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The development of virus-resistant melon varieties not only poses challenges in balancing melon quality and resistance but also contributes to sustainable agricultural development. This research focuses on the exploration and application of various breeding techniques to enhance the virus resistance of melon varieties. Molecular markers associated with virus resistance genes have been identified and utilized in marker-assisted selection, enabling more efficient and targeted breeding. Genetic engineering approaches have also shown promise, introducing specific resistance genes into melon genomes. In addition, traditional breeding methods, such as hybridization and selection, continue to play an important role in creating virus-resistant melon lines. The combination of these approaches holds great potential for developing melon varieties with improved virus resistance, thereby increasing yield and quality, and reducing the economic losses caused by viral infections in melon production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) serves a dual function in the immune system, acting as a "double-edged sword" cytokine. Depending on the microenvironment and timing, IL-18 can either drive harmful inflammation or restore immune homeostasis. Pathologies characterized by elevated IL-18, recently proposed to be termed IL-18opathies, highlight the therapeutic potential for IL-18 blockade. IL-18 Binding Protein (IL-18BP) is one of only four natural cytokine antagonists encoded by a separate gene, distinguishing it from canonical soluble receptors. IL-18BP's exceptionally high affinity and slow dissociation rate make it an effective regulator of IL-18, essential for maintaining immune balance and influencing disease outcomes, and positions IL-18BP as a promising alternative to more aggressive treatments that carry risks of severe infections and other complications. Tadekinig alfa, the drug form of IL-18BP, represents a targeted therapy that modulates the IL-18/IL-18BP axis, offering a safe adverse-effect-free option. With orphan drug designation, Phase III clinical trial completion, and seven years of compassionate use, Tadekinig alfa holds promise in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cancer, and genetically linked disorders. Levels of IL-18, free IL-18 and IL-18BP, may serve as biomarkers for disease severity and therapeutic response. Given its pivotal role in immune balance, the IL-18/IL-18BP dyad has attracted interest from over ten pharmaceutical companies and startups, which are currently developing innovative strategies to either inhibit or enhance IL-18 activity depending on the therapeutic need. The review focuses on the features of the dyad members and screens the therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a strong relationship between growth traits and genes. Identifying genotypes associated with superior phenotypic traits allows for targeted selection, facilitating the development of herds with desirable features. The growth hormone (GH) gene plays a crucial role in growth, development, and metabolism, making it a key focus for growth trait studies in livestock. Methods and results: This study investigated the relationship between polymorphism in the GH gene and growth traits in 33 Akkaraman and 40 Anatolian Merino ewes. Traits such as birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and 6-month weight (LW6), as well as body measurements (withers height (WH), rump height (RH), body length (BL), chest width (CW), chest circumference (CC)), were collected. Average daily weight gain (ADWG) and Kleiber ratios were calculated. Polymorphisms were detected through PCR–RFLP using the HaeIII enzyme, identifying three genotypes: AA, AB, and BB. Statistically significant differences were found between genotypes for WW, RH, WH, BL, CW, and CC (P < 0.05). Sheep with the AA genotype had higher averages, while AB individuals exhibited lower values for these traits. ADWG1 and KR1 values were higher in homozygous genotypes (AA and BB) than in heterozygous ones (AB), showing statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the GH gene may serve as a candidate for Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) in Akkaraman and Anatolian Merino sheep, particularly for growth-related traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) is a crucial gene donor for improving common wheat. Results: In this study, we investigated a durum wheat accession, DR88, which exhibits broad and high levels of resistance to powdery mildew. Using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq), we identified a dominant gene, tentatively designated PmDR88, and localized it to 743–776 Mb interval on chromosome arm 2AL according to the reference genome of durum wheat cv. Svevo. Subsequently, PmDR88 was mapped in a genetic region of 3.9 cM flanked by the markers WGRE77410 and WGRC872 at genetic distances of 1.6 and 2.3 cM, respectively; it also co-segregated with JS717×JS718, the diagnostic marker for the Pm4 locus. Genotyping of a large population comprising 5,174 F2:3 families using JS717×JS718 confirmed that PmDR88 is located at the Pm4 locus on 2AL. Sequence alignment revealed that PmDR88 shares identical amino acid sequences with Pm4d, while qRT-PCR analysis suggested distinct expression patterns for PmDR88 compared with previously reported Pm4 alleles. Two complementary DNA markers, including the dominant co-segregating marker JS717×JS718 and a newly developed closely-linked co-dominant marker WGRE77410, were confirmed to be available for efficiently transferring PmDR88 into the tested wheat backgrounds by marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy. Conclusions: PmDR88 was mapped in the Pm4 locus. Despite sharing identical amino acid sequences with Pm4d, PmDR88 exhibits distinct expression patterns. Moreover, DR88 shows broad and high levels of resistance to powdery mildew. Two complementary DNA markers were identified for MAS breeding. The molecular identification of PmDR88 will facilitate transfer of this Pm4 allele into susceptible cultivars for resistance improvement or into resistant cultivars for resistance-enhanced pyramiding breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tong sheep, known for their superior meat quality and disease resilience, face breeding challenges due to low prolificacy, unlike Hu sheep, which exhibit higher fertility and growth rates. This study identified over 700,000 genetic variants between these breeds through pooled whole-genome sequencing. Functional analysis reveals key differences in pathways related to fat metabolism, insulin signaling, and cell cycle regulation. Notable findings include unique microRNA variants (miR-1185-3p in Tong sheep and miR-487-5p in Hu sheep), with the miR-487-5p mutation potentially regulating KITLG, a fertility-related gene. These results suggest that non-coding RNA mutations contribute to phenotypic differences and provide a genomic foundation for molecular-assisted selection to improve Tong sheep breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Mahila Arogya Samiti (MAS) is one of the key interventions under National Urban Health Mission aimed at improving the reach and utilization of health services among vulnerable and marginalized population in urban areas. Objectives: The study was done to assess the functioning of Mahila Arogya Samiti in Indore city which included the no. of households covered by MAS, there reason behind joining MAS, awareness of role and responsibilities of MAS among its members, awareness and utilization of untied funds. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done using a pretested structured Questionnaire to interview health care workers involved in Mahila Arogya Samiti like Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHAs), AWWs, Anganwadi Helpers(AWH), Chairperson and other MAS members maintaining their confidentiality. Results: 18(64.3%) ASHA, 15(57.7%) AWW(Anganwadi worker) said that MAS covers greater than 200 households. 91(41.72%) MAS members joined MAS because they were told by ASHA to do so. Majority of Chairperson 17(60.71%) roles and responsibility include ensuring regular monthly meetings of MAS, supporting ASHA in her functions. Conclusion: MAS was present and functional in most of the areas covered, there was little proactive participation of all the MAS members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Computed Tomography (CT) of the abdomen is one of the most frequently performed scans in adults for various abdominal pathologies. Its popularity stems from the immediate image reconstruction following acquisition. However, CT scans are known for their high radiation doses compared to other diagnostic X-ray procedures. This study aimed to analyze the effective dose in patients with varying body habitus during multidetector CT of the abdomen using automatic exposure control. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging from February 2017 to March 2018. Patients aged 18 and older, regardless of gender, undergoing routine Contrast-Enhanced CT (CECT) of the abdomen were included. Participants were categorized into three groups based on Body Mass Index (BMI): normal weight, overweight, and obese. RESULTS: A total of 168 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 49.8 ± 15.6 years, predominantly male (66.1%). Obese individuals exhibited significantly higher effective dose values (16.57 ± 2.27 mSv) compared to normal weight (9.45 ± 0.92 mSv) and overweight individuals (11.88 ± 0.77 mSv) (p < 0.01). Similarly, obese patients had significantly higher values for Computed Tomography Dose Index Volume (CTDIvol) (18.32 ± 2.54 mGy) and Dose Length Product (DLP) (1104.86 ± 151.84 mGycm) compared to normal weight (CTDIvol: 11.38 ± 1.24 mGy; DLP: 630.55 ± 61.57 mGycm) and overweight individuals (CTDIvol: 13.56 ± 1.15 mGy; DLP: 792.37 ± 51.56 mGy*cm) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The effective dose received by obese patients during abdominal CT exams with Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) is nearly double that of normal-weight patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) is a crucial gene donor for improving common wheat. Results In this study, we investigated a durum wheat accession, DR88, which exhibits broad and high levels of resistance to powdery mildew. Using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq), we identified a dominant gene, tentatively designated PmDR88, and localized it to 743–776 Mb interval on chromosome arm 2AL according to the reference genome of durum wheat cv. Svevo. Subsequently, PmDR88 was mapped in a genetic region of 3.9 cM flanked by the markers WGRE77410 and WGRC872 at genetic distances of 1.6 and 2.3 cM, respectively; it also co-segregated with JS717×JS718, the diagnostic marker for the Pm4 locus. Genotyping of a large population comprising 5,174 F2:3 families using JS717×JS718 confirmed that PmDR88 is located at the Pm4 locus on 2AL. Sequence alignment revealed that PmDR88 shares identical amino acid sequences with Pm4d, while qRT-PCR analysis suggested distinct expression patterns for PmDR88 compared with previously reported Pm4 alleles. Two complementary DNA markers, including the dominant co-segregating marker JS717×JS718 and a newly developed closely-linked co-dominant marker WGRE77410, were confirmed to be available for efficiently transferring PmDR88 into the tested wheat backgrounds by marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy. Conclusions PmDR88 was mapped in the Pm4 locus. Despite sharing identical amino acid sequences with Pm4d, PmDR88 exhibits distinct expression patterns. Moreover, DR88 shows broad and high levels of resistance to powdery mildew. Two complementary DNA markers were identified for MAS breeding. The molecular identification of PmDR88 will facilitate transfer of this Pm4 allele into susceptible cultivars for resistance improvement or into resistant cultivars for resistance-enhanced pyramiding breeding.

Abstract Background Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease of wheat in North America. FHB infection causes fusarium damaged kernels (FDKs), accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the grain, and a reduction in quality and grain yield. Inheritance of FHB resistance is complex and involves multiple genes. The objective of this research was to identify QTL associated with native FHB and DON resistance in a ‘D8006W’/’Superior’, soft white winter wheat population. Results Phenotyping was conducted in replicated FHB field disease nurseries across multiple environments and included assessments of morphological and FHB related traits. Parental lines had moderate FHB resistance, however, the population showed transgressive segregation. A 1913.2 cM linkage map for the population was developed with SNP markers from the wheat 90 K Infinium iSelect SNP array. QTL analysis detected major FHB resistance QTL on chromosomes 2D, 4B, 5A, and 7A across multiple environments, with resistance from both parents. Trait specific unique QTL were detected on chromosomes 1A (visual traits), 5D (FDK), 6B (FDK and DON), and 7D (DON). The plant height and days to anthesis QTL on chromosome 2D coincided with Ppd-D1 and were linked with FHB traits. The plant height QTL on chromosome 4B was also linked with FHB traits; however, the Rht-B1 locus did not segregate in the population. Conclusions This study identified several QTL, including on chromosome 2D linked with Ppd-D1, for FHB resistance in a native winter wheat germplasm.

