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Aging is increasingly thought to involve dysregulation of metabolism in multiple organ systems that culminate in decreased functional capacity and morbidity. Here, we seek to understand complex interactions among metabolism, aging, and systems-wide phenotypes across the lifespan. Among 2469 adults (mean age 74.7 years; 38% Black) in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study we identified metabolic cross-sectionally correlates across 20 multi-dimensional aging-related phenotypes spanning seven domains. We used LASSO-PCA and bioinformatic techniques to summarize metabolome-phenome relationships and derive metabolic scores, which were subsequently linked to healthy aging, mortality, and incident outcomes (cardiovascular disease, disability, dementia, and cancer) over 9 years. To clarify the relationship of metabolism in early adulthood to aging, we tested association of these metabolic scores with aging phenotypes/outcomes in 2320 participants (mean age 32.1, 44% Black) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. We observed significant overlap in metabolic correlates across the seven aging domains, specifying pathways of mitochondrial/cellular energetics, host-commensal metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Across four metabolic scores (body composition, mental-physical performance, muscle strength, and physical activity), we found strong associations with healthy aging and incident outcomes, robust to adjustment for risk factors. Metabolic scores for participants four decades younger in CARDIA were related to incident cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive performance, as well as long-term cardiovascular disease and mortality over three decades. Conserved metabolic states are strongly related to domain-specific aging and outcomes over the life-course relevant to energetics, host-commensal interactions, and mechanisms of innate immunity.

BackgroundAlthough social rejection is among the strongest proximal precipitants of major depressive disorder (MDD), little is known about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and whether neural sensitivity to social rejection may help explain differences in MDD risk. To address this issue, we tested whether neural responses to social threat differed in female adolescents at high vs. low maternal risk for MDD.MethodFemale adolescents with (high-risk; n = 22, Mage = 14.68) and without (low-risk; n = 30, Mage = 15.07) a maternal history of depression were experimentally exposed to negative and neutral social evaluation while undergoing an fMRI scan. Neural responses were assessed by event-related activity and functional connectivity, as well as multivoxel pattern analysis. Activity and functional connectivity analyses focused on a priori-selected regions of interest implicated in self-referential processing and emotion regulation.ResultsCompared to low-risk female adolescents, high-risk female adolescents exhibited greater increases in self-reported depression and social disconnection following social evaluation. Moreover, compared to low-risk female adolescents, high-risk female adolescents exhibited greater amygdala responses to negative social evaluation and a differential pattern of functional connectivity in brain regions related to emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and negative affect. Additionally, these markers of neural threat reactivity were related to depressive symptoms.LimitationsA cross-sectional study design and relatively small, Western sample.ConclusionsThese results suggest that exaggerated neural reactivity to social threat-and an atypical pattern of related functional connectivity-is evident in individuals with a preclinical risk factor for depression. Targeting such responding may thus be a fruitful strategy for preventing depression in at-risk youth.

Objective Method Results Conclusions The efficacy of psychological interventions for bipolar disorder (BD) is well established, but much remains unknown about how change occurs. The primary objective of this exploratory study was to audit what is known about active components and mechanisms of action of psychological interventions for BD.We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42022323276). Two independent reviewers screened references from four databases and extracted data from eligible studies.We included four component studies, six studies with mediation analyses and 26 studies presenting subjective experiences of how psychological interventions bring change. Ten mediators were examined across six studies, with only one putative mediator, medication adherence, tested in more than one study. Some initial support for mediation of varied outcomes by control over thoughts, positive non‐verbal behaviour, self‐esteem, post‐trauma growth and medication adherence. Some preliminary support was found in two components, human support and IPT. Studies exploring participant experiences of therapeutic change enumerated a range of potential active components, mechanisms of action and contextual factors potentially warranting investigation in future research. However, the evidence base for active components and mechanisms of action in psychological interventions for BD is unsatisfactory. Findings were inconsistent, studies homogenous with significant methodological limitations and statistical approaches failed to meet quality criteria.Preliminary identification of potential components and mechanisms via qualitative analyses and the insights emerging from this review will inform future research aimed at investigating how psychological interventions work in BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon‐bonded carbon fiber composites (CBCF) are renowned for their lightweight and thermal insulation properties. However, the brittleness and susceptibility to oxidation hinder the widespread application of CBCF. In this work, the carbon‐bonded carbon/quartz hybrid fiber composites (CBCQF) were prepared by pressure filtration and modified by Cr2AlC ceramics. The microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal insulation, and ablation behaviors were investigated. Cr2AlC ceramics notably enhanced the compressive strength of CBCQF in the XY direction and reduced the room‐temperature thermal conductivity in the Z direction. Most importantly, Cr2AlC ceramics significantly improved the ablation resistance of CBCQF. When 40% Cr2AlC ceramics were added, the linear and mass ablation rates of CBCQF were reduced by 38.0% and 93.2%, respectively, compared to the reference sample. Moreover, the study of ablation mechanisms revealed that the improvement in ablation resistance was primarily derived from the formation of the surface protective oxides as well as the reinforcement of oxidation resistance. Overall, this study presents a promising avenue for the application of Cr2AlC ceramics and the modification of fiber composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption, a crucial method for removing dyes from wastewater, has been extensively studied in the context of eliminating Acridine Orange (AO), a cationic dye, from contaminated water. This review underscores the environmental risks posed by AO, given its high toxicity, and delves into various adsorption techniques developed to eliminate it from water. It covers works on AO removal published from 1981 to April 2024, highlighting the effectiveness of different adsorbents, including natural, synthetic, composite, and nanomaterials, under varying conditions like pH, initial dye concentrations, temperature, and adsorbent dosages. Most studies on adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics have yielded favorable results, with common models including the Langmuir and Freundlich and pseudosecondorder kinetics. As identified by these studies, the main driving force for adsorption is electrostatic interactions between AO and the adsorbents. The review also encompasses competitive adsorption, adsorbent regeneration, alternative decontamination methods, and the pivotal role of computational research in optimizing adsorption processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) is a debilitating sequela after cranial radiotherapy. Research on the topic of RIBI has gradually entered the public eye, with more innovations and applications of evidence-based research and biological mechanism research in the field of that. This was the first bibliometric analysis on RIBI, assessing brain injury related to radiation articles that were published during 1998–2023, to provide an emerging theoretical basis for the future development of RIBI. Methods: Literature were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from its inception to December 31, 2023. The column of publications, author details, affiliated institutions and countries, publication year, and keywords were also recorded. Results: A total of 2543 journal articles were selected. The