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Lead exposure poses a significant threat to male reproductive health, particularly in relation to testosterone regulation. This review critically examines the mechanisms of Lead absorption, distribution and accumulation, with a specific focus on its effects on testosterone levels. A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted to explore Lead's impact on male reproductive organs at both histological and physiological levels, highlighting recent advancements in the field. Lead exposure has been shown to disrupt testosterone biosynthesis and feedback mechanisms, leading to decreased testosterone levels and impaired spermatogenesis. Furthermore, emerging research indicates that Lead may interfere with the epigenetic regulation of spermatogenesis, introducing additional complexity to its harmful effects. Potential therapeutic interventions, including chelation therapy and natural remedies were also evaluated. This review emphasizes the detrimental consequences of Lead exposure on male reproductive function and underscores the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Continued research is necessary to identify new treatment and prevention options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Male infertility presents global challenges, as current drug-based treatments demonstrate limited effectiveness due to an incomplete understanding of dysfunctions within the reproductive system. However, there is growing optimism surrounding natural products, particularly flavonoids, which offer promising therapeutic options. Extensive research has unveiled the positive impact of flavonoids on testicular structure, spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. Main body Flavonoids have diverse functions such as immune-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. These properties make them potential inhibitors of male reproductive system problems. This narrative review aims to evaluate the effects of different flavonoids on male reproductive disorders by examining the phytochemical ingredients, traditional applications, potential pharmacological actions, documented effects, and therapeutic applications of flavonoids in functional abnormalities of the male reproductive system. Conclusion This review elaborates on the scientific study findings of flavonoids and recommends their use in male infertility.

There is a structural basis for invasion of the male reproductive system by the novel coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current evidence suggests this virus can cause substantial damage to male testicles, leading to decreased testosterone levels, increased luteinizing hormone levels, and a decrease in sperm production and quality. Potential mechanisms for this damage include local inflammation of the testes, cytokine storms and fever. SARS-CoV-2 has strong transmissive ability, and its impact on the male reproductive system deserves attention. In view of the limited existing research, the aim of this study was to review the impact of the novel coronavirus on male reproduction and the potential mechanism.

Background: Male infertility presents global challenges, as current drug-based treatments demonstrate limited effectiveness due to an incomplete understanding of dysfunctions within the reproductive system. However, there is growing optimism surrounding natural products, particularly flavonoids, which offer promising therapeutic options. Extensive research has unveiled the positive impact of flavonoids on testicular structure, spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. Main body: Flavonoids have diverse functions such as immune-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. These properties make them potential inhibitors of male reproductive system problems. This narrative review aims to evaluate the effects of different flavonoids on male reproductive disorders by examining the phytochemical ingredients, traditional applications, potential pharmacological actions, documented effects, and therapeutic applications of flavonoids in functional abnormalities of the male reproductive system. Conclusion: This review elaborates on the scientific study findings of flavonoids and recommends their use in male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress-oxidative-induced sexual dysfunction has been widely reported to be associated with drug use disorders, particularly buprenorphine (Bu). This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of L-carnitine (LC) in ameliorating stress-induced oxidative sexual dysfunction in a rat model of Bu addiction. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 16) including the control (received tap water), Bu, and Bu + LC groups. On days 28 and 56 (as short and long time use of Bu, respectively) from the start of the study, eight rats from each group were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected for sex hormonal assays, including free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) using ELISA. To analyze the sperm parameters, testicular anti-oxidant capacity, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analysis, the rats were sacrificed after collecting blood samples. The long-term Bu group exhibited the lowest sperm parameter index, mRNA and protein expression levels of BCL2, antioxidant activity, as well as the highest mRNA expression levels of caspase-3 and BAX, protein expression of BAX, and histological and hormonal changes. The LC + Bu group showed the higher and lower sperm parameter index, mRNA and protein expression level of BCL2, and antioxidant activity than those of the Bu and control groups, respectively. In addition, LC + Bu showed the lowest and highest mRNA expression levels of caspase-3 and BAX, protein expression of BAX, and histological and hormonal changes than those of the Bu and control groups, respectively. The administration of LC showed promising results in alleviating Bu-induced testicular degeneration by increasing testicular antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the apoptosis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We recently reported that extract prepared from the aerial part of Cichorium intybus L. (CE) possesses hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. This paper focuses on the effects of CE on the male rat reproductive system and the effects of this treatment on pregnancy and offspring development. Methods: The experimental male rats received 100 mg/kg bw/day, 500 mg/kg bw/day, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day of CE orally for 60 consecutive days. Rats that received tap water were used as controls. After treatment, we evaluated the effects of CE on the male reproductive system, fertility, and offspring development. Results: For CE-treated male rats, there was a significant increase in the (1) diameter of seminiferous tubules, (2) spermatogenic index, (3) number of total and motile spermatozoa, and (4) testosterone levels. Additionally, there was a decrease in the pre- and post-implantation death of the embryos in the CE-treated group. All pups born from CE-treated males demonstrated normal development. Conclusions: CE treatment significantly improved male reproductive