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Myofibrillar proteins are mainly responsible for the structure-forming properties of emulsified meat products due to their gelling abilities. To enhance the gel characteristics of myofibrillar protein, the effect of lipids in different physical states on MP gelation was studied. In this study, chicken fat (CF), refined palm oil (RPO), and palm stearin (ST) were used to emulsify the extracted chicken myofibrillar protein (MP). The whiteness, water holding capacity, gel strength, solubility, emulsifying stability index, thermal and rheological properties, protein separation, and microstructure of MP gels were evaluated. The results demonstrated that RPO addition increased the physicochemical parameters, followed by CF and ST, and the ratio between MP and lipid was 4 to 1. MP-RPO also showed better thermal properties, characterized by a high peak temperature of peak 3 during differential scanning calorimetry analysis. MP-ST was the most unstable, indicated by the lowest peak temperature, while MP-CF did not differ significantly from MP-RPO. The frequency sweep test showed that RPO has the highest G' and lowest tan δ values, indicating a strong network formation. The changes in electrophoresis bands demonstrated that myosin might be involved in creating heat-induced MP gel, with no difference between lipid types. Additionally, the microstructure showed that MP-RPO gel had smaller oil droplets coated with interfacial protein film. Hence, RPO might be the best lipid source when emulsifying chicken protein due to its high water holding capacity with excellent thermal and rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Hybrid meat products are a beneficial approach to incorporating plant proteins into conventional meat formulations, taking into account current market trends that emphasise the partial decrease in animal protein content. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using different percentages of beef meat (BM), jackfruit flesh (JF) and bamboo shoot (BS) as a meat substitute in beef meat emulsion. Emulsion with 100% BM (Control), (A) 50% JF + 50% BM, (B) 50% BS + 50% BM, (C) 50% BM + 25% JF + 25% BS, (D) 100% JF and (E) 100% BS were developed. Six formulations of meat emulsion samples were prepared and analysed in terms of physicochemical and microstructure properties. The substitution of JF and BS in meat emulsion resulted in more stable emulsion stability. The WHC and pH values showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between samples. The samples with different percentages of JF and BS had significantly increased (P < 0.05) the moisture content and the crude fibre content, however, it significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the crude protein content. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in ash and fat content for the formulated meat emulsions from the control. One hundred per cent BS showed higher lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and lower redness (a*) values significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the control. One hundred per cent JF and 100% BS depicted significant differences (P < 0.05) for the textural properties and gel strength compared to the control. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided evidence for the microstructure that the higher the percentages of plant‐based ingredients, the smaller the cavities. Overall, the incorporation of 50% BM + 25% JF + 25% BS could produce the best‐suited meat substitution product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Katjang goat meat has the potential to be used for emulsified meat product production but the suitable starch type to be applied as the Aller is unknown. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of various starches on the quality characteristic of Katjang goat meat emulsion. Katjang goat meat emulsion was prepared by incorporating various starches viz., tapioca starch (TS), sago starch (SS), and wheat starch (WS), as Aller by replacing lean meat. The developed emulsion samples were evaluated for physiochemical, proximate, colour, texture, and gel strength. The addition of TS into meat emulsion results in the most stable emulsion as exhibited by the lowest total expressible fluid (%TEF), expressible fat (%EFAT), and cooking loss. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference for the pH, water holding capacity (WHC), texture profile analysis (TPA), and colour values of all the samples. The incorporation of SS in the formulation decreased (p<0.05) the shear force and work of shearing. In conclusion, the incorporation of TS was found optimum to formulate goat meat emulsion with better quality characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of rice starch types was explored to mimic the fat and improve the stability of chicken sausage during multiple freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. This study investigated the effect of partial fat replacement with non-waxy and waxy rice starch on the physical properties of chicken sausage during multiple F-T cycles. Sausages were manufactured using eight different formulas (standard fat, reduced-fat, and reduced-fat with both starches at addition levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%). Emulsion stability, cooking loss, color, and texture profile were analyzed as initial qualities. Sausages were stored at -18 oC for seven days and thawed at 4 oC for 17 h for each of three F-T cycles, then thawing loss and texture were evaluated. The result showed that the incorporation of non-waxy and waxy rice starch up to 9% increased the emulsion stability, lightness (L*), and the value of hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of chicken sausage (p

