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Antioxidants are compounds needed by the body to protect body cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals can damage macromolecules such as cell membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins, and cause cell oxidative stress. Red Guava Fruitghurt is a probiotic with the basic ingredients of fruit. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fruitghurt on the MDA levels in the blood of mice induced by CCl4. This was an experimental study conducted using mice (Mus musculus) which were divided into three treatment groups -- the negative control group (that were not induced and were not given fruitghurt), the positive control group (that were induced with CCl4 but not given fruitghurt), and the treatment group (that were induced with CCl4 and given fruitghurt). The data obtained in the study were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test, and the results showed significant differences between the treatment groups. Giving fruitghurt to the P1 group had a significant effect on reducing malondialdehyde levels compared to the positive control group, with a P-value of 0.03. Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria found in this fruitghurt can reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting ascorbic acid oxidation, reducing activity and capturing radial superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and free radicals, and inhibiting lipid oxidation. So this fruitghurt has antioxidant properties. This is also strengthened by the content of red guava which is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C that have good free radical scavenging activity, so guava fruit is a natural source of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study: is to establish the characteristics of the development of endogenous intoxication during experimental obstruction of the urinary tract. Materials and methods: to achieve this goal, one control and three experimental groups of animals were formed, in which blood was taken from the marginal ear vein on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of the experiment. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: urea, creatinine, total protein and albumin. The level of endogenous intoxication was assessed by the indicators of medium-mass molecules, circulating immune complexes and malon dialdehyde. Results: statistical analysis of blood biochemical parameters and endogenous intoxication markers confirm the link between modern biomarkers of renal injury and morphological changes in the tissues of obstructive and compensatory organs. Conclusion: our findings point to the overstress adaptation mechanisms, the development of oxidative stress and exhibit a high level of endogenous intoxication, resulting in structural and metabolic changes in the affected and in the contralateral kidney.

An overview of cryotherapy, the processes of adaptation to the low temperatures in particular is presented. The effect of short-term exposure to low temperature alteration indicators of the condition of the body was investigated. The results show that the level of reactivity did not change after cryotherapy. It was found that after cryotherapy the concentration of malondialdehyde in plasma levels of athletes had decreased.

Objective: definition of indicators of system prooksidanty-antioxidants at active and passive smoking during pregnancy. Material and methods. On the basis of city clinic for women 39 pregnant women on the term of a gestation of 37 weeks are examined. Questioning, rapid test for identification of a kotinin in urine, determination of level of a malon dialdehyde (MDA) and also activities superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalases is carried out to bloods of surveyed. Patients are divided into 3 groups: I-of 11 smoking pregnant women subject to II-13 to passive smoking at pregnancy, III-control group of 15 women. Results. At patients of I and II groups substantial increase of level MDA in blood serum is noted. Reliable decrease of the activity of SOD of erythrocytes in the I group and insignificant decrease of the activity in II is taped. The indicator of catalase/SOD was statistically higher at active smoking. Conclusion. Active and passive smoking at pregnancy leads to change in prooxidatic and antioxidatic systems.