Abstract At the intersection of computation and cognitive science, graph theory is utilized as a formalized description of complex relationships description of complex relationships and structures, but traditional graph models are static, lack the dynamic and autonomous behaviors of biological neural networks, rely on algorithms with a global view. This study introduces a multi-agent system (MAS) model based on the graph theory, each agent equipped with adaptive learning and decision-making capabilities, thereby facilitating decentralized dynamic information memory, modeling and simulation of the brain’s memory process. This decentralized approach transforms memory storage into the management of MAS paths, with each agent utilizing localized information for the dynamic formation and modification of these paths, different path refers to different memory instance. The model’s unique memory algorithm avoids a global view, instead relying on neighborhood-based interactions to enhance resource utilization. Emulating neuron electrophysiology, each agent’s adaptive learning behavior is represented through a microcircuit centered around a variable resistor. Using principles of Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s laws, we validated the model’s efficacy in memorizing and retrieving data through computer simulations. This approach offers a plausible neurobiological explanation for memory realization and validates the memory trace theory at a system level.

Motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS), caused by the Aeromonas species, has been a serious problem in fish health management, particularly in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study characterized an Aeromonas species isolated from farmed tilapia fingerlings in Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines, and tested for its pathogenicity in tank trials. The isolate, designated as Aeromonas veronii DFR01 (Diseased Fish Rizal), was identified based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, 16S rRNA homology, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Its biochemical profile was generated from API and Biolog Gen III systems. A median lethal dose of A. veronii DFR01 was determined to be 107 CFU/mL in tank trials and was utilized as a whole-cell inactivated antigen for oral vaccine development. The immunized tilapia fingerlings produced elevated levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the blood as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a significant increase in IgM levels 14 days post-vaccination. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed increasing levels of IgM gene expression after vaccination until 38 days of culture. Vaccinated fish showed 25–35% cumulative mortality after the challenge, while non-vaccinated-challenged fish showed 75% mortality. The findings of this research suggest that the fish oral vaccine may prove beneficial for farmed tilapia populations. The vaccine elicited improved immune responses in the fish and resulted in higher survival rates.

The problem of the scattering of an arbitrarily oriented and located Hertzian dipole from an impedance cavity with a circular aperture satisfying different impedance values at inner and outer spherical surfaces is solved with a method of auxiliary sources (MAS). The study of that canonical problem with Leontovich boundary conditions answers the effects of the location of the excitation, aperture size, and boundary conditions on the resonance and radiation characteristics of the semi-opened spherical cavity. The proposed approach employs the distribution of the two perpendicular Hertzian dipoles on auxiliary surfaces representing the scattered field inside and outside the spherical cavity with a circular aperture. As the numerical results, the total radar cross section and the near field distributions are provided for different cases including the aperture size, source location, and boundary conditions. The resonance characteristics are analyzed. The method is validated by other approaches for the limit cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of combining transcranial direct current stimulation with end-effector robot-assisted treatment on upper limb function, spasticity, and hand dexterity in chronic stroke patients. Design: This was a prospective, double-blind randomized trial with 20 equally allocated stroke patients. The experimental group received dual transcranial direct current stimulation (anode over affected M1, cathode over contralateral M1) alongside robot-assisted treatment, while the control group received sham transcranial direct current stimulation with the same electrode placement + robot-assisted treatment. Each patient underwent 20 combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted treatment sessions. The primary outcome measure was the Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb motor score, with secondary outcomes including AMADEO kinematic measures, Action Research Arm Test, and Functional Independence Measure. Assessments were conducted at baseline, after rehabilitation, and 3 mos later. Results: Combining bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation with robot-assisted treatment did not yield additional improvements in Fugl Meyer Upper Limb motor score, Functional Independence Measure, or Action Research Arm Test scores among stroke patients. However, the real transcranial direct current stimulation group showed enhanced finger flexion in the affected hand based on AMADEO kinematic measures. Conclusions: The addition of transcranial direct current stimulation to robot-assisted treatment did not result in significant overall functional improvements in chronic stroke patients. However, a benefit was observed in finger flexion of the affected hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing consumption of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) produced in Norway requires the availability of superior cultivars and extended marketability. Favorable texture and slow softening are important traits for consumer appreciation and postharvest performance. Apple texture has been well characterized using both sensory evaluation and instrumental assessments, and major quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been detected. With texture being targeted as an important trait and markers being publicly available, marker-assisted selection has already been implemented into several breeding programs. When focusing solely on a limited set of markers linked to well-investigated major QTLs, most minor-effect QTLs are normally excluded. To find novel potential SNP markers suitable to assist in selection processes, we selected a subset of accessions from a larger apple collection established in Norway based on the favorable alleles of two markers previously associated with texture, enabling the investigation of a minor part of the variance initially masked by the effect of major loci. The subset was employed to conduct a genome-wide association study aiming to search for associations with texture dynamics and retainability. QTL regions related to texture at