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The present study evaluated the physicochemical, rheological, and microstructural properties of buffalo meat emulsion incorporated with red palm olein (RPO) and glutinous rice flour (GRF) as fat replacers. A total of six different samples were prepared by using combinations of RPO and GRF replacing animal fat viz., control (with animal fat), R1 (100% fat replaced by RPO), R2 (50% fat replaced by RPO), RG (50% fat replaced by 25% RPO and 25% GRF), G1 (100% fat replaced by GRF), and G2 (50% fat replaced by GRF). The samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters, gel strength, rheological and microstructural properties. G1 and G2 samples were recorded with improved emulsion stability, cooking loss, hardness, and chewiness while lowering the fat content. Micrographs of G1 and G2 samples demonstrated a spongy/honeycomb-like structure with roughly spherical crystalline granules. The rheological properties of G1 indicated a more stable emulsion with a higher storage modulus (G'). Using RPO as a fat replacer seemed to produce a lower-quality emulsion. Therefore, replacing the fat with GRF, especially at 100%, is proposed for buffalo meat emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Overcoming the impact of sodium reduction in the properties of emulsified sausages is a current challenge in the production of healthier meat products. Because the emulsifying process play a key role in the stability of sausages, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two mechanical emulsifying systems (cutter versus continuous emulsifier) and two levels of sodium chloride (2.50 and 1.25%) on the physicochemical characteristics of bologna sausages. RESULTS: A reduction of sodium increased the L* value and reduced the a* value, and also decreased the protein extraction yield in sausages produced in the cutter system. Moreover, the emulsion stability of reduced sodium batter was increased by cutter emulsification (F50C). On the other hand, the continuous emulsifier process did not decrease the extraction of myofibrillar proteins in F50E (sodium reduced treatment), resulting in minimal impact on emulsion stability and an increase in hardness in reduced‐sodium sausages. CONCLUSION: Therefore, to produce low‐sodium sausages, the continuous emulsifier was more effective producing batters with increased extracted myofibrillar proteins, improving the structure and functionality of myofibrillar proteins compared to the cutter process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using pork meat before rigor mortis for the preparation of mortadella with a 50% reduction in sodium chloride. Batters were prepared, in cutters, with these two raw materials varying the NaCl content by 50%. Physicochemical and microscopic analyses were carried out and greater emulsion stability, springiness, and cohesiveness were observed in samples prepared with raw material pre-rigor and without sodium reduction. It was noticed that the use of meat before rigor mortis did not result in the increase of the functional properties of the treatments with a reduction of NaCl, as expected since the attributes of emulsion stability, protein extraction yield, and hardness were inferior to post rigor mortis treatment. These results are probably due to the reduced processing time, since the initial temperature of the raw material was high, which indicates the importance of the process parameters in the elaboration of emulsified meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sophorolipids present antimicrobial and antioxidant activities allowing their application in meat products such as sausages. In this study, formulations of chicken sausages were developed with 0.008%–0.06% sophorolipid supplementation. Microbiological analyses showed that sophorolipids induced a significant reduction in Clostridium perfringens contamination and decreased lipid oxidation rates compared with control samples (sausages with curing salts). The formulation with 0.06% sophorolipids showed a significant difference in strength, hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness compared with the control formulation. The sausages with sophorolipids presented a less porous mass with fewer cracks, improving the structure of the sausages. Thus, the use of sophorolipids improved the microbiological, antioxidant and physicochemical properties of chicken sausages, being an innovative alternative to replace usual preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Cumin is a common spice used for enhancement of flavour. Its preservative potential as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in meat model system might extend its use as an alternative to synthetic/chemical preservatives, which are widely used in meat products. Aims. The present study aims at exploring cumin essential oil as a natural preservative in meat model system. Methods. Four groups consisting of a control (C) and treatments (T0.5, T0.75 and T1.0) with added cumin essential oil were prepared as C, control without cumin oil, T0.5 with 0.50% cumin oil w/w; T0.75 with 0.75% cumin oil w/w and T1.0 with 1.0% cumin oil w/w and were stored at refrigeration for 12 days in aerobic packaging. The effect of cumin oil on physicochemical, antioxidant, lipid oxidation, microbial and sensory quality of meat emulsions were analysed on every third day. Key results. The results showed that pH, titratable acidity, emulsion stability and extract release volume values were higher (P < 0.05) in oil-treated groups. Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and 2,2 '-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+) radical scavenging activity (ABTS) % inhibition value were also higher in meat emulsion with added cumin oil treated groups than in control, and free-radical scavenging efficacy increased in dose-dependent manner. The meat emulsions added with cumin oil evinced a lower peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations than in control. The T1.0 of all showed (P < 0.05) a lower rate of microbial proliferation standard plate count (SPC), psychrophilic count, coliform count and yeast and mould (Y and M) than did other groups. Sensory panelists rated T0.75 comparatively higher for colour and appearance and flavour than they did T1.0, T0.5 and control. Conclusions. It could be concluded that with inclusion of cumin oil at 0.75% level in meat emulsion, the physicochemical quality and antioxidant capacity improved significantly, while lipid oxidation and microbial proliferation decreased together with acceptable sensory attributes. Implications. Increasing harmful effects of chemical preservatives and growing consumer-health concerns have boosted the demand for clean label or natural preservatives. With growing market of 'ready to cook' meat products, good preservation with cumin essential oil would enhance its consumer appeal and marketability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of salt reduction through the inclusion of seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) on the physicochemical and sensory qualities of chicken patties. A control sample (1.5% salt and without seaweed) and four chicken patty formulations were used with two levels of salt (1% and 1.5%) and two levels of seaweed (2% and 4%). Adding seaweed improves water holding capacity and minimized cooking loss in reduced-salt patties. In addition, adding seaweed decreases the shrinkage of the diameter and thickness of chicken patties (p > 0.05). However, adding seaweed made the patties darker, as shown by lower L* values (p > 0.05). Additionally, the incorporation of seaweed significantly increased (p < 0.05) the hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and elasticity of patties. Reduced-salt chicken patties with the addition of 2–4% of seaweed showed lower extracted water than 1.5% salt chicken patties with seaweed (p < 0.05), indicating a higher water holding capacity. The sensory evaluation showed that the chicken patty with 1.5% salt and 4% seaweed had the highest overall acceptability. However, the overall acceptability of the chicken patties with 1% salt and 4% seaweed was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control. In conclusion, the addition of Kappaphycus alvarezii to reduced salt patties improved textural properties with acceptable taste profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is an emerging technology that can be applied to improve the functional properties of emulsified meat products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HHP (100 and 200 MPa) on low-sodium mortadella produced with high content of mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM). Seven treatments were produced: FC (2.5% NaCl - control 1), F1-C (1.25% NaCl - control 2), F1-100 (1.25% NaCl and 100 MPa), F1-200 (1.25% NaCl and 200 MPa), F2-C (1.25% NaCl, 1.60% KCl), F2-100 (1.25% NaCl, 1.60% KCl, 100 MPa), and F2-200 (1.25% NaCl, 1.60% KCl, 200 MPa). Proximate composition, sodium content, emulsion stability, extraction yield of myofibrillar proteins, instrumental color, texture profile, and microstructure of the samples were evaluated. Pressurization and salt reduction did not affect chemical composition (moisture, fat and protein) of the samples, while HHP increased protein extraction, forming a more compact, homogeneous and better distributed gel, improving emulsion stability and increasing mortadella hardness. Therefore, this technique could effectively compensate the deterioration in the protein gel matrix caused by salt reduction. Studies are necessary to investigate the effects of HPP on sensory properties and lipid oxidation of mortadella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to concerns about the negative effects of phosphate on human health, the development of phosphate substitutes is an active area of research. Among the various methods, the structural modification of proteins has previously been established. In this study, we used grafting technology. Extracted insect protein was grafted with palatinose (GI), and 0.1 and 0.15% of GI were added to a phosphate-free meat emulsion mixed with 0.1% of eggshell powder (ES). The