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Today, ostrich breeding has been widely developed in Iran and other countries due to the ability of this animal to produce quality meat, leather, and oil. However, one of the main problems in breeding them is sex determination using aggressive techniques with low accuracy. This study aimed to determine the sex of immature ostriches using specific primers in a multiplex PCR reaction. This study considered 20 specimens of unspecified immature and six specimens (three adult males and females) of known-sex African ostriches as controls. SS and OSFES primers were used to amplify part of the female-specific sequence and 18S primer was used as a control in a PCR reaction. The presence of SS and OSFES bands in gel electrophoresis indicated the amplification of the desired parts related to the female sex and the absence of these bands indicates the male sex of the species. In total, out of 20 African ostriches studied, 50% of them belonged to females and 50% of them belonged to males. Later, with the growth of immature individuals, the results of this experiment were confirmed. In this study, it was found that the use of feather samples for DNA extraction and multiplex PCR is a suitable, accurate, and cost-effective method in identifying and determining the sex of young ostrich and leads to more real and reliable results, avoiding stress in birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the dietary replacement effect of various levels of fish meal (FM) with meat meal (MM) on the growth, feed utilization, chemical composition, hematological parameters, and innate immune responses of olive flounder. A total of 360 juvenile fish (initial weight of 14.7 g) were randomly assigned to 18 flow-through containers. The control (MM0) diet included 65% FM. Then, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% FM in the MM0 diet were replaced with MM, referred to as the MM10, MM20, MM30, MM40, and MM50 diets, respectively. The fish were hand-fed to satiation daily for 56 days. Weight gain, the specific growth rate, the feed efficiency ratio, and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the MM0 diet were statistically greater than those of fish fed the MM30, MM40, and MM50 diets, but not statistically different from those of fish fed the MM10 and MM20 diets. To incite the maximum values of weight gain and the specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish, an estimated 7.0% of FM substitution with MM in diets was required according to regression analysis. However, the feed consumption, protein retention, hematological parameters, and innate immune (superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities) responses of the fish were not statistically impacted by the dietary replacement levels of MM for FM. In conclusion, the feed ingredient grade of MM can substitute FM by up to 20% in the diet without causing any negative impact on the growth, feed consumption, feed utilization, or innate immune responses of olive flounder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporated feed stimulants into fish feeds is a very sustainable aquaculture technique, especially in developing low FM diet to improve feed consumption and growth performance. This study aims to evaluate inclusion effect of jack mackerel meal (JMM) as feed stimulants in diets replacing different levels of FM with various animal protein sources on the growth, feed utilization, biochemical composition, and non-specific immune response of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Two-way [3 substitution source; tuna by-product meal (TBM), chicken by-product meal (CBM), and meat meal (MM) × 2 substitution ratio; 25% and 50%] ANOVA experimental design was applied. Seven experimentally formulated diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet contained 60% FM. Twenty-five and 50% of FM in the Con diet were substituted with TBM, CBM, and MM when 12% JMM was included at the expense of FM, referred to as the TBM25, TBM50, CBM25, CBM50, MM25, and MM50 diets, respectively. All experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous at 56.1% and isolipidic at 10.2%. Four hundred and twenty juvenile fish were randomly distributed into 21 flow-through tanks. Severn experimental diets were assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Both dietary substitution source and ratio had significant (P 0.05) difference in feed utilization, biochemical composition, and non-specific immune response of fish was observed among the experimental diets. Conclusively, TBM and CBM, and MM could be used as the proper substitutes for FM up to 50%, and 25%, respectively in olive flounder feeds with inclusion of JMM as feed stimulants.

