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Leather tanning can be done by soaking the skin in pits or rotating in tannery drums. Technical soaking of rotate movement and static soaking affects the skin microstructure matrix. This study aims to compare the quality of wet blue leather tanned by static soaking in a vessel and rotating in a tannery drum, particularly in terms of chrome uptake and thermal stability. The penetration time in the soaking experiment varied from 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, and 56 hours. Meanwhile, the control was processed in a small-scale tannery drum with two hours of penetration time. Then, each sample was subjected to basification using HCOONa and NaHCO3. The results showed that all samples increased in weight and thickness after tanning. After penetration, wet blue leather tanned in a tannery drum performed better blue-green colour evenness compared with the soaked ones. Tannery drum leather also showed better chromium uptake, shrinkage temperature, and thermal stability. When the drum rotates, the pickled pelt gets mechanical action, such as being stretched, bent, and slammed, helping the collagen fibre open and the chromium penetrates deeper and faster. This study revealed that darker wet blue leather indicates higher thermal stability and chromium uptake.

Background: Wiping is an effective and established method for decontaminating surfaces, it involves applying liquid while simultaneously removing soils. Chlorine dioxide is a high-level disinfectant that can be applied to surfaces, including those of medical devices, with the aid of mechanical action or wiping. The European Standard (EN) 16615 evaluates the microbiocidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant when it is applied with mechanical action, i.e., when applied by wiping. It has been suggested that manual methods employing human intervention can lead to variations in a validated process. One such assumption is that variable wiping force that exists between users may influence the effectiveness of the process. Method: The average wiping force of individuals with varying physical characteristics was investigated. A bespoke testing apparatus was employed in a series of EN 16615 four-field tests, with the aim to investigate if variable wiping force between individuals impacts the microbiocidal efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-based wipe disinfectant if tested as applied as in practice. Results: Individuals applied variable forces when wiping. Physical attributes such as hand dominance and body build were shown to influence the force applied. The average wiping force calculated from this pool of participants was found to be lower than the stated range given by the EN 16615. The pre-impregnated chlorine dioxide-based wipe achieved biocidal efficacy in the series of EN 16615 tests. No trend relating to the efficacy of the product and the different forces applied could be drawn. Conclusion: The data demonstrates that individuals apply different forces to a surface when wiping. However, the variability expressed when wiping has no impact on the microbiocidal efficacy of a manually applied chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laundering is essential for maintaining personal hygiene but can lead to fabric damage, such as color fading and fiber loss, caused by frequent and excessive mechanical action. Front-loading washers utilize mechanical force such as falling, rotating, and sliding to remove soil from textiles, where fabric properties influence these movements, resulting in varied mechanical actions depending on fabric type. Herein, the relationship between fabric properties and movement pertaining to mechanical action was analyzed, focusing on correlated fabric movements and motor torque current parameters. The results demonstrate that fabric properties, such as wet friction, moisture regain, thickness, and stiffness, significantly influence fabric movement in laundering. Moisture regain was associated with fabric movement, causing hydrophilic fabrics to undergo concentrated and repeated movements, resulting in higher rates of thread removal. In addition, heavier, thicker, and stiffer fabrics displayed dynamic changes in fabric shape, contributing to increased Poka-Dot removal. The motor current data required for rotating the drum was analyzed in association with the fabric properties. Using the current parameters as internal nodes of a decision tree model, fabric types were successfully classified. The results imply that the real-time current data and laundry movement information can be utilized for optimizing washing technologies for different fabric types, ultimately maximizing washing efficiency and minimizing fabric damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanochemistry is one of the ten great discoveries of green chemistry methods for synthesizing new substances. A drug substance from the fluoroquinolone group was exposed to high-intensity mechanical impacts using a laboratory knife mill for 21 min and constantly monitored by analyzing samples extracted every 3 min with DLS, SLS, LALLS, 2D-LS, optical and digital microscopy, FTIR, and Spirotox methods. A dispersity phenomenon was detected in an area where catastrophic dislocations formed and multiplied via laser methods. The positive correlation between the temperature of deformation and stress was demonstrated, similar to a typical stress–strain curve of a Bochvar–Oding curve and Young’s modulus: the angular coefficient of the straight section to OX was tgα = 10 min−1. Z-Average, ζ-potential, and polydispersity index dependences were represented as discontinuous periodic oscillations analogous to the defect and impurity transitions near the dislocation core. Deformation r from the high-intensity mechanical impact resulted in covalent bonds showing hyper- and hypochromic effects under FTIR spectra, a bathochromic shift of the maximum, and an oscillation emission at 3240 cm−1. A 2D-LS fingerprint diagram obtained via the topological convolution of the light scattering matrix made it possible to distinguish the off-loading samples from the native substance. The investigation of the dissolution kinetics in water via laser diffraction led to conclusions about the limiting diffusion stage and the acceleration of the mechanoactivation of the solid body’s dissolution under both linear and plastic deformation. The acceleration of obsEa of the cell death process in the temperature range from 296 to 302 K indicated a significant (2.5-fold) decrease in the toxicity of the aqueous 9 mM (1:3) sample solution at 21 min compared to that of the native levofloxacin. Adherence to the mechanochemistry laws provides an opportunity for drug repositioning to change their brand status by identifying new physicochemical and biological properties.

