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Ships connect the global economy through maritime transport. However, their susceptibility to increasing geopolitical conflicts has heightened concerns about the risks to crew safety and navigation security. This systematic literature review (SLR), utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, rigorously examines the safety and security of autonomous ships in maritime transport. The methodology employs a comprehensive search across major databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, based on explicit inclusion criteria focusing on recent advancements from 2014 to 2023. By methodically analyzing 58 relevant publications screened from an initial pool of 1407, this paper highlights critical trends and gaps in the application of advanced sensor technologies, cybersecurity measures, and autonomous navigation systems. The findings provide insights into the operational challenges and technological developments shaping the future of maritime safety and security, offering valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders. This research contributes to scholarly discourse in this industry by mapping the trajectory of technological integration and its implications for maritime operations in a global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ships connect the global economy through maritime transport. However, their susceptibility to increasing geopolitical conflicts has heightened concerns about the risks to crew safety and navigation security. This systematic literature review (SLR), utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, rigorously examines the safety and security of autonomous ships in maritime transport. The methodology employs a comprehensive search across major databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, based on explicit inclusion criteria focusing on recent advancements from 2014 to 2023. By methodically analyzing 58 relevant publications screened from an initial pool of 1407, this paper highlights critical trends and gaps in the application of advanced sensor technologies, cybersecurity measures, and autonomous navigation systems. The findings provide insights into the operational challenges and technological developments shaping the future of maritime safety and security, offering valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders. This research contributes to scholarly discourse in this industry by mapping the trajectory of technological integration and its implications for maritime operations in a global context.

Assessing the security status of maritime infrastructures is a key factor for maritime safety and security. Facilities such as ports and harbors are highly active traffic zones with many different agents and infrastructures present, like containers, trucks or vessels. Conveying security-related information in a concise and easily understandable format can support the decision-making process of stakeholders, such as port authorities, law enforcement agencies and emergency services. In this work, we propose a novel real-time 3D reconstruction framework for enhancing maritime situational awareness pictures by joining temporal 2D video data into a single consistent display. We introduce and verify a pipeline prototype for dynamic 3D reconstruction of maritime objects using a static observer and stereoscopic cameras on an GPU-accelerated embedded device. A simulated dataset of a harbor basin was created and used for real-time processing. Usage of a simulated setup allowed verification against synthetic ground-truth data. The presented pipeline runs entirely on a remote, low-power embedded system with ∼ 6 Hz. A Nvidia Jetson Xavier AGX module was used, featuring 512 CUDA-cores, 16 GB memory and an ARMv8 64-bit octa-core CPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a maritime nation with thousands of islands, Indonesia requires an effective maritime transportation infrastructure. The Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ALKI) are established to facilitate international shipping and aviation across Indonesian waters. However, ship accidents, such as sinking, capsizing, grounding, and collisions, frequently occur, with contributing factors such as human negligence, technical factors, and weather conditions. This research aims to provide a better understanding of the implementation of maritime laws, particularly in the context of shipwreck removal frameworks and the role of insurance in managing the risks of ship accidents. The research method employed is normative evaluative with a literature review approach. Secondary data were obtained from laws, government regulations, as well as relevant legal literature and journals. The research also includes interviews with sources to gain deeper insights. The results of data analysis are qualitative and descriptive, focusing on the implementation of Law Number 17 of 2008 and the role of insurance in addressing the risks of ship accidents. Additionally, the research seeks to address practical issues, such as what happens if the insurance party waives responsibility or if the claim is insufficient for the shipwreck removal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asian countries have vigorously engaged in a buildup of the capabilities of their coast guards. This has been driven in part by the need to protect their maritime jurisdiction in the face of numerous maritime disputes. The coast guards in East Asia serve as the front-line defender of sovereignty and maritime claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been proven to be an effective tool for ship monitoring. Offshore platforms monitoring is a key topic for both safety and security of the maritime domain. However, the scientific literature oriented to the observation of offshore platforms using SAR imagery is very limited. This study is mostly focused on the analysis and understanding of the multipolarization behavior of platforms’ backscattering using dual-polarization X-band SAR imagery. This study is motivated by the fact that under low incidence angle and moderate wind conditions, copolarized channels may fail in detecting offshore platforms even when fine-resolution imagery is considered. This behavior has been observed