Objective The objectives of the present study were to determine digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in meat meal (MM) and to compare these values with those in fish meal (FM), and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. Methods Two experiments were conducted to determine energy concentrations and STTD of P in MM, FM, and SBM fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, DE and ME in the 3 test ingredients were measured using 24 barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 77.7±8.3 kg. A corn-based diet and 3 diets containing corn and 22% to 30% of each test ingredient were prepared. In Exp. 2, the STTD of P in the 3 test ingredients was measured using 24 barrows (90.9±6.6 kg BW). Three diets were formulated to contain each test ingredient as the sole source of P. Results In Exp. 1, the DE and ME values in MM (3,310 and 2,856 kcal/kg dry matter [DM]) were less (p

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different protein sources on carcass characteristics in commercial broilers. A total of 150, one-day-old cobb chicks were distributed into five treatment groups with three replicates in each group and 10 chicks in each replicate. Basal diet (T1) was prepared following BIS (2007) standards and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating blood meal at 5 per cent (T2), fish meal at 5 per cent (T3), silkworm pupae meal at 5 per cent (T4) and meat meal at 5 per cent (T5). The results revealed no significant improvement in the immune response against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease on the 42nd day of the experiment and also a non-significant difference in immune organ weight among all groups and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the impact of replacing fish meal (FM) with a blend of corn gluten meal and meat meal (BCM) at a ratio of 1:2 on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and nonspecific immune response of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). Seven experimental diets were formulated. The control (BCM0) diet contained 65% FM. Subsequently, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% FM in BCM0 diet were replaced with BCM, referred to as the BCM10, BCM20, BCM30, BCM40, BCM50 and BCM60, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 rockfish (initial body weight: 3.6 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The BCM0–BCM50 diets resulted in no significant differences in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), whereas the BCM60 diet led to the lowest FBW, WG, and SGR. The feed consumption and feed efficiency of rockfish fed BCM10–BCM50 diets did not differ significantly from those of rockfish fed the BCM0 diet. Intestinal trypsin and lipase activities showed a linear decrease with increasing substitution levels of BCM in the experimental diets. Moisture levels increased with elevated BCM replacement in diets, whereas crude protein and lipid levels decreased with increased BCM replacement. Whole-body amino acid profiles of rockfish, except for glycine and proline content, were not significantly affected by diet. However, lysozyme and catalase activities exhibited quadratic responses to increasing dietary BCM levels, and superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content showed a negative linear response. Overall, these results show that a blend of corn gluten meal and meat meal can replace up to 50% of dietary FM without adversely affecting the growth performance of juvenile rockfish. • A blend of corn gluten meal and meat meal (BCM) in a 1:2 ratio is a good protein source of protein for black rockfish. • Substituting up to 50% FM with BCM did not have adverse effects on growth and feed utilization. • Intestinal trypsin and lipase activities showed a linear decrease with increasing substitution levels of BCM. • With increased dietary BCM, plasma superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration decreased linearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this experiment was to determine the concentration and digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in meat meal (MM), and to compare these values with the respective values in soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows (initial body weight = 66.9±3.8 kg) surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 3×3 balanced Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two experimental diets containing test ingredients as the sole source of AA were prepared to estimate the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) for CP and AA by the direct method. An N-free diet was also prepared to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All experimental diets contained 5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d of ileal digesta collection period. Ileal digesta samples were collected from 0900 to 1700 on d 6 and 7 of each period. The concentrations of CP, Lys, Met, and Trp in MM and SBM were analyzed to be 64.1, 3.5, 1.1 and 0.6, and 45.6, 2.8, 0.8, and 0.3%, respectively. The AID of all AA except Gly in MM was less (p

Although their anatomical features disclose the herbivorous nature of humans, an omnivorous diet can be considered an evolutionary advantage that has supported human survival. Over recent decades, vegetarianism has significantly increased in developed countries due to the support of scientific research, emerging supermarkets and restaurants, and easy-to-access soy products and healthy foods. According to current knowledge, vegetarian diets are associated with significantly lower prevalence of non-infectious chronic diseases. However, while the overall risk of cancer is slightly lower in vegetarians, the findings regarding the location and type of cancer that can be prevented by vegetarian diets are inconclusive. In addition to this, it remains unclear whether health benefits of vegetarian diets can be attributed to the avoidance of meat, or to the increased intake of dietary fibre, n-6 fatty acids, vitamins C, B9 and E, potassium, magnesium and phyto-chemicals, or to both of these factors. As a vegetarian diet becomes more restrictive, intake of adequate daily energy and of n-3 fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and iron becomes more difficult to achieve, which is particularly challenging in children who have higher nutrient requirements relative to body weight than adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to explore the potential of FT-IR technique for discriminating different species of processed animal proteins (PAPs) based on their fat characteristics. A total of 47 source-reliable PAPs samples containing fish meal, porcine, bovine, ovine and poultry meat and bone meal (MBM) were involved in the present study. The results obtained showed that the FT-IR differentiated quite well between the fat derived from different species of PAPs, especially at the bands of 3,006 cm-1 and 722 cm-1. Results provided evidence that FT-IR differentiated the fat derived from fish meal, terrestrial non-ruminant and ruminant MBM quite well. Fish meal and ruminant MBM samples could be discriminated effectively by both the sensitivity and specificity values which were 1.00 and 1.00, respectively. For non-ruminant MBM samples, the sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 and 0.96, respectively. However, it was hard to distinguish bovine MBM from ovine ones as well as porcine MBM from poultry ones. The result makes it possible to allow FT-IR analytical methodology as a preliminary study for the exploitation of a rapid and reliable way for the identification of the animal origin of PAPs used in feeding stuffs.