Mechanochemistry is one of the ten great discoveries of green chemistry methods for synthesizing new substances. A drug substance from the fluoroquinolone group was exposed to high-intensity mechanical impacts using a laboratory knife mill for 21 min and constantly monitored by analyzing samples extracted every 3 min with DLS, SLS, LALLS, 2D-LS, optical and digital microscopy, FTIR, and Spirotox methods. A dispersity phenomenon was detected in an area where catastrophic dislocations formed and multiplied via laser methods. The positive correlation between the temperature of deformation and stress was demonstrated, similar to a typical stress–strain curve of a Bochvar–Oding curve and Young's modulus: the angular coefficient of the straight section to OX was tgα = 10 min−1. Z-Average, ζ-potential, and polydispersity index dependences were represented as discontinuous periodic oscillations analogous to the defect and impurity transitions near the dislocation core. Deformation r from the high-intensity mechanical impact resulted in covalent bonds showing hyper- and hypochromic effects under FTIR spectra, a bathochromic shift of the maximum, and an oscillation emission at 3240 cm−1. A 2D-LS fingerprint diagram obtained via the topological convolution of the light scattering matrix made it possible to distinguish the off-loading samples from the native substance. The investigation of the dissolution kinetics in water via laser diffraction led to conclusions about the limiting diffusion stage and the acceleration of the mechanoactivation of the solid body's dissolution under both linear and plastic deformation. The acceleration of obsEa of the cell death process in the temperature range from 296 to 302 K indicated a significant (2.5-fold) decrease in the toxicity of the aqueous 9 mM (1:3) sample solution at 21 min compared to that of the native levofloxacin. Adherence to the mechanochemistry laws provides an opportunity for drug repositioning to change their brand status by identifying new physicochemical and biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyse the impact of hand wash, laundry softener, water volume in the laundry process, and mechanical action on the microfiber release from the polyester knitted fabric. The results of the experiments revealed that the delicate hand wash and machine wash processes shed a similar amount of microfibers from the polyester textiles. Whereas, the harsh hand wash sheds significantly higher microfibers compared to the machine washing (p < 0.05). The findings of the analysis revealed that both hand wash and machine wash have a similar influence on microfiber shedding. The second section of the results showed that an increment in the number of steel balls and water volume significantly increased the microfiber shedding (p < 0.05). Higher mechanical action due to the increased number of steel balls and increased drag force exerted at higher water volume are noted as the main reasons for increased microfiber shedding. In the case of laundry softener, the use of softener during the laundry process along with the detergent reduces microfiber shedding drastically, irrespective of the softener brands used. When the influence of different concentrations of softener was analysed, there is a poor correlation found between the microfiber shedding and softener concentration. However, at two different concentrations namely at 0.5 grams per litter (gpl) and 2.5 gpl, a maximum reduction of 77.62% and 72.48% of shedding is evident respectively compared to the control sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permittivity and conductivity of samples of heavy water (D2O) and aqueous glycerin solution of similar viscosity subjected to vigorous shaking and subsequent centesimal dilution by initial unperturbed water or glycerin solution are investigated in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 10 MHz. This iterative procedure is repeated 15 times in one preparation series for each sample. In all cases, the permittivity increment responsible for the inherent characteristics of the solution is not detected, and permittivity variations in each series at the frequency of 100 kHz are no larger than 0.1%, which indicates absence of high-permittivity nanoparticles or