pH, myofibrillar protein solubility, and apparent viscosity increased with the addition of GI and ES (p < 0.05). Color values were also affected by GI and ES addition (decreased CIE L* and CIE a* and increased CIE b*; p < 0.05), while cooking loss was only improved by the addition of ES and not GI. Although the total fluid separated more than negative control (p < 0.05), the addition of ES improved emulsion stability and total expressible fluid separation and the fat separation reduced with addition of GI and ES (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation was inhibited by the addition of GI and ES (p < 0.05). Moreover, the protein molecular weight distribution under 20 kDa was modified by the addition of GI, and the hardness and springiness of treatments decreased. In conclusion, the addition of GI and ES might be used to improve cooking loss, emulsion stability, and antioxidants, while the textural properties should be further researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to examine the possibility of phosphate replacement in allbeef model system emulsions containing 0.3 % of phosphate (CON) with 0.3 % and 0.6 % of dietary fibre of various plant origin, namely, wheat (treatments WH3, WH6), maize (CN3, CN6), pea (PA3, PA6) and potato (PT3, PT6). The pH values of all treatments were similar (6.12-6.27) and corresponded to emulsifiedtype meat products. Phosphate replacement by fibre led to higher cooking loss (CL) values, from 1.29 (CN6) to 2.43 (PT6) times, not significantly only in CN6 and PA6. Increment in the fibre content led to a significantly lower CL only in the case of maize fibre. On the other hand, all treatments with dietary fibre had significantly lower fluid release under pressure compared to control, while the influence of different fibre types and increase in fibre content was not observed. WH6, CN3, CN6 and PA3 had significantly higher lightness, while all treatments, except for WH6 and PA6, had significantly higher redness. Yellow tones were similar within all treatments. Texture parameters were affected by phosphate replacement with dietary fibres, as hardness and chewiness were higher, while springiness and cohesiveness were lower. No effect of the type of fibre or its level was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin (SK) and abdominal fat (AF) are by-products that are abundantly produced in poultry slaughterhouses. Skin is used in meat products, especially in sausages, but its use is related to microbiological contamination and susceptibility to oxidation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of SK replacement with AF on the quality characteristics of emulsified patties stored under freezing conditions (−18°C) for 90 D. The AF showed higher lipid content than did the SK, but the SK had a higher predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regarding the partial chemical composition, the treatments showed differences in moisture, lipids, and total collagen. The values for para-anisidine and carbonyl compounds at the end of 90 D of storage were not influenced by the incorporation of SK or AF. The judges also did not observe differences in the color and aroma of the emulsified products during the 90 D. Furthermore, volatile compounds considered oxidation markers were not detected at the end of the storage period. Given these results, emulsified patties made with SK or AF undergo, to a similar degree, low levels of lipid and protein oxidation when stored under freezing conditions (−18°C) for 90 D, which allows the use of some of these lipid sources in meat products.

This study investigates the effect of salt reduction through the inclusion of seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) on the physicochemical and sensory qualities of chicken patties. A control sample (1.5% salt and without seaweed) and four chicken patty formulations were used with two levels of salt (1% and 1.5%) and two levels of seaweed (2% and 4%). Adding seaweed improves water holding capacity and minimized cooking loss in reduced-salt patties. In addition, adding seaweed decreases the shrinkage of the diameter and thickness of chicken patties (p > 0.05). However, adding seaweed made the patties darker, as shown by lower L* values (p > 0.05). Additionally, the incorporation of seaweed significantly increased (p < 0.05) the hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and elasticity of patties. Reduced-salt chicken patties with the addition of 2–4% of seaweed showed lower extracted water than 1.5% salt chicken patties with seaweed (p < 0.05), indicating a higher water holding capacity. The sensory evaluation showed that the chicken patty with 1.5% salt and 4% seaweed had the highest overall acceptability. However, the overall acceptability of the chicken patties with 1% salt and 4% seaweed was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control. In conclusion, the addition of Kappaphycus alvarezii to reduced salt patties improved textural properties with acceptable taste profiles.

