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The study aimed to determine the free sugar and total phenolic contents (TPC), and in vitro antioxidant activity in different wheat and barley malt flour. Thirty malt flour samples were prepared from wheat cultivars Lorena and Snaša, and malting barley Tristan, feed barley Zlatko, hull-less barley Osvit, and Mandatar, during different periods of germination from 1 to 4 days. The identified sugars in the samples were maltose, glucose (Glc), and sucrose, but fructose (Fru) and isomaltose were found in trace amounts. The maltose content was the highest, reaching up to 8.6 % among the detected sugars. The Glc content ranged between 1.0 % and 4.4 %, and sucrose was from 0.6 to 4.3 %. The samples Tristan (14.9 %) and Osvit (13.5 %) were characterized by the highest total free sugar content. Snaša flour contained high comparable amounts of soluble sugars (11.6 - 8.1 %) at 0 - 96 h of germination. The TPC and in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity increased during germination, as they were higher in barley varieties than in wheat ones. Wheat and barley malt flour can be combined to increase the amounts of fermentable sugars and antioxidants to create bakery products, sourdoughs, craft beers, functional and dietary foods, and fermented drinks.

In this work, the malting process of lentil seeds (Lens culinaris) was set-up to minimize their anti-nutrient content. The first (water steeping) and second (germination) process steps were studied in a 1.2-kg bench-top plant at 25 ℃. After 2-h steeping about 98.8% of seeds sprouted. As the germination process was prolonged for 72 h, the flatulence-inducing raffinose or phytic acid content was reduced by 94% or 63%, respectively. The third process step (kilning), carried out under fluent dry air at 50 ℃ for 48 h and at 75 ℃ for 3 h, gave rise to a gold metallic yellow-lentil malt, the cotyledons of which were cyclonically recovered and finally milled. The resulting decorticated yellow-lentil malt flour was used to prepare a fresh egg pasta high in raw protein (28±2 g/100 g), low in phytate (0.46±0.03 g/100 g) and in vitro glycemic index (38%), and approximately zero oligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Featured Application: The modified method provides a viable and practical tool for evaluating α-amylase activity in malt flour and has the potential to become an important tool in the brewing and distilling industry to facilitate daily monitoring of the malting process. The Falling Number (FN) test is not suitable for the determination of α-amylase activity in malt flour because the amylolytic activity is too high to be determined by the FN instrument. The aim of this study was to modify the FN method to allow quantification of high α-amylase activity in malt flour. The modifications were performed in two ways: using different amounts of malt flour (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g) or by using malt extracts (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mL). In both cases, 6 g of standard wheat starch was used as substrate. The results of the modified methods were compared with the α-amylase activity determined by the standard Ceralpha method. Linear and nonlinear exponential regression was used to calculate the predicted amylase activity, and Bland-Altman analysis was used to measure the agreement between standard and modified methods. The modifications of the FN method using 0.1 g of malt flour showed that the modified method was able to accurately measure high levels of α-amylase activity in malt flour, and the results obtained by the modified method were in agreement with the results obtained by the standard Ceralpha method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today various sweeteners are competing with sucrose in food market. They are creating acceptable sweetness and preserving technological and sensory properties of the product. In this study enzymatic sorghum malt use as sucrose replacer in gluten-free rice cake production. For this purpose, moisture, specific volume, porosity, crust color values, firmness and sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing substitution of sucrose by enzymatic sorghum malt, moisture content and a* increased. However, falling the moisture content in sample containing malt flour were lower than control during the storage (1week) was with the lapse of time a week after bake a cake, malt flour contains less moisture loss in samples from the control samples. The results also showed enzymatic sorghum malt increased the softness of texture and able to prevent hardening of the texture during storage. In addition, the results indicated that the sample that 40% sucrose had been replaced with malt flour had the highest porosity, specific volume and L* value. Also this sample was equal in sweetness to control and the judges taste the sample was superior in other features. Thus, according to the results we can say that an enzymatic sorghum malt can be used as a natural sweetener, especially in celiac disease is needed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of malt flour and ascorbic acid addition on the quality of bread baking， the sensory score， texture and c-cell product image changes of the breads with malt flour and ascorbic acid addition were studied by using 29 representative samples from two major wheat producing provinces of henan and shandong. The results showed that， the volume， the volume score， the appearance score and the final comprehensive score of bread were significantly improved after the addition of malt flour and ascorbic acid. The bread crown became larger and the neck became more prominent; however， the color， texture and texture structure of bread scores changes were not obvious. In the analysis of texture， the hardness and toughness decreased significantly， the attenuation ratio did not change obviously. The slice area， slice circumference， cell number and cell density of bread increased significantly in the analysis of c-cell results.The slice brightness and cell diameter of the slices decreased significantly. There is a correlation between the instrument evaluation index and some parameters in the bread sensory evaluation.