harvest, postharvest, and for the storage index were identified on chromosomes 3, 12, and 16. Specifically, the SNPs located on chromosome 12 were shown to be potential novel markers for selection of crispness retention during storage, a valuable storability trait. These newly detected QTLs and underlying SNPs will represent a potential set of markers for the selection of the most favorable accessions characterized by superior fruit texture properties in ongoing breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of new technologies in recent years, researchers have made significant progress in crop breeding. Modern breeding differs from traditional breeding because of great changes in technical means and breeding concepts. Whereas traditional breeding initially focused on high yields, modern breeding focuses on breeding orientations based on different crops' audiences or by-products. The process of modern breeding starts from the creation of material populations, which can be constructed by natural mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, physical mutagenesis transfer DNA (T-DNA), Tos17 (endogenous retrotransposon), etc. Then, gene function can be mined through QTL mapping, Bulked-segregant analysis (BSA), Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), RNA interference (RNAi), and gene editing. Then, at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels, the functions of genes are described in terms of post-translational aspects. This article mainly discusses the application of the above modern scientific and technological methods of breeding and the advantages and limitations of crop breeding and diversity. In particular, the development of gene editing technology has contributed to modern breeding research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the intersection of computation and cognitive science, graph theory is utilized as a formalized description of complex relationships description of complex relationships and structures, but traditional graph models are static, lack the dynamic and autonomous behaviors of biological neural networks, rely on algorithms with a global view. This study introduces a multi-agent system (MAS) model based on the graph theory, each agent equipped with adaptive learning and decision-making capabilities, thereby facilitating decentralized dynamic information memory, modeling and simulation of the brain's memory process. This decentralized approach transforms memory storage into the management of MAS paths, with each agent utilizing localized information for the dynamic formation and modification of these paths, different path refers to different memory instance. The model's unique memory algorithm avoids a global view, instead relying on neighborhood-based interactions to enhance resource utilization. Emulating neuron electrophysiology, each agent's adaptive learning behavior is represented through a microcircuit centered around a variable resistor. Using principles of Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws, we validated the model's efficacy in memorizing and retrieving data through computer simulations. This approach offers a plausible neurobiological explanation for memory realization and validates the memory trace theory at a system level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease of wheat in North America. FHB infection causes fusarium damaged kernels (FDKs), accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the grain, and a reduction in quality and grain yield. Inheritance of FHB resistance is complex and involves multiple genes. The objective of this research was to identify QTL associated with native FHB and DON resistance in a 'D8006W'/'Superior', soft white winter wheat population. Results: Phenotyping was conducted in replicated FHB field disease nurseries across multiple environments and included assessments of morphological and FHB related traits. Parental lines had moderate FHB resistance, however, the population showed transgressive segregation. A 1913.2 cM linkage map for the population was developed with SNP markers from the wheat 90 K Infinium iSelect SNP array. QTL analysis detected major FHB resistance QTL on chromosomes 2D, 4B, 5A, and 7A across multiple environments, with resistance from both parents. Trait specific unique QTL were detected on chromosomes 1A (visual traits), 5D (FDK), 6B (FDK and DON), and 7D (DON). The plant height and days to anthesis QTL on chromosome 2D coincided with Ppd-D1 and were linked with FHB traits. The plant height QTL on chromosome 4B was also linked with FHB traits; however, the Rht-B1 locus did not segregate in the population. Conclusions: This study identified several QTL, including on chromosome 2D linked with Ppd-D1, for FHB resistance in a native winter wheat germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS), caused by the Aeromonas species, has been a serious problem in fish health management, particularly in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study characterized an Aeromonas species isolated from farmed tilapia fingerlings in Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines, and tested for its pathogenicity in tank trials. The isolate, designated as Aeromonas veronii DFR01 (Diseased Fish Rizal), was identified based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, 16S rRNA homology, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Its biochemical profile was generated from API and Biolog Gen III systems. A median lethal dose of A. veronii DFR01 was determined to be 107 CFU/mL in tank trials and was utilized as a whole-cell inactivated antigen for oral vaccine development. The immunized tilapia fingerlings produced elevated levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the blood as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a significant increase in IgM levels 14 days post-vaccination. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed increasing levels of IgM gene expression after vaccination until 38 days of culture. Vaccinated fish showed 25–35% cumulative mortality after the challenge, while non-vaccinated-challenged fish showed 75% mortality. The findings of this research suggest that the fish oral vaccine may prove beneficial for farmed tilapia populations. The vaccine elicited improved immune responses in the fish and resulted in higher survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A causal gene for MALE STERILITY 4 (MS4), the CjTKPR1 gene, was recently identified in Cryptomeria japonica. To apply marker-assisted selection (MAS) to breeding of male-sterile C. japonica with MS4, we developed a Kompetitive Allele-Specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) marker, as a highly cost-effective and accurate genotyping method based on the CjTKPR1 sequence. The accuracy of genotyping using the KASP marker was verified with a backcross family for MS4, and MS4 genotypes were accurately identified. Next, we attempted to select individuals carrying ms4 from 1,500 breeding materials collected throughout Japan. No new individuals with ms4 were detected beyond those already identified. Individuals with ms4 were estimated