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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an extrusion type additive manufacturing (AM) method in which a molten polymer is selectively extruded in layer-by-layer manner. Although there are several other AM techniques, FDM is a suitable method to produce fabric structures as it is capable of processing polymers and is widely used in various engineering applications. This article summarizes the current research works in characterization of FDM parts, advancements in materials used in FDM and latest works related to making fabric samples using FDM. The results show that the mechanical properties and surface quality are compromised in FDM parts. Strength and flexibility with better surface finishing are essential parameters in fabric structures. There are mainly two techniques that are explored by researchers to enhance the quality of the parts. The first is optimizing process parameters and the second is improving material quality. FDM process parameters like extrusion temperature, layer height, print speed and built orientation can significantly influence the quality of the parts. Optimizing these parameters can significantly enhance the strength of the fabric produced. Moreover, a great amount of impetus is given to improve material by reinforcing it and making polymer blends with specific qualities. There has been studies related to the development of fabric structures and deposition of polymers on fabrics with FDM. It is concluded that the major concern with such structures is strength and processability. To address these issues, optimizing process parameters and developing new filaments for exclusively making fabrics can be the future work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the company's efforts to retain competent employees in the textile industry. The research background shows that the textile industry in Indonesia has a significant contribution to the country's economy, but is faced with challenges in maintaining a competent workforce. The research was conducted at the company PT XYZ, one of the textile manufacturing companies in Tangerang. The method used is quantitative with the SEM-PLS analysis technique. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed to employees. This research aims to examine the influence of compensation, perceived supervisor support, and career development on intention to stay which is mediated by job satisfaction. The research results show that the work environment, superior behavior, career development and compensation are factors that influence employees' desire to continue working at the company. This research emphasizes the importance for organizations to create a conducive work environment, build good relationships between employees and superiors, and match the workload with the compensation received. These findings provide managerial implications for textile companies in managing human resources to maintain business sustainability and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chips caught in the shank during automatic tool change on a machining center can cause runout of the tool and affect machining accuracy. To accurately measure the runout amount, the center position of the tool was calculated using the least-squares method and filter processing, taking into account the measurement error of the sensor, the runout amount of the spindle itself, and the variation in the individual dimensions of each tool. As a result, the runout of the tool was detected with high speed and accuracy, enabling automatic operation to be stopped before the start of the next machining process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) technology has attracted considerable research attention. Studies have achieved numerous breakthroughs in the basic scientific problems, key technologies, demonstration applications, and industrial promotions of OEIC. This study details the technical process, development status, existing problems, and future research trends of the design, manufacturing, and packaging of OEIC to provide a systematic summary of OEIC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upper limb plays a crucial role in daily life activities, self-care, work, leisure, and social activities. It enables a person to perform essential tasks, such as eating, drinking, writing and searching the environment, leading to increased cognition and intelligence in children. Various disorders in children (for instance, Erb palsy, cerebral palsy, hemiplegia, muscular dystrophy, neuropathy) and adults (such as stroke and central, and peripheral nerve damage) can affect the functioning of the upper limb. While mobility aids exist for individuals with lower limb disabilities, there is a lack of suitable technical solutions for those with upper limb disorders because of structural and joint complications. Minimum muscle strength, at level 3 or higher, is necessary for limb movement, and this strength can be affected by neurological and musculoskeletal disorders, resulting in a limited range of motion or no movement.

This journal presents the development of the Material Tracking Application at PT. Pindad. During the assembly process, some components may be rejected due to defects or non-compliance with other components from different suppliers. It is difficult to identify the origin of rejected components due to the lack of rejection data from each supplier. This issue led to the development of applications that can trace the origin of components by attaching QR codes to packages. Scanning the QR code activates the Quality Function to identify the origin of the component. QR codes were chosen because of their cost-effectiveness, low operational costs, and ease of reading compared to other Automatic Identification Procedure (Auto-ID) technologies. Another problem is the administrative process when moving parts/components from the component warehouse to the production warehouse. The recording process still uses paper-based documentation which is time-consuming and error-prone. Therefore, QR codes are also used to simplify and speed up the recording process by the security function. From designing web-based applications which are then deployed and run on Google's cloud services. The researcher then carried out a testing process with 2 stages, namely the process of verification and validation. It was found that the Material Tracking Application went well according to the researchers' expectations. There are still many opportunities for the development of this Material Tracking Application. Mainly development using other Auto-ID and different case studies in the world of manufacturing.