Background: A number of epidemiological studies have examined the effect of meat consumption on depression. However, no conclusion has been reached. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between meat consumption and depression. Methods: The electronic databases of PUBMED and EMBASE were searched up to March 2017, for observational studies that examined the relationship between meat consumption and depression. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence of depression and the relative risk (RR) for the incidence of depression, as well as their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated respectively (the highest versus the lowest category of meat consumption). Results: A total of eight observational studies (three cross-sectional, three cohort and two case-control studies) were included in this meta-analysis. Specifically, six studies were related to the prevalence of depression, and the overall multi-variable adjusted OR suggested no significant association between meat consumption and the prevalence of depression (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.22; P = 0.469). In contrast, for the three studies related to the incidence of depression, the overall multi-variable adjusted RR evidenced an association between meat consumption and a moderately higher incidence of depression (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.24; P = 0.013). Conclusions: Meat consumption may be associated with a moderately higher risk of depression. However, it still warrants further studies to confirm such findings due to the limited number of prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review addresses the unique characteristics of Hanwoo cattle and potential health implications of consuming highly marbled Hanwoo beef. The Hanwoo breed has high genetic potential for accumulating intramuscular fat (IMF) and producing highly marbled beef. The high level of marbling is achieved through increasing levels of concentrated feed with an extended finishing period. In response to consumer preferences, the level of marbling of Hanwoo beef has been increasing. The IMF content can be manipulated depending on the feeding duration, finishing diet, and genotype. On the other hand, some consumers are expressing concern regarding the consumption of too much animal fat. This review discusses the potential of Hanwoo beef as a dietary source of heart-healthy fats. Highly marbled Hanwoo beef has a high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) due to the presence of abundant oleic acid. Literature indicates that MUFAs are heart-healthy dietary fats because they can lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol while increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Also, recent clinical trials have indicated that highly marbled beef does not increase LDL-cholesterol and consistently increases HDL-cholesterol. Finally, the current work emphasizes that consumption of high oleic acid Hanwoo beef might potentially reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and may become accepted as a healthy well-being food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a total of 147 random samples from chicken meat, chicken liver, minced chicken meat and chicken luncheon samples were collected from different markets. Staphylococcus.aureus was isolated from these products at a percentage of 11.4 % , 9%, 16.2% and 26.1 % respectively. The sensitivity of Staph.aureus isolates to antimicrobial agents indicated that the isolates were sensitive to amikacin followed by gentamycin and amoxicillin with a percentage of 52 %, 48% and 30%, respectively. On the other hand, 100% of isolates were resistant to methicillin followed bypenicillin, doxycycline, Ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and sulpha-methoxazole with a percentage of 96.3%, 96.3%, 93%, 89%, and 81%, respectively. The multidrug resistance (MAR) index values were ranged between 0.33 and 1. All the isolates showed resistance to at least 3 out 9 antibacterial agents tested. Six Staph.aureus isolates were selected (4 resistant to penicillin and 2 sensitive to penicillin) and screened for plasmid. The results revealed that the 4 resistant isolates were harbored plasmid with molecular size ranging from 18 and 22kbp. The 4 resistant isolates were divided to 2 groups (the first group was subcultured 5 times with sublethal dose of penicillin and the second group was subcultured 5 times in the absence of penicillin) and screened for plasmid. It was found that the 2 isolates which subjected to 5 times repeated subculture with sublethal dose of penicillin maintained their plasmids, while the 2 isolates which subjected to 5 times repeated subculture in the absence of penicillin lost their plasmids. PCR technique was used as confirmatory tool for detection of mecA gene. Eight isolates of Staph .aureus were randomly selected for detection ofmecA gene using specific primers. Five out of eight (62.5 %) isolates were positive for mecA gene. It could be concluded that the drug of choice to Staph. aureuswas amikacin. All isolates had MAR index of 0.3 and above. The resistance of Staph.aureus to methicillin was higher. The presence of the antibiotic is important for maintenance of plasmid DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total number of ninety random samples of hot meat meals (30 each of scallop pane, hot meat with sauce and boiled meat with soup) were collected from different Alexandria restaurants and examined bacteriologically for mesophilic bacterial count, thermophilic bacterial count and detection of both S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Results revealed that the highest mesophilic bacterial count was observed in scallop pane which was 1.5x103 . The incidence of S.aureus in scallop pane, hot meat with sauce and boiled meat with soup were 15 (53.5%), 6 (26%) and 9 (37.5%), respectively. While the incidence of E.coli in scallop pane and boiled meat with soup were 2 (6.7%) and 1 (3.3%) respectively. The public health significance of the isolated microorganisms and consumer's safety were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flocculants are substances that cause suspended particles to aggregate, therefore accelerating sedimentation to produce a clarified solution. They find use in a huge variety of applications including wastewater treatment, erosion control, and paper manufacture. Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a high protein by-product of meat processing. Protein extracted from MBM has been shown to have good flocculation activity, but this protein has poor solubility. Previous attempts to improve solubility through alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis have produced small protein fragments with low flocculation activity. The objective of this project was to produce large, soluble MBM protein fragments by applying reaction conditions that are known to hydrolyze peptide bonds only at aspartic acid and asparagine residues. In this project, milled MBM was suspended in 0.03N hydrogen chloride solution, under vacuum, and incubated at 108 °C. Samples were removed after 1, 2, and 4 h, and the soluble and insoluble material was separated. The molar mass distribution of soluble material was examined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), progressive solubilization of protein was measured by using a test for organic nitrogen, and flocculation activity was tested by measuring kaolin clarification effectiveness (KCE). Results showed that at all hydrolysis times, concentration of solubilized material was increased approximately 3-fold compared to the acid-free controls. Results also showed that as reaction duration increased, more MBM protein was solubilized, but average molecular weight (MW) of solute was reduced, and flocculation activity was dependent on reaction duration. The dilute acid hydrolysis (DAH) employed in this project could be a simple and inexpensive treatment that has potential to add value to MBM and provide a new source for bio-based flocculants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish meal (FM) is widely used as a main protein source in formulated feed for marine fish culture. However, the production of FM has shrunk or plateaued due to the overfishing and climate change in the wild. Meat meal (MM) is known as a good replacer for FM in fish feeds. Dietary replacement effect of MM for FM on the growth, feed consumption, feed utilization, body composition, hematology, and innate immune responses of rockfish was determined. A total of 630 fish (initial weight of 2.3 g) was randomly distributed into 21, 50 L flow-through tanks (30 fish/tank). Seven experimental diets were formulated. The control (MM0) diet contained 55% FM. Then, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% FM in the MM0 diet were replaced with MM, referred to as the MM10, MM20, MM40, MM60, MM80, and MM100 diets, respectively. All experimental diets were allocated to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to visual satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. Increased substitution of FM with MM in diets resulted in decreased essential amino acids (EAA), such as lysine and threonine and the sum n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, but increased EAA, such as arginine and methionine, and the sums of saturated and monoene FA. Weight gain (9.8 g/fish) of fish fed the MM10 diet was significantly (P <.003) greater than that (8.8, 8.9, 8.2, and 7.9 g/fish, respectively) of fish fed the MM0, MM60, MM80, and MM100 diets. Specific growth rate (SGR) (2.93%/day) of fish fed the MM10 diet was significantly (P <.004) higher than that (2.79, 2.69, and 2.64%/day, respectively) of fish fed the MM0, MM80, and MM100 diets. Weight gain and SGR of fish fed the MM100 diet were (P <.05) significantly lower than those of fish fed the MM0 diet. Feed consumption (9.34 g/fish) of fish fed the MM10 diet was significantly (P <.002) higher than that (8.72, 8.59, 8.32, and 8.10 g/fish, respectively) of fish fed the MM0, MM60, MM80, and MM100 diets. Feed efficiency (1.04%) of fish fed the MM10, MM40, and MM60 diets was significantly (P <.009) higher than that (0.99, and 0.98%, respectively) of fish fed the MM80, and MM100 diets. Condition factor, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, hematological parameters, and innate immune responses (lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities) of fish was not significantly (P >.05) different among the experimental diets. The chemical composition, and AA and FA profiles of the whole-body fish were not influenced by the experimental diets. In conclusion, dietary substitution FM up to 80% with MM can be made without deteriorating growth performance of rockfish. However, the optimum substitution level of FM with MM in diets were estimated to be 18.5, and 18.2% based on regression analysis of weight gain and SGR of rockfish, respectively. • Substitution effect of fish meal with meat meal in diets on performance of rockfish was determined. • Weight gain and SGR of fish fed the MM100 diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the MM0 diet. • Dietary substitution FM up to 80% with MM can be made without deteriorating growth performance of rockfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvae of Hermetia illucens feed on different types of decomposing organic matter and their development depends on the quality and quantity of food ingested. In this study the effect of three artificial diets was analyzed, namely hen feed, meat meal and a mixture of these two diets. The effects of diet on ovarian development, size, mortality, duration of the larval and pupal stages and sex ratio were studied. Results indicate that the meat meal diet was the worst of the three diets in terms of percentage mortality and duration of the larval and pupal stages. We conclude that food ingested by the black soldier fly larvae determines both the physiological and morphological development of the adults.

Only properly prepared animal by-products, protein meals can be utilized as animal feed additive. However, different protein meals are appropriate for feeding different animal species. Since the link between feeding ruminant-derived meat and bone meal (MBL) and the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its human equivalent variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has been established, it is imperative that potentially infective material is excluded from the food chain. Thus the aim of this study is to develop a spectral method which will allow to estimate the ratio of meat and blood protein meal in the final product. Consequently of the method is applicable to identify the purity meat and blood meal. During the test the products were mixed in different proportions and were examined by the spectral method. Measurements were conducted with AvaSpec 2048 spectrometer in visible (VIS) and in near infrared (NIR) wavelength range (400-1000 nm) to define the spectral differentiation of the different meal products. Significant difference can be detected in spectral reflectance between the meat and blood product in the VIS-NIR range. The blood product has a characteristic spectral property: in the range of600 and 735 nm reflectance values are increasing following a sigmoid curve. Beside the inflection points, based on the sensitive wavelength range VKFI (R930/R600) is produced for detecting protein meal purity. Furthermore, the integral of the reflectance curve at the sensitive spectral range is found to be also a good solution for the monitoring of purity. Inflection point of meat meal and blood product are also determined. As a result, the range of wavelength can be determined, which is suitable for detecting individual characteristics of the investigated products. Using spectral examination for determining composition of the products could be quick and low energy method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is carried out with two groups of japanese quails in order to check the possibility to substitute cocoon meal (B.mori L.) for meat meal as well as to evaluate a growth potential in these conditions. The forage mixture of control group contains 7% meat meal. The experimental forage mixture contains 7% cocoon meal and has equal nutritive value. The substitution of meat meal with the cocoon meal in quails food results in better growth development during first days of their life. Both sexes have higher body weight - 11.1%; 8.7% and 9.8% respectively in 7th, 14th and 21 day of life. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the period from 0 to 35th day as well as the fi nal body weight of birds in two groups is equal. The cocoon meal can be the suitable constitutor in starter forage mixture for quails guaranteed equivalent growth and FCR.