This work aimed to evaluate the microstructural, physicochemical and sensorial properties of buffalo meat patties produced using different mixing equipment (bowl cutter, universal mixer, and meat mixer). Scanning electron microscopy revealed a more homogenize emulsion, cohesive structure and smaller pore size of patties produced using the bowl cutter, which significantly reduced the total fluid release, water release, fat release and cooking loss as compared to the universal mixer and meat mixer. Production of the buffalo meat patties using bowl cutter also improved the moisture retention and gel strength of the patties. The patties produced using bowl cutter had the significantly highest lightness and yellowness values, while the redness was the lowest. Lower hardness, gumminess and chewiness also were observed from the patties produced using bowl cutter. Quality of the microstructural and physicochemical properties of the patties produced using different equipment can be organized as bowl cutter > universal mixer > meat mixer. Nevertheless, the sensory evaluation demonstrated a higher preference on aroma, flavour and overall acceptability of patties produced using meat mixer due to coarser and meaty texture, while the colour, tenderness, juiciness and springiness did not differ against using bowl cutter and universal mixer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to concerns about the negative effects of phosphate on human health, the development of phosphate substitutes is an active area of research. Among the various methods, the structural modification of proteins has previously been established. In this study, we used grafting technology. Extracted insect protein was grafted with palatinose (GI), and 0.1 and 0.15% of GI were added to a phosphate-free meat emulsion mixed with 0.1% of eggshell powder (ES). The pH, myofibrillar protein solubility, and apparent viscosity increased with the addition of GI and ES (p < 0.05). Color values were also affected by GI and ES addition (decreased CIE L* and CIE a* and increased CIE b*; p < 0.05), while cooking loss was only improved by the addition of ES and not GI. Although the total fluid separated more than negative control (p < 0.05), the addition of ES improved emulsion stability and total expressible fluid separation and the fat separation reduced with addition of GI and ES (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation was inhibited by the addition of GI and ES (p < 0.05). Moreover, the protein molecular weight distribution under 20 kDa was modified by the addition of GI, and the hardness and springiness of treatments decreased. In conclusion, the addition of GI and ES might be used to improve cooking loss, emulsion stability, and antioxidants, while the textural properties should be further researched.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the effect of replacing hydrophobic fat‐based particles with hydrophilic inert glass particles at concentrations 10%, 25% and 40% on expansion, contraction and cooking loss of meat protein gels during heat treatment up to 85 °C. Incorporating glass particles resulted in gel expansion (up to 22.3% ± 2.8% at 40%) independent of the particle concentration during heat treatment in an open system, while an increased fat‐particle content provoked a gel shrinkage (up to −6.5% ± 2.2% at 40%). At high filler concentrations, expansion and shrinkage were inversely correlated with cooking loss: The highest fat and glass particle filler concentration exhibited the lowest cooking loss (20.1% ± 0.5% for glass particles and 21.7% ± 0.2% for fat particles) despite the observed extensive structural changes, which was related to particle hydrophilicity, gel composition and structural rearrangement. These results will be helpful to design particle‐filled composite meat gels with different types of particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a chia mucilage (MC)-based emulsion gel (EG) with olive oil to replace pork back fat in emulsified meat products. Six variables (alginate—ALG; collagen—COL; whey—WHEY; carboxymethylcellulose—CMC; transglutaminase—MTG; carrageenan—CAR) with MC were evaluated using a Plackett–Burman (PB) design. Then, a complete factorial design was applied to evaluate the interactions and properties of the selected variables (ALG, COL, and WHEY) for the manufacture of EGs. The responses evaluated in the EGs were pH, color, emulsion stability, rheological, and texture parameters. In PB, the variables CMC, COL, ALG, and WHEY did not lead to any significant effects on the pH values of EGs, which ranged from 5.6 to 5.8. WHEY had a significant effect on the increase in luminosity of the EGs. ALG and WHEY decreased the liquid release of the samples showing greater stability of EGs and meat model systems. All samples of EGs, apart from run 5 (CMC, MTG, CAR, and ALG), showed a typical gel-like behavior (Gʹ > Gʺ) and a frequency-independent behavior. Even the formulation with only mucilage (run 12) showed a dominant Gʹ forming a gel-like structure. The complete factorial design showed stable and strong interactions between WHEY, MC, and olive oil, since a small or no liquid release, were observed in all experiments with WHEY. This study contributed to understanding the interactions among MC, biopolymers, and proteins, disclosing the potentiality of chia mucilage-based emulsion gels for the replacement of animal fat in emulsified meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing demand for developing naturally occurring non-meat ingredients, which could replace or reduce synthetic additives that have been used extensively in