The advancement of precision medicine in modern biomedicine has been significantly propelled by the emergence of micro/nanorobots. The combination of micro/nanorobots and biomedicine offers unique advantages and holds attractive potential for applications. It effectively addresses the challenges encountered by traditional robots in areas such as driving, sensing, intelligence and other aspects, especially in the application of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which is a hot field of interdisciplinary research in recent years. This review succinctly delineates and analyzes the recent advancements of micro/nanorobots. First, the research achievements of micro/nanorobots in recent years are systematically classified and introduced from four perspectives: manufacturing design, drive control, biomedical application and degradation. In particular, in-depth discussions were conducted regarding the challenges and potential solutions encountered in each stage. Second, based on the latest research results of micro/nanorobots in biomedical applications, the development direction of industrial applications and key technical aspects that need to be paid attention to are emphasized. Finally, we discuss the challenges and the potential research opportunities of the micro/nanorobots. In the future, it is expected that micro/nanorobots will become more sophisticated and capable of performing multiple medical functions and tasks. They will be implemented in vivo to assist medical doctors in diagnosing and treating diseases. This advancement shows significant potential for the field of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are an attractive cell platform for the off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy as the result of their lack of alloreactivity and inherent multi-pronged cytotoxicity, which could be further amplified with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). In this study, we sought to enhance the in vivo longevity of CAR-Vδ2 T cells by modulating ex vivo manufacturing conditions and selecting an optimal CAR costimulatory domain. Specifically, we compared the anti-tumor activity of Vδ2 T cells expressing anti-CD19 CARs with costimulatory endodomains derived from CD28, 4-1BB or CD27 and generated in either standard fetal bovine serum (FBS)- or human platelet lysate (HPL)-supplemented medium. We found that HPL supported greater expansion of CAR-Vδ2 T cells with comparable in vitro cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion to FBS-expanded CAR-Vδ2 T cells. HPL-expanded CAR-Vδ2 T cells showed enhanced in vivo anti-tumor activity with longer T-cell persistence compared with FBS counterparts, with 4-1BB costimulated CAR showing the greatest activity. Mechanistically, HPL-expanded CAR Vδ2 T cells exhibited reduced apoptosis and senescence transcriptional pathways compared to FBS-expanded CAR-Vδ2 T cells and increased telomerase activity. This study supports enhancement of therapeutic potency of CAR-Vδ2 T cells through a manufacturing improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qur'ān is Islam's revealed literature consisting of Allah's commandments. This is the matchless and unchallengeable book of almighty Allah. The great eloquent Arabs failed to show this book or one verse with identical literature in terms of the eloquence of this revealed book. This article deals with figures of beautification of the Quran known as metaphors. There are three kinds of metaphors in Arabic rhetoric that are used in the holy Qur'ān namely: Tasrihia, Makniah and Tamthilaih, but the scholar intends to write from only Tasrihiah Metaphor searching in those verses of the holy Qur'ān that dealer it with explained examples, and in the light of the authentic book of Islamic scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiographical debate about the influence of guilds on economic development and innovation lacks consensus. Scholars are divided: some argue that guilds fostered a positive environment for technological innovation through privileges that ensured profits for inventors, while others underline the guilds' role in stifling innovation to protect their interests. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of ribbon manufacturing in early modern Italy, a sector known for its technology transfer across Europe. It finds that the nature of the guild and its specific privileges crucially determined technology transfer and innovation acceptance. In addition, the redistribution of profits within guilds was vital to the innovative process. The article concludes that the key to technology transfer and innovation lay in preserving the guilds' profit monopolies and internal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is concerned with dealing with the history of the calendar and time calculation in the Islamic Maghreb, through the use of the Mnjanah instrument. The research begins by studying quick glimpses of the tools of ancient civilizations, and how they were transferred to the Greater Islamic Maghreb, then we study the most important names of the machines through various sources and references, and we discuss the Eastern and Maghriban machines, and the way they work, as their driving energy varies from one clock machine to another, as some of them move through water or air or that move through sand and even through mercury. From there, we discuss the Andalusian Mnjanahs, their most prominent types, and their most important and famous makers, and then we move on to the temporal Mnjanahs of the far Maghreb in the Zayani and Hafsid eras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the current state of the Australian defence industry, highlighting its achievements, threats, and opportunities. Also discussed are the importance of having a robust national service scheme with regard to the manufacturing industry, and implications of the AUKUS (Australia United