Bu çalışmada, farklı tahıllardan (buğday, arpa, çavdar, tritikale, darı, mısır, pirinç, yulaf) elde edilen malt unlarının hamurun reolojik, fermantasyon ve çirişlenme özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ekmeklik una eklenen malt unu ve ticari enzim, Amilograf cihazında ölçülen pik viskozite ve sıcaklık değerlerini düşürmüştür. Un örneklerinin su absorpsiyon, gelişme süresi, hamur stabilitesi, yumuşama derecesi ve yoğurma tolerans indeksi gibi farinogram özellikleri açısından sırasıyla buğday, çavdar ve yulaf maltı en iyi sonucu vermiştir. Genel olarak, malt unu ilavesi hamurun uzayabilirliğini arttırırken, hamur direncini ve hamur enerjisini düşürmüştür. Yulaf, p irinç ve mısır maltı, hamurun gaz tutma gücü, maksimum hamur yüksekliği ve gaz kaçış noktası gibi fermantasyon özelliklerini olumlu yönde etkilemiştir. Hamur şişirme analizi ile elde edilen basınç, uzayabilirlik ve enerji değerleri açısından en iyi sonuçları buğday maltının verdiğini söylemek mümkündür. Çalışmadan elde edilen tüm veriler dikkate alındığında enzim kaynağı olarak malt unu kullanımının hamur reolojik özellikleri açısından ticari enzime göre daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Tüm hamur özellikleri açısından buğday maltının en iyi sonuçları verdiği sonucuna varılmıştır. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Falling Number (FN) test is not suitable for the determination of α-amylase activity in malt flour because the amylolytic activity is too high to be determined by the FN instrument. The aim of this study was to modify the FN method to allow quantification of high α-amylase activity in malt flour. The modifications were performed in two ways: using different amounts of malt flour (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g) or by using malt extracts (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mL). In both cases, 6 g of standard wheat starch was used as substrate. The results of the modified methods were compared with the α-amylase activity determined by the standard Ceralpha method. Linear and nonlinear exponential regression was used to calculate the predicted amylase activity, and Bland-Altman analysis was used to measure the agreement between standard and modified methods. The modifications of the FN method using 0.1 g of malt flour showed that the modified method was able to accurately measure high levels of α-amylase activity in malt flour, and the results obtained by the modified method were in agreement with the results obtained by the standard Ceralpha method.

Kolbach index (KI) is an important index to evaluate the qualities of malt, which will affect protein molecular composition, enzyme activity, and other macromolecules degradation during wheat malting. In this paper, the relationship between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) malts KI and the (i) characterization of albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins and their hydrolysis and (ii) the enzymatic breakdown of starch and arabinoxylans during malting were studied. As malt KI values increased, all fractions of glutenins and gliadins were extensively hydrolyzed. The higher Mw globulins (36.6 to 70.8 kDa) were also increasingly degraded at higher KI values, but the concentration of smaller globulin fractions (14.9 to 35.0 kDa) had increased significantly. As for albumins, although their overall concentration had increased as KI increased, changes in the concentration of individual albumin fractions was more complex. While there were significant increases in the concentration of some new albumin proteins (43.8 and 84.4 kDa), the concentration of some albumins decreased (21.1 to 64.3 kDa), and some fractions had completely disappeared (28.8 and 64.3 kDa). Following mashing, the hydrophobicity of the worts had decreased significantly at higher KI values. At malt KI values between 39.5% and 42.7%, the enzymatic activity was at its highest, the degradation of starch was adequate and stable, and the concentration of water‐soluble arabinoxylans was optimal. A KI value of about 39.5% to 42.7% was therefore considered optimal for the production of wheat malts with superior quality attributes. Practical Application: The findings from this study will be valuable to beer companies; a more precise control of the malting and brewing parameters, fundamental for the production of high‐quality wheat malts and wheat beer, can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work consists of studying the improvement of the bread-making quality of soft wheat flour by using a natural product, malt flour, to enhance its value as an intermediate product, by examining its influence on the biochemical, nutritional, technological and organoleptic behavior of the finished product. The chemical composition of bread flours (you have only studied soft wheat flour) with added malt flour (water, fat, protein, ash, starch content) as well as the technological and functional properties (gluten, falling number, Zeleny, CHOPIN alveograph) were thus determined. The study showed that the incorporation of malt flour into wheat flour provides more mineral salts, fat and starch and a decrease in the sedimentation index, amylase activity, swelling index "G" and deformation work "W" and an