functions. No adverse effects on pregnancy and offspring development were observed when males were treated with CE. Further clinical evaluation of CE should lead to the development of a safe and effective phytodrug for treating male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly contagious disease that threatens the global swine industry. Recent studies have focused on the damage that PRRSV causes to the reproductive system of male pigs, although pathological research is lacking. Therefore, we examined the pathogenic mechanisms in male piglets infected with PRRSV. Gross and histopathological changes indicated that PRRSV affected the entire reproductive system, as confirmed via immunohistochemical analysis. PRRSV infected Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. To test the new hypothesis that PRRSV infection in piglets impairs blood – testis barrier (BTB) development, we investigated the pathology of PRRSV damage in the BTB. PRRSV infection significantly decreased the quantity and proliferative capacity of Sertoli cells constituting the BTB. Zonula occludens-1 and β-catenin were downregulated in cell – cell junctions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several crucial genes and signalling pathways involved in the growth and development of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and tight junctions in the testes were downregulated. Apoptosis, necroptosis, inflammatory, and oxidative stress-related pathways were activated, whereas hormone secretion-related pathways were inhibited. Many Sertoli cells and spermatogonia underwent apoptosis during early differentiation. Infected piglets exhibited disrupted androgen secretion, leading to significantly reduced testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone levels. A cytokine storm occurred, notably upregulating cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Markers of oxidative-stress damage (i.e. H2O2, malondialdehyde, and glutathione) were upregulated, whereas antioxidant-enzyme activities (i.e. superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase) were downregulated. Our results demonstrated that PRRSV infected multiple organs in the male reproductive system, which impaired growth in the BTB.

Orange Bombax ceiba (B. ceiba) is an indigenous plant, and its stamen is an important ingredient in traditional Lanna food. There are limitations in scientific reports on the effects of the biological activities of B. ceiba stamens on the male reproductive system. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical compounds of the orange B. ceiba stamen and its potential effect on the antioxidant properties and quality of cattle sperm treated with Fe. The orange BUE had the highest total phenolics, total tannins, total monomeric anthocyanins, and maximal antioxidant potential. The orange BAE had the highest concentration of total flavonoids. LC-QTOF/MS showed that the orange BUE contained the highest number of phytochemical compounds related to male reproductive enhancement. The orange BUE enhanced sperm motility, and both the orange BUE and the BAE enhanced sperm viability and normal sperm morphology via free radical scavenging. It might be suggested that B. ceiba stamens have benefits for sperm preservation, sperm quality, and increasing the economic value of local plants, and that they may be developed and used to guard against oxidative stress from cryodamage induced by frozen semen technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/Background: Natural products are preferred over synthetic drug as fertility enhancers as they are cost effective. Infertility among men of reproductive age keeps rising. Synthetic drugs ameliorate the problem but leave adverse side effects as men advance in age, hence the need for alternative medicine. Tom brown weaning diet is a processed cereal-based powdery blend which is cooked into a semi-liquid food for children from 6 months and contains good nutrient levels. This work focused on the effects of Tom brown weaning diet on testes of Wistar rats. Method: Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups namely: Control group, 50% tom brown group and 100% tom brown group. Control received only rat chow, 50% Tom brown group received tom brown diet and normal rat chows at 12 h cycle per time. This cycle was repeated till the end of the experiment. 50% Tom brown group received only tom brown diet throughout the experimental period. The testes were excised, measured, and processed for morphological and histological analysis. Results: Average testicular weight and relative weight in the 50% tom brown, 100% tom brown and control groups were not significant at alpha level of P = .05. This was also supported by the normal histological features seen in sections of the testes of rats in all groups as there were no shrinking and denser spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules. Hormonal analysis showed a non-significant difference in the level of FSH and LH at alpha levels of P=0.05. However, testosterone level increased significantly in 100% group compared to 50% and the control group at P= .05. Also, GCMS study on the diet revealed 30 compounds in the diet. Conclusion: This study revealed that Tom brown diet has no detectable damaging effect(s) on the testes but could improve the cytoarchitecture and enhance fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although estrogenic compounds promise therapeutic potential in treating various conditions, concerns regarding their endocrine-disrupting effects have been raised. Current methodologies for screening estrogenicity in rodent models are limited to the female-specific uterotrophic bioassay. Studies have reported enlargement of the seminal vesicles in orchiectomized males treated with estrogens. However, identifying estrogenicity strictly through changes in wet weights is uninformative regarding the molecular mechanisms of these agents. Therefore, protein-based biomarkers can complement and improve the sensitivity of weight-based assessments. To this end, we present a discovery-driven proteomic analysis of 17β-estradiol’s effects on the seminal vesicles. Methods: We treated orchidectomized mice with the hormone for five days and used the vehicle-treated group as a control. Seminal vesicles were analyzed by shotgun approach using data-dependent nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and label-free quantification. Proteins found to be differentially expressed between the two groups were processed through a bioinformatics pipeline focusing on pathway analyses and assembly of protein interaction networks. Results: Out of 668 identified proteins that passed rigorous validation criteria, 133 were regulated significantly by 17β-estradiol. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® linked them to several hormone-affected pathways, including those associated with immune function such as neutrophil degranulation. The altered protein interaction networks were also related to functions including endocrine disruption, abnormal metabolism, and therapeutic effects. Conclusions: We identified several potential biomarkers for estrogenicity in mouse seminal vesicles, many of them not previously linked with exogenous 17β-estradiol exposure.