on both medium- and high-resolution TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X SAR imagery, despite the fact that platforms consist of large metallic structures. Hence, a simple multipolarization model is proposed to analyze the platform backscattering. Model predictions are verified on TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X SAR imagery, showing that for acquisitions under low incidence angle, the platforms result in a reduced copolarized backscattered intensity even when fine resolution imagery is considered. Finally, several solutions to tackle this issue are proposed with concluding remark that the performance of offshore observation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A transit vessel traffic scheduling algorithm has been developed to limit the negative effects on cargo volume throughput in two-way waterways where separation distances between transiting vessels must be maintained and passage restrictions may hold. It runs in time that is polynomial in the number of ships involved in the computation and finds schedules which increase the utilization of waterways. Three examples illustrate its use. The first example is situated in the Sunda Strait where the algorithm is used to enhance the safety of merchant shipping against a terrorist threat. It illustrates important features of the algorithm and demonstrates how it can be used with cross traffic. The second example is situated in the Strait of Istanbul and offers a comparison between the developed algorithm and the transit vessel scheduling algorithm of Ulusçu et al., J Navig 62 (2009), 59-77. This was done using a plausible model of the Strait of Istanbul. The third and last example shows how the algorithm can be used to schedule transit vessel traffic in two-way waterways with junctions. This feature is especially useful in congested waters with a high risk of collisions like the Inland Sea of Japan. An extreme test case proves that the developed algorithm is a practical algorithm ready for such use. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 64: 225-248, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency response, crew resource, and crisis management are important aspects of maritime education and training (MET). The authors of this article approach these aspects, utilizing enhanced simulation-based team training. The authors argue that an effective way to gain experience and achieve corresponding skills are practice runs on specially designed simulators that realistically represent complex conditions on-board vessels, following emergency alerts. The article introduces the concept of a safety and security training simulator and describes the research work related to the implementation of a learning objective-oriented development of simulation training scenarios and the pedagogic value added by simulation to MET. Results of a simulation case study are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e-Maritime can be considered as an extension of the e-Navigation concept currently being discussed at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It can be construed to include e-Navigation and promotes the use of all maritime data and information, distributed by way of information and communication technologies, to facilitate maritime transportation and provide value added services. This paper investigates possible e-Maritime services related to safety, security and environmental protection of shipping and for interaction with class. The paper reviews a number of existing services and current initiatives and relevant research projects and discusses if and how the value of such services could be increased if they could be offered as e-Maritime services to the industry. Furthermore, two services have been selected and successfully implemented as pilot e-Maritime services. Based on this survey and the pilot implementations, it can be suggested that there are great potential for offering a number of existing and future services related to safety, security and environmental protection as e-Maritime services. However, standardisation of the framework and of specific maritime data types, messages and codes might be necessary to facilitate a development towards widespread adaptation of e-Maritime solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Identify risk factors in container shipping causing safety and security damage. [•] Conduct empirical research to measure risk likelihood, consequence, and risk scale. [•] Propose stochastic dominance method to analyse relative importance of risk factors. [•] Apply risk-mapping technique to identify response strategies to risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridging the gap between low-level features and semantics is a problem commonly acknowledged in the Multimedia community. Event modeling can fill this gap by representing knowledge about the data at different level of abstraction. In this paper we present the Simple Event Model (SEM) and its application in a Maritime Safety and Security use case about Situational Awareness, where the data also come as low-level features (of ship trajectories). We show how we abstract over these low-level features, recognize simple behavior events using a Piecewise Linear Segmentation algorithm, and model the resulting events as instances of SEM. We aggregate web data from different sources, apply deduction rules, spatial proximity reasoning, and semantic web reasoning in SWI-Prolog to derive abstract events from the recognized simple events. The use case described in this paper comes from the Dutch Poseidon project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a novel passenger monitoring system based on RFID technology for implementation onboard passenger ships. Such a system will be able to detect and keep track of passengers onboard the ship in emergency situations in order to provide crucial decision support to the officer in charge of evacuation. This will lead to increased safety and security on passenger ships. However, this increased safety will come at a certain cost. A methodology in line with Formal Safety Assessment is employed in order to assess the cost-effectiveness of the system, involving a thorough risk analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]