annual publications on RIBI fluctuated within a certain range. Journal of Neuro-oncology was the most published journal and Radiation Oncology was the most impactful one. LIMOLI CL was the most prolific author with 37 articles and shared the highest h-index with BARNETT GH. The top one country and institutions were the USA and the University of California System, respectively. Clusters analysis of co-keywords demonstrated that the temporal research trends in this field primarily focused on imaging examination and therapy for RIBI. Conclusion: This study collects, visualizes, and analyzes the literature within the field of RIBI over the last 25 years to map the development process, research frontiers and hotspots, and cutting-edge directions in clinical practice and mechanisms related to RIBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been receiving a lot of attention from scientists and clinicians because it is an extremely common clinical condition. Due to its special hemodynamic changes, AF has a high rate of disability and mortality. So far, although AF has some therapeutic means, it is still an incurable disease because of its complex risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms, which is a difficult problem for global public health. Age is an important independent risk factor for AF, and the incidence of AF increases with age. To date, there is no comprehensive review on aging‐associated AF. In this review, we systematically discuss the pathophysiologic evidence for aging‐associated AF, and in particular explore the pathophysiologic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere attrition, cellular senescence, disabled macroautophagy, and gut dysbiosis involved in recent studies with aging‐associated AF. We hope that by exploring the various dimensions of aging‐associated AF, we can better understand the specific relationship between age and AF, which may be crucial for innovative treatments of aging‐associated AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the primary pathology behind various cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death and disability globally. Recent evidence suggests that AS is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease caused by multiple factors. In this context, the NLRP3 inflammasome, acting as a signal transducer of the immune system, plays a critical role in the onset and progression of AS. The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in endothelial injury, foam cell formation, and pyroptosis in AS. Therefore, targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome offers a new treatment strategy for AS. This review highlights the latest insights into AS pathogenesis and the pharmacological therapies targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, focusing on optimal targets for small molecule inhibitors. These insights are valuable for rational drug design and the pharmacological assessment of new targeted NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in treating AS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common chronic metabolic disease, and its prevalence is increasing globally. Exercise is crucial for T2D management, yet many aspects of its mechanisms remain unclear. This study employs CiteSpace to reveal research hotspots and frontier issues in exercise intervention for T2D. Method: A literature review spanning from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022, was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), with keywords including "exercise," "type 2 diabetes," and "mechanisms." We analyzed network diagrams generated by CiteSpace, which depicted relationships among countries, authors, and keywords. Results: This study includes 1,210 English papers from 555 journals, affiliated with 348 institutions across 80 countries/regions. Notably, the United States, China, and the United Kingdom account for nearly half of all publications. The University of Copenhagen leads in publication volume, followed by Harvard Medical School and the University of Colorado. Key authors include Kirwan, John P (Case Western Reserve University), Malin, Steven K (Rutgers University), and Pedersen, Bente Klarlund (University of Copenhagen). Based on co-occurrence analysis of keywords, it is evident that terms such as "disease," "glucagon-like peptide 1," and "cardiovascular risk factor" exhibit high intermediary centrality. Conclusion: The analysis highlights ongoing investigations into molecular mechanisms, such as b-cell function enhancement, exerkines, and epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging areas include exercise response heterogeneity, circadian rhythm regulation, transcription factors, neurotrophic factors, and mitochondrial function. Future studies should prioritize understanding interactions between different exercise mechanisms and optimizing exercise prescriptions for T2D. Exercise prescriptions are crucial for effective interventions. Collaboration between countries and institutions is essential to understand the influences of different genetic backgrounds and environmental factors. Currently, a combination of aerobic and resistance training is considered the optimal form of exercise. However, considering time efficiency, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained widespread attention and research due to its ability to achieve similar exercise effects in a shorter duration. Additionally, circadian rhythm regulation may affect the exercise outcomes of diabetic individuals at different times of the day, particularly concerning the specific types, doses, and intensities used for precision intervention in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work prepared a novel biochar from willow catkins (WC) by a two-step pyrolysis and KOH activate to adsorb tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in water. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and activator amount on adsorption capacity were investigated. The results showed that the adsorbent with the largest adsorption capacity, which was named as KWCBC, was obtained when the pyrolysis temperature of the first and second stage was 600 °C and 800 °C, and the dry mass ratio of KOH and WC biochar was 4. After KOH activation and two-step pyrolysis, the pore structure and adsorption capacity of biochar were greatly improved. KWCBC possessed developed pore structure and large specific surface area (2402.31 m2/g), which was conducive to the adsorption process. KWCBC had superior stability against the changes of initial pH and foreign ions. Moreover, KWCBC showed favorable application potential in actual water and excellent regeneration performance. The adsorption behavior was well explained by Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of TCH on KWCBC determined by the Langmuir model was up to 1242.31 mg/g at 45 °C. The major mechanisms including pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic effects and π-π interactions were involved in the adsorption process. The findings obtained in this study can provide valuable insights into the adsorption properties and mechanisms of KWCBC, which may assist in developing effective adsorbents for TCH removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitiligo, a pigmentary autoimmune disorder, is marked by the selective loss of melanocytes in the skin, leading to the appearance of depigmented patches. The principal pathological mechanism is the melanocyte destruction mediated by CD8+ T cells, modulated by oxidative stress and immune dysregulation. Vitiligo affects both physical health and psychological well-being, diminishing the quality of life. Polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, have demonstrated efficacy in managing various dermatological conditions through multiple pathways. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of vitiligo and the therapeutic potential of natural polyphenolic compounds. We examine the roles of various polyphenols in vitiligo management through antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, melanogenesis promotion, and apoptosis reduction. The review underscores the need for further investigation into the precise molecular mechanisms of these compounds in vitiligo treatment and the exploration of their combination with current therapies to augment therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsExperiential avoidance (EA) may serve as a risk factor for a wide range of anxiety-related psychopathology. Anxiety is thought to trigger the use of EA, while also serving as a consequence of EA efforts. Previous ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies found that EA was associated with greater anxiety in nonclinical undergraduates and patients with social anxiety disorder.The present study examined the in-the-moment, bidirectional relationship between EA, perceived stress, and two facets of anxiety (autonomic arousal and worry/misery) in a sample of treatment-seeking patients broadly diagnosed with an anxiety-related disorder (N = 46). Participants completed a baseline assessment followed by an EMA assessment period (assessments three times daily for seven days). We hypothesized that there would be a bidirectional relationship between EA and anxiety/stress.Results largely supported a unidirectional relationship such that greater EA at one time point predicted higher stress at a later time point controlling for previous stress levels and linear time. Trend-level associations between EA and anxiety symptoms are discussed.The current study provides important insight into the relationship between EA and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of participants with anxiety-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for multifunctional optoelectronic devices rises, the integration of electrochromic and energy storage functionalities represents a cutting‐edge pursuit in the electrochromic devices domain. The realm of conductive polymer‐based electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) stands as a vibrant area marked by ongoing research and development. Despite a plethora of individual research articles exploring various facets within this domain, there exists a conspicuous dearth of comprehensive reviews systematically scrutinizing the advancements, challenges, and potentials intrinsic to these systems. To fill this void, this review systematically outlines the latest progressions in EESDs centered on conductive conjugated polymers (CPs). The review commences with a thorough exploration of the foundational principles underpinning EESDs, encompassing their operational mechanisms, device configurations, and representative key performance indicators. Furthermore, the review categorizes diverse conductive polymers, shedding light on the latest advancements in EESD research utilizing these specific CP variants. This in‐depth analysis centers on their collaborative role in shaping electrochromic energy storage devices. Overall, this review is poised to captivate the interest of researchers toward state‐of‐the‐art CP‐based EESDs, establishing these pioneering technologies as pivotal contenders in defining the forthcoming landscape of wearable electronics, portable devices, and advanced energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure (HF) has a severe impact on public health development due to high morbidity and mortality and is associated with imbalances in cardiac immunoregulation. Macrophages, a major cell population involved in cardiac immune response and inflammation, are highly heterogeneous and polarized into M1 and M2 types depending on the microenvironment. M1 macrophage releases inflammatory factors and chemokines to activate the immune response and remove harmful substances, while M2 macrophage releases antiinflammatory factors to inhibit the overactive immune response and promote tissue repair. M1 and M2 restrict each other to maintain cardiac homeostasis. The dynamic balance of M1 and M2 is closely related to the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) yin-yang theory, and the imbalance of yin and yang will result in a pathological state of the organism. Studies have confirmed that TCM produces positive effects on HF by regulating macrophage polarization. This review describes the critical role of macrophage polarization in inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and electrophysiology in the course of HF, as well as the potential mechanism of TCM regulation of macrophage polarization in preventing and treating HF, thereby providing new ideas for clinical treatment and scientific research design of HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges of treating epilepsy and the high prevalence of treatment failure. It suggests that a lack of understanding of why medications fail or why side effects occur is a major obstacle to successful treatment. The article emphasizes the need to identify the basis for treatment failure in order to develop more effective treatments. It also discusses different patterns of treatment failure and highlights the need for new approaches to discovery and a better understanding of treatment failure mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]

Increasing demand for fossil fuels in worldwide leads to environmental issues. Fossil fuel containing nitrogen compounds is deactivating the industrial catalysts. There are several techniques for nitrogen removal such as hydrodenitrogenation, oxidative denitrogenation, and adsorptive denitrogenation, due to the restriction of the common method; Researchers have suggested metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF nanocomposite materials for adsorptive denitrogenation (ADN) and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) of fuels in recent years. This review paper aims to investigate the adsorptive and oxidative denitrogenation of liquid fuels with MOFs-based catalysts. All catalysts including pristine MOFs, defected MOFs, active component-loaded MOFs, and MOF-derived carbonaceous materials are studied. The detailed mechanisms of different MOFs are investigated to further improvements and modifications to synthesis well catalysts for nitrogen compound removal from liquid fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that children's reading comprehension is driven, at least in part, by their awareness of morphemes, or the smallest units of meaning in language. The question of how it does so is largely open; this mechanistic knowledge would specify theories of reading comprehension and guide effective classroom instruction. We report here on a longitudinal study designed to test two candidate mechanisms by which morphological awareness might support the development of reading comprehension: use of morphemes to read words and to understand words, known as morphological decoding and analysis, respectively. We tracked the development of 221 children on key measures from Grades 3 to 5. These three-wave longitudinal data enabled us to test morphological decoding and analysis as mediators connecting morphological awareness to gains in reading comprehension over time. Structural equation modeling showed that morphological awareness contributed to gains in both morphological decoding and analysis. Critically, only morphological analysis mediated the contribution of morphological awareness to gains in reading comprehension between Grades 3 and 5. These findings elaborate predictions of the morphological pathways framework. Specifically, longitudinal modeling shows how morphological awareness supports children's developing reading comprehension: by enabling the use of morphemes to read and understand words, with effects on the understanding of words supporting children's growing skill in understanding texts. Evidence supporting these two specific mechanisms inspires the design of targeted teaching on morphemes toward the development of strong reading comprehension. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: Prior research has established that children's awareness of roots and suffixes in words helps them to understand texts. Here we work out how it does so in a study in which we follow children over time to look at long-term effects. We uncover that children's awareness of roots and suffixes supports them in understanding challenging words, which in turns enables stronger progress in understanding texts. These findings identify two targets for instruction that are likely to support children's reading comprehension: awareness of roots and suffixes and using them to understand words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali metal‐ion capacitors integrate two electrodes from both batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), combining the advantages of large capacity, high‐rate performance, and long cycle life. Potassium (K) has similar properties to sodium (Na) and lithium (Li), however, the abundance of K in the crust is the same with Na, and much higher than Li. Due to the fast kinetics and low self‐discharge of Potassium‐ion capacitors (PICs), PICs attract more interest from researchers in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The current dilemma is that the research on PICs is more inherited from sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) and lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs). Despite advancements in electrode materials, there is still a lack of profound understanding of the intrinsic issues and key challenges of PICs. In order to provide a detailed and systematic analysis of the development of PICs, in this review, special attention is given on the following Accordingly, full eight key sections: i) development history, ii) defining equations, iii) energy storage mechanism, iv) device configuration, v) electrode materials, vi) electrolyte design, vii) key technologies, and viii) future perspectives. This review provides an intensive theoretical foundation for the development of PICs and is able to pave the path for the practical application of PICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Netball is a sport with a large participation base and a high risk of injuries. Effective injury prevention strategies are dependent upon a clear understanding of injury issues, aetiology and mechanisms, requiring robust research methodologies to ensure a reliable evidence base. This scoping review aims to identify the characteristics and range of netball injury research methodologies, to inform recommendations for future research. Methods: A systematic search of SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, from 1985 to May 2023 identified relevant studies. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed studies assessing injury incidence, aetiology and mechanisms in netball. Results: Following screening, 65 studies were included (68% descriptive epidemiology, 32% analytic epidemiology). Descriptive epidemiology reported data from hospital/clinic and insurance databases (57%) and netball competitions (43%). Only two studies used ongoing, systematic injury surveillance in netball cohorts, and significant heterogeneity existed in study designs, data collection methods, injury definitions and injury incidence rates calculations. Studies assessed a limited number of risk factors (descriptive competition studies: median: n = 4; analytic studies median: n = 6), with 76% using a simplistic reductionist approach to determine causality. Basic descriptions and retrospective recall of injury mechanisms reduced accuracy. Only two studies conducted comprehensive assessments of injury mechanisms using video-based methods. Conclusion: To establish an accurate netball injury evidence base, future research should prioritise the development of reliable, continuous surveillance systems. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement guidelines are recommended for accurate injury data collection and reporting. A multifactorial approach should be adopted to assess the complex interaction between multiple risk factors, player load and the injury inciting event. Comprehensive descriptions of injury mechanisms using video methods, alongside descriptions from medical staff are recommended. This information is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant protein components contribute positively to human well-being as they modulate the immune status of a consumer, especially when the enzymatic method is employed in order to release their bioactive peptides. These peptides are derived from plant-based foods such as soy, wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, sorghum, and millet, the famous staple foods around the world. Since these peptides are crucial to functional food among other key industries, the present study endeavored to scout for relevant information within the past three decades, using the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google search engines. In this review, first, the core of immunomodulation and types of immunomodulatory agents will be discussed, followed by the production of plant-based immunomodulatory peptides and their immunomodulatory mechanisms in cells, animals, and humans are also studied. Finally, applications and challenges associated with plant-based immunomodulatory peptides are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose in life is a well-established contributor to positive well-being. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of purpose in life, further exploration is needed about the processes implicated in purpose from a cognitive and affective perspective. This scoping review aims to identify the cognitive and/or affective mechanisms (CAMs) correlating with purpose in life and to examine these relationships based on relevant existing literature. Using search terms related to CAMs and purpose in life, we conducted a comprehensive search across five databases (Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and psycinfo) to identify those examining the relationship between these constructs. Ninety-nine manuscripts were selected for inclusion. Within these studies, 33 CAMs showed predominantly positive and significant associations with purpose in life. Our findings highlighted the cams empirically and theoretically implicated in purpose development, maintenance, and its association to positive wellbeing. We identified several gaps in current research including issues related to suboptimal measurement of purpose in life, and a lack of longitudinal and intervention studies. Overall, this study represents a foundational step in advancing an understanding CAMs implicated in purpose in life. This scoping review usefully informs the development and validation of future purpose in life measures, and the design of interventions aimed at enhancing purpose in life and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orchestration approach has been gaining prominence and relevance in recent years, due to high competitiveness in the business context and the search for more efficient strategies to promote innovation. In light of this reality, this paper conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) aiming to contribute to the emerging theme of innovation orchestration. We examined the abstracts of 761 articles and found 75 that were relevant to the topic, which was analyzed using the biblioshiny tool. These documents were published between 2006 and January 2023 and were collected from two databases, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus. We discovered that the highest number of articles was published in 2022. Furthermore, we identified the conceptual evolution of the theme, dividing it into three periods. Through the overall thematic map, we were able to uncover niche and emerging topics such as innovation orchestration in social entrepreneurship networks, innovation orchestration in ecosystems and orchestration mechanisms. Additionally, we contribute by pointing out pathways for future studies, which is a key aspect of advancing knowledge in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation is increasingly being recognized for its exceptional effectiveness in eliminating non-aqueous phase liquids in soil. A comprehensive knowledge of the technique is essential for its field application. This paper provides a thorough examination of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation incorporating insights based on the most recent advancements. Firstly, the fundamental process and major mechanisms that underpin the technology were summarized, including mobilization, solubilizing, and emulsifying. Secondly, the improvements achieved by using surfactants in soil remediation, through chemical, physical, and biological methods, have been elucidated through theoretical explanations and practical case studies. Thirdly, the risks and other limitations of Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation were discussed with an outlook for future development. This review aims to promote understanding of the effectiveness and risks holistically in field implementation of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus faecalis is one of the main microorganisms that infects root canals, ranking among the most prevalent microorganisms associated with endodontic treatment failure. Given its pervasive presence in persistent endodontic infections, the successful elimination of Enterococcus faecalis is crucial for effective endodontic treatment and retreatment. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecalis can form biofilms - defense structures that microbes use to fight environmental threats. These biofilms confer resistance against host immune system attacks and antibiotic interventions. Consequently, the presence of biofilms poses a significant challenge in the complete eradication of Enterococcus faecalis and its associated disease. In response, numerous scholars have discovered promising outcomes in addressing Enterococcus faecalis biofilms within root canals and undertaken endeavors to explore more efficacious approaches in combating these biofilms. This study provides a comprehensive review of strategies and mechanisms for the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst rising Parkinson's disease (PD) incidence in an aging global population, the need for non-invasive and reliable diagnostic methods is increasingly critical. This review evaluates the strategic role of transcranial sonography (TCS) in the early detection and monitoring of PD. TCS's ability to detect substantia nigra hyperechogenicity offers profound insights into its correlation with essential neuropathological alterations--namely, iron accumulation, neuromelanin depletion, and glial proliferation--fundamental to PD's pathophysiology. Our analysis highlights TCS's advantages, including its non-invasiveness, costeffectiveness, and ease of use, positioning it as an invaluable tool for early diagnosis