to be geographically restricted and distributed at extremely low frequency (0.13%). We also attempted to produce new breeding materials with double heterozygotes for MS1 and MS4 (Ms1/ms1, MS4/ms4). Artificial crossings were performed between 'Shindai 11' (ms1/ms1, Ms4/Ms4) or 'Shindai 12' (ms1/ms1, Ms4/Ms4) and 'S8-94_sb1' (Ms1/Ms1, Ms4/ms4). Of the 56 and 35 progenies produced from each family, 31 and 13 double-heterozygous individuals with MS1 and MS4 (Ms1/ms1, Ms4/ms4) were selected, respectively. The segregation ratio of genotypes for MS4 did not deviate from the expected 1:1 ratio in either family. The KASP marker developed in this study facilitates accurate genotyping that is less labor-intensive and less costly than conventional methods. This method is anticipated to contribute to greater efficiency in the breeding and seed production of male-sterile C. japonica with MS4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persimmon is classified as either pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) or non-PCNA on the basis of the loss of astringency in fruit. PCNA trait of persimmon has attracted much research attention owing to its economical merit, as there is no cost in removing astringency. To efficiently develop new PCNA cultivars in crossbreeding, marker-assisted selection plays a crucial role. Here, we describe a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker that can be used to select PCNA persimmon. A sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker used to screen for PCNA offspring is unsuitable for populations recently derived from two non-PCNA parents ('Yoshidagosho' and 'Toyoichi'), resulting in the selection of non-PCNA offspring as PCNA. To detect specific polymorphisms for these non-PCNA offspring, we analyzed fragment sizes of SCAR marker products by capillary DNA sequencing. A slightly lower-molecular-weight fragment at 353 bp was specifically detected in non-PCNA offspring but not in PCNA offspring. We treated the SCAR marker products with the StuI restriction enzyme and demonstrated that the smaller 353-bp fragment corresponded to allele a353-1, one of four previously identified sequence polymorphisms at the 353-bp peak, and a353-1 is linked to non-PCNA trait. Comprehensive analysis of 130 germplasms by the CAPS marker, detecting the truncated fragment after StuI treatment, indicated the presence of a353-1 in 38 non-PCNA cultivars. Our findings suggest the potential use of the CAPS marker for selecting PCNA offspring derived from these 38 non-PCNA cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve our understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)‐macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Methods: A systematic review was performed, to retrieve all those papers on patients with SLE‐MAS, in individual or aggregated form. The data in each of these medical records were extracted and analyzed to identify the characteristics of SLE‐MAS. Results: A total of 86 SLE‐MAS patients were included (25 males and 61 females. The mean (±standard error of the mean) age was 31.21 ± 1.694 years. MAS occurred as the initial presentation of SLE in 47 people (54.65%) and during the course of SLE in 39 (45.35%). A coinfection was reported in 23 (26.74%) patients. The mean Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K) score was 16.54 ± 0.9462. Overall, 10 patients (11.63%) died. The SLEDAI‐2K score was higher in patients with MAS as an initial manifestation of SLE than in those where MAS occurred during the course of SLE. The proportion of patients receiving steroid pulse therapy was lower in patients with coinfections. The deceased group demonstrated lower platelet and ferritin levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and thrombocytopenia were independent factors associated with poor prognosis. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, a platelet count cutoff value of ≤47 × 109/L was a predictor of poor outcome. Conclusions: SLE‐MAS patients demonstrated high lupus activity, and lupus activity was especially higher in patients with MAS as an initial manifestation. Lupus activity was the predominant trigger of lupus MAS. Thrombocytopenia was an independent factor for poor prognosis. Highlights: Lupus activity was especially high in patients with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) as an initial manifestation.Lupus activity is the predominant trigger for lupus‐MAS.Thrombocytopenia is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus‐MAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMA-SynRMs) are widely used in modern industry as a kind of electromagnetic energy conversion device with high output torque, high power density, high efficiency, and excellent speed regulation. In this paper, an asymmetric-rotor PMA-SynRM combined with a Halbach array is proposed based on the conventional PMA-SynRM without modifying the amount of permanent magnet. With the finite element no-load analysis, it is proven that the permanent magnet arrangement of this method can achieve better flux focusing effect and magnetic-axis-shift (MAS) effect. A significant increase and shift of the air-gap magnetic density has also been observed. Meanwhile, the load simulation demonstrated that the proposed model possesses higher utilization of permanent magnet torque and reluctance torque compared to the conventional model. In addition, a multi-objective optimization has been performed for the rotor structure of the proposed model, and the optimized model improved the average torque by 25.32% and reduced the torque ripple by 76.92% compared to the conventional model. Finally, the constant power speed range (CPSR) performance and anti-demagnetization performance have been analyzed for the three models. The results showed that the proposed and optimized models performed better on constant power speed range, and all three models of permanent magnets had good anti-demagnetization performance. The maximum demagnetization rate of the optimized model is reduced by 13.84% compared to the proposed model at an operating condition of 200 °C and nine times the rated current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of virus-resistant melon varieties not only poses challenges in balancing melon quality and resistance but also contributes to sustainable agricultural development. This research focuses on the exploration and application of various breeding techniques to enhance the virus resistance of melon varieties. Molecular markers associated with virus resistance genes have been identified and utilized in marker-assisted selection, enabling more efficient and targeted breeding. Genetic engineering approaches have also shown promise, introducing specific resistance genes into melon genomes. In addition, traditional breeding methods, such as hybridization and selection, continue to play an important role in creating virus-resistant melon lines. The combination of these approaches holds great potential for developing melon varieties with improved virus resistance, thereby increasing yield and quality, and reducing the economic losses caused by viral infections in melon production.