Introduction Allelopathy means any process involving the secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) produced by plants, algae, bacteria, and fungi (excluding animals) that influences the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems, with positive or negative effects. Plants produce secondary metabolites and in certain circumstances, these can act as phytotoxins, inhibiting or promoting some biochemical or physiological processes in the other plants or organisms. Toxicity of allelochemical compounds include effects on growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, relative growth rate, and oxygen uptake in many crops. Furthermore, the influence of allelochemicals on alpha amylase, oxidase, sucrose synthase activity and malon dialdehyde concentration were analysed. The role of numerous plant secondary metabolites is still unclear, and this raises curiosity for both plant physiologist and ecologists. Inhibitory effects on germination and establishments of crops caused by residues of either crops or weeds have lead to investigation of the release of toxic compounds from such residues. This present study was designed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of milk thistle for controlling common cocklebur in vegetables. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of milk thistle aqueous extract on growth and enzyme activities of common cocklebur seedlings, two separate experiments were carried out in randomized complete design and randomized complete block designs with five and four replications, respectively, in spring 2012 in seed technology laboratory and greenhouse of Azad University, Shoushtar branch, Shoushtar, Iran. Milk thistle aqueous extract concentrations were involved (0, 5, 10 and 15% (v/v)) in petridish and (0, 10, 20 and 30% (v/v)) as spraying on common cocklebur seedlings under greenhouse conditions. Whole plants of milk thistle were gathered from medicine plant farm of Azad University. Then, their flowers were cut and their shoots were dried in 60 °C and grinded. For preparing aqueous extract 100 g powder of milk thistle dissolved in 1000 ml distilled water and maintained at 20 °C. The solution was filtered and cleared. The aqueous extract was considered as stock and other aqueous extracts were prepared from it. After application extract concentration in petridish and pot, seedling fresh weight, activity of sucrose synthase, alpha amylase, catalase enzymes and malon dealdehyde concentration of common cocklebur were measured. Statistical calculations were accomplished through the SPSS software and graphs were drawn by the Excel software. Results and Discussion Results showed that fresh weight of common cocklebur seedlings were affected by milk thistle extract. Milk thistle extract reduced alpha amylase enzyme activity and seedling growth of common cocklebur. In addition, increase in aqueous extract of milk thistle resulted in reduction and increase in catalase and malon dialdehyde concentration in cocklebur seedling; respectively. The minimum alpha amylase enzyme activity (2.1 nM/g seed/min) and seedling fresh weight (0.32 g) were observed in 15% aqueous extract. Malon dialdehyde concentration of cocklebur seedlings was 0.4 (nM/g FW) in 15% aqueous extract of milk thistle. Catalase enzyme activity was the lowest (1.4 nM H2O2/mg Protein/min) and the greatest (27 protein absorption/60s) in 15% aqueous extract of milk thistle. In greenhouse experiment, also, with increasing aqueous extract of milk thistle was reduced seedling fresh weight, catalase and sucrose synthase enzyme activities. Catalase and sucrose enzyme activities were 1.8 (nM H2O2/mg Protein/min) and 2 (nM/ mg protein/min) at 30% aqueous extract of milk thistle. Futhermore, increase in aqueous extract of milk thistle resulting in increase cell memberane destruction and malon dialdehyde concentration in cocklebur seedling tissue. The lowest (0.0029 nM/g FW) and greatest (0.93 nM/g FW) malon dialdehyde concentration was at 30% aqueous extract. Conclusions In this study, with increasing the amount of milk thistle extract, values of measured traits including fresh weight, sucrose synthase and catalase enzymes of cocklebur seedlings compared to control treatment (distilled water) have a decreasing trend, but malon dialdehyde concentration of cocklebur seedlings had increased compared to the control. The destruction of cell membranes under the influence of cocklebur allelopathic compounds can be one reason for the reduced growth of weed seedlings. Reduced sucrose synthase activity, led to reduced production of sucrose that was associated with reduced seedling growth. The present study confirmed that milk thistle can be used as an allelopathic plant for weed suppression in agroecosystems through its release of allelochemicals. Knowledge about the challenges related to the demonstration of allelopathy, as an ecological significant mechanism, is important in the assessment of ecological effects of allelopathic plants.

The activity of the antioxidant system of seedlings obtained from γ- irradiated seeds of wheat were investigated. The germination in high doses of ionizing radiation seed were reduced and the lipid peroxidation one week-old seedlings were stimulated. In the further development of seedlings, differences in the growth and activity of the antioxidant system was leveled. In case treatment with metal humic complexes (Na humate, K humate and Fe humate) the damaging effects of ionizing radiation on plants were reduced.

The activity of the antioxidant system of seedlings obtained from γ- irradiated seeds of wheat were investigated. The germination in high doses of ionizing radiation seed were reduced and the lipid peroxidation one week-old seedlings were stimulated. In the further development of seedlings, differences in the growth and activity of the antioxidant system was leveled. In case treatment with metal humic complexes (Na humate, K humate and Fe humate) the damaging effects of ionizing radiation on plants were reduced.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The beneficial effects of regular exercise in preventing and treating many chronic diseases are known. Considering that the beneficial effects are lost with exhaustion, the purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of cinnamon bark extract (CBE) supplementation in attenuating markers of oxidative stress induced by an exhaustive exercise in male rats.METHODS: Eighteen male rats (200-300gr) were randomly assigned to: (control group) without treatment (exhaustive exercise group) the rats run on a treadmill to exhaustion in the last session and (supplemented group) the rats supplemented with 200 mg/kg/day of CBE for 10 weeks and run on a treadmill to exhaustion in the last session. After exhaustion of rats, blood samples were collected, then total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) method, plasma thiol concentration and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the serum samples by a colorimetric method (Hu) and by TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) method respectively. GPX activity was determined using washed red cell based on Paglia and Valentine method by GPX kit.FINDINGS: Compared to control group (62.01±12.7) activity of GPX in exhaustive group (91.95±18.58) was increased (p

Influence of single total body irradiation and local head irradiation of female rats in doses 2,0 and 6,0 Gy on malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration, on catalase and on superoxiddismutase (SOD) activities in blood was studied in dynamics (7, 14, 30, 90 days after irradiation). Irradiation was fulfilled on X-ray-installation «РУМ-17» (Russia), the power of exposition dose 2,09 · 10-4 C/(kg · sec). Indices changes, which characterize the state of prooxidantiveantioxidantive equilibrium were noted both in the total and local irradiation of the head. Increase of MDA concentration in the blood serum irradiated rats and decrease of catalase and of SОD activities were found. The degree of changes of these indices depends from the type of irradiation (total, local), from the dose and from the term of observation. Changes of antioxidative system fermentale activities were less expressed after single local irradiation of the head.