increase in tenacity "P". The breads obtained had a good volume, a good crumb texture, a fine crust and a good taste, especially for flours with 1% and 2% malt added, comparable to the control bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiency in the recovery of the extract in malt flour mash by centrifugation In order to determine the efficiency in the recovery of the malt flour mash by centrifugation, wort extraction and the liquor retained in solid residue of spent malt flour by means of centrifugation was carried out on a laboratory scale. The recovery of the extract in the mash residue was carried out by applying one and two washes with water at 76 °C and subsequent centrifugation at 4 000 min-1 for 5 min. The results show that the recovery efficiency of the extract was 99.3%, significantly higher than that obtained by the traditional mash tun method of 97.5%, also proving that the application of a second wash is not necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the new recipes and biotechnologies, using the flour as basic raw material, the bakers obtain a various range of products for the purpose of satisfying the larger and more diversified demands of the population. The reinforcing of the flour is wide spread practice, in the last period using on a large scale byproducts coming from different industries. The malt flour, obtained from the malt mas by specific procedures, byproduct resulted from the industry of beer, is the object of the present paper. Being introduced in the bakery products it fortifies the products due to its content in antioxidants, in phenolic compounds respectively, with an important role in prevention of some diseases. Its behavior in the bakery products is different depending the percentage used and the technology applied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat and wheat malt are known to be high quality raw materials in the beer brewing process. The size and structure of wheat arabinoxylans (AXs) and their enzymatic degradation products have a profound impact on beer properties, such as viscosity, turbidity, filtration rate and foaming properties. AXs are of great benefit to human health due to their anti-tumor properties and potential roles in the immune system. Endo-1,4-β-xylanase is a key enzyme for degradation of AXs and production of small molecule AXs, thereby altering the properties of AXs, such as solubility, viscosity, and turbidity. In this study, extraction and purification of an endo-1,4-β-xylanase from wheat malt was described. The results showed that, after 40%–60% ammonium sulfate precipitation, Q-Sepharose Fast Flow anion exchange chromatography, Phenyl-Sepharose 6 Fast Flow Hydrophobic chromatography, and twice sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration, a final endo-1,4-β-xylanase was obtained. The purified wheat malt endo-1,4-β-xylanase showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of 27.8 kDa, which had a purification fold of 12.08 and a specific activity of 4.47 μ/mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of various plant origin materials such as defatted Cephalaria syriaca flour (0.5%), rosehip (2.5%), vital gluten (2.5%), and malt flour (2%), and their combination on the quality of whole wheat bread were investigated. The plant origin materials used showed significant effects on the specific volume, acidity, colour, and textural properties of whole wheat bread. In general the acidity, specific volume, cohesiveness, and springiness values of whole wheat bread produced by treatments with plant origin materials were higher than those of the control bread. Treatment 13 (2% malt flour + 0.5% defatted Cephalaria syriaca flour + 2.5% vital gluten) resulted in the highest specific volume and the lowest 1st day crumb firmness. The results showed that the quality of whole wheat bread could be improved by adding various plant origin materials.

The bread-making quality of forty three wheat flour samples, divided into two groups according to the ash content (up to 0.6% and 0.7%), and its changes by fortification with malt flour were studied in the form of fermented dough. Standard analytical measurements (ash and protein contents, wet gluten, falling number, Zeleny sedimentation value), rheological investigations (amylograph, maturograph, oven rise recorder), and laboratory baking test were used for the characterisation of flour and dough. The influence of the malt flour addition on the fermented dough behaviour depends on the flour composition and was found more significant in flours with a lower ash content ("bright" type). Amylograph characteristics of flour-water suspensions were affected in the same extent by the malt addition. Maturograph behaviour changed significantly only in proofing stability (without influence by the flour type) and dough firmness was affected by malt only in the case of flours with lower ash contents. Oven rise characteristics of dough and the specific bread volume showed important changes in both sets of samples with significant differences between flours with lower and higher ash contents. A strong correlation (r = 0.62-0.75) significant at 0.01 level exists between the specific bread volume and all oven rise parameters of dough from both sets of samples.