There are few scientific reports on the histology of the phallus of ratite birds. The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to determine the distribution of smooth muscle cells and the volumetric density (Vv) of the fibres of the elastic system in the ostrich phallus. Adult ostriches, 14 months old, were used. The phalluses were fixed in Bouin's solution and then transferred to a buffered formalin solution. They were then processed using standard histological stains for paraffin and slices were obtained. The following techniques were performed: HE, Picrosirius red, Alcian Blue at pH 1.0 and 2.5. The Periodic acid‐Schiff reagent and Weigert's Resorcin‐Fuchsin with previous oxidation were performed. The M42 test system was used to quantify the elastic system fibres. For immunohistochemical analysis, an anti alpha smooth muscle actin monoclonal antibody was used. The surface of the phallus is covered by a non‐keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which becomes stratified cylindrical in the region of the spermatic sulcus. No glands associated with the connective tissue were observed. The Vv of the elastic system fibres was 4.75%. Smooth muscle cells were visualized only in the walls of blood vessels through immunostaining, with an absence in the lymphatic sinuses. Despite similarities with other birds, such as the presence of a fibrous external axis, a lymphatic core, and a spermatic groove, the ostrich phallus shows marked differences, including the absence of an elastic core, a non‐keratinized lining epithelium, and the absence of glands throughout its extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sleep-related variables on the reproductive system has garnered attention in recent years. One of the mediators that reportedly plays an important role in the relationship between sleep disorders and the reproductive system is a disruption of the circadian rhythm. The aim of curent study is to investigate the effect of chronotype on morning semen quality. Three-hundred and fourteen patients who applied to the infertility clinic were included in the study. The patients filled a socio-demographic data form. The "Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the sleep quality while the chronotypes of the patients were evaluated with the "Morningness –Eveningness-Questionnaire (MEQ)". Semen analyses and biochemical analysis for testosterone serum plasma level of all patients were performed. Twenty-one patients were assigned as evening, 187 patients were assigned as intermediate, and 106 were assigned as morning chronotype. No statistically significant difference was identified in the comparison of the mean MEQ scores between patients with low and normal sperm concentrations(p = 0.884). A correlation analysis indicated the presence of a significant positive correlation between normal morphology and MEQ scores (r = 0.13, p < 0.05) and a negative corelation between the hours spent in bed and sperm concentration (r = -0.13, p < 0.05). A general linear model created with independent variables suggested that the presence of varicocele and MEQ scores had a significant effect on normal morphology. The results of present study support that evening type could negatively affect sperm morphology; additionally, the time spent in bed also negatively affected sperm concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revija Šport is the property of Sport: Revija Za Teoreticna in Praticna Vprasanja Sporta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BackgroundHuman exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is known to result in adverse effects in multiple organ systems. However, the impact of SHS on the male reproductive system, particularly on the regulation of genes and molecular pathways that govern sperm production, maturation, and functions remains largely understudied.ObjectiveWe investigated the effects of SHS on the testis transcriptome in a validated mouse model.MethodsAdult male mice were exposed to SHS (5 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 months) as compared to controls (clean air-exposed). RNA-seq analysis was performed on the testis of SHS-exposed mice and controls. Variant discovery and plink association analyses were also conducted to detect exposure-related transcript variants in SHS-treated mice.ResultsExposure of mice to SHS resulted in the aberrant expression of 131 testicular genes. Whilst approximately two thirds of the differentially expressed genes were protein-coding, the remaining (30.5%) comprised noncoding elements, mostly lncRNAs (19.1%). Variant discovery analysis identified a homozygous frameshift variant that is statistically significantly associated with SHS exposure (P = 7.744e-06) and is generated by retention of a short intron within Pde1a, a key regulator of spermatogenesis. Notably, this SHS-associated intron variant harbors an evolutionarily conserved, premature termination codon (PTC) that disrupts the open reading frame of Pde1a, presumably leading to its degradation via nonsense-mediated decay.DiscussionSHS alters the expression of genes involved in molecular pathways that are crucial for normal testis development and function. Preferential targeting of lncRNAs in the testis of SHS-exposed mice is especially significant considering their crucial role in the spatial and temporal modulation of spermatogenesis. Equally important is our discovery of a novel homozygous frameshift variant that is exclusively and significantly associated with SHS-exposure and is likely to represent a safeguard mechanism to regulate transcription of Pde1a and preserve normal testis function during harmful exposure to environmental agents.