and continual disease progression monitoring. Moreover, TCS assists in identifying potential risk and protective factors, facilitating tailored therapeutic strategies to enhance clinical outcomes. This review advocates expanding TCS utilization and further research to maximize its diagnostic and prognostic potential in PD management, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar has a limited initial adsorption capacity and number of adsorption sites. Nevertheless, by employing physical or chemical techniques, the multi-level architecture of biochar can be altered to achieve substantial improvements in aquatic pollutant adsorption. This can unleash biochar's full potential for environmental remediation. This review provides a summary of the transformative effects of various modification techniques on the multi-level structure of biochar, as well as their unique adsorption mechanisms in different water conditions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of adapted biochar in its preparation and application will be deliberated, emphasizing its substantial potential in the restoration of water environments. The findings and recommendations presented in this literature review offer significant guidance for improving biochar production and utilization, thus contributing to a cleaner and healthier future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physiotherapeutic management is the first-line intervention for patients with entrapment neuropathies such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). As part of physiotherapy, neurodynamic interventions are often used to treat people with peripheral nerve involvement, but their mechanisms of action are yet to be fully understood. The MONET (mechanisms of neurodynamic treatment) study aims to investigate the mechanisms of action of neurodynamic exercise intervention on nerve structure, and function. Methods: This mechanistic, randomised, single-blind, controlled trial will include 78 people with electrodiagnostically confirmed mild or moderate CTS and 30 healthy participants (N = 108). Patients will be randomly assigned into (1) a 6-week progressive home-based neurodynamic exercise intervention (n = 26), (2) a steroid injection (= 26), or (3) advice (n = 26) group. The primary outcome measure is fractional anisotropy of the median nerve at the wrist using advanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging. Secondary outcome measures include neuroimaging markers at the wrist, quantitative sensory testing, electrodiagnostics, and patient reported outcome measures. Exploratory outcomes include neuroimaging markers at the cervical spine, inflammatory and axonal integrity markers in serial blood samples and biopsies of median nerve innervated skin. We will evaluate outcome measures at baseline and at the end of the 6-week intervention period. We will repeat questionnaires at 6-months. Two-way repeated measures ANCOVAs, followed by posthoc testing will be performed to identify differences in outcome measures among groups and over time. Discussion: This study will advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action underpinning neurodynamic exercises, which will ultimately help clinicians to better target these treatments to those patients who may benefit from them. The inclusion of a positive control group (steroid injection) and a negative control group (advice) will strengthen the interpretation of our results. Trial registration: NCT05859412, 20/4/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harnessing light for magnetization control presents a promising approach with compelling merits such as non‐contact operation, ultrafast response, reversibility, high spatial resolution, tunability, and energy efficiency. Photoinduced metal‐to‐metal charge transfer (MMCT) is one key mechanism in achieving photo‐controlled magnetic properties, making relevant materials prime candidates for versatile switchable devices. Cobalt iron Prussian blue analogues (CoFePBA) are trailblazers in showcasing photomagnetic properties via MMCT and the numerous related studies on CoFePBA have significantly enhanced the understanding of photoinduced MMCT processes. Thus, this review embarks on a thorough examination of three decades of research on the photomagnetic of CoFePBA to deep into the art of the photocontrol of spin. In addition to an introduction to the structure and preparation of CoFePBA, the focus is on elucidating the underlying mechanisms and introducing strategies for its manipulation and control. Finally, the challenges and prospects at this moment are summarized and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well as protection from the environment and predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating the adoption of a variety of lifestyles and the exploitation of ecological niches across all environments. Throughout the radiation that produced the more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation and exoskeletons has led to a diversity that is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because of the limited extensibility of exoskeleton chitin and cuticle components, they must be periodically shed and replaced with new larger ones, notably to accommodate the growing individuals encased within. Therefore, arthropods grow discontinuously by undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow a series of steps from the preparatory pre‐moult phase to ecdysis itself and post‐moult maturation of new exoskeletons. Each event represents a particularly vulnerable period in an arthropod's life cycle, so processes must be tightly regulated and meticulously executed to ensure successful transitions for normal growth and development. Decades of research in representative arthropods provide a foundation of understanding of the mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue to develop and test hypotheses on the presence and function of molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, and receptors, as well as the so‐called early, late, and fate genes, across arthropod diversity. Here, we review the literature to develop a comprehensive overview of the status of accumulated knowledge of the genetic toolkit governing arthropod moulting. From biosynthesis and regulation of ecdysteroid and sesquiterpenoid hormones, to factors involved in hormonal stimulation responses and exoskeleton remodelling, we identify commonalities and differences, as well as highlighting major knowledge gaps, across arthropod groups. We examine the available evidence supporting current models of how components operate together to prepare for, execute, and recover from ecdysis, comparing reports from Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda. Evidence is generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, with most reports based on insect study systems. Biases are also evident in research on different moulting phases and processes, with the early triggers and late effectors generally being the least well explored. Our synthesis contrasts knowledge based on reported observations with reasonably plausible assumptions given current taxonomic sampling, and exposes weak assumptions or major gaps that need addressing. Encouragingly, advances in genomics are driving a diversification of tractable study systems by facilitating the cataloguing of putative genetic toolkits in previously under‐explored taxa. Analysis of genome and transcriptome data supported by experimental investigations have validated the presence of an “ultra‐conserved” core of arthropod genes involved in moulting processes. The molecular machinery has likely evolved with elaborations on this conserved pathway backbone, but more taxonomic exploration is needed to characterise lineage‐specific changes and novelties. Furthermore, linking these to transformative innovations in moulting processes across Arthropoda remains hampered by knowledge gaps and hypotheses based on untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging from the synthesis is a framework that highlights research avenues from the underlying genetics to the dynamic molecular biology through to the complex physiology of moulting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The last few decades have seen striking changes in the field of food allergy. The prevalence of the disease has risen dramatically in many parts of the globe, and management of the condition has undergone major revision. While delayed introduction of common allergenic foods during infancy was advised for many years, the learning early about peanut allergy (LEAP) trial and other studies led to a major shift in infant feeding practices, with deliberate early introduction of these foods now recommended. Additionally, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment for food allergy in 2020—a peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) product that likely represents just the beginning of new immunotherapy‐based and