The effects of various plant origin materials such as defatted Cephalaria syriaca flour (0.5%), rosehip (2.5%), vital gluten (2.5%), and malt flour (2%), and their combination on the quality of whole wheat bread were investigated. The plant origin materials used showed significant effects on the specific volume, acidity, colour, and textural properties of whole wheat bread. In general the acidity, specific volume, cohesiveness, and springiness values of whole wheat bread produced by treatments with plant origin materials were higher than those of the control bread. Treatment 13 (2% malt flour + 0.5% defatted Cephalaria syriaca flour + 2.5% vital gluten) resulted in the highest specific volume and the lowest 1st day crumb firmness. The results showed that the quality of whole wheat bread could be improved by adding various plant origin materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effects of different materials such as defatted Cephalaria syriaca flour (0.5%), rosehip (2.5%), vital gluten (2.5%) and malt flour (2%), and their combinations on the quality of organic whole wheat flour were investigated. The highest maximum resistance value was obtained in the treatment containing 0.5% cephalaria and 2.5% rosehip. The addition of malt flour and vital gluten significantly increased the extensibility value. Although rosehip, cephalaria and vital gluten generally increased the dough energy, malt flour decreased the dough energy when compared to the control. The combination of 0.5% cephalaria and 2.5% rosehip significantly decreased the adhesion and stringiness of dough. Data showed that dough rheological characteristics of organic whole wheat flour could be improved with the addition of different materials such as malt flour, cephalaria, rosehip and vital gluten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finger millet and barley malt flours, as well as their blends, were cooked and the hydrolysates were spray dried. These samples along with native millet and barley flours were used for recording X-ray diffraction data in the range 2θ = 2 to 40°. Using an in-house line profile analysis (LPA) program based on the Fourier method, the nano-sized crystallite dimension along with the intrinsic strain present in these cereals have been estimated for the first time. The effects of hydrolyzing the malts and their blends on the nano-sized crystallites have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Wheat bran is an important source of dietary fiber but also contains considerable amounts of phytic acid, which is known to impair mineral absorption. The present study was conducted to investigate the phytic acid reduction in coarse and fine wheat bran by fermentation with the different levels of bakers'' yeast (3, 6 and 9%) for 8h at 30°C, incubation with the different levels of barley malt flour (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) for 8h at pH 5.2 and 55°C, and autoclaving at the different pH levels (pH 5.0, 4.5, 4.0 and 3.5) adjusted with acetic acid for 2h. The phytic acid content of the wheat bran was effectively reduced by all treatments, and the phytic acid lost was in the range of 88.4–96.9%. Without addition of yeast or malt flour, or autoclaving without pH adjustment, the phytic acid content of the bran samples was reduced at most to 44.9% of the initial amounts under the investigated conditions. Increasing the concentration of yeast or malt flour or decreasing the pH towards 3.5 did not enhance the phytic acid reduction. The most reduction occurred after 2h of yeast fermentation and malt flour incubation, and after 30min of autoclaving, which made up 92–98% of the total phytic acid loss. Extending the treatment periods contributed nominally to further increase in the phytic acid reduction, and the rate of the phytic acid loss decreased progressively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The process of red sorghum malt production was monitored three times in five production units (PU) selected upon their ability to produce malt flours having a high capacity to fluidify high-energy-density gruels. Raw, germinated and degermed seeds were analysed for macronutrient, soluble sugars, phytate and cyanide contents and alpha-amylase activity. Know-how differences between producers lay mainly in the duration and type of equipment used for steeping and germination. Moreover, three PUs applied a maturation step before sun-drying and one PU added ashes to steeped seeds before germination. No significant difference was detected in the proximate composition of malts from the five PUs. For all PUs, traditional malting increased the protein content and decreased the lipid and ash contents, while the fibre content was not affected. Significant increases in sugar contents and in alpha-amylase activity were observed but in variable proportions from one PU to another. The phytate content decreased significantly in all PUs. The cyanide content increased in all PUs but more drastically or less drastically according to the PU. Finally, degerming lowered the cyanide content to an acceptable level for human consumption. The between-PU variability may be due either to the nature and origin of the raw seeds or to technological know-how differences between producers. Further investigations are needed to optimize and standardize the malting process with a view to maximizing alpha-amylase and phytase activities and minimizing the variability of their biochemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional non-alcoholic beverage in East Africa, togwa, produced from the flour of maize and germinated finger millet (finger millet malt), was investigated. The preparation techniques of togwa observed in the rural villages of East Africa are described, and the temperature and pH profile of togwa during its manufacture are also shown. Maize and finger millet malt should be the source of starch and amylase, respectively. Maize flour slurry was heated once with stirring up to around 80°C and cooled to about 50°C, and then finger millet malt flour was added to the warm porridge paste and kept at about 50°C for 20 min. The consistency of the paste was suddenly reduced by addition of finger millet malt flour and the gel paste changed to viscous liquid, which was kept in a container and incubated at ambient temperature for 15 h. After incubation it became sweet and was ready to drink without removal of any insoluble materials. Changes in the concentration of glucose and lactic acid of togwa during its maturation period were measured using portable devices until 70 h incubation at the rural village of Tanzania in a dry season. Glucose level increased with incubation and reached the threshold value of sweetness; 24 h incubation later, the lactate level increased and pH decreased. The preparation techniques of a traditional alcoholic beverage, pombe, were also investigated in the same rural locality, and the differences and characteristics of both traditional beverages are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]