Bees are essential pollinating insects that significantly contribute to crop production. However, the use of pesticides in modern agriculture has resulted in bees being exposed to a plethora of harmful substances. Larvae of bees are particularly susceptible to exposure, as they can consume contaminated larval food during development. This study opportunely examined the effects of fungicides and insecticides on the size and shape of the genitalia of Scaptotrigona bipunctata (Lepeletier, 1836) males (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) during larval development when experimental design was structured to obtain female bees (workers). Therefore, the geometric morphometric analyses were based on male bees that opportunistically emerged. Our findings showed a significant difference in the size of the genitalia of S. bipunctata males exposed to a systemic fungicide during larval development, while the genital shape remained similar. Although the exact impact of these morphological changes on the reproductive success of S. bipunctata males is uncertain, they suggest an adverse effect of pesticides on bees.

There is a paucity of studies on the multigenerational reproductive toxicity of fine particle matter (PM2.5) exposure during pregnancy on male offspring and the underlying mechanisms. This study explored the effects of PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy on the spermatogenesis of three consecutive generations of male mouse offspring. We randomized pregnant C57BL/6 mice into the control group, the Quartz Fiber Membrane control group, and two experimental groups exposed to different concentrations of PM2.5 (4.8 and 43.2 mg/kg B.Wt.). Pregnant mice from experimental groups received intratracheal instillation of PM2.5 of different doses on a three-day basis until birth. F1 mature male offspring from PM2.5-exposed pregnant mice were mated with normal female C57BL/6 mice. Likewise, their F2 mature male followed the same to produce the F3 generation. The results showed that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy led to decreased body and tail length, body weight, and survival rates, decreased sperm concentration and sperm motility, and increased sperm abnormality rates significantly in F1 male offspring. We barely observed significant impacts of PM2.5 on the birth number, survival rates, and index of testes in the F2 and F3 offspring. Further exploration showed that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy caused the morphological abnormality of Sertoli cells, downregulated androgen receptor (AR) and connexin43, upregulated anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), cytokeratin-18 (CK-18), caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3, decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and testosterone (T), and increased triiodothyronine (T3) in F1 male mouse offspring. Overall, we hypothesize that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy mainly negatively impacts spermatogenesis in the F1 offspring. The possible mechanism could be that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy disrupts endocrine hormone release in the F1 generation, thereby influencing the maturation and proliferation of their Sertoli cells and hindering spermatogenesis. This study for the first time investigates the role of Sertoli cells in the reproductive toxicity of PM2.5 on offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Nowadays, infertility problems impose a heavy burden on many developing countries. Previous studies have shown that the testes are a target organ of cadmium poisoning, which may explain the decline in male fertility. On the other hand, many studies have shown protective and antioxidative properties of silymarin against adverse effects of chemotherapy medications and environmental toxins in sperms and oocytes. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the protective effect of silymarin against cadmium nanoparticle-induced toxicity in the reproductive system of rats. Materials & Methods In this experimental study, 60 male rats weighing 190±10g, aged 90 days, were divided into six groups of 10 each. Rats of each group received cadmium (10mg/kg body weight) and silymarin (200 mg/kg body weight), for 14 and 28 days, according to the experimental protocol. After killing the male rats, blood tissue samples were collected, and their serum was separated. Then luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone were evaluated by the ELISA method. Also, serum levels of antioxidants, including malondialdehyde, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were investigated. Findings After nano-cadmium treatment, the levels of male sex hormones, including luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone, as well as the levels of antioxidants, including malondialdehyde, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase, decreased. However, after a longer period of time (14 and 28 days, respectively), the levels of hormones and antioxidants improved significantly due to the effect of silymarin (p<0.05). Conclusion Silymarin significantly reduces cadmium-induced reproductive damage in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The human reproductive system can be affected by occupational exposure to many physical and chemical risk factors. This study was carried out to review the studies conducted on the issue of the pathophysiological effects of occupational physical and chemical risk factors on the reproductive system of females and males. In this systematic review, the databases such as “Google Scholar,” “Pub-Med,” “Scopus,” and “Web of Science” were used. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020), the studies included in our study were published between 2000 and 2021. In order to extract the required data, all sections of the articles were reviewed. Out of 57 articles we reviewed, 34 articles were related to field studies and 23 articles to clinical studies. Among them, 43 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of chemical agents, six studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physical factors, and 8 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physicochemical factors on the human reproductive system. Physical (noise, heat, and radiofrequency radiation) and chemical (such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, NO2, CS2, manganese, lead, nickel, and n-hexane) risk factors had pathophysiological effects on the human reproductive system. The presence of these risk factors in the workplace caused damage to the human reproductive system. The rate of these negative pathophysiological effects can be reduced by performing appropriate managerial, technical, and engineering measures in work environments.