other treatments for food allergy. Our knowledge of the environmental and genetic factors contributing to the pathogenesis of food allergy has also undergone transformational advances. Here, we will discuss our efforts to improve the clinical care of patients with food allergy and our understanding of the immunological mechanisms contributing to this common disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure-assisted sintering models involve numerous closely correlated parameters that depend on temperatures, porosity, and microstructure development. Consequently, the identification of the model parameters is relatively lengthy and requires experiments to extract the underlying creep behavior (pressure/temperature dependent), shear, bulk sintering moduli that are porosity-dependent, and grain growth. Knowing that certain sintering mechanisms are grain-size dependent, it is very difficult to assess the densification behavior for the case of ceramics. We have already developed a sinter-forging method to assess independently all parameters for ceramics. However, this method implies numerous interruption tests to measure the specimen diameter evolution, and the capillarity forces were neglected. In this study, an instrumented microwave sinter-forging prototype avoiding highly repetitive interruption tests has been developed to record the specimen diameter evolution of submicronic alumina powder samples. The new method includes the effect of the capillarity forces on the identification equations, making the model more realistic for submicronic ceramics. The resulting model was tested on a finite element code for validation and to explore its stability for complex shapes. [Display omitted] • Pressure assisted sintering model assessment. • Identification including the capillarity forces. • Instrumented porous stage method insensitive to grain growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, magnetic coconut shell biochar loaded with spherical Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 particles was successfully synthesized using a chemical coprecipitation method. The magnetic biochar exhibited a good magnetic separability and environmental security. The maximum sulfadiazine (SDZ) and norfloxacin (NOR) removal efficiencies were 94.8% and 92.3% at pH 4 and 25 °C with adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g/L, respectively. When antibiotic concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 mg/L, the theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of SDZ and NOR were 16.7 mg/g and 25.8 mg/g, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models could better describe the adsorption process of both antibiotics, implying the monolayer chemical adsorption. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The ionic strength had no significant effect on the adsorption behavior of either antibiotic. Combined with BET, FTIR, and XPS results, the dominant mechanisms for SDZ and NOR adsorption were pore filling, π-π electron-donor–acceptor interaction, hydrogen bonds and surface complexation. Moreover, Lewis acid–base interaction also contributed to SDZ adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a harmful bacterium that is difficult to conveniently diagnose and effectively eradicate. Chronic H. pylori infection increases the risk of gastrointestinal diseases, even cancers. Despite the known findings, more underlying mechanisms are to be deeply explored to facilitate the development of novel prevention and treatment strategies of H. pylori infection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs with more than 200 nucleotides. They may be implicated in cell proliferation, inflammation and many other signaling pathways of gastrointestinal cancer progression. The dynamic expression of lncRNAs indicates their potential to be diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In this paper, we comprehensively summarize the processes of H. pylori infection and the treatment methods, review the known findings of lncRNA classification and functional mechanisms, elucidate the roles of lncRNAs in H. pylori-related gastrointestinal cancer, and discuss the clinical perspectives of lncRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRC poses a significant challenge in the global health domain, with a high number of deaths attributed to this disease annually. If CRC is detected only in its advanced stages, the difficulty of treatment increases significantly. Therefore, biomarkers for the early detection of CRC play a crucial role in improving patient outcomes and increasing survival rates. The development of a reliable biomarker for early detection of CRC is particularly important for timely diagnosis and treatment. However, current methods for CRC detection, such as endoscopic examination, blood, and stool tests, have certain limitations and often only detect cases in the late stages. To overcome these constraints, researchers have turned their attention to molecular biomarkers, which are considered a promising approach to improving CRC detection. Non-invasive methods using biomarkers such as mRNA, circulating cell-free DNA, microRNA, LncRNA, and proteins can provide more reliable diagnostic information. These biomarkers can be found in blood, tissue, stool, and volatile organic compounds. Identifying molecular biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early and safe, economic, and easily measurable detection of CRC remains a significant challenge for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinnitus, characterized by phantom sound perception, is a highly disruptive disorder lacking definitive and effective treatments. Its intricate neural mechanisms are not fully understood. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has demonstrated potential as a substitute or supplementary treatment by activating central vagal pathways. However, standardized therapeutic protocols and objective tests to assess efficacy are lacking. Therefore, taVNS shows promise as a therapy for tinnitus, and treatment protocols should be optimized in future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal pyrolysis is one such area in which additional insights would be beneficial for utilization improvements and pollution control. Here, coal is divided into four components by the full component classification method. Those components are the dense medium component (DMC), loose medium component (LMC), heavy component (HC), and light component. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations and thermogravimetric experiments were used to determine the pyrolysis mechanism and examine the differences in the thermal behavior and contribution of raw coal pyrolysis. The previously constructed molecular model of group components of coal was used in pyrolysis simulations from 100 to 3000 K with a heating rate of 10 K ps−1 and at higher temperatures for 500 ps. This high temperature enabled chemical reactions to occur within a practical simulation time. The results showed that the pyrolysis process of group components of coal begins with the shedding of small molecules and then undergoes thermal decomposition of the skeleton and pyrolytic fragments. The simulation results of ReaxFF molecular dynamics in the temperature range of 100–3000 K are in good agreement with the experimental results in the temperature range of 303–1073 K according to the comparison between the pyrolysis thermogravimetric curve and nonvolatile yield curve. This result shows that the molecular model of the group components of coal is reasonable and that the ReaxFF reactive force field is suitable for exploring group components of coal pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process of coal is inversely related to the pyrolysis process of group components. In the whole rapid decomposition stage, the gas mainly comes from LMC and DMC. When the temperature is approximately 2200 K, coal coke mainly comes from HC and DMC, and asphaltene and tar mainly comes from LMC. This work demonstrates a new methodology for investigating the overall behaviors and underlying complex mechanisms of the pyrolysis of different group components in coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation addresses the mechanical properties, wear behaviour, and high-temperature oxidation of cermets and hardmetals based on either Ti(C,N) or WC and a metal binder based on Fe15Ni or Fe15Ni10Cr. This study also includes a commercial-grade WC-Co for comparative purposes. The production of these materials involved a powder metallurgy and sinter-HIP processing route under identical conditions. It is found that WC-based materials have superior mechanical properties, including hardness, fracture toughness, transversal rupture strength (TRS), and wear response, compared to Ti(C,N)-based materials. However, the latter show better oxidation behaviour than the former. Notably, WC-FeNi exhibits a higher hardness and TRS than the commercial-grade