This study explores bibliometric analysis of advanced breeding tools for drought-tolerant maize, focusing on transgenic, marker-assisted selection (MAS), high-throughput phenotyping (HTPP), and genome editing. The research underlines the growing importance of these tools in developing drought-tolerant maize varieties to address climate change issues. The methodology involves identifying countries significant in advanced breeding research, analyzing common terms in publications, and examining networking where authors share their work. The dataset from Scopus was divided into two categories: a unified query and segmented queries, categorizing documents into four specific themes: transgenic, MAS, HTPP, and genome editing. A careful filtering process removed duplicates and irrelevant documents, ensuring dataset accuracy and relevance. Results reveal varying emphasis on different advanced breeding tools, with transgenic techniques leading at 51.30 %, followed by MAS at 19.87 %, HTPP at 19.74 %, and genome editing at 9.04 %. Co-occurrence analysis highlights distinct associations for each tool: transgenic techniques are linked to specific gene modifications, transcriptional regulation, and genetic transformation; MAS is linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, molecular markers, and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR); HTPP is linked to remote sensing, multi/hyperspectral, crop phenology, and phenotypic traits; and genome editing is associated with CRISPR-Cas9 and complex trait loci. Integrating cutting-edge breeding tools such as HTPP and genome editing/CRISPR-Cas9 indicates a shift toward improving breeding efficiency and accuracy. Future research aims to refine precision editing techniques and promote transparent communication for ethical deployment. Collaborative efforts among research institutions and regulatory bodies for establishing standardized protocols and addressing safety, ethical, and environmental concerns, advancing the development of drought-tolerant maize varieties, and fortifying global food security amidst climate change.

The Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) emerged from a diverse coalition of social movements centered on cocalero unions and their participatory organizational structure. Some scholars argue that the MAS became a top-down ruling party that relegated and weakened social movements. This article challenges these predominate claims about MAS relations with social organizations. Based on a case study of the Asociación Departmental de Productores de Coca (ADEPCOCA), the article develops two main claims. First, it examines the political divisions within the cocalero sector, which contradict a common view of cocaleros as united with the MAS, and which therefore presented a governance dilemma for the MAS. Second, the article considers how, in the ADEPCOCA case, rural social organizations were able to both remain autonomous under the MAS and confront government power. These findings have implications for understanding how the MAS shaped Bolivian political development leading up to the 2019 crisis; namely, that there was significant tension between the MAS’s commitments to state-building and participatory governance, and that this tension contributed to resistance from within the MAS coalition, leaving the regime vulnerable to overthrow in 2019.

Abstract Introduction The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Arabic translation of the Mukbang Addiction Scale (MAS) among Arabic-speaking adults from the general population. Specifically, it aimed to assess the factorial structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, determine the composite reliability through Cronbach alpha and McDonald’s omega scores, assess gender invariance, and evaluate the convergent validity by examining its correlation to eating addiction and psychological distress. Methods A total of 370 individuals with a mean age of 21.94 ± 2.29 years participated in this study, which was conducted using an online platform. The participants were surveyed on demographic information, mukbang addiction, food addiction, and psychological distress. Translation was conducted using the forward and backward technique. Results The findings demonstrated excellent internal consistency of the Arabic MAS (McDonald’s omega coefficient = 0.93). Confirmatory factor analyses validated the one-factor structure of the scale, while establishing measurement invariance across sex at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. No sex differences were observed in the Mukbang addiction levels. Lastly, the MAS scores were significantly and positively correlated with food addiction and psychological distress, supporting their convergent validity. Conclusion The current research provides evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the MAS as a self-report method for assessing addictive Mukbang watching. While further validations are needed to corroborate the present findings, this measure can be effectively utilized across different fields, including schools, mental health centers, and researchers aiming to understand this global phenomenon. Plain English Summary Mukbang refers to individuals or hosts consuming large quantities of food while interacting with their audiences through recorded video or a live stream. The Mukbang phenomenon has gained substantial popularity among young individuals over the past years, rising concerns about its potential impact on their eating habits and health, especially when overconsumed. Overconsumption of mukbang content, or Mukbang addiction, aligns with the core features of addiction, including compulsive engagement, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, making it comparable to other addictive behaviors. Mukbang addiction can lead to detrimental effects on mental and physical health, including neglect of balanced nutrition, disordered eating habits, obesity, feelings of guilt, shame, poor self-esteem, distorted self-images, body dissatisfaction, heightened anxiety or depression, and social isolation. Given these significant impacts, valid and reliable tools are crucial to enable an accurate assessment of Mukbang addiction. This study proposes to translate, adapt and examine the psychometric properties of the Mukbang Addiction Scale (MAS) in a sample of Arabic-speaking individuals from the general population. Findings showed that the six MAS items loaded on a single factor with strong internal consistency and good convergent validity, preliminarily indicating its potential validity and reliability for assessing addictive mukbang-watching among Arabic-speaking individuals.

Abstract Improving rice quality remains a crucial breeding objective, second only to enhancing yield, yet progress in quality improvement lags behind yield. The high temperature and ripening conditions in Southern China often result in poor rice quality, impacting hybrid rice production and utilization. Therefore, to address this challenge, analyzing the molecular basis of high-quality traits is essential for molecular design breeding of high-quality hybrid rice varieties. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of grain shape, amylose content, gel consistency, gelatinization temperature, and aroma, which influence rice quality. We discovered that quality related alleles gs3, GW7 TFA , gw8, chalk5, Wx b , ALK TT , and fgr can enhance rice quality when applied in breeding programs. Polymerization of gs3, GW7 TFA , gw8, and chalk5 genes improves rice appearance quality. The gs3 and GW7 TFA allele polymerization increasing the grain’s length-width ratio, adding the aggregation of gw8 allele can further reducing grain width. The chalk5 gene regulates low chalkiness, but low correlation to chalkiness was exhibited with grain widths below 2.0 mm, with minimal differences between Chalk5 and chalk5 alleles. Enhancing rice cooking and eating quality is achieved through Wx b and ALK TT gene polymerization, while introducing the fgr(E7) gene significantly improved rice aroma. Using molecular marker-assisted technology, we aggregated these genes to develop a batch of indica hybrid rice parents with improved rice quality are obtained. Cross-combining these enhanced parents can generate new, high-quality hybrid rice varieties suitable for cultivation in Southern China. Therefore, our findings contribute to a molecular breeding model for grain quality improvement in high-quality indica hybrid rice. This study, along with others, highlights the potential of molecular design breeding for enhancing complex traits, particularly rice grain quality.

