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The need to develop products for infant nutrition is urgent. Cow’s milk is the basis for making porridge. The number of children suffering from allergies to cow’s milk protein is 2-7.5%. The aim of the work is to study the kinetics of extrudate swelling in different types of milk, their influence on the rheological properties of porridges and their ability to digest. The degree of swelling of the extrudate in mares’ milk is 12.5% higher than in cow’s milk, and in goat’s and sheep’s milk - 4% and 19% lower, respectively. The viscosity of mares’ milk porridge is 50% lower than the viscosity of «Malyshka» porridge. The viscosity of goat’s milk porridge is also 40% lower than the viscosity of «Malyshka» porridge. The lowest digestibility of proteins is observed in «Malyshka» porridge, in which 31% less amino acids accumulate in 3 hours of hydrolysis compared to goat milk porridge. In porridge based on mare and sheep milk, 51% and 78% more amino acids are released compared to the control. It is proved that the development of new milk-flour porridges for feeding children aged 6 months to 1 year is relevant. It is established that the degree of swelling of corn extrudate depends on the chemical composition of milk. It has been found that goat’s and sheep’s’ milk porridge retains a high viscosity, which is also explained by the chemical composition of milk, namely the high content of fat and protein. Studies of the digestion process indicate that the developed cereals are digested with a similar intensity, which is higher than the digestion of porridge «Malyshka».

Mares’ milk is characterised by unique nutritional profile. In this study, the microbiological analysis of mares’ milk was performed. The presence of total bacteria, total lactic bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus lactis, Salmonella spp. and coliforms was investigated. Moreover, the influence of refrigerated and frozen storage on the total bacteria count, vitamin C, acidity and colour of milk was examined. Pathogenic Salmonella spp. and coliforms were not detected in the raw milk. It was revealed that mares’ milk can be stored for 72 hours under refrigeration at a temperature of +4 °C without reducing its microbiological quality. Most of the physicochemical properties remained unchanged, while colour measurements demonstrated a change in b* value after 48 h of refrigerated storage. Vitamin C content remained relatively stable during a week-long storage. Freezing of milk improved its microbiological status and caused significant changes in all colour components (L*, a*, b*). The obtained results demonstrated that mares’ milk had a high microbiological quality, favourable chemical composition and high vitamin C content which make this product a valuable potential component of functional foods.

Mares' milk is characterised by unique nutritional profile. In this study, the microbiological analysis of mares' milk was performed. The presence of total bacteria, total lactic bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus lactis, Salmonella spp. and coliforms was investigated. Moreover, the influence of refrigerated and frozen storage on the total bacteria count, vitamin C, acidity and colour of milk was examined. Pathogenic Salmonella spp. and coliforms were not detected in the raw milk. It was revealed that mares' milk can be stored for 72 hours under refrigeration at a temperature of +4 °C without reducing its microbiological quality. Most of the physicochemical properties remained unchanged, while colour measurements demonstrated a change in b* value after 48 h of refrigerated storage. Vitamin C content remained relatively stable during a week-long storage. Freezing of milk improved its microbiological status and caused significant changes in all colour components (L*, a*, b*). The obtained results demonstrated that mares' milk had a high microbiological quality, favourable chemical composition and high vitamin C content which make this product a valuable potential component of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Mares' milk is becoming increasingly popular in Western Europe. This study was thus aimed at investigating the impact of stage of lactation and season on chemical composition, somatic cell count and some physicochemical parameters of mares' colostrum and milk, and at developing a method for the determination of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in mares' milk and to determine its content in fresh and stored milk. RESULTS The analysis conducted showed an effect of the stage of lactation on contents of selected chemical components and physicochemical parameters of mares' milk. In successive lactation periods levels of fat, cholesterol, energy value, citric acid and titratable acidity decreased, whereas levels of lactose and vitamin C, as well as the freezing point, increased. Analysis showed that milk produced in autumn (September, October, November) had a higher freezing point and lower concentrations of total solids, protein, fat, cholesterol, citric acid and energy value in comparison to milk produced in summer (June, July, August). Mares' milk was characterised by low somatic cell count throughout lactation. In terms of vitamin C stability the most advantageous method of milk storage was 6-month storage of lyophilised milk. CONCLUSION In general, the results confirmed that mares' milk is a raw material with a unique chemical composition different from that produced by other farm animals. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight fermented milks (FM) were manufactured from mares’ milk by using: mares’ milk alone (FM1); a blend of mares’ milk and cows’ milk (FM2) or sheeps’ milk (FM3), at respective weight ratio of 70 to 30; mares’ milk fortified with sodium (Na)-caseinate (FM4) added at a level of 15 g kg-1; pectin (FM5) added at a level of 2.5 g kg-1; Na-caseinate and pectin (FM6); Na-caseinate, pectin and sucrose added at a level of 100 g kg-1 (FM7); or Na-caseinate, pectin and threonine added at a level of 0.8 g kg-1 (FM8). Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were used as starter cultures (ca. 9.0 and 7.0 log cfu g-1, respectively) by inoculating (10 g kg-1) the milk at 42°C. Fermentation was allowed until the pH reached 4.2 (190–380 min). Data of acidification rate were modelled with the Gompertz equation. The concentration of lactic acid in the fermented milks ranged from 100 to 135 mm; it was highest in all FMs which contained Na-caseinate. The highest concentration of acetaldehyde (0.45 mm) was found in FM8. Rheological measurements showed that FM7 had the highest consistency coefficient (k). There was a correlation between the sensory consistency scores and the consistency index obtained from the rheological measurements. The addition of sucrose, pectin and, especially, threonine were positively correlated with a rather good taste. FM1 had unacceptable apparent viscosity and received the lowest scores for appearance, consistency and taste. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study was carried out to determine the physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of koumiss made from bovine milk. The bovine milk was modified according to the composition of mares’ milk using ultrafiltration, microfiltration and nanofiltration. Koumiss made from modified bovine milk and mares’ milk were compared. In order to assess options for a consistent fermentation, a starter culture, instead of the prevailing spontaneous flora in traditional manufacture of koumiss, was used. Key compositional factors modified were the contents of dry matter, mineral, protein and lactose and the casein-to-whey protein ratio. Koumiss made from modified bovine milk and by starter cultures was found to be very similar to koumiss from mares’ milk in terms of pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, proteolytic activity, apparent viscosity, and microbiological composition, when assessed both in the freshly made product and that after 15 days storage at 4°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]