approach could be directly expanded to other types of classical antioxidant methods, two complex scenarios were recreated using different but complementary well-known kinetic antioxidant methods, which are fairly representative of lipidic and hydrophilic oxidation processes. Meanings of synergy and antagonism concepts were found that describe and characterize the interactions between several pairs of commercial antioxidants in a statistically consistent form. The results also provided some evidence of a more basic character, which, if transferable to more realistic food matrices in the food industry, may guide the development and evaluation of food products and processes, as well as the study of mechanisms underlying different phenomena that may affect the quality of products., The authors wish to thank CSIC (Intramural project: 200930I183) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project CTM2010-18411, co-financed with FEDER funds by European Union) for financial support. Miguel Angel Prieto Lage was awarded one grant from the JAE predoctoral program co-financed by the CSIC and European Social Fund (ESF).

Purpose: define structure and mechanisms of interaction between business and government. Methodology. The empirical research method is the expert interviews. Results. The article describes three areas of interaction between business and the government. The White area refers to legal practices. Interaction within the White Area exists on two tiers: macrostructural and the level of individual organizations. Interaction within the Gray area exists on the micro level and the level of individual organizations. Interaction within the Black area exists on the micro level. Paper describes 7 groups of mechanisms of interaction between business and the government.

A critical dimension in the handling of change in computer-based systems for cooperative work is whether mechanisms for change should be explicitly embedded into systems, or whether change should be handled in a global and uniform manner, for instance by a process of editing and recompiling programs or scripts on the fly. We argue that to reflect the structure of organisations, powers of change must be local, structured, and dynamic. Thus a global and uniform handling of change is in general insufficient. We propose a formal basis for the description of dynamically modifiable objects, and explore its applicability in the field of CSCW by exposing it to three examples of increasing complexity: A system for dynamic communication channel creation; an adaptable conversation manager; and a rudimentary, yet quite general, awareness model.