very low concentrations of them. Conductivity at 100 kHz is characterized in all cases by complex nonmonotonic dependence on the number of iterative dilution procedures. The amount of conductivity variations in a series of heavy water and glycerin solution samples is appreciably smaller than in natural water. An increase in the viscosity of the solution seems to result in stabilization of nanobubbles and consequently in decreased generation of active reagents due to collapse of nanobubbles, including hydrated electrons and reactive oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sapphire slurry follows the requirements of environmental friendliness, low cost and high efficiency. Therefore, the effects of KOH, aminomethyl propanol (AMP) and arginine (ARG) as pH regulators on the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) performance of C-, A- and R-plane sapphire were investigated. The results showed that ARG was the most effective, which could increase the removal rates of C-, A- and R-plane sapphire to 5.65 µm/h, 2.80 µm/h and 3.59 µm/h, and reduce the surface roughness Sq to 0.194 nm, 0.161 nm and 0.173 nm, respectively. Mechanical action analysis, XPS, UV-Vis, and theoretical calculations revealed that ARG could improve the mechanical action of CMP and chemical action by acting as a complexing agent to complex with Al OH 4 −. • Combination of experiments and theoretical calculations. • A comprehensive study of pH regulators in terms of mechanical and chemical action. • Organic base ARG is a multi-purpose agent that simplifies slurry components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced welding processes is of great significance, which is in order to adapt to the development of new materials and new welding environments. The discrepancies in the molten droplets, expressed by the characteristic parameters, are a reflection of the final welding quality. In recent years, more fundamental theories have been established, which have directed the optimization of the methods, through observation or numerical simulation. Innovations in methodology are made through thermal, mechanical, or hybrid effects. Based on the existing innovative methods, this paper predicts the future development directions for welding droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research is cased by the need to develop an energy-efficient way to maintain the fluidity of hydrocarbon fuels at low temperatures, at temperatures significantly lower the freezing point of the product. Under conditions of low temperatures of high latitudes of Siberia and Arctic, there are problems with the launch of power plants operating on hydrocarbon fuels and oils. Thermal and chemical methods used to preserve the fluidity of fuel, oil and coolant fluid do not provide a complete guarantee in operational preparation for operation of autonomous objects. Vibration technologies can significantly change the rheological properties of hydrocarbon fuels by creating high shear rates and hysteresis heating of petroleum products. The process of vibratory creation of high shear velocities in a continuous medium has energy costs ten times less than the thermal method for maintaining fuel flow. The low thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon fuel contributes to formation of solidified fuel near the inner walls of the tanks, which are the thermal insulation. Introducing a mechanical vibration power inside the tank, the fuel inside this system will be sufficiently liquid and ready for use on demand. The main aim of the research is to create a method for calculating heat-insulating effect of a frozen petroleum product, to determine the amount of energy required to maintain the fuel in a liquid state at different ambient temperatures. Methods: mathematical calculation of the temperature difference in the system «tank wall – layer of solidified fuel» and experimental studies of changes of rheological properties of petroleum products under the influence of a submerged vibrating confuser system. Results. The authors have proposed the engineering method for calculating frozen fuel thickness on the inner walls of the tank at negative ambient temperatures and the amount of mechanical energy required to maintain fuel fluidity.