Benzo[a]pyrene(B[a]P) is one of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. As a ubiquitous persistent organic pollutant found in the environment, it poses a serious threat to soil quality. Overestimating environmental risks has frequently been observed in the traditional approach because the desired level of B[a]P was achieved in soil by one-time addition. If a high dose of B[a]P was added into soil at a time, B[a]P did not have enough time to diffuse or move to remote sites of soil matrix, and thus the majority of B[a]P was present in the aqueous phase due to the short soil-B[a]P contact time. Therefore, in this study we proposed a new multiple-time addition(pollution) method, aiming to simulate the process of B[a] P entering soil reliably. In the multiple-time addition, B[a]P was added into soil step by step for 12 times, with the final concentration 1 200μg.kg-1 . In the one-time addition experiment, all the B[ a] P was added into soil at a time. The soil samples prepared by multiple-time and one-time addition were allowed for aging for 1,7,14,28 and 56 d at 25°C under the sterile condition, and the earthworms were incubated in the aged soils for a period of 7 days. The effects of multiple-time and one-time addition of B[a]P on its availability in soil and bioaccumulation in earthworms as well as malon dialdehyde (MDA) content in earthworms (Eisenia foetida) coelo-mocytes were investigated. Results showed that the available(Tenax-TA extractable) B[a] P contents in soil rapidly decreased at the initial aging stage(1-28 d),and afterwards slowed down(29-56 d). B[ a] P accumulated in earthworms and MDA contents in earthworms declined as B[a]P aged in soil. The highly significant positive correlation(R2 =0. 893 2,P<0. 01)was found between the available contents of B[a]P in soil and the quantities of B[a]P accumulated in earthworms. Moreover, the MDA content in earthworm coelomocytes were positively correlated with the available B[a] P contents and accumulated amounts of B[a] P in earthworms, with best-fit regression equations and correlation coefficients R2 = 0. 858 9 and 0. 751 5, respectively. In the multiple-time addition treatments, the average available B[a]P contents in soil were 23.38% lower than those in the one-time addition treatments. Moreover, the amounts of B[a]P enriched in earthworms in the multiple-time addition treatments were 22.42% to 77.42% of those in the one-time addition treatments. The MDA content in earthworms in the samples of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers under the B[a]P multiple-time addition treatments were 13.76% and 41.38% lower than those under the B[a]P one-time addition treatments, respectively. This result indicated that the soil available B[a]P contents and B[a]P toxicity to earthworm in the multiple-time addition experiments were lower than that in the one-time addition treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the levels of malon dialdehyde (MDA); a lipid peroxide product, total nitrite; a stabile product of nitric oxide (NO), and adrenomedulin (AM), to determine whether their levels are altered in premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and to search for their possible pathophysiological role in this peculiar syndrome. Twenty-one patients aged between 28 and 37 years, who had regular menses for at least six previous cycles, and were in general good health condition, were taken into the study. Blood samples were obtained from each patient at the 3rd and 21st day of their menstrual cycles. AM, nitrite, MDA and estradiol levels have been assessed in these samples for each patient. No statistically significant difference in terms of age, parity and body mass index was detected among groups ( P > 0.05). Nitric oxide levels were higher on the 3rd day, compared to 21st day in the study group, and this difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). In the study group, 21st day AM levels were significantly higher when compared to the control group ( P < 0.05). Even though various stress symptoms are present in PMS, there is no change in the levels of MDA, an oxidative distress indicator but AM and NO may have a pathophysiological role on this enigmatic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between plasma and tissue oxidative stress and the antioxidative response, by measuring malon dialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in late sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Materials and methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study in rats was done. Forty rats, weighing 200–250 g, were randomly divided into two groups (n = 20). In group 1, laparotomy was performed under aseptic conditions, and the cecum ligated and perforated. The abdomen was closed. In group 2, sham control, there was only laparotomy. Twenty-four hours later, blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture for plasma MDA and GSH, followed by harvesting of samples from lung, liver, kidney, and heart in both groups. Results: In the liver, lung, plasma, heart, and kidney, MDA concentrations were increased in the sepsis group after 24 h (P < 0.001 for all organ samples). In the same organs, GSH concentrations were decreased by sepsis (P < 0.001 for all organ samples). In both groups, plasma MDA was positively correlated to MDA in heart (r = 0.82, P < 0.001), liver (r = 0.76, P < 0.001), lung (r = 0.78, P < 0.001), and kidney (r = 0.73, P < 0.001). Similarly, plasma GSH was positively correlated to GSH in liver (r = 0.93, P < 0.001), heart (r = 0.86, P < 0.001), lung (r = 0.91, P < 0.001), and kidney (r = 0.79, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Plasma MDA and GSH were positively correlated with tissue MDA and GSH in intra-abdominal sepsis in a rat model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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