manufacturing processed meat products. Chitin, which is a major component of crustacean shells and a precursor of chitosan, is the second most abundant polysaccharide followed by cellulose. While some functional properties of chitin such as water/fat binding capacity and emulsifying ability have been reported, there are almost little to no studies determining the efficacy of chitin as a non-meat ingredient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional properties of chitins as a novel non-meat ingredient for manufacturing emulsified sausages. Fresh pork hind leg and pork back fat from 9 carcasses at 4 d postmortem were obtained. The trimmed pork hind legs were randomly assigned into three independent batches for emulsion and sausage production. Chitins were extracted from chitin-like material (CLM) from two different crustacean shell sources, such as crawfish (CF) and blue crab (BC). The CLM were extracted and used in the following order: dryingdeproteinization (1% calcium oxide)-demineralization (2N HCl)-deacetylation (6M NaOH). For the emulsion and sausage manufacturing, control was prepared with 70% raw meat, 18% backfat, 10% water, 1.5% sodium chloride and 0.5% sodium phosphate. The treatments were prepared with 70% raw meat, 18% backfat, 10% water, 1.5% sodium chloride, 0.2% phosphate, and 0.5% CLM. The functional properties of CLM were evaluated by measuring binding capacity, emulsion capacity, and color attributes. For the evaluation of meat batter and emulsified sausage products, instrumental color, texture profile analysis, emulsion stability, cooking loss, and pH were measured. The data analysis was conducted by mixed model, and least squares means for all traits were separated (F-test, P < 0.05) by using least significant differences. No significant difference in the color attributes of meat batter between the control and the treatments (CF and BC) was found. The chitin added products from both CF and BC had a greater emulsion stability, where the treatment showed about two time greater in emulsion stability compared with control (P < 0.05). In particular, chitin extracted from CF showed greater water and fat binding capacity than CB (P < 0.05). In the emulsified sausage, the treatments showed significantly greater redness and hardness than control (P < 0.05). In particular, the CF showed greater cohesiveness and gumminess than control or BC (P < 0.05). The results of the present study showed the beneficial impacts of chitin addition for meat emulsions. The chitin inclusion improved the quality characteristics of emulsified sausage such as textural properties and emulsion stability, while less amount of phosphate was added compared with control. Additionally, chitin from crawfish had superior functional properties to that from blue crab, indicating different chitin functionality between crustacean shell sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroindustrial residues such as plantain (Musa paradisiaca L. cv. Dominico Harton) peel have functional properties, which made them suitable for use as a food ingredient. The aim of this research was to evaluate plantain peel flour (PPF) as a binder in the production of frankfurter- type sausage. Five formulations were prepared in which wheat flour (WF) was replaced by PPF as follows: 25%, 50%, 70% and 100%, respectively. Once the sausages are obtained, the water retention capacity (WRC), emulsifying stability (ES), and pH, were evaluated. When comparing treatments with the control sample, it was found that replacing up to 50% of WF by PPF, significantly increased WRC by 7.5%. When replacing 25%, Es, there were no statistically significant changes among treatments. When replacing 100%, the product pH, was significantly decreased. The results indicated, the sausages made with 50% of PPF, retain the formulation water, which is why the PPF has potential for this type of sausage manufacture. PPF could replace WF up to 25% in the frankfurter formulation, without affecting ES and pH and favoring WRC.

This study developed fresh marine catfish (Sciades herzbergii) sausages with boneless fillets using up to 30% of smoked pork back fat (SPF) and evaluated the nutritional (protein, fat, moisture, ash, carbohydrates and energy value), physicochemical (weight loss, shrinkage, water holding capacity, instrumental texture and color and water activity), microbiological and sensory characteristics. The addition of up to 30% SPF in the sausages increased fat, ash, energy value, and decreased moisture and water activity. Concerning the physicochemical aspects, the increase in SPF increased the weight loss during cooking, shrinkage, lightness, redness and yellowness, and improved sensory properties of odor, flavor and overall acceptance. The sausages presented microbial counts according to the limits allowed for human consumption. Therefore, sausages made with marine catfish fillets presented suitable nutritional, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics. However, although higher global acceptance scores were observed with the increase in SPF levels, no significant differences were detected from the inclusion of 10% SPF. Therefore, it is possible to produce fresh marine catfish sausages with a minimum of 10% SPF, to maintain satisfactory technological and sensory characteristics and a healthier appeal.