Kingdom United States) initiative on Australia's defence industry and national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development is the key to achieving high-quality growth in the manufacturing industry. The article analyzes the impact of energy inputs and carbon emission constraints on the ESG performance of Chinese manufacturing firms using listed company data from 2011-2022, carbon market emission control firms, and new energy city policies. The study finds the following core conclusions. First, energy input-carbon emission constraints can significantly improve the overall ESG performance of manufacturing firms rather than being limited to improving one aspect of performance. The benchmark regression results remain robust after a series of robustness tests. Second, the mechanism test shows that the energy input-carbon emission constraint can improve the ESG performance of manufacturing firms by promoting public green concern in the source prevention link, corporate green technology innovation in the process control link, and corporate green investment in the end governance link. In addition, enterprises' horizontal competition and vertical cooperation factors have a moderating effect on the direct impact of energy input-carbon emission constraints. Supply chain integration as a vertical cooperation factor positively reinforces the marginal increment. Firm competitiveness as a horizontal competition factor produces a ''U'' shaped moderating effect that is first weak and then strong. Finally, the heterogeneity analysis finds that the energy input-carbon emission constraint effectively promotes the ESG performance of technology-intensive and mature manufacturing firms and has a ''sending charcoal in the snow'' effect on the ESG performance of manufacturing firms in high-carbon industries. Therefore, the two-end synergistic constraint of energy input-carbon emission can effectively promote the growth of ESG performance of manufacturing enterprises, which brings important insights to the green development of manufacturing industries in other countries.

It is crucial to clarify the stability of Kombucha in the manufacture and storage stages due to the extensive study on the fermented products of Kombucha and the increase in the use of bacterial cellulose (BC). This study aimed to evaluate the stability of Kombucha in different manufacturing and storage temperatures within a certain time period. The stability of microorganisms and BC in Kombucha was investigated through regular replacement with the tea media at 28 and 25°C for manufacture, and the storage temperature of Kombucha was at 25, 4, and −20°C. Morphological observations of the BC in Kombucha ended at 28 and 25°C for manufacture and storage were performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) before inoculation. The viable cell counts and AFM results showed that the stability of Kombucha during manufacture was better at 28°C than at 25°C, with higher microbial viability and BC productivity in the former at the time of manufacture, whereas 25°C was more favorable for the stability of Kombucha during storage. At the same temperature of 25°C, the manufacturing practice improved the microbial viability and BC stability compared with storage; the pH value of Kombucha was lower, and the dry weight of BC was higher during storage compared with manufacture. The maximum BC water holding capacity (97.16%) was maintained by storage at 4°C on day 63, and the maximum BC swelling rate (56.92%) was observed after storage at −20°C on day 7. The research was conducted to provide reference information for applying Kombucha and its BC in food and development in other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid-based nanocarriers have emerged as helpful tools to deliver sensible biomolecules such as proteins and oligonucleotides. To have a fast and robust microfluidic-based nanoparticle synthesis method, the setup of versatile equipment should allow for the rapid transfer to scale cost-effectively while ensuring tunable, precise and reproducible nanoparticle attributes. The present work aims to assess the effect of different micromixer geometries on the manufacturing of lipid nanocarriers taking into account the influence on the mixing efficiency by changing the fluid–fluid interface and indeed the mass transfer. Since the geometry of the adopted micromixer varies from those already published, a Design of Experiment (DoE) was necessary to identify the operating (total flow, flow rate ratio) and formulation (lipid concentration, lipid molar ratios) parameters affecting the nanocarrier quality. The suitable application of the platform was investigated by producing neutral, stealth and cationic liposomes, using DaunoXome®, Myocet®, Onivyde® and Onpattro® as the benchmark. The effect of condensing lipid (DOTAP, 3–10–20 mol%), coating lipids (DSPE-PEG550 and DSPE-PEG2000), as well as structural lipids (DSPC, eggPC) was pointed out. A very satisfactory encapsulation efficiency, always higher than 70%, was successfully obtained for model biomolecules (myoglobin, short and long nucleic acids). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research described in this paper focuses on the development of an innovative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tailored for a specific mission: detecting the acoustic signature emitted by chainsaws, identifying deforestation, and reporting its location for legality assessment. Various calculations were conducted to determine the optimal solution, resulting in the choice of a fixed-wing UAV. A comparative analysis between tri-rotor and quadcopter systems was performed, leading to the selection of the tri-rotor configuration. The primary objective of this study is to design an innovative hybrid UAV concept with key features including a fixed-wing design and integrated VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) capability in the experimental model. The aircraft has been constructed using advanced materials such as fiber-reinforced polymer composites, manufactured using both conventional and advanced techniques like continuous fiber additive manufacturing and the use of a polymer matrix. Additionally, the aerodynamic configuration is optimized to achieve a cruise speed of approximately 50 km/h and a flight autonomy exceeding 3 h. The UAV has been equipped with payloads for mounting sensors to collect meteorological data, and crucially, the VTOL system has been optimized to vectorize thrust for improved performance during the transition from hover to cruise flight. This paper details the entire manufacturing and assembly process of the drone, covering both the structural framework and associated electrical installations. A dedicated sound detection system is incorporated into the drone to identify chainsaw noise, with the aim of preventing deforestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dual adjuvant system was developed for the R0.6C and ProC6C malaria vaccines. • R0.6C and ProC6C vaccines were manufactured under cGMP. • The drug products and adjuvants were stable for pharmacy handling at 4 °C and 25 °C. • Repeated dose toxicity studies showed the drug products were safe, immunogenic and functional. • Long-term stability studies support stability over planned clinical trials. Two malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) candidates, R0.6C and ProC6C, have completed preclinical development including the selection of adjuvants, Alhydrogel® with or without the saponin based adjuvant Matrix-M™. Here, we report on the final drug product (formulation) design of R0.6C and ProC6C and evaluate their safety and biochemical stability in preparation for preclinical and clinical pharmacy handling. The point-of-injection stability studies demonstrated that both the R0.6C and ProC6C antigens are stable on Alhydrogel in the presence or absence of Matrix-M for up to 24 h at room temperature. As this is the first study to combine Alhydrogel and Matrix-M for clinical use, we also evaluated their potential interactions. Matrix-M adsorbs to Alhydrogel, while not displacing the > 95 % adsorbed protein. The R0.6C and ProC6C formulations were found to be safe and well tolerated in repeated dose toxicity studies in rabbits generating high levels of functional antibodies that blocked infection of mosquitoes. Further, the R0.6C and ProC6C drug products were found to be stable for minimally 24 months when stored at 2–8 °C, with studies ongoing through 36 months. Together, this data demonstrates the safety and suitability of the L. lactis expression system as well as supports the clinical testing of the R0.6C and ProC6C malaria vaccine candidates in First-In-Human clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most profitable vegetable crops for farmers to plant is peas. Pea seeding by hand is still one of the most tedious techniques farmers use today. Pea seed sowing requires a more significant number of skilled workers. The soil is dug by one person, and the pea seeds is sown there by another. Regarding farmers, the availability of skilled labor is still another issue. Egypt has many small farms; hence, it is necessary to produce small-scale farming machinery. Thus, this research manufactures a solar-powered seeding mechanism exclusively for small farmers at a low cost to overcome the problems of a lack of labor skills, sowing times, labor cost, accurate seeding, and seed losses. Increase profit for farmers who plant vegetable crops. The machine is provided with an accurate system to achieve accurate seed distribution. A complex gear mechanism is replaced with a sensor to make seeding simpler. There is an input LCD screen to sow at various distances between seeds. The distance between rows can be maintained. Also, there is a solar tracking system, which is essential for receiving more direct sunlight. Also, the motors used are 12 volts, so they are compatible with the electricity produced from the solar panel without the need for a voltage converter, which reduces costs. Also, both fuel costs and air pollution do not exist. The study includes two experimental variables: four theoretical hill spacings of 15, 18, 21, and 24 cm and four sowing depths of 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm. The measurements include the plant's longitudinal dispersal, lateral dispersal, emergence percentage, and operating costs. The minimum values of longitudinal and lateral dispersal and the highest value of emergence percentage were obtained at a theoretical hill spacing of 24 cm and a sowing depth of 5 cm. The developed machine can lower the operational cost by 94.96%, as one skilled worker can adequate complete the seeding operation. Therefore, it is suggested to use the solar-powered system for seeding pea seeds in small-scale farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the design and manufacture of an Eccentric Smith Machine, incorporating specialized mechanical components for enhanced athletic benefits, minimizing injuries, and promoting hypertrophy. The Eccentric Smith Machine comprises three main parts: A stable Smith machine adapted for electrical motor shocks, an electrical component with a panel and motor, and a transmission system using four pulleys and two cables. The mechanical design facilitates acute and smooth bar movement, ensuring safety and ease of use for athletes of varying heights and strengths. The Eccentric Smith Machine demonstrates resilience to electrical motor power, simplicity in usage, and safety advantages. Its adaptability makes it accessible to athletes with diverse physical characteristics, providing a tool for effective and safe resistance training. The designed device has the potential to enhance physical fitness, particularly muscle hypertrophy. It stands as a viable option for athletes, offering a reduced risk of injuries during workouts. The Eccentric Smith Machine presents itself as an alternative for those recovering from minor injuries, contributing to overall workout safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since there is so much empirical research in the field of lean manufacturing, to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on this subject, a bibliometric analysis was required. Through science mapping and multi-dimensional bibliometric analysis, this study aims to identify common themes in the most-cited research on lean manufacturing. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer, including keyword occurrence, co-authorship network, and bibliometric coupling network analyses. From the 4,648 results in the SCOPUS database search, the 100 most-cited articles were analyzed. The analysis found four research clusters: “lean manufacturing,” “productivity,” “manufacture,” and “value stream mapping.” It was also found that most of the most-cited papers came from journals with a Q1 ranking. Based on these results, scholars work to learn as much as they can about the field. The results are important to researchers because they show how far the research on lean manufacturing has come. As far as the author knows, no other study has been done on bibliometric analysis of the topic. By making a scientific map of what is known about lean manufacturing, this study adds to what is already known.

Optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) technology has attracted considerable research attention. Studies have achieved numerous breakthroughs in the basic scientific problems, key technologies, demonstration applications, and industrial promotions of OEIC. This study details the technical process, development status, existing problems, and future research trends of the design, manufacturing, and packaging of OEIC to provide a systematic summary of OEIC technology.

This work presents an analysis towards a description of the manufacturing technique of the Olmec rubber balls found at the offerings at El Manatí. The results present this procedure from the extraction of the Mesoamerican rubber from the Castilla elastica tree, discussing its composition and origin of the rubber balls analyzed towards the production of strips that are rolled to make the ball round form. This characterization was achieved through a series of imaging techniques (radiography imaging, UV-induced fluorescence imaging, and optical microscopy) and portable non-destructive and non-invasive analyses (XRF and FTIR) performed on the collection of archaeological rubber balls and compared with contemporary made rubber balls in the region near El Manatí. The methodology was complemented with laboratory chemical analytical techniques (13C NMR-MAS, FTIR, CEA, and GC-MS) applied to selected Olmec rubber microsamples. The new physical and chemical data obtained was also interpreted considering conservation science, to help understand the alterations and transformation processes that the balls have undergone since their recovery in the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work is focused on the development of an alternative method for manufacturing Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) panels based on Wood Veneers (WVs) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) through compression molding, which enhances the physical properties, particularly, water absorption and moisture content. The aim of the present research was to develop alternative panels to replace commercial ones, which are heavily affected by hot, humid climates. In this context, the study began with the design process, which consisted of the collection and processing of primary material, production of the additional components necessary for the manufacturing process, determination of the WV ratio, and preparation of the samples. Thereafter, physical and mechanical tests were carried out on WPC, HDPE (control), commercial gypsum boards (GBs), plywood (PW), and medium density fiberboard (MDF) samples. The results indicate that the method applied to manufacture the WPC samples improved physical properties, achieving a water uptake of less than 4% in both proportions of replacement tested, in contrast to commercial panels, which reached values between 10% and 40%. In addition, a greater load capacity was achieved for lower thick elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented with employees of companies in the design, manufacture, and fashion sector in Colombia, by identifying whether their level of expertise in twenty-six job functions is correlated with their level of education, time of work experience, and age. Work experience was shown to be a more important factor in the appropriation of labor competencies than the level of education attained. It was identified that the gaps in labor competencies that need to be addressed are related to the use of technologies for marketing and production, the development of materials with state-of-the-art technologies, and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relocation of production chains in the world after the trade war between the United States and China has been presented in Mexico under the name of nearshoring, companies from the Asian giants China, South Korea and Japan have been motivated by this phenomenon to increase their investments in Mexico and thus take advantage of all the geographical and strategic advantages that Mexico offers. In Mexico, investment from Asian companies is mostly concentrated in the manufacturing sector, especially in the manufacture of automobiles and electronic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Application Business & Management / Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential of construction waste generated by the construction industry as an alternative raw material in the manufacture of