In order to improve the mechanical system performances such as wear resistance and vibration damping behavior, it was focused on the micro-topography of the surface machined by electro-chemical mechanical finishing (ECMF) in this paper. The ECMF was applied in this investigation as a result of it providing more controllable process parameters including the electric potential gradient (EPG), current density, mechanical force, and passive film. The simulation based on the finite element method was applied to analyze the influence of the EPG and the current density on the surface micro-topography under the different magnitudes of mechanical pressure and thicknesses of the passive film. It was shown that the mechanical pressure and the mass percent of the electrolyte which had been controlled are profitable and necessary to gain the feature of arc-like micro-topography on the surface and the growth in material removal rate. The unusual micro-topography of the surface with Ra0.2024μm was finished by using ECMF within 2 min on the condition of 20% NaNO3 electrolyte and 0.2 MPa of mechanical pressure. The investigation on dynamic pressure effect was carried out to confirm the influence of the unusual micro-topography on the thickness in the oil film. The result indicated that compared with the surface machined by fine grinding (FG), the surface finished by ECMF can make an increase in the average film thickness of 3% and a reduction in the square deviation of 46.5%. A discussion was set up to determine the cause of the difference in the results of the experiment. It was shown that the reason for the difference is the distinction in the micro-topography of the surface obtained by ECMF and FG. The micro-topography of the surface finished by ECMF is more favorable to establish a stranger and stable dynamic pressure effect as the result of its fractal dimension, scale coefficient, kurtosis and skewness. The discussion indicated that the finish method impacts the surface topography, and the machining accuracy affects the cross-scale effect of the surface dynamic pressure effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased cultivation of highbush blueberry in Poland has been paralleled with enhanced damage to this crop by different pests and diseases, including soft scales. We have carried out trials to assess methods for controlling soft scales of the genus Parthenolecanium in highbush blueberry grown in open fields or under a plastic tunnel, with an approach based on integrated pest management (IPM) principles. The reduction of Lecanium scale population using alternative products, with mechanical mechanisms of action, was similar to that achieved with treatments of different formulations of neonicotinyl-based pesticides; sometimes they were even more effective on protected crops. Control programs on plantations with a large population of Lecanium scales based on the application of these alternative products in spring and at harvest time and chemical compounds in autumn resulted in a very high efficacy and are considered the most suitable strategies to assure yields without residues and a reduced impact on the environment.

To deal with a water inrush issue that occurs in deep mines in China with more than one aquifer below the floor, the "down three zone" analysis method was modified to establish a conceptual model to evaluate the risk and mechanism of a water inrush. The model comprehensively considers the mechanical action, hydraulic connection, head loss of multiple aquifers, and an analysis of the complexity of water inrush in a multi-aquifer system to define water inrush conditions and criteria of different water inrush modes. There are four types of water inrush modes in a deep multi-aquifer system: single aquifer water inrush, multi-aquifer linkage water inrush, single aquifer lagging water inrush, and linked multi-aquifer lagging water inrush. Preventive and control measures for each of these are provided, based on: preventing linkage, eliminating hysteresis, preventing an inrush from a single aquifer, and preventing inrushes step by step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Expansive backfill was developed to solve the difficulty of roof-contacted filling. • Mechanical action mechanism of roof-contacted with expansive backfill was studied. • The roof of RCE mining room was subject to upward vertical stresses. • Expansive backfill caused backfill to change from passive stress to active support. The effect of roof-contacted filling is a significant factor that affects the ground pressure management in the filling mining method. The expansive backfill is developed to solve the problem of the difficulties of roof-contacted filling in the open stopes with subsequent filling mining method, as well as actively supporting the surrounding rock masses by expanding its own volume and generating certain pre-stress to the roof. This paper focuses on analyzing the mechanical effects of roof-contacted filling with expansive backfill using a simulation test. Subsequently, the results of the simulation test were validated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results showed that: (1) The roof of the roof-contacted unfilling (RCU) mining room and the roof of the roof-contacted filling with ordinary backfill (RCO) mining room were both under downward stress whereas the roof of the roof-contacted filling with expansive backfill (RCE) mining room was supported by upward stress. (2) The RCU mining room led to a stress concentration in the roof and pillar, whereas the RCO mining room relieved the stress concentration in the roof and pillar. The RCE mining room did not only relieve the stress concentration in the roof and pillar, but also provide support to the roof and pillar. (3) The expansion stress generated by the self-expansion of the expansive backfill played a direct supporting role to the roof and the upper part of the pillar, and produced a positive Poisson effect to the lower filling body, which in turn provided support to the middle and lower part of the pillar. (4) Compared to RCU and RUO, the RCE enables the filling body to change from passive bearing to active support of the roof and pillar. This transition allowed more effective limitation of roof and pillar deformation while working in