Use of Some Local Animal Protein Sources in the Feeding of Broilers. Two trials were conducted in view of determining the optimum conditions of using animal by-products in the feeding of broiler chicks. In the first experiment 600 broiler chicks of "Shaver" breed were distributed in 12 pens and received 4 treatments : blood meal, minerai nitrogen and vitaminated concentrate, fish meal and the fourth treatment was a combination of blood and fish meal. In the second experiment, 648 broiler chicks of "Arbor Acres" breed were used in 4 treatments : a combination of blood meal and fish meal, blood meal and meat meal, fish meal plus meat meal and the last treatment a combination of the three protein sources. Each experiment lasted 8 weeks. Both experiments showed that blood meal alone was not a good protein source for broilers, however the combination of different protein sources gave good results.

The objective of this work was to compare consumer’s liking and perception of meat quality attributes as a function of their familiarity and involvement with fresh meat. Ninety-three meat consumers were classified on the basis of their familiarity with fresh meats. Socio-demographic differences between the clusters were found to relate to gender and age, and high familiarity (HF) consumers showed higher involvement with meat. HF consumers enjoyed consuming meat, and they associated a symbolic value to it. In addition, their liking ratings were higher than those of low familiarity (LF) consumers for both appearance and taste of three specific types of fresh meat over the course of product shelf-life. The perceived risks associated with meat consumption and product choice were similar between groups. Both consumer segments reported that the most important driver of fresh meat purchase is its appearance, while the role of extrinsic cues differed among the groups. The HF group needed more information when choosing meat. Regardless of familiarity level, liking was consistent with beef appearance as affected by storage, but the prediction of experienced sensory quality lacked consistency when the perceived intrinsic cue variation was not associated with meat freshness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein and fiber have strong satiety-inducing potential. Beef is a high quality, protein-rich food. Beans contain moderate levels of protein as well as fiber. To determine the effects of a high protein meal (beef) compared to a moderate protein, high fiber meal (beans) on subjective appetite and energy intake at a subsequent meal twenty-eight adults, 14 men (ages 24 ± 5 y, BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2) and 14 women (ages 25 ± 5 y, BMI 22 ± 2 kg/m2) consumed 2 test lunches containing a 'meatloaf' made from either beef or beans. The beef meal provided 26 g of protein and 3 g of fiber while the bean meal provided 17 g of protein and 12 g of fiber. An ad libitum snack was given 3 h after the test meal. Visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, and prospective food intake. Gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance was assessed over 24 h. No difference between the beef and bean was observed for appetite ratings over 3 h, food intake at the subsequent meal (632 ± 75 kcal compared with 611 ± 75 kcal, respectively), or sum of GI score (2.2 ± 0.5 compared with 2.9 ± 0.5, respectively). Gas and bloating were reported more often after the bean meal than the beef meal (2.0 ± 0.4 compared with 1.3 ± 0.4, P value 0.057). A beef-based meal with high protein and a bean-based meal with moderate protein and high fiber produced similar satiety, while the bean-based meal resulting in higher, yet moderate, gas and bloating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of utilization of lemon peel extract as a natural antioxidant source in muscle foods. The products incorporated with lemon peel extract were assessed for various oxidative stability and storage quality parameters. Design/methodology/approach – The study was designed to evaluate the effect of lemon peel extract on the oxidative stability and storage quality of Tabak-Maz, a popular traditional meat product. The products were prepared and treated with different concentrations of lemon peel extract (0.5, 1, 1.5 per cent) and were aerobically packaged in low-density polyethylene pouches and assessed for lipid stability and storage quality parameters under refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) conditions. Findings – Lemon peel extract showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the lipid stability of the products as the treated products exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) (mg malonaldehyde/kg) and free fatty acid (FFA) (per cent oleic acid) values for the entire period of storage. A significant (p < 0.05) effect was also observed on the microbiological characteristics of the products, as lemon peel extract treated products showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower values for total plate count, psychrophillic count and yeast and mould count throughout the period of storage. Coliforms were not detected throughout the period of storage. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores were observed for various sensory parameters of the treated products. Originality/value – Lemon peel extract successfully improved the oxidative stability and storage quality of Tabak-Maz during refrigerated (4 ± 10°C) storage and may be commercially exploited as a natural antioxidant source in muscle foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methionine (Met) requirement studies with homozygous (Na/Na) and heterozygous (Na/na) naked neck meat type chicken utilized 144 birds of average weight (50% each genotype and sex) within two N balance experiments involving both the starter (d10-20) and grower period (d25-35). The birds were randomly allotted to five experimental diets with graded protein supply and Met as the limiting amino acid. The proportion of native feed protein sources (soy protein concentrate, maize, wheat, fishmeal and wheat gluten) was kept constant to ensure a uniform protein quality in all diets. The Met requirement depending on genotype, sex, age period and growth performance (protein deposition) was estimated using a non-linear modeling procedure of N utilization in monogastric animals. On average, 0.47% (Na/Na) and 0.45% (Na/na) dietary Met was established as adequate in the starter diet, as well as 0.37% (Na/Na) and 0.36% (Na/na) Met in the grower diet for both of the sexes. In conclusion, the Met requirement of the naked neck chicken is not significantly different from its normally-feathered counterparts. In addition, the low feather production was not reflected by reduced requirement for Met in naked neck birds. However, these conclusions are valid only at the given Met:Cys ratio (1:1) in the experimental diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen meat and bone meal (MBM) samples were obtained and selected from various company plants to provide a wide range in pepsin nitrogen digestibility values. Pepsin digestibility was determined using either 0.02 or 0.002% pepsin. Amino acid (AA) digestibility of the 16 MBM samples was then determined using a precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. The 0.02% pepsin digestibility values were numerically higher than the 0.002% pepsin values. The values varied from 77 to 93% for 0.02% pepsin and from 67 to 91% for 0.002% pepsin. The rooster AA digestibility results showed a wide range of values among MBM samples mostly due to the 4 samples having lowest and highest AA digestibility. A precision-fed broiler chick ileal AA digestibility assay confirmed that there were large differences in AA digestibility among the MBM samples having the lowest and highest rooster digestibility values. Correlation analyses between pepsin and AA digestibility values showed that the correlation values (r) were highly significant (P < 0.0001) for all AA when all 16 MBM samples were included in the analysis. However, when the MBM samples with the 2 lowest and the 2 highest rooster digestibility values were not included in the correlation analyses, the correlation coefficient values (r) were generally very low and not significant (P > 0.05). The results indicated that the pepsin nitrogen digestibility assay is only useful for detecting large differences in AA digestibility among MBM. There also was no advantage for using 0.02 versus 0.002% pepsin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do bagaço de cana hidrolizado e da ponta de cana-de-açúcar no desempenho de bovinos, 72 novilhos Nelore, com idade média de 18 a 30 meses e 293 kg PV, foram confinados durante 99 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram em: 40,0% de bagaço de cana hidrolizado (BAH) e 20,0% ponta de cana (tratamentos T1 e T4); 20,0 de BAH e 40,0% de ponta de cana (T2 e T5); e 30,0 de BAH e 30,0% de ponta de cana (T3 e T6). Duas fontes protéicas: levedura seca, associada aos tratamentos T1, T2 e T3 e farinha de carne mais aditivo (Nutrigen), associada aos tratamentos T4, T5 e T6 também foram usadas. A ingestão média diária de matéria seca (kg/animal), a conversão alimentar e o ganho de peso médio (kg/animal•d) foram para T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6, respectivamente, 4,01; 5,50; 5,06; 4,50; 7,33; e 12,71, 17,14; 13,09; 14,79; 8,79; 17,45; e 12,71 e 0,234; 0,420; 0,342; 0,516; 0,420; e 0,454. Os animais que receberam farinha de carne mais aditivo (Nutrigem) apresentaram melhor desempenho animal.With the objective to evaluate the effect of hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse and sugar cane tops in the performance of cattle, 72 Nellore steers, averaging from 18 to 30 months of age and 293 kg LW were feedlot for 99 days. The treatment consisted in 40.0% hydrolyzed sugar cane bagasse (BAH) and 20.0% sugar cane tops (treatments T1 e T4), 20.0 BAH and 40.0% sugar cane tops (T2 and T5), and 30.0 BAH and 30.0% sugar cane tops (T3 and T6). Two protein sources: dried yeast, associated with the treatments T1, T2, and T3 and meat meal plus additive (Nutrigen), associated to T4, T5 and T6, were also used. The average daily dry matter intake (kg/ animal), the feed:gain ratio (kg DM/kg gain/animal•d ) and the average weight gains were for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively, 4.01, 5.50, 5.06, 4.50, 7.33, and 12.71, 17.14, 13.09, 14.79, 8.79, 17.45, and 12.71 and .234, .420, .342, .516, .420, and .454. The animals fed diets with meat meal plus Nutrigen, showed best animal performance.