Background: Stroke frequently leads to hospital admission and subsequent rehabilitation in order to overcome poststroke sequelae, such as motor impairments. Efficient planning of the steps following hospital admission includes early prediction of whether the patient can be discharged home or not. Early assessment of motor performance in patients with stroke‐induced motor deficits may be able to function as a predictor of discharge destination but is less explored. Objective: The primary objective was to assess the predictive validity of the Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) on discharge destination both regarding total score and regarding subscores (transfer‐mobility items and upper extremity items). Design: The study was designed as a prospective cohort study. Subjects: Thirty‐seven consecutively recruited patients with stroke are the subjects of the study. Methods: Logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds of being discharged to own home upon hospital admittance. The predictive ability was examined with a receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curve, and cut‐points from the curve were employed in Cox regression. Results: A one‐unit higher score on the total MAS significantly increased the odds of being discharged home upon hospital admittance (odds ratio (OR) 1.14, 95% CI 1.04–1.25). The same pattern was observed with the summed items of 1–5 and 6–8. The total MAS showed sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 68.0%. Patients having a total MAS score ≥ 24 were 17 times more likely to be discharged home (HR 17.64, 95% CI 2.23–139.57) compared to patients with a lower score. Conclusion: Motor function measured by the MAS can be applied as a predictor of discharge destination upon hospital admission after stroke in Danish setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Arabic translation of the Mukbang Addiction Scale (MAS) among Arabic-speaking adults from the general population. Specifically, it aimed to assess the factorial structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, determine the composite reliability through Cronbach alpha and McDonald's omega scores, assess gender invariance, and evaluate the convergent validity by examining its correlation to eating addiction and psychological distress. Methods: A total of 370 individuals with a mean age of 21.94 ± 2.29 years participated in this study, which was conducted using an online platform. The participants were surveyed on demographic information, mukbang addiction, food addiction, and psychological distress. Translation was conducted using the forward and backward technique. Results: The findings demonstrated excellent internal consistency of the Arabic MAS (McDonald's omega coefficient = 0.93). Confirmatory factor analyses validated the one-factor structure of the scale, while establishing measurement invariance across sex at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. No sex differences were observed in the Mukbang addiction levels. Lastly, the MAS scores were significantly and positively correlated with food addiction and psychological distress, supporting their convergent validity. Conclusion: The current research provides evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the MAS as a self-report method for assessing addictive Mukbang watching. While further validations are needed to corroborate the present findings, this measure can be effectively utilized across different fields, including schools, mental health centers, and researchers aiming to understand this global phenomenon. Plain English Summary: Mukbang refers to individuals or hosts consuming large quantities of food while interacting with their audiences through recorded video or a live stream. The Mukbang phenomenon has gained substantial popularity among young individuals over the past years, rising concerns about its potential impact on their eating habits and health, especially when overconsumed. Overconsumption of mukbang content, or Mukbang addiction, aligns with the core features of addiction, including compulsive engagement, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms, making it comparable to other addictive behaviors. Mukbang addiction can lead to detrimental effects on mental and physical health, including neglect of balanced nutrition, disordered eating habits, obesity, feelings of guilt, shame, poor self-esteem, distorted self-images, body dissatisfaction, heightened anxiety or depression, and social isolation. Given these significant impacts, valid and reliable tools are crucial to enable an accurate assessment of Mukbang addiction. This study proposes to translate, adapt and examine the psychometric properties of the Mukbang Addiction Scale (MAS) in a sample of Arabic-speaking individuals from the general population. Findings showed that the six MAS items loaded on a single factor with strong internal consistency and good convergent validity, preliminarily indicating its potential validity and reliability for assessing addictive mukbang-watching among Arabic-speaking individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving rice quality remains a crucial breeding objective, second only to enhancing yield, yet progress in quality improvement lags behind yield. The high temperature and ripening conditions in Southern China often result in poor rice quality, impacting hybrid rice production and utilization. Therefore, to address this challenge, analyzing the molecular basis of high-quality traits is essential for molecular design breeding of high-quality hybrid rice varieties. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of grain shape, amylose content, gel consistency, gelatinization temperature, and aroma, which influence rice quality. We discovered that quality related alleles gs3, GW7TFA, gw8, chalk5, Wxb, ALKTT, and fgr can enhance rice quality when applied in breeding programs. Polymerization of gs3, GW7TFA, gw8, and chalk5 genes improves rice appearance quality. The gs3 and GW7TFA allele polymerization increasing the grain's length-width ratio, adding the aggregation of gw8 allele can further reducing grain width. The chalk5 gene regulates low chalkiness, but low correlation to chalkiness was exhibited with grain widths below 2.0 mm, with minimal differences between Chalk5 and chalk5 alleles. Enhancing rice cooking and eating quality is achieved through Wxb and ALKTT gene polymerization, while introducing the fgr(E7) gene significantly improved rice aroma. Using molecular marker-assisted technology, we aggregated these genes to develop a batch of indica hybrid rice parents with improved rice quality are obtained. Cross-combining these enhanced parents can generate new, high-quality hybrid rice varieties suitable for cultivation in Southern China. Therefore, our findings contribute to a molecular breeding model for grain quality improvement in high-quality indica hybrid rice. This study, along with others, highlights the potential of molecular design breeding for enhancing complex traits, particularly rice grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a major crop worldwide. It occupies the second place after cereals (corn, rice, and wheat). This important crop is threatened by the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the agent of late blight