coordination with them to improve stress distribution within the mining room. As a result, the stability of the mining room was maintained, and the effect of roof-contacted operations was significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the change of fabric movement by introducing a pulsator in a front-loading washer. To examine the effect of the changed fabric movements on washing performance, detergency, mechanical action, wrinkling, tangling, and tensile strength were also investigated. Three-dimensional fabric movement was analyzed by representing the fabric center in the washer as XYZ coordinate values. Seven indexes of fabric movement were used to analyze the correlation between fabric movement and detergency. On comparing fabric movements using the indexes, the front-loading washer with a built-in pulsator showed more diverse fabric movements than the conventional washer and, in particular, movement in the depth direction of the drum occurred more frequently in the newly developed system. This led to 7.6% higher detergency compared to the conventional one, possibly due to the increased interaction between fabrics. Regression analysis verified that the diversified fabric movements induced by the pulsator in the front-loading washer resulted in the improvement of detergency. The different fabric movements in the newly developed system also affected fabric damage, tangling and wrinkling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased cultivation of highbush blueberry in Poland has been paralleled with enhanced damage to this crop by different pests and diseases, including soft scales. We have carried out trials to assess methods for controlling soft scales of the genus Parthenolecanium in highbush blueberry grown in open fields or under a plastic tunnel, with an approach based on integrated pest management (IPM) principles. The reduction of Lecanium scale population using alternative products, with mechanical mechanisms of action, was similar to that achieved with treatments of different formulations of neonicotinyl-based pesticides; sometimes they were even more effective on protected crops. Control programs on plantations with a large population of Lecanium scales based on the application of these alternative products in spring and at harvest time and chemical compounds in autumn resulted in a very high efficacy and are considered the most suitable strategies to assure yields without residues and a reduced impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of reed straw samples subjected to thermomechanical treatment revealed changes in the ultrastructure due to lignin isolation. It is assumed that the lignin in cell walls melts under the influence of high temperature and forms accumulations localized in the depth of the cell walls. Mechanical action exerted on the material presses the lignin with a damaged structure out of the cell walls. Pores 10-20 nm in diameter are observed in cell walls; lignin is localized on the surface of the particles in formations that are approximately 200 nm in size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the orthogonal polarization modes crosstalk changes in the point of different mechanical actions (pressure force) in the polarization-maintaining fiber with straining elliptical cladding is presented. It was found that by increasing of the pressure force the polarization extinction ratio increases nonlinearly. Also revealed the dependence of the extinction coefficient and the angle between vector of the mechanical action and polarization axes of the test fiber, which leads to change the extinction coefficient variable from −57 dB to −25 dB under the pressure force of 0.7 N. Also it was found that the cross angle of the fiber axes doesn’t influence on the extinction ratio value of the mechanical induced polarization crosstalk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of fabric movement on detergency in a front-loading washer. To this end, various fabric movements of 3.25-kg loads were induced by controlling wash spin speeds at 34, 46, 50, and 54 r/min and detergency was measured, after which the correlation between the fabric movement and detergency at each wash speed was analyzed. The observed fabric movement characteristics were represented by 10 Fabric Movement Indexes (FMIs), with numerical values defined to describe fabric movements in a front-loading washer. It was revealed that detergency was highest at the wash spin speed of 46 r/min. It was also found that each speed resulted in distinguishing characteristics of fabric movements and two FMIs, “Distance from the center of the drum to the tracer fabric” and “Number of appearances of the tracer fabric”, had the greatest influence on detergency. These results show that not only falling movement, which provides high mechanical force to fabric, but also fabric interactions, such as abrasion and mixing, also affected detergency just as significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the feasibility of using green organic base to replace traditional inorganic base in sapphire UV-CMP. The effects of pH regulators on chemical and mechanical functions were researched by XPS, SEM, zeta potential and particle size analyses. The polishing effect of green organic base aminopropanol (AMP) is the best when the pH of the polishing solution is 11, compared with sodium metasilicate (SMSN) and KOH. Thus AMP can replace KOH in sapphire UV-CMP as a green alkaline pH regulator. However, with the increasing slurry pH values adjusted by the three alkaline reagents, the sample removal rate decreases significantly. And the reduction of organic base is greater. The main causes for the decreasing sapphire removal rate are the particle aggregation and the rising electric potential energy between abrasive particles, which leads to the increase of the distance between particles. This severely reduces the number of abrasives included in mechanical removal. The mechanical action is weakened, resulting in a serious decrease in the removal rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main methods of frozen soil loosening are considered from the perspective of their effectiveness in transport-related construction, and a new type of equipment is offered for earth-moving in winter conditions.