environmentally friendly concrete bricks. Research the method and process of concrete brick production using construction waste as the main raw material. Analyze the physical and mechanical properties of concrete bricks produced from construction waste and compare them with conventional concrete bricks. The approach used in this research is an integrated qualitative-quantitative approach. The qualitative approach was used to identify the characteristics and physico-chemical properties of the construction waste used. Meanwhile, the quantitative approach was used to test the quality of the concrete bricks produced. This research used an experimental design. Experiments were conducted in a construction laboratory with strict control of the variables that can affect the quality of concrete bricks. The result of this study is that the utilization of construction waste in the manufacture of environmentally friendly concrete bricks has been shown to enable a reduction in the use of natural raw materials and reduce the environmental impact of concrete brick production. The use of construction waste affects the quality of concrete bricks, including strength, durability, and other physical properties. This research provides an in-depth insight into how to optimally utilize construction waste without compromising product quality. The use of construction waste in concrete brick production can reduce the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts, helping to promote more sustainable construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, European animal farming has increasingly used autogenous vaccines for the prevention of nonnotifiable diseases. In Europe, these vaccines are exclusively inactivated bacterial and viral vaccines, with a set of specific regulations that differentiate them from conventional vaccines. The highest number of applications most likely occurs in poultry, as these animal species are farmed in the highest numbers compared with other types of food-producing animals. In 2019, autogenous vaccines came within the scope of harmonized European regulation for the first time, although many important aspects are still missing and need to be further developed. Consequently, several important legal provisions remain in national legislations and can vary tremendously between different member states of the European Union. The inclusion of autogenous vaccines in the management of certain diseases of poultry is justified by the nonavailability of licensed vaccines and the evolution and diversity of antigens in the field that are not covered by licensed vaccines. In addition, these vaccines aid in reducing the use of antibiotics. The methods for isolating and typing pathogenic isolates to obtain relevant antigens are pathogen specific and require a careful approach based on clinical evidence. Manufacturing processes are optimized according to regulatory standards, and they represent the most critical factor influencing the quality of autogenous vaccines and their placement on the market. This review presents the important requirements for manufacturing autogenous vaccines for poultry in addition to the relevant regulatory considerations. The results from a survey of several European Union member states regarding specific provisions within their national legislations are also presented. Vacunas veterinarias autógenas para la avicultura en Europa: "Varias formas de romper un huevo". En la última década, la ganadería europea ha utilizado cada vez más vacunas autógenas para la prevención de enfermedades no declarables. En Europa, estas vacunas son exclusivamente vacunas inactivadas bacterianas y virales, con un conjunto de regulaciones específicas que las diferencian de las vacunas convencionales. El mayor número de aplicaciones probablemente se produce en la avicultura, ya que estas especies animales se crían en mayor número en comparación con otros tipos de animales productores de alimentos. En el año 2019, las vacunas autógenas entraron por primera vez en el ámbito de aplicación de una regulación europea armonizada, aunque todavía faltan muchos aspectos importantes y es necesario desarrollarlos más. En consecuencia, varias disposiciones legales importantes permanecen en las legislaciones nacionales y pueden variar enormemente entre los diferentes estados miembros de la Unión Europea. La inclusión de vacunas autógenas en el manejo de determinadas enfermedades avícolas se justifica por la falta de disponibilidad de vacunas autorizadas y la evolución y diversidad de antígenos en el campo que no están cubiertos por vacunas con licencia. Además, estas vacunas ayudan a reducir el uso de antibióticos. Los métodos para aislar y tipificar aislados patógenos para obtener antígenos relevantes son específicos de cada patógeno y requieren un enfoque cuidadoso basado en evidencia clínica. Los procesos de fabricación se optimizan de acuerdo con las normas reglamentarias y representan el factor más crítico que influye en la calidad de las vacunas autógenas y su comercialización. Esta revisión presenta los requisitos importantes para la fabricación de vacunas autógenas en la avicultura, además de las consideraciones regulatorias relevantes. También se presentan los resultados de una encuesta realizada en varios estados miembros de la Unión Europea sobre disposiciones específicas dentro de sus legislaciones nacionales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to design and manufacture various sports equipment, including cardiovascular system strengthening devices, which holds great significance in the public health. Special mechanical parts were used for the design and manufacture of the stand rollick device. This device consists of two general parts with different fragments: A. The front part and B. The rear part including two rollers, metal structure, front wheel stopper, movable arms and its movable forks, stopper belt, machine wings and fixed shaft were used. The base of the stand rollick has the ability to be adjusted for all types of mobile bicycles, due to the fact that the chassis of this device is sliding and can be easily enlarged and reduced. Due to the lightness and simplicity of the designed stand rollick, it can be easily adjusted in any place and any mobile bicycle can be placed on it. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the designed and manufactured device can improve physical fitness, especially the cardiovascular system, at any time and in any place especially in the cold and rainy weather, where outdoor exercise training is difficult for all people in all age groups. This device can be a good alternative to moving bicycles in critical times such as an outbreak of a viral disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As manufacturing has become globally fragmented, so too has the work of design. Complex supply chains conceal sources of creativity and innovation, posing new challenges for researching design history. There is little understanding of how the globalization of manufacturing in the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries has affected design practice or how design authorship might be identified in mass-produced objects. This case study follows a pair of steel-toed boots named Vanessa from concept through design, development, and production, moving from Canada to Italy, Mexico, and beyond. It maps components, equipment, and expertise, making it possible to trace sources and relationships of design. Analysis reveals how the boots reflect shifts in global trade and the concentration of knowledge and resources in new locations. It also shows how the globalization of production has influenced the role of the product designer who acts as intermediary within transnational networks, combining predesigned components and practices from around the world. The manufacturer, Mellow Walk, has experienced the transition from a regional manufacturing economy to one that is globally integrated. The company was founded in the 1990s when most Canadian footwear factories had closed due to global competition. It is unique as the last fully integrated footwear factory in Ontario, meaning that management, design, production, sales, and shipping happen under one roof. Mellow Walk nevertheless depends on international suppliers and, in this sense, represents many other footwear brands around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-circular gear transmission is a new type of mechanical transmission mechanism relative to circular gear transmission, which can realize special movement, improve mechanism performance and improve mechanism motion conditions. With the improvement of non-circular gear transmission design ability and the increase of application scope, the research on non-circular gear transmission is increasing. This study introduces the current research status of non-circular gear transmission applications, summarizes the research progress of non-circular gear transmission design and analysis, discusses the methods and strategies for manufacturing non-circular gear drives, summarizes the problems faced by the current development of non-circular gear transmission, and looks forward to the research directions of non-circular gear transmission in applications, design and analysis, and processing and manufacturing.

Middle-income trap triggers the middle-income countries to boost their economic growth. As tax revenue has causal relationship with economic growth, it is essential to conduct a study on how to improve tax revenue. Considering the potential of agriculture and manufacturing sectors in lower middle-income countries, particularly in East Asia and Pacific Regions one of which is Indonesia, this study aims to determine the effects of both sectors on tax revenue in the respective regions. This study uses exchange rate as moderating variable and foreign direct investment (FDI) as control variable. The utilization of the two variables becomes the novelty of this study since researches that uses the two variables have never been conducted. In addition, no references of former studies concerning the effects of the two sectors on tax revenue in lower middle-income countries found. The research is conducted from 2002 to 2019 by using panel data multiple linear regression analysis method. By using fixed effect model and ridge regression model, it is indicated that before the moderation is carried out, agriculture has a negative effect and manufacture has a positive effect on tax revenue. However, after the variables are moderated with exchange rate, the interaction of agriculture and exchange rate has positive effect on tax revenue, while the interaction of manufacture and exchange rate has negative effect on tax revenue. This study implies that to optimize a country's tax revenue, apart from focusing on optimizing agriculture or manufacture, exchange rate condition needs to be considered.

The article examines the formation and development of cloth manufacturing in Ukraine in the 18th century. The effects of the policies of the Muscovy governments on economic processes in the Hetmanate are emphasized. Intelligence methodology is based on the principles of historicism and scientificity, systematic critical analysis, a comprehensive approach, and the pursuit of objectivity. For the first time in historiography, the question of the feasibility of introducing conceptual measures and "reforms" in the textile industry of Ukraine by the imperial government of Muscovy was raised. It is concluded that the establishment and operation of the largest specialized enterprises on the territory of the Slobozhanshchyna and the Hetmanshchyna should be considered mostly Russian government projects, which in the end did not give the long-awaited results aimed at the import substitution of imported cloth with its own products.