Background: We recently reported that extract prepared from the aerial part of Cichorium intybus L. (CE) possesses hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. This paper focuses on the effects of CE on the male rat reproductive system and the effects of this treatment on pregnancy and offspring development. Methods: The experimental male rats received 100 mg/kg bw/day, 500 mg/kg bw/day, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day of CE orally for 60 consecutive days. Rats that received tap water were used as controls. After treatment, we evaluated the effects of CE on the male reproductive system, fertility, and offspring development. Results: For CE-treated male rats, there was a significant increase in the (1) diameter of seminiferous tubules, (2) spermatogenic index, (3) number of total and motile spermatozoa, and (4) testosterone levels. Additionally, there was a decrease in the pre- and post-implantation death of the embryos in the CE-treated group. All pups born from CE-treated males demonstrated normal development. Conclusions: CE treatment significantly improved male reproductive functions. No adverse effects on pregnancy and offspring development were observed when males were treated with CE. Further clinical evaluation of CE should lead to the development of a safe and effective phytodrug for treating male infertility.

China has the world's largest reserves of rare earth elements (REEs), but widespread mining and application of REEs has led to an increased risk of potential pollution. Yttrium (Y), the first heavy REEs to be discovered, poses a substantial threat to human health. Unfortunately, little attention has been given to the impact of Y on human reproductive health. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of YCl3 on mouse testes and four types of testicular cells, including Sertoli, Leydig, spermatogonial and spermatocyte cells. The results showed that YCl3 exposure causes substantial damage to mouse testes and induces apoptosis and autophagy, but not pyroptosis or necrosis, in testicular cells. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that YCl3 induced significant changes in gene expression, with Ca2+ and mitochondria-related genes being the most significantly altered. Mechanistically, YCl3 exposure induced mitochondrial dysfunction in testicular cells, triggering the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by impairing the Nrf2 pathway, regulating downstream Ho-1 target protein expression, and increasing Ca2+ levels to activate the CamkII/Ampk signaling pathway. Blocking ROS production or Ca2+ signaling significantly attenuates apoptosis and autophagy, while supplementation with Ca2+ reverses the suppression of apoptosis and autophagy by ROS blockade in testicular cells. Notably, apoptosis and autophagy induced by YCl3 treatment are independent of each other. Thus, our study suggests that YCl3 may impair the antioxidant stress signaling pathway and activate the calcium pathway through the ROS-Ca2+ axis, which promotes testicular cell apoptosis and autophagy independently, thus inducing testicular damage and impairing male reproductive function.

The blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is an important medical and forensic insect that is the main cause of ovine cutaneous myiasis. In the field of medical treatment using maggot therapy, this species could help to heal incurable infections. The morphological identification of the adult wing and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of the first instar larvae was carried out and confirmed by DNA identification of the 3rd instar larvae of L. cuprina. The results showed a fraction of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) spanning approximately 269 bp. The topology of the Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree indicated that L. cuprina species were assigned correctly to the subfamily Luciliinae, family Calliphoridae. The male reproductive system comprises two testes, a pair of vasa differentia and a pair of accessory glands, a vesicula seminalis, and an ejaculatory duct. This inquired species has the common conventional spermatozoal pattern of Calliphoridae, a single-layered acrosome at the apex, a consolidated nucleus, totally crystallized mitochondrial derivatives, and an axoneme with a 9+9+2 microtubular configuration. This investigation revealed for the first time detailed morphological and mitochondrial DNA identification, as well as the morphology of the male reproductive system and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in L. cuprina, collected from Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) manifests many clinical symptoms, including an exacerbated immune response and cytokine storm. Autoantibodies in COVID-19 may have severe prodromal effects that are poorly understood. The interaction between these autoantibodies and self-antigens can result in systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. However, the role of autoantibodies in COVID-19 complications has yet to be fully understood. Methods: The current investigation screened two independent cohorts of 97 COVID-19 patients [discovery (Disc) cohort from Qatar (case = 49 vs. control = 48) and replication (Rep) cohort from New York (case = 48 vs. control = 28)] utilizing high-throughput KoRectly Expressed (KREX) Immunome protein-array technology. Total IgG autoantibody responses were evaluated against 1,318 correctly folded and full-length human proteins. Samples were randomly applied on the precoated microarray slides for 2 h. Cy3-labeled secondary antibodies were used to detect IgG autoantibody response. Slides were scanned at a fixed gain setting using the Agilent fluorescence microarray scanner, generating a 16-bit TIFF file. Group comparisons were performed using a linear model and Fisher's exact test. Differentially expressed proteins were used for KEGG and WIKIpathway annotation to determine pathways in which the proteins of interest were significantly over-represented. Results and conclusion: Autoantibody responses to 57 proteins were significantly altered in the COVID-19 Disc cohort compared to healthy controls (p = 0.05). The