The thermomechanical properties of foundry sand are analyzed. The thermal and dynamic action of the melt on the mold wall during the casting and solidification of metal is considered, along with its role in the formation of surface defects. The influence of the heating time on the deformation of common types of foundry sand is determined by simulating industrial ingot casting. The deformability of the foundry sand is related to the defects that form on the ingots and the pliability of the sand. Measures are proposed to prevent surface defects. Scabs, gaps, and hot buildup on castings may be attributed to deformational changes and disintegration in the surface layers of the foundry sand. In terms of surface-defect prevention and environmental protection, sodium-silicate foundry sand and phosphate sands are the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of thick steel coatings applied galvanically with mechanical action in different conditions in an electrolyte flux are investigated; the electrolyte is based on iron chloride. On the basis of the results, the utility of this process in repairing large and expensive worn components is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most researches focused on the high efficiency removal of cyanobacteria from water phase during drinking water treatment, but did not address the potential danger of cyanobacterial cells being transferred into the sludge, especially during the dewatering process. In this study, the characteristics of cell lysis and microcystin (MC) release in the filtration of cyanobacteria-containing sludge were investigated. By evaluating filtration rates, filtrate microcystins (MCs) and turbidity levels, and SEM micrographs of the sludge in different operating conditions, the influences of mechanical actions and physical/chemical effects on the integrity of cyanobacterial cells were explicated, and the corresponding operation conditions were also optimized. The results showed that the sludge accumulation on unit filter area had significant influence on sludge dewatering characteristics, and with increase in the volume of sludge filtrated, more and more sludge accumulated on the surface of the filter media, resulting in reduced filtration rates and potential cyanobacteria lysis. More hydrophilic filter media with lower porosity should be chosen to enhance filtration efficiency. Compared with positive pressure filtration, vacuum filtration with low-destructibility should be a better choice considering the MC release. Under increased vacuum pressure, cyanobacteria-containing sludge had increasing filtration rate without causing damage of cyanobacterial cells. While the storage time of cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be severely restricted in actual water supply factories (4 d for AlCl 3 sludge and 2 d for PACl sludge) to avoid the adverse influences of cyanobacteria lysis on sludge dewaterability and filtrate quality. This study produced deeper knowledge on the fate of cyanobacterial cells and intracellular MCs in the sludge dewatering process, and the results provided valuable scientific references for volume reduction of cyanobacteria-containing sludge in the actual treatment operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-pressure carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a potential alternative for perchloroethylene (PER), a common but harmful textile dry cleaning solvent. Previous studies have indicated that the particulate soil removal with CO 2 is lower compared to that with PER, because of the low amount of mechanical action in CO 2 . It is the objective of this study to get more insight in the influence of various types of mechanical action on the cleaning results in CO 2 dry cleaning. In the experiments, various mechanisms of mechanical action, such as rotating drum, CO 2 spray, and ultrasound were investigated. Several types of textiles stained with different kinds of particulate soils were cleaned using 25 L and 90 L CO 2 dry cleaning set-ups. The washing results show that liquid CO 2 spray may be a suitable additional mechanism to provide textile movement. The average CPI of CO 2 over all soils using the best combination of commercial machine and process was still 25% lower than the results with PER and 18% lower than the results with water, but 11% higher than K4 solvent while the average redeposition level was significantly lower, showing that CO 2 has a good prospect as an alternative solvent to replace PER. An endoscopic camera has been installed in the 25 L set-up to get an insight in the textile movement inside the rotating drum. The results show that no plug formation occurs and the textile movement in CO 2 is sluggish, which means that the mechanical movement of textile in CO 2 dry cleaning does not follow the simplified tumbling-movement model which was developed in a previous study, and the mechanical action is much less than predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was attempted to separate the detergency contributions from the mechanical actions and the physicochemical actions for two different types of soils. The mechanical washing efficiency was evaluated through the washing performed under the mechanical agitation, in the absence of detergent. The physicochemical washing efficiency was examined in the washing bath with detergent in the absence of mechanical agitation. Among the