Summary: Spleen is a low commercial value meat by‐product from industrial slaughterhouses that is mostly underutilised. In this study, porcine spleens were processed to obtain two protein fractions (i.e. soluble and insoluble extracts in sodium citrate buffer 0.1 m pH 5) and the potential of using them to replace functional ingredients in cooked sausages was assessed. Specifically, a pasteurised insoluble protein extract was used as soy protein replacer in mortadella‐type sausages, whereas spray‐dried soluble proteins were used instead of sodium caseinate in Frankfurt‐type sausages. Both splenic extracts performed well as functional ingredients since no differences in proximate composition, emulsion stability, water‐holding capacity or texture were found. The only differences were found in the colour of the sausages containing the soluble protein extract, because of the haem and myoglobin content in this ingredient. The results showed that spleens could be a suitable source of non‐allergenic functional proteins for meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional canola oil and structured canola oil systems, consisting of oil in water hydrogelled emulsions (with 1.5% or 3% kappa carrageenan) and ethylcellulose organogels (12%, with 0%, 1.5% or 3% glycerol monostearate), were used to replace beef fat in emulsion type meat batters. Replacement with regular canola oil increased hardness and lightness (P <.05) of the reformulated products as compared to those with beef fat. Structuring the oil resulted in similar color and texture (P >.05), and lower oxidation values (P <.05) of meat batters. Reformulated products also gave rise to a healthier fatty acid profile, evidenced by a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFA) from 11.8% to ≈ 2% and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 0.3% to ≈ 5%. Omega-6 to omega-3 ratio also decreased (16.2 to ≈ 2) when incorporating canola oil into meat batters. Batters formulated with organogels showed improved matrix stability compared to those with hydrogelled emulsions, which showed some coalescence of fat globules and fat losses during cooking, resulting in a reduction of fat content (P <.05). Unlabelled Image • Hydrogelled emulsions and organogels were used as beef fat replacers in meat batters. • Texture and color of meat products were improved when structuring oil by these gel systems. • Healthier lipid profile of products with canola oil decreasing saturated fat. • Structuring the oil had a protective effect against lipid oxidation of meat batters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are considered to be a next-generation health food due to their rich protein content with high biological value, fiber and bioactive compounds. Utilization of the protein and fiber contents of mushroom for the production of functional meat products with better emulsion characteristics was the aim of this study. Therefore, the influence of mushroom powder (MP) addition (0–3%) on the properties of a model meat emulsion was investigated. Dynamic and creep-recovery analyses were conducted to reveal the effect of MP on emulsion stability by evaluating internal structure variations. Samples with 2% MP added exhibited higher resistance to applied stress and higher gel-like behavior, complex viscosity, pseudoplastic behavior, heat resistance and emulsion strength compared with other samples. Modifications of the chemical structure of emulsions with MP included were confirmed by examination of Fourier-transform infrared spectra. The addition of 2% MP provided a higher protein adsorption at the lipid interface, resulting in a well-ordered emulsion structure. As a final product, cooked meat emulsion exhibited improvement in textural properties with the addition of 2% MP. Therefore, supplementation of emulsions with mushroom powder may help to obtain a functional product with better characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop soybean-oil based functional emulsion gels (EG) to be used as animal fat replacer in meat products. A Plackett-Burman 12 was applied to 7 independent variables for the elaboration of EG (soy protein isolate (SPI), sodium caseinate, carrageenan (CAR), inulin (INUL), pectin, sodium tripolyphosphate, and soy lecithin). Then, three selected factors, SPI, CAR, and INUL were optimized using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The responses evaluated in the EG were: pH, color, water holding capacity (WHC) and rheological properties. CCRD showed that pH values in EG were mainly influenced by CAR and SPI addition. G′ values increased in high concentration of SPI, CAR, and INUL. EG with 94% of WHC were obtained. Technological properties of meat emulsions were slightly affected by addition of EG. However, EG with high content of inulin and unsaturated fatty acids to replace pork back fat in meat products were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is an important ingredient in the food industry where it is used as a binder, thickener, gelling agent, agglutinant, humectant, and texturizer. It is also used in the manufacture of sausages and other cooked processed meats to give consistency to the product. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substitution of wheat flour for taro starch (Colocasia esculenta L.) obtained from white and purple varieties on cooking losses and acceptability of a meat emulsion. To evaluate the cooking losses, three different formulations of Frankfurt sausages were prepared, in which wheat flour was replaced by 50%, 75% and 100% of taro starch and one control. To assess the acceptability of the products was used a taste panel untrained composed of 50 judges and a 5 points-hedonic scale was used. The results showed that all treatments with taro starch had lower cooking losses than the control product (p