Rep cohort had altered autoantibody responses against 26 proteins compared to non-COVID-19 ICU patients who served as controls. Both cohorts showed substantial similarities (r 2 = 0.73) and exhibited higher autoantibody responses to numerous transcription factors, immunomodulatory proteins, and human disease markers. Analysis of the combined cohorts revealed elevated autoantibody responses against SPANXN4, STK25, ATF4, PRKD2, and CHMP3 proteins in COVID-19 patients. The sequences for SPANXN4 and STK25 were cross-validated using sequence alignment tools. ELISA and Western blot further verified the autoantigen-autoantibody response of SPANXN4. SPANXN4 is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility, which may predict a potential role for this protein in COVID-19-associated male reproductive tract complications, and warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paucity of data on research funding levels for male reproductive health (MRH). We investigated the research funding for MRH and infertility by examining publicly accessible web-databases from the UK and USA government funding agencies. Information on the funding was collected from the UKRI-GTR, the NIHR's Open Data Summary, and the USA's NIH RePORT web-databases. Funded projects between January 2016 and December 2019 were recorded and funding support was divided into three research categories: (i) male-based; (ii) female-based; and (iii) not-specified. Between January 2016 and December 2019, UK agencies awarded a total of £11,767,190 to 18 projects for male-based research and £29,850,945 to 40 projects for female-based research. There was no statistically significant difference in the median funding grant awarded within the male-based and female-based categories (p = 0.56, W = 392). The USA NIH funded 76 projects totalling $59,257,746 for male-based research and 99 projects totalling $83,272,898 for female-based research Again, there was no statistically significant difference in the median funding grant awarded between the two research categories (p = 0.83, W = 3834). This is the first study examining funding granted by main government research agencies from the UK and USA for MRH. This results should stimulate further discussion of the challenges of tackling male infertility and reproductive health disorders and formulating appropriate investment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the effect of para-pharmaceutical features of Virilis containing Cordyceps sinensis, Fructus Liccii, Coix Lachrima jobi and Royal jelli on blood supply to the male reproductive system (MRS) in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) and chronic prostatitis. The technique is Doppler ultrasound blood vessels of the penis, prostate, testicular after a single and five weeks reception of Virilis. A significant increase in blood flow of velocity of integral indicators MEAs is viewed. Research justifies the use of Virilis in patients with erectile dysfunction and hemodynamic prostatopathy.

This research aims to investigate if ginseng may aid in the reduction of the harmful influence of heatstress on the male reproductive system and the level of heat shock protein70. Eighty mature quails were randomly distributed to four equal groups: the control one reared under normal temperature, the heat-stressed group reared under the temperature of 39±1°C for 4 hrs/day, the heat-stressed group treated with ginseng 500 mg/kg diet, and a group reared under normal temperature and treated with ginseng 500 mg/kg diet. The results showed a significant decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total antioxidant capacity, body weight, testis weight, the total number of sperm, and percentage of living sperm, accompanied by a significant increase in MCV, MCHC, heterophil, H/L ratio, heat shock protein70, percentage of dead and malformed sperm in quails exposed to heat stress compared with control. Dietary supplementation of ginseng to birdsexposed to heat stress significantly increased the studiedparameters in comparison to the group under stress. While, the addition of the nutritional supplement ginseng alone led to a significant increase in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, TAC, low percentage of monocytes, H/L ratio, and heat shock protein70, compared to the control. We conclude that the administration of ginseng as a diet additive can ameliorate the effects caused by heat stress in quail, which is attributed to the antioxidant effect of Panax ginseng and its ability for scavenging free radicals.

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome—Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) around the world has rapidly sparked the interest of the scientific community to discover its implications in human health. Many studies have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is directly or indirectly involved in the male reproductive tract impairment. Some evidence supports the possible role of the virus in male infertility. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the relationship between the male urogenital tract, male fertility, and the gonadal hormone profile. The testis is one of the organs with the highest expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2-receptor that allows the virus to penetrate human cells. Orchitis is a possible clinical manifestation of COVID-19 and testicular damage has been found on autopsy in the testes of patients who died from the disease. SARS-CoV-2 infection can compromise the blood-testis barrier, favoring testicular damage and the production of anti-sperm autoantibodies. Some studies have detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and a high percentage of patients with COVID-19 have altered sperm parameters compared to controls. Finally, lower testosterone levels, higher luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and decreased follicle-stimulating (FSH)/LH and testosterone/LH ratios suggest primary testicular damage. In conclusion, further studies are needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the male reproductive system and fertility and to evaluate the reversibility of its long-term effects.