It is not uncommon to see start-ups suddenly fail. Often, startups try to follow the example of other, successful companies, but they don’t always succeed, so this article looks at KPIs for startups in the furniture industry. The furniture industry in the Baltic States is reviewed and their development at different stages of the company’s growth is analyzed. The product factors and interrelationships of a successful furniture company have been identified. The article presents the results of the surveyed companies engaged in the development of products for the furniture industry. The reasons and the main factors influencing the success of the company are given. Based on the results of the study, a model for the development of KPIs for start-ups in the furniture industry is presented and conclusions and suggestions are presented. The model consisted of 10 different spheres (success factors, fail factors, inbound logistics, outbound logistics, marketing & sales, procurement, operation, service, HRM, technology development, sustainability) for 5 different companies size (1–9 employees, 10–49 employees, 50–99 employees, 100–249 employees and 250 and more employees). In the model were overwide main KPIs blocks and suggested considerate of companies size. Article in English. Baldų pramonės startuolių pagrindiniai sėkmės rodikliai Santrauka Neretai pastebima, kad naujos įmonės staiga žlunga. Dažnai startuoliai bando sekti kitų, sėkmingų įmonių pavyzdžiu, tačiau ne visada pavyksta, todėl šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiami baldų pramonės startuolių KPI. Apžvelgiama baldų pramonė Baltijos šalyse ir analizuojama jų raida skirtinguose įmonės augimo etapuose. Nustatyti sėkmingos baldų įmonės gaminių veiksniai ir tarpusavio ryšiai. Straipsnyje pateikiami apklaustų įmonių, užsiimančių gaminių baldų pramonei kūrimu, rezultatai. Pateikiamos priežastys ir pagrindiniai veiksniai, darantys įtaką įmonės sėkmei. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais, pateikiamas baldų pramonės startuolių KPI kūrimo modelis ir pateikiamos išvados bei pasiūlymai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: KPI, baldų pramonė, startuolis, gamyba, sėkmės rodikliai.

The past few decades have demonstrated how important the human gut microbiota is for human health. Because of this, the use of microbiota-modulating dietary interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics is growing in popularity amongst consumers, food manufacturers, healthcare professionals, and regulators. In particular, there is interest in making a wider variety of foods with probiotic properties. However, as a solution for food manufacturers to produce fermented foods compatible with the "probiotic foods" label definition, we used an impedometric analysis to identify the survival and growth capacity of microbial strains in specific environmental contexts. Using this approach, manufacturers can more effectively select the strains with the highest growth rate for use in probiotic fermented food production trials. To provide a proof of concept, we tested three Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus probiotic strains growing in milk at different temperatures. We quantified the probiotic's growth using species-specific primers and quantitative real-time PCR. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of this type of model in facilitating the production of probiotic fermented foods by allowing manufacturers to select strains able to grow under specific conditions. Our model can be used to develop, increase, and target the beneficial health properties of a multitude of fermented foods produced worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of agricultural equipment manufacture and repair in Russia is considered on the basis of the 5M principle: manpower, methods, materials, machinery, measurements. The main factors impairing the competitiveness of equipment are identified: for example, the use of cheap materials, the lack of engineers, and poor monitoring. The influence of the organization of monitoring and the selection of measuring instruments on product quality is shown by means of examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twisted, coiled polymer actuators (TCPAs) are a promising type of fiber-based actuators with high energy density, low material costs, and good recyclability; however, current manufacturing methods limit the length and stability of TCPAs, hampering their potential for large-scale textile applications. To overcome this limitation, we propose a textile manufacturing method based on the false-twisting principle, allowing for continuous and rapid production of highly twisted monofilaments. Additionally, this process enables the plying of two or more twisted monofilaments together, as well as the integration of wires for heating and sensing purposes. The resulting twist-stable plies can then be mandrel-coiled and annealed to create a new class of TCPAs with three superimposed levels of helicity, in contrast to the usual two levels. In this study, we investigate the impact of the additional helix level and various factors, including twist density, annealing temperature, cooling speed, and chirality, on the contractility of these TCPAs. Furthermore, due to the twist-stability of the plied yarns, they can be processed on standard textile machines, enabling the manufacture of TCPAs with multiple active yarns that can form contracting artificial muscles using a circular braiding machine. Our key findings reveal that the twisted monofilament coils can contract up to 60%, and higher twist density leads to improved performance for monofilament TCPAs. Notably, this phenomenon is not observed in plied-yarn TCPAs, where varying levels of twist on the monofilament and yarn helix level result in enhanced contractile performance. Overall, this work presents a novel textile manufacturing method for producing twist-stable TCPAs with good contractile performance, providing insights into the design and fabrication of advanced fiber-based actuators for potential applications in large-scale textiles, robotics, and biomedical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]