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of house cricket ( Acheta domesticus) flour addition on physicochemical and textural properties of meat emulsion under various formulations. As an initial marker of functionality, protein solubility, water absorption, emulsifying capacity, and gel formation ability of house cricket flour were determined at pH (2 to 10) and NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.10 M). Control emulsion was formulated with 60% lean pork, 20% back fat, and 20% ice. Six treatment emulsions were prepared with replacement of lean pork and/or back fat portions with spray-dried house cricket flour at 5% and 10% levels, based on a total sample weight. The protein solubility of house cricket flour (67 g protein/100 g) was significantly altered depending upon pH ( P < 0.0001) and NaCl concentration ( P = 0.0421). Similar water absorption capacity, emulsifying capacity, and gel formation ability of house cricket flour were found between 0 and 2.10 M NaCl concentration ( P > 0.05). The replacement of lean meat/fat portion with house cricket flour within 10% level could fortify protein and some micronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium) in meat emulsion, without negative impacts on cooking yield and textural properties. Our results suggest that house cricket flour can be used as an effective nonmeat functional ingredient to manufacture emulsified meat products. Practical Application To better utilize house cricket flour as a food ingredient in wide application, understanding its technological properties in various pH, and ionic strength conditions is a pivotal step. Protein solubility of house cricket flour would be considerably affected by the varying pH and NaCl concentrations of applied conventional foods. In the case of meat emulsion, within 10% lean meat and/or fat portions could be successfully substituted with house cricket flour without detectable adverse impacts on technological properties associated with cooking yield and instrumental analysis of texture. Thus, our findings suggest that house cricket flour possess the necessary physical properties to be used as an alternative nonmeat ingredient for incorporation within emulsified meat products, which could be further explored in subsequent sensory-based studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of modified starch addition on the functional properties of meat emulsions was studied by using a model system. In this research, the effects of modified potato starches (native, acid, dextrinized and pregelatinized) and starch level (1%, 2 and 4 w/w) on the emulsion capacity, stability, pH and texture properties were investigated in oil/water model emulsion systems. The highest emulsion capacity (181.42 ml oil/g protein) was determined for acid modified starch. As a result of texture analysis, hardness, gumminess and chewiness values of raw and cooked meat emulsions were significantly (P <0.01) affected by the type of starch and starch level. It was concluded in this study that 1% pre-gelatinized modified starch is good for ensuring emulsion stability and can be used as stabilizer for meat emulsions in order to improve the some texture properties of meat emulsions due to higher emulsion stability and capacity than the other starch levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study was designed to evaluate the potential of cricket protein hydrolysates as a novel food bio-preservative using goat meat emulsion as a food-model system. The efficacy of the hydrolysates was improved using microwave (T 1) and ultrasonication (T 2) as pre-treatments before hydrolysis of cricket protein using alcalase enzyme (3% w /w). Both the pre-treatments caused a significant increase in the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the hydrolysates. The hydrolysates were added to the emulsion at the maximum level of 2.0% and analysed for quality for two weeks storage (4 ± 1 °C) compared to the control samples. The effect of digestion simulation was also evaluated on the emulsion samples. A significant positive effect of the pre-treated hydrolysates was observed on the storage stability (antioxidant potential, lipid stability, protein oxidation, microbial stability, and sensory quality). The digestion simulation significantly increased the radical-scavenging and ion-reducing activity of the meat emulsion, improving its functional value and health-promoting properties. • The cricket protein was pre-treated with ultrasonication or microwave. • Protein hydrolysates were prepared using the alcalase enzyme. • The pre-treatments improved the bioactive properties of the hydrolysates. • The hydrolysates improved the storage stability of the meat emulsion. • Gastrointestinal digestive simulation improved the antioxidant potential of the emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to explore the curcumin delivery properties of emulsion gel fabricated by myofibrillar protein (MP)-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) complexes with different pHs. Firstly, the MP-CMC complexes under pH 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were prepared, then the properties of these complex-stabilized emulsions were tested, and the gel properties and curcumin delivery ability of these heat-induced emulsion gels were compared. Results indicated that MP-CMC complexes showed different viscosities and combined states under different pHs. The emulsions fabricated by pH 6 complexes showed the highest emulsion activity index and emulsion stability, and the lowest droplet size value. The emulsion gel of the pH 6 complex showed the highest hardness, chewiness, gumminess, and resilience, while the pH 4 sample presented the lowest water and oil holding capacity among all samples. The pH 4 samples showed 99% curcumin-encapsulating efficiency as well as 70% curcumin retention after 4 h gastrointestinal digestion. The pH 4 samples could protect and control the release of the curcumin by protecting some proteins from pepsin digestion and controlling the release of fatty acid. As for curcumin release rate and bioavailability at the intestinal stage, the pH 6 samples showed the highest values, followed by the pH 5 samples, and the pH 4 showed the lowest. The emulsion gel prepared by pH 4 MP-CMC complexes could best protect and control the release of curcumin, whilst the pH 6 samples showed a better gel quality and a higher release rate and curcumin bioavailability. [Display omitted] • The properties of MP-CMC complexes were significantly affected by pH. • An emulsion gel was prepared to protect and control the release of curcumin. • PH 4 MP-CMC emulsion gel showed 99% curcumin encapsulating efficiency. • CMC addition could decrease the protein digestibility during the gastric stage. • MP-CMC emulsion gel could control the release of oil at the intestinal stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]