washing parameters, extended washing time and higher washing temperature were effective improving the mechanical and physicochemical washing efficiencies for mineral oil and carbon black. For blood soil, lower washing temperature and extended washing time enhanced the mechanical and physicochemical washing efficiencies. For the mineral oil, the presence of both mechanical and physicochemical actions led to the effective washing performance with synergistic effect. For the blood soil, mechanical actions were observed as more contributing than the physicochemical actions. The optimized washing program could be recommended as per the contributing ratios for the specific soil types, minimizing the energy consumption and detergent usage while achieving the washing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] M. aeruginosa cells could be intactly removed by chitosan flocculation using RSM. [•] Chitosan flocculation performs adsorption ability of extracellular microcystins. [•] Chitosan firstly showed protect shield of cells during 2d storage. [•] As chitosan polymers degraded after 4d, the adsorbed MCs released again. [•] The polymer degradation also accelerated the cell lysis rate after 4d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main methods of frozen soil loosening are considered from the perspective of their effectiveness in transport‐related construction, and a new type of equipment is offered for earth‐moving in winter conditions. First Published Online: 27 Oct 2010

Types of fabric movement inside a front-loading washer were analyzed in order to examine their effect on washing performance. A high-speed camera was used to record and track the outlines of the fabric inside a washer, and 13 movement indexes were derived. From this observation, fabric movements were divided into four categories, and the relationship between fabric movements and washing performance were examined. It was shown that the mechanical force from the complex movement where diverse fabric movements were mixed was stronger than that from the simple movement where only single fabric movement appeared. With regard to the detergency, it was also shown that complex movement was more effective than single movement. For fabric with a lower drape coefficient, there seemed to be a greater potential to generate more flexing under similar mechanical action, therefore resulting in higher washing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the respective roles of mechanical and chemical effects on the removal of Bacillus spores during cleaning-in-place. This analysis was performed on 12 strains belonging to the Bacillus cereus group (B. cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis) or to less related Bacillus species (Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus sporothermodurans, Bacillus subtilis). Adherent spores were subjected to rinsing-in-place (mechanical action) and cleaning-in-place (mechanical and chemical actions) procedures, the latter involving NaOH 0.5% at 60°C. Results revealed that mechanical action alone only removed between 53 and 89% of the attached spores at a shear stress of 500Pa. This resistance to shear was not related to spore surface properties. Conversely, in the presence of NaOH at a shear stress of 4Pa, spores were readily detached, with between 80 and 99% of the adherent spores detached during CIP and the chemical action greatly depended on the strain. This finding suggests that chemical action plays the major role during CIP, whose efficacy is significantly governed by the spore surface chemistry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The WMS (Washing Mechanical Action Scale) method developed hy Japan Textile Evaluation Technology Council is a new way to determine the washing mechanical action by using a printed cotton teat cloth. In this study, the basic properties of the WMS teat cloth were investigated comparing with the modified MA teat cloth by using a TergO-Tometer test washing machine. The results were as follows: I. The WMS test clotb has the ability to sense the lower mechanical action as compared with the conventional ItIA test cloth. 2. The WMS value has linAc influence in existence of the detergent or its type until 30 mm. However, it is tinder the influence of the existence for long washing time such is 60 mm. 3. In the range of low (40 °C) to middle (60 °C) temperature, it exercised a little influence on the WMS value. Though, the value would he overestimated at the higher temperature such as 80 °C. Therefore, the WMS method is a practical way to evaluate the washing mechanical action under the general washing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow in the shock layer between a plane wedge and a plane attached shock is considered. The flow two-dimensionality is violated by the presence of a weak heat source in the shock layer. The relation between the mechanical actions of the disturbances singly reflected from the shock and those proceeding from the source and directly incident on the wedge surface is analyzed. The three-dimensional features of the field of the disturbances reflected from the shock are illustrated with reference to several examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of experiments, in which the propagation of a tsunami-type wave along rectangular channels with horizontal and inclined bottoms, are presented. Emphasis is placed on