material (an increase of 7% and 9%, respectively). The difference in wear behaviour is due to the difference in wear mechanisms. In this regard, cermets wear through a tribolayer of Ti and Fe oxides, while hardmetals primarily wear through abrasion from ploughing. Thus, hardmetals exhibit a lower coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate than cermets. Furthermore, Ti(C,N)-based materials form a protective layer of TiO2, which enhances their integrity and reduces mass gain. The addition of Cr to the FeNi binder only appears to have a clear effect on the TRS of the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice‐confined single‐atom catalyst (LC SAC), featuring exceptional activity, intriguing stability and prominent selectivity, has attracted extensive attention in the fields of various reactions (e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), etc.). To design a “smart” LC SAC for catalytic applications, one must systematically comprehend updated advances in the preparation, the application, and especially the peculiar electron regulation mechanism of LC SAC. In this review, the specific preparation methods of LC SAC based on general coordination strategy are updated, and its applications in HER, OER, ORR, N2 reduction reaction (NRR), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and so forth are summarized to display outstanding activity, stability and selectivity. Uniquely, the electron regulation mechanisms are first and deeply discussed and can be primarily categorized as electron transfer bridge with monometallic active sites, novel catalytic centers with polymetallic active sites, and positive influence by surrounding environments. In the end, the existing issues and future development directions are put forward with a view to further optimize the performance of LC SAC. This review is expected to contribute to the in‐depth understanding and practical application of highly efficient LC SAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of synthetic organic compounds that are widely distributed in the environment and have significant adverse effects on humans as well as the ecosystem. Many microorganisms that can degrade PCBs have been reported, including monocultures of bacteria and fungi, as well as natural and artificial microbial consortia. Generally, anaerobic dechlorination can degrade highly chlorinated PCBs to reduce their toxicity, while aerobic oxidation degrades lowly chlorinated PCBs (four or fewer chlorine atoms) and realizes their complete mineralization into CO2 by disrupting the benzene ring structure. Due to the need for the metabolism of a wide range of PCB congeners in the environment, microbial consortia have become a research hotspot, and their species diversity facilitates metabolic cooperation, enabling them to undertake more complex tasks. In this review, we will discuss the metabolic mechanisms of PCB degradation by monocultures as well as microbial consortia, and focus on the recent progress in the development and optimization of PCB-degrading microbial consortia, the community composition analysis methods, the prevailing optimization strategies such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, metagenomics, and the combination of other methods for a better remediation effect, which will provide theoretical and practical bases for the rational design, construction and further optimization of efficient microbial consortia for the high-efficiency degradation of PCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) have become extensively utilized as cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage applications that necessitate consistent power output over prolonged periods and under varying environmental conditions. A crucial structural degradation issue leading to cycling‐induced deterioration, rapid loss of cell capacity/voltage, and the onset of undesirable thermal runaway events involves the decay of cathode materials enriched in nickel. This contribution offers a comprehensive evaluation of cutting‐edge strategies in engineering and material design to enhance the structural stability of cathode materials and reduce detrimental oxygen evolution reactions. It also provides the most recent discoveries regarding oxygen release phenomena and associated mechanisms contributing to structural breakdown in high‐nickel cathodes. The primary source of oxygen depletion and the ensuing structural deterioration caused are thoroughly examined. Additionally, the kinetic mechanisms responsible for oxygen loss are scrutinized, and measures to mitigate resulting electrochemical degradation are elaborated. This overview can guide researchers in the development of oxygen‐containing cathode materials in the future, where oxygen leakage is of lesser concern compared to other forms of deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Though consistent with this definition, different types of pain result in different behavioural and psychophysiological responses. For example, the transient, non‐threatening, acute muscle pain element of exercise‐induced pain (EIP) is entirely different from other pain types like delayed onset muscle soreness, muscular injury or chronic pain. However, studies often conflate the definitions or assume parity between distinct pain types. Consequently, the mechanisms through which pain might impact exercise behaviour across different pain subcategories may be incorrectly assumed, which could lead to interventions or recommendations that are inappropriate. Therefore, this review aims to distinguish EIP from other subcategories of pain according to their aetiologies and characteristics, thereby providing an updated conceptual and operational definition of EIP. Secondly, the review will discuss the experimental pain models currently used across several research domains and their relevance to EIP with a focus on the neuro‐psychophysiological mechanisms of EIP and its effect on exercise behaviour and performance. Finally, the review will examine potential interventions to cope with the impact of EIP and support wider exercise benefits. What is the topic of this review? Considerations for future research focusing on exercise‐induced pain within endurance exercise settings. What advances does it highlight? An updated appraisal and guide of research concerning exercise‐induced pain and its impact on endurance task behaviour, particularly with reference to the aetiology, measurement, and manipulation of exercise‐induced pain. What is the topic of this review?Considerations for future research focusing on exercise‐induced pain within endurance exercise settings.What advances does it highlight? An updated appraisal and guide of research concerning exercise‐induced pain and its impact on endurance task behaviour, particularly with reference to the aetiology, measurement, and manipulation of exercise‐induced pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera, a widely recognized plant more commonly known as moringa, has obtained significant research interest in recent years due to its prospective physiological advantages, including its claimed ability to counteract carcinogenesis. The moringa plant has been found to possess bioactive components that exhibit promising anticancer activities against different human cancers, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc. The cytotoxic properties of moringa seed extracts on cancerous cells have also been provided in this paper along with other notable health benefits. The extracts derived from moringa seeds inhibit cancer proliferation and promote cancer cell apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways. They also stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequently induced caspase‐3 activity. The impact of moringin and avenanthramide 2f on the stimulation of caspases 2, 4, 8, and 9 results in reduction in the proliferation of cancer cells. The results reported by research studies hold significant implications for identifying and targeting specific molecular entities that could serve as potential therapeutic targets in search of effective cancer treatments. Furthermore, the flavonoids in moringa seed can remove mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, protecting beta cells and bringing hyperglycemia under control. M. oleifera seed oil can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases via reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and modulation of cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the noteworthy discoveries derived from a rigorous investigation that explored into the impact of moringa seeds on the prevention/reduction of various cancers and other complex diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of daitongxiao (DTX) on hyperuricemia (HUA). DTX was administered to two animal models of HUA via gavage feeding: HUA quail model (a uricotelic animal with urate oxidase deficiency), treated continuously for 35 days post-HUA induction, and HUA rats (an animal with active urate oxidase), treated continuously for 28 days post-HUA induction. HUA was induced in quail by administering a solution of sterile dry yeast powder via gavage feeding, while in rats, it was induced by intragastric gavage feeding of a solution of adenine and ethambutol hydrochloride. DTX improved overall health; increased bodyweight; reduced renal index, serum urate levels, serum xanthine oxidase activity, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine; and enhanced urinary and fecal uric acid (UA) excretion in these two animal models. The results of hematoxylin and eosin and hexamine silver staining of kidney sections revealed that DTX significantly mitigated HUA-induced renal structural damage and inflammatory response. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that DTX downregulated the renal expression levels of glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) and upregulated the renal expression levels of organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3) in both HUA models. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that DTX suppresses the progression of HUA by modulating the expression of the UA transporter group members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinnitus is a very common oto-neurological disorder of the perception of sound when no sound is present. To improve understanding of the scope, strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand tinnitus research, a critical scoping review was undertaken. The aim was to help develop priorities for future research. A review of the literature was undertaken using a 6-stage scoping review framework of Scopus and Pub Med were searched in May 2023 with the combination of following key word [Tinnitus] and country of affiliation [New Zealand]. The search of PubMed resulted in 198 articles and that of Scopus 337 articles. After initial consideration of title relevance to the study (165 from PubMed and 196 from Scopus) removal of duplicates and after reading the articles and adding from references, 208 studies were chosen for charting of data. Nine themes were identified and described: A. Epidemiology; B. Models; C. Studies in animals; D. Mechanisms; E. Assessment and prognosis; F. Pharmacotherapy; G. Neuromodulation; H. Sensory therapies; I. Clinical practice. An urgent priority for future tinnitus research in NZ must be to address the absence of cultural and ethnic diversity in participants and consideration of traditional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of justice, discussed since the beginning of the so-called Greek city-states, has generated debates about what can be considered fair or unfair, as well as whether the conception of justice is capable of being appropriated by the entire society or only to certain groups. privileged social groups, therefore, if the "political animal" defended by Aristotle or the contractualist proposals are capable of being fully exercised by society. Thus, there is a discussion of norms and institutional structures that aim to enable mechanisms for access to justice. Naturalist and contractualist theorists recognize that equality is one of the fundamental goals of society. Such equality, however, is debatable, as well as whether the position of citizen and sovereign people has been taken over by the breadth of society, so that the natural condition of living in society or the act of renouncing part of one's own right for the good common has been made possible by access to justice. There was a theoretical discussion of naturalist and contractualist conceptions and an analysis of mechanisms for access to justice. Even though important mechanisms have been implemented, such as public defender's offices, free procedural assistance, itinerant justice, means of procedural speed, collective actions, self-composed guardianships and constitutional remedies, it has been observed that there is not complete access to jurisdiction, in order to favor the equality defended by naturalist and contractualist theorists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are highly selective, effective, and generally well-tolerated antihyperglycemic agents targeting the SGLT-2 transmembrane protein. Despite being primarily registered for diabetes treatment, due to their cardiorenal protective properties, SGLT-2 inhibitors caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of other diseases on the cardiorenal spectrum, becoming a fundamental part of heart failure and chronic kidney disease management. With their rapidly increasing use, there are also increased reports of a rare, often under-recognised and potentially deadly side effect, SGLT-2-inhibitor-induced euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA). The primary pathophysiological process behind its multifactorial aetiology comprises glucosuria and osmotic diuresis, which produce a significant carbohydrate deficit, leading to an increase in the glucagon–insulin ratio, thus resulting in accelerated ketogenesis. Although EDKA has a similar clinical presentation as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), the absence of the high glucose levels typically expected for DKA and the presence of urine ketone reabsorption contribute to a significant delay in its recognition and timely diagnosis. Given the broad use of SGLT-2 inhibitors, increased awareness, early recognition, and prompt identification of precipitating factors are essential. In this narrative review, we comprehensively explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of SGLT-2-inhibitor-induced EDKA, analyse its clinical manifestation, and identify the most common triggers for its development. We also discuss EDKA management and preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, a prevalent pathological condition in medical practice, presents significant treatment challenges. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), acknowledged as the third gas signaling molecule, profoundly impacts various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Extensive research has demonstrated that H2S can mitigate I/R damage across multiple organs and tissues. This review investigates the protective effects of H2S in preventing I/R damage in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, intestines, lungs, stomach, spinal cord, testes, eyes, and other tissues. H2S provides protection against I/R damage by alleviating inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress; inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial autophagy and dysfunction; and regulating microRNAs. Significant advancements in understanding the mechanisms by which H2S reduces I/R damage have led to the development and synthesis of H2S-releasing agents such as diallyl trisulfide-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DATS-MSN), AP39, zofenopril, and ATB-344, offering a new therapeutic avenue for I/R injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoring biodiversity‐based resilience and ecosystem multi‐functionality needs to be informed by more accurate predictions of animal biodiversity responses to environmental change. Ecological models make a substantial contribution to this understanding, especially when they encode the biological mechanisms and processes that give rise to emergent patterns (population, community, ecosystem properties and dynamics). Here, a distinction between 'mechanistic' and 'process‐based' ecological models is established to review existing approaches. Mechanistic and process‐based ecological models have made key advances to understanding the structure, function and dynamics of animal biodiversity, but are typically designed to account for specific levels of biological organisation and spatiotemporal scales. Cross‐scale ecological models, which predict emergent co‐occurring biodiversity patterns at interacting scales of space, time and biological organisation, is a critical next step in predictive ecology. A way forward is to first capitalise on existing models to systematically evaluate the ability of scale‐explicit mechanisms and processes to predict emergent patterns at alternative scales. Such model intercomparisons will reveal mechanism to process transitions across fine to broad scales, overcome approach‐specific barriers to model realism or tractability and identify gaps which necessitate the development of new fundamental principles. Key challenges surrounding model complexity and uncertainty would need to be addressed, and while opportunities from big data can streamline the integration of multiple scale‐explicit biodiversity patterns, ambitious cross‐scale field studies are also needed. Crucially, overcoming cross‐scale ecological modelling challenges would unite disparate fields of ecology with the common goal of improving the evidence‐base to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystems under novel environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]