disease. This pathogen was first encountered during the Irish famine during the 1840s and is a reemerging threat to potatoes. It is mainly controlled chemically by using fungicides, but due to health and environmental concerns, the best alternative is resistance. When there is no disease, no treatment is required. In this study, we present a summary of the ongoing efforts concerning resistance breeding of potato against this devastating pathogen, P. infestans. This work begins with the search for and selection of resistance genes, whether they are from within or from outside the species. The genetic methods developed to date for gene mining, such as effectoromics and GWAS, provide researchers with the ability to identify genes of interest more efficiently. Once identified, these genes are cloned using molecular markers (MAS or QRL) and can then be introduced into different cultivars using somatic hybridization or recombinant DNA technology. More innovative technologies have been developed lately, such as gene editing using the CRISPR system or gene silencing, by exploiting iRNA strategies that have emerged as promising tools for managing Phytophthora infestans, which can be employed. Also, gene pyramiding or gene stacking, which involves the accumulation of two or more R genes on the same individual plant, is an innovative method that has yielded many promising results. All these advances related to the development of molecular techniques for obtaining new potato cultivars resistant to P. infestans can contribute not only to reducing losses in agriculture but especially to ensuring food security and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key challenges in aquaculture is the selection of individuals with superior traits, including rapid growth rate, high flesh quality, and disease resistance. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) using molecular markers (e.g., simple sequence repeats; SSR) is known to be more effective in identifying individuals with specific traits based on their genetic makeup. The current study aimed to examine SSR markers across different linkage groups in their efficiency in characterizing the Nile tilapia fish with superior growth performance traits for usage as effective tools for MAS. A total of 152 Nile tilapia samples with identical ages but contrasting growth performances were collected from a fish farm in Kafr El-Sheik Governorate, Egypt. The collected genotypes were evaluated for growth performance metrics such as weight and length, and their microsatellite allelic patterns were also analyzed. A total of 13 microsatellite markers were assessed in the two sampled Nile tilapia categories. The t-test of growth performance traits between the two fish categories revealed highly significant differences in body weight and length. The average number of alleles per locus in the large and small populations was 2.6 and 2.2, respectively. The analyzed populations showed a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Only seven markers showed private alleles unique to either small or large populations, indicating the suitability of these markers for association genetic studies. The studied markers showed low to moderate gene diversity (H), which ranged between 0.25 and 0.48, with an average of 0.41. The discrimination power of the studied loci was relatively high (D = 0.888). The discrepancies in growth parameters between the investigated populations were aligned with the disparities in allele frequency, indicating a possible correlation between certain allele(s) and growth performance characteristics. The present study highlighted the effectiveness of specific SSRs in addressing growth parameters during the planning for the Nile tilapia selection in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) plays a crucial role in crop breeding improving the speed and precision of conventional breeding programmes by quickly and reliably identifying and selecting plants with desired traits. However, the efficacy of MAS depends on several prerequisites, with precise phenotyping being a key aspect of any plant breeding programme. Recent advancements in highthroughput remote phenotyping, facilitated by unmanned aerial vehicles coupled to machine learning, offer a non-destructive and efficient alternative to traditional, time-consuming, and labour-intensive methods. Furthermore, MAS relies on knowledge of marker-trait associations, commonly obtained through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), to understand complex traits such as drought tolerance, including yield components and phenology. However, GWAS has limitations that artificial intelligence (AI) has been shown to partially overcome. Additionally, AI and its explainable variants, which ensure transparency and interpretability, are increasingly being used as recognised problem-solving tools throughout the breeding process. Given these rapid technological advancements, this review provides an overview of state-of-theart methods and processes underlying each MAS, from phenotyping, genotyping and association analyses to the integration of explainable AI along the entire workflow. In this context, we specifically address the challenges and importance of breeding winter wheat for greater drought tolerance with stable yields, as regional droughts during critical developmental stages pose a threat to winter wheat production. Finally, we explore the transition from scientific progress to practical implementation and discuss ways to bridge the gap between cuttingedge developments and breeders, expediting MAS-based winter wheat breeding for drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To improve our understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)‐macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Methods A systematic review was performed, to retrieve all those papers on patients with SLE‐MAS, in individual or aggregated form. The data in each of these medical records were extracted and analyzed to identify the characteristics of SLE‐MAS. Results A total of 86 SLE‐MAS patients were included (25 males and 61 females. The mean (±standard error of the mean) age was 31.21 ± 1.694 years. MAS occurred as the initial presentation of SLE in 47 people (54.65%) and during the course of SLE in 39 (45.35%). A coinfection was reported in 23 (26.74%) patients. The mean Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K) score was 16.54 ± 0.9462. Overall, 10 patients (11.63%) died. The SLEDAI‐2K score was higher in patients with MAS as an initial manifestation of SLE than in those where MAS occurred during the course of SLE. The proportion of patients receiving steroid pulse therapy was lower in patients with coinfections. The deceased group demonstrated lower platelet and ferritin levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and thrombocytopenia were independent factors associated with poor prognosis. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, a platelet count cutoff value of ≤47 × 109/L was a predictor of poor outcome. Conclusions SLE‐MAS patients demonstrated high lupus activity, and lupus activity was especially higher in patients with MAS as an initial manifestation. Lupus activity was the predominant trigger of lupus MAS. Thrombocytopenia was an independent factor for poor prognosis.