High-fat diet (HFD) intake can cause overweight and obesity and has become a global public health concern in recent years. Nutritional adversity at vulnerable windows of development can affect developing cells and their functions, including germ cells. Evidence shows that parental HFD intake prior to conception and/or during gestation and lactation could program the reproductive health of male offspring, ultimately resulting in impairment of the first as well as subsequent generations. In male offspring, adipose tissue and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis imbalance can impair the production of gonadotropins, leading to dysfunction of testosterone production and pubertal onset. The gonads can be directly impaired through oxidative stress, causing poor testosterone production and spermatogenesis; low sperm count, viability, and motility; and abnormal sperm morphology, which results in low sperm quality. Parental HFD intake could also be a risk factor for prostate hyperplasia and cancer in advanced age. It can impact the reproductive pattern of male offspring resulting in impairments in the subsequent generations. The investigation of semen quality must be extended to epidemiological and clinical studies of the male offspring of overweight and/or obese parents in order to improve the quality of human semen. This review addresses the effects of parental HFD intake on the reproductive parameters of male offspring and discusses the possible underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectin-like molecules play a key role in mammalian sperm functionality. These multifunctional proteins have been proven to be involved in sperm capacitation, sperm motility, and viability, formation of the oviductal sperm reservoir, and in sperm-oocyte interaction. In a previous study, we reported the presence of a novel seminal plasma lectin, sperm lectin 15 kDa (SL15), adsorbed to the llama sperm. In order to gain knowledge in the understanding of SL15 and its functions, the aims of this study were to (a) elucidate the presence and localization of SL15 in the llama male reproductive tract and sperm, and (b) determine whether the sperm cryopreservation process of cooling and freeze-thawing affects the SL15 levels and distribution on llama sperm. We found that SL15 protein was expressed along the male reproductive system: testis, epididymis, prostate, and bulbourethral glands, being the prostate the main site of SL15 secretion. SL15 was localized on the sperm head, following different localization patterns. In order to understand if sperm cryopreservation induces modifications in the SL15 adsorption pattern, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis were carried out on fresh, 24 h cooled, and frozen-thawed sperm. Both cooled and frozen sperm showed particular SL15 patterns, that were not observed in the freshly ejaculated, indicating loss of SL15. Flow cytometry analysis also exhibited a decrease of SL15 in the cooled sperm (P < 0.05), whereas a tendency to decrease was found in frozen-thawed sperm (P < 0.1) when compared with freshly ejaculated sperm. This study extends the knowledge about the SL15 in the llama male physiology and provides evidence that cryopreservation-related techniques disrupt SL15 adsorption to the sperm membrane, possibly affecting sperm functionality and fertility. • The sperm lectin SL15 is mainly produced by the prostate. • SL15 is located mainly in the acrosomal region of llama ejaculated sperm. • Cooling and freezing processes modify the SL15 localization pattern of llama sperm. • Cooling causes a decrease of SL15 in llama sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aerva lanata, a herb used as food and also consumed as a tonic by pregnant women to relieve stomach pains and prevent miscarriage. In addition to other characterized properties, it possesses antifertility and anti-implantation activities. Objective: This study investigates the testicular toxicity of the testes of offsprings of Dams treated with crude aqueous extract of Aerva lanata. Materials and Methods: 25 pregnant Wistar rats (Dams) weighing 180-240 gr were randomly earmarked into 5 groups (n = 5/each). Group A served as control; groups B, C, D, and E received 200, 400, 800, and 1000 mg/kg body weight of Aerva lanata extract, respectively, beginning from 12th to 19th day of gestation. The pups (delivered of Dams) were weighed, observed, and sacrificed 6 wk post-parturition. The testes of the male pups were obtained for histological procedures the testis histology was examined. Results: No gross malformation was observed in the treatment groups, the number of pups/litter was significantly reduced in group E (p = 0.01), pups weight analysis showed a significant reduction in groups C and E (p = 0.04, and 0.02 respectively), and the mean pup testes weight was significantly reduced in groups B, C, D, and E (p = 0.03, 0.03, 0.01, and < 0.001 respectively) when compared with control. Histologically, the treated pup testes tissues showed varying degrees of disruption and distortion of the cellular arrangements of the germinal epithelium in a dose dependent manner compared to the control. Conclusion: The study revealed a testicular toxicity and possibly antifertility role of Aerva lanata in dams’ pups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) manifests many clinical symptoms, including an exacerbated immune response and cytokine storm. Autoantibodies in COVID-19 may have severe prodromal effects that are poorly understood. The interaction between these autoantibodies and self-antigens can result in systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. However, the role of autoantibodies in COVID-19 complications has yet to be fully understood.Methods: The current investigation screened two independent cohorts of 97 COVID-19 patients [discovery (Disc) cohort from Qatar (case = 49 vs. control = 48) and replication (Rep) cohort from New York (case = 48 vs. control = 28)] utilizing high-throughput KoRectly Expressed (KREX) Immunome protein-array technology. Total IgG autoantibody responses were evaluated against 1,318 correctly folded and full-length human proteins. Samples were randomly applied on the precoated microarray slides for 2 h. Cy3-labeled secondary antibodies were used to detect IgG autoantibody response. Slides were scanned at a fixed gain setting using the Agilent fluorescence microarray scanner, generating a 16-bit TIFF file. Group comparisons were performed using a linear model and Fisher’s exact test. Differentially expressed proteins were used for KEGG and WIKIpathway annotation to determine pathways in which the proteins of interest were significantly over-represented.Results and conclusion: Autoantibody responses to 57 proteins were significantly altered in the COVID-19 Disc cohort compared to healthy controls (p ≤ 0.05). The Rep cohort had altered autoantibody responses against 26 proteins compared to non-COVID-19 ICU patients who served as controls. Both cohorts showed substantial similarities (r2 = 0.73) and exhibited higher autoantibody responses to numerous transcription factors, immunomodulatory proteins, and human disease markers. Analysis of the combined cohorts revealed elevated autoantibody responses against SPANXN4, STK25, ATF4, PRKD2, and CHMP3 proteins in COVID-19 patients. The sequences for SPANXN4 and STK25 were cross-validated using sequence alignment tools. ELISA and Western blot further verified the autoantigen–autoantibody response of SPANXN4. SPANXN4 is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility, which may predict a potential role for this protein in COVID-19-associated male reproductive tract complications, and warrants further research.