the mechanical action of the wave on a vertical wall. The force is shown to be appreciably dependent on the shape of the leading front of the wave. Experimental data are obtained for both smooth and breaking waves, as well as for waves in different stages of the wave-breaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of mechanical action on the washing process was studied. The experimental apparatus was designed to simulate each mechanical action such as the hydrodynamic flow action, the fabric flexing action, the abrasion action during washing process. The influence of mechanical action strongly depends on the property and attached state of each soil. The abrasion action was found as the most effective mechanical action for soil removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main methods of frozen soil loosening are considered from the perspective of their effectiveness in transport-related construction, and a new type of equipment is offered for earth-moving in winter conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies indicate that the removal of non-polar soils in CO2 is comparable to the level of dry-cleaning in perchloroethylene (PER). However, these studies show that the removal of particulate soil is insufficient in CO2 compared to PER. Particle removal can be increased by the use of more mechanical action and/or the use of surfactants. From experiments, it is concluded that the removal of relatively large particles like sand increases with increasing mechanical action. However, the level of mechanical action has no influence on the removal of relatively small particulate and non-particulate soils (with the exception of clay on wool). Increasing the amount of mechanical action is therefore not the solution that will lead to the increase of the washing-results for relatively small particles (like carbon black and clay) up to the level of the washing-results using PER. The removal of relatively small particulate soils in CO2 can be improved by the use of suitable surfactants that reduce adhesion forces. A model for quantifying the amount of mechanical action has been developed. This model can be used to predict the optimal process conditions for relatively large particle removal. It is concluded (from the model and experiments) that the level of highest mechanical action in CO2 is obtained in a two-phase environment at low pressure and temperature and that 75 RPM is the optimal number of revolutions in our system. At these conditions, however, the washing-results for small particles are not as good as the washing-results for these particles in PER. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The synergistic effects from mechanical action and interfacial adhesion interaction between two sliding surfaces responsible for the superlubricity life of H-DLC films depending on different friction pairs. [Display omitted] • The Al 2 O 3 /H-DLC pair presents the longer superlubricity life compared to other three pairs. • The formations of transfer layer and smooth substrate prompt the stable superlubricity state. • Interfacial adhesion interaction plays a key role in the superlubricity failure of H-DLC film. • High mechanical action facilitates the serious wear of H-DLC substrate. Superlubricity of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (H-DLC) film in vacuum was achieved against four different friction pairs (ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Si 3 N 4 and SiC) due to the formation of graphene and nanoscrolls in transfer layer as well as the graphitization of contacted substrate; however, the durability of superlubricity was significantly diverse. The Al 2 O 3 /H-DLC pair presents much longer superlubricity lifetime than other three tribology systems. Combining with the experimental characterizations and the first principles calculation results, the synergistic effects from mechanical action and interfacial adhesion interaction between two sliding surfaces were found to mainly respond to the superlubricity failure of H-DLC films. High mechanical action or/and strong interfacial adhesion interaction facilitated the wear of counterface or H-DLC substrate, either of which would largely weaken the durability of superlubricity. Through with the similar mechanical action compared to the Si 3 N 4 /H-DLC interface, the Al 2 O 3 /H-DLC interface was capable of durable superlubricity since the much weaker interfacial adhesion interaction helps maintain the stable transfer layer on the ball surface and form smoothly graphitized substrate surface in the contacted region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variables that effect the appearance of wash-and-wear fabrics in home laundering have been studied in an effort to develop recommendations for more effective, safer washing methods for better appearance. The study was confined to the defect of soaking, amount of load, mechanical action, and washing temperature in home laundry machines on the appear ance of wash-and-wear fabrics. The present investigation showed that the amount of load and the type of washing pro gram were of great importance for the appearance. A low loading in the washing machine and a "continuous" drum rotation, including very short stop periods, are effective in minimizing wrinkles. Short spin-drying periods will not re duce the appearance rating substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]