Foram utilizados nove terneiros da raça Holandesa (139 ± 2,4kg), fistulados no duodeno, em um delineamento experimental completamente casualizado para estudar o efeito da suplementação com diferentes fontes protéicas (2% de uréia ou 10% de farinha de carne na dieta total) de dietas ricas em concentrado (milho e farelo de soja) sobre o local e extensão da digestão do alimento, em condições de consumo ad libitum. A relação volumoso:concentrado das dietas foi de 30:70. A digestibilidade ruminal e total da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e nitrogênio, assim como o fluxo duodenal de nitrogênio microbiano e residual do alimento, e a eficiência da síntese protéica microbiana foram semelhantes nos dois tratamentos (P>0,10). A digestibilidade ruminal do amido também foi semelhante, mas a digestibilidade total foi menor no tratamento com uréia (PNine weaned Holstein calves (139 ± 2.4kg) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used in a completly ramdomized design to study the effects of supplemental protein sources (2% of urea or 10% of meat meal) of high concentrate diets (corn and soybean meal) on site and extent of digestion of feed, in ad libitum feeding conditions. The forage:concentrate ratio was 30:70. The ruminal and total digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen, as well as microbial and feed residual nitrogen duodenal flow, and the microbial protein synthesis efficiency were similar for both treatments (P>0.10). The ruminal digestibility of starch was also similar, but total digestibility was lower for urea treatment (P

Because of high environmental impacts and energy costs, many cement plants tend to substitute waste-derived fuels for fossil fuels. However, knowing the impacts of using such waste fuels is important for improving the process economy. This paper presents a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling study conducted for a cement rotary kiln. Simulations are performed using commercial CFD software and are conducted for coal, as well as for meat and bone meal (MBM) combustion. The effects of fuel feeding position and fuel particle size on the combustion characteristics are discussed. Annulus fuel feeding gives faster devolatilization and char combustion than central-tube fuel feeding, and the effect is significant for larger particles. The devolatilization is much faster for small particles. For a given fuel, the larger the mass-weighted mean particle diameter, the lower the char burnout. The negative effect of a large mass-weighted mean particle diameter on the char burnout is more significant for fuels having high fixed carbon content. However, the impact on the gas temperature due to poor char burnout depends on the fixed carbon content of the fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal by-products such as meat and bone meals are now certified as free from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and their use as organic fertilizers is considered safe again. Given that knowing the rates at which their nutrients are released is key to efficient use, nitrogen (N) mineralization in Mediterranean soils fertilized with meat and bone meals (MBMs) has been studied by means of 12 incubation experiments using three soils of different textures and organic-matter contents and five MBMs of varied origin and characteristics. After the application of the organic products, the amounts of mineral N released after 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 35 weeks of aerobic incubation at 25 °C were measured and the data were adjusted to first-order reaction kinetics. In all cases, the results were consistent with the assumption of N mineralization being a first-order reaction with k constants ranging from 0.177 week−1to 1.603 week−1. Mineralization was fast, with most of the N release taking place during the first 5–10 weeks of the incubations. Despite the different origin and characteristics of the MBMs compared in the experiment, soil type was the most influential factor in the mineralization process. The N mineralization rates were greater in the loam soil, suggesting a relevant role of enzymes immobilized in inorganic colloids such as clay. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The objective of this experiment was to determine the concentration and digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in meat meal (MM), and to compare these values with the respective values in soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows (initial body weight = 66.9±3.8 kg) surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 3×3 balanced Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two experimental diets containing test ingredients as the sole source of AA were prepared to estimate the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) for CP and AA by the direct method. An N-free diet was also prepared to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All experimental diets contained 5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d of ileal digesta collection period. Ileal digesta samples were collected from 0900 to 1700 on d 6 and 7 of each period. The concentrations of CP, Lys, Met, and Trp in MM and SBM were analyzed to be 64.1, 3.5, 1.1 and 0.6, and 45.6, 2.8, 0.8, and 0.3%, respectively. The AID of all AA except Gly in MM was less (p<0.05) than in SBM. The AID of Lys, Met, and Trp in MM was estimated to be 56.0, 71.7, and 47.1%, respectively. The SID of all AA in MM was less (p<0.05) than in SBM. The SID of Lys, Met, and Trp was 65.1, 79.2, and 78.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the CP and AA contents in MM were greater than those in SBM whereas the ileal digestibility of all AA in MM was less than in SBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60-day study was conducted to determine the response of juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus to seven experimental diets, formulated using a blend of alternative protein sources as a replacement for fish meal. Adequate levels (digestible basis) of energy, protein and amino acids were maintained in diets 1-6, whereas slightly lower protein and energy levels were provided in diet 7. Feed cost per tonne ranged from $ 798.9 (diet 1, 550 g Kg−1 fish meal) to $ 515.8 (diet 6, 0 g kg−1 fish meal), or to $ 507.2 (diet 7, 0 g Kg−1 fish meal). Three commercial diets were included in the study as reference diets: a high-energy and a low-energy trout diet, as well as a catfish diet. Quintuplicate bluegill groups (~22 g, n = 10 fish group−1) were