Many studies have suggested that SARS-CoV-2, directly or indirectly, can affect the male reproductive system, although the underlined mechanisms have not been completely elucidated yet. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the current data concerning the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male urogenital tract, with a particular emphasis on the testes and male fertility. The main data regarding the morphological alterations in the testes emerged from autoptic studies that revealed interstitial congestion, micro thrombosis, reduction of Sertoli, Leydig, and germinal cells, infiltrated immune cells, and atrophic seminiferous tubules consistent with orchitis. Furthermore, men with severe infection exhibit sperm parameter alterations, together with abnormalities of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testis axis, strongly suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 could increase the risk of male infertility. However, despite the inadequate number of longitudinal studies, spermatogenesis and sex hormone imbalance seem to improve after infection resolution. The yet unresolved question is whether the virus acts in a direct or/and indirect manner, as discordant data related to its presence in the testis and semen have been reported. Regardless of the direct effect, it has been postulated that the cytokine storm and the related local and systemic inflammation could strongly contribute to the onset of testis dysfunction, leading to male infertility. Therefore, multicentric and longitudinal studies involving a large number of patients are needed to understand the real impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin-like factor 3 ( INSL3) is predominantly secreted by Leydig's cell in males and theca cells in females. Its specific receptor, relaxin family peptide receptor 2 ( RXFP2), is expressed in gubemacular, germ and Leydig's cells. RXFP2 is also expressed in ovary and theca cells. Abnormity of INSL3-RXFP2 complex is related to reproductive disease in both males and females. This review summarized the latest researches about the relationship between INSL3-RXFP2 complex and reproductive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Pácora (Plagioscion magdalenae) is a species native to Colombia and in near-threatened category at the country level, of which little is known about the structures with ethological contribution in its life history. Objective: To analyze the gonadal development related to spermatogenesis of P. magdalenae and the taxonomic implications from the swim bladder. Methods: We collected seven samples in two climatic periods: the first from October 2019 to February 2020 of bimonthly collections, and the second from October 2020 to January 2021 of monthly collections; to cover every moment of the flood pulse of the lower Magdalena basin. We described the testicular histomorphology and macroscopic characteristics of the swim bladder of the species. In addition, we analyzed aspects such as morphometric relationships, size classes by sex, sex ratio and time of sexual maturity. Results: We analyzed 142 specimens and established 4 size intervals (between 145 and 575 mm SL), 66 were males and 73 females with an overall sex ratio of 1.1:0.9 (female-male) with no differences. Males have tubular testes protected by the peritoneum covered by the sonic musculature of the swim bladder, which has a "carrot" shape without appendages, with two lateral bands of intrinsic muscles (average between 6.75 cm long and 1.48 cm wide) connected by an aponeurosis and found only in sexually mature males. Conclusion: The testes have an unrestricted lobular organization and spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous lobes. The swim bladder of the Pácora is simple and has no accessory structures. The geographic distribution of P. magdalenae is restricted to the Magdalena River basin in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements and increased use of chemically hazardous materials have become a concern for human health. Environmental pollutants such as engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (M&MONPs) are reported to contribute to significant health-related problems, particularly reproductive health. Reduction in male individuals' reproductive potential is one of the important causes of concern. Literature suggests that exposure to M&MONPs considerably impacts alteration in male reproductive parameters. Therefore, it is required to analyze and understand their effects on male reproductive toxicity. Oxidative stress and changes in redox equilibrium are the significant factors via M&MONPs induce changes in sperm parameters or the reproductive system. M&MONPs act as endocrine disruptors and interfere with the secretion and function of reproductive hormones such as testosterone and Luteiniz ing Hormone (LH), affecting spermatogenesis. Likewise, M&MONPs accumulate in organs as they can pass through the blood-testis barrier, affect Sertoli and Leydig cells, and cause reproductive dysfunction. In this review, we have analyzed the effects of M&MONPs on the male reproductive system and the underlying mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials offer great advantages in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products, and show promise for biomedical applications. However, with these new products, nanomaterial pollutants may enter the human body to cause adverse health effects, including hazards to the male reproductive system. Nanomaterials can enter the body through inhalation, oral exposure, or intravenous injection, and reach the testis via the blood, penetrate the Sertoli cell barrier, and directly or indirectly elicit toxicopathological changes to the testicles. These may then trigger hormone disorders