fed the experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation. No major differences in feed consumption, feed efficiency and growth rates were detected among the bluegill groups fed the experimental diets. Trout diets generally produced higher fish fat deposition, whereas the catfish diet produced a poorer fish growth rate relative to the experimental diets. Under the reported conditions, results indicate diet 6, comprising predominantly soybean meal and porcine meat and bone meal, to be the most economical diet for juvenile bluegill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on cereal phytase that are particular relevant for improving mineral and phosphate bio-availability. Phytases can initiate the hydrolysis of phytate, the main storage form of phosphate in cereals and the major anti-nutritional factor for the bio-availability of micronutrients in human nutrition. The composition and levels of mature grain phytase activity (MGPA) in cereals is of central importance for efficient phytate hydrolysis. The MGPA varies considerably between species. Substantial activity is present in Triticeae tribe cereals like wheat, barley and rye whereas non-Triticeae cereals such as maize and rice have very little MGPA. Recent studies have determined the evolutionary relationships of phytases in Triticeae and non-Triticeae and highlighted the importance of the purple acid phosphatase phytases (PAPhys). In the Triticeae, PAPhys are synthesized during grain development (PAPhy_a) and during germination (PAPhy_b). In non-Triticeae species, only PAPhys that are mainly synthesized during germination were identified. The new knowledge provides new opportunities for modulating the MGPA in Triticeae cereals but also indicates that nutritionally relevant levels of MGPA are unlikely to be achieved in non-Triticeae by conventional breeding. Increasing MGPA in barley via cisgenesis is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] We examined DNA repair gene polymorphisms, red meat intake, and colon cancer risk. [•] Main effects of seven SNPs and interactions with diet were examined by race. [•] Two SNPs were associated with risk of colon cancer among African Americans. [•] High meat carcinogen intake and presence of >3 at-risk alleles jointly increased risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Several citrus orchards develop symptoms of Fe deficiency when cultivated in calcareous and alkaline soils. In a field trial a new type of fertilizer, the glass-matrix based fertilizer (GMF, a by-product from ceramic industries) was applied. GMF is able to release nutrients, particularly Fe, on the basis of plant-demand, being nutrients not soluble in water, but only in acidic or metal complexing solutions. In our experiment, the effectiveness of GMF was tested on “Tarocco” orange trees of twenty years, severely suffering from Fe chlorosis, also by mixing GMF with meat meal (MM) or digested vine vinasse (DVV), thus comparing these treatments to the conventional Fe-chelate fertilization and the Fe-unfertilized control. The GMF+DVV mixture showed to be able to supply adequately micronutrients (particularly Fe) on long term, reducing the chlorosis symptoms, increasing the leaf SPAD index, Fe concentration and decreasing Fe index. No significant effect on yield and fruit quality was noticed. Our results indicated that these innovative formulates, and in particular glass-matrix based fertilizer mixed with digested vine vinasse, could be used as an “environmental friendly” fertilizer, allowing not only to reduce the use of chemicals (such as Fe-chelate), but also to re-use industrial wastes and organic residues which gave an “adding value” to these novel organo-mineral formulates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Animal by-products (ABP) are rich in nutrients and energy. This LCA study assessed and compared the environmental impact of using meat meal as fertilizer with that of using chemical fertilizer. In one system the nutrient content of ABP Category 2 was recovered and used as a meat meal fertilizer on arable land, replacing chemical fertilizers. In the other system a chemical fertilizer was used and the energy content of the ABP material recovered. The functional unit consisted of one kg of harvested spring wheat and treatment of 0.59kg of ABP Category 2. The system for nutrient recovery and chemical fertilizer replacement had lower emissions of greenhouse gases and acidification than the energy recovery system, but had higher total use of energy and eutrophying emissions. Overall, the results of the study greatly depended on the fuels replaced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To achieve high nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, N availability from organic fertilisers must be synchronised with crop uptake. In order to estimate when previously unmineralised N is plant-available in relation to fertilisation time-point, net N mineralisation was studied in incubations under natural temperature conditions. The fertilisers studied were meat and bone meal (Biofer), dairy slurry, dairy manure, chicken manure, and a by-product from yeast production (Vinasse). The fertilisers were mixed with soil and incubated in plastic bottles placed in topsoil in south-west Sweden on different dates throughout the year, simulating fertiliser application in autumn, early spring, spring, and early summer. Bottles were sampled for analysis of NH4-N and NO3-N on three to seven occasions until late autumn and the experiment was repeated in two consecutive years. Dairy slurry and dairy manure had a very slow, almost negligible, net N mineralisation after application. Slurry with rather high ammonium content should therefore be applied as close to crop demand as other circumstances allow, whereas dairy farmyard manure with very low mineral N content can be applied off-season. Chicken manure had a considerable proportion of mineral N initially, but released further mineral N after application. Vinasse and Biofer had almost no mineral N initially, but much of the N present mineralised rapidly. About 65% of total N in Biofer, Vinasse, and chicken manure was in mineral form within 30-50 days or 450 growing degree-days (GDD), after which net mineralisation ceased. This indicates that these three types of fertiliser should be applied at least one month before the end of crop N uptake and that autumn application is associated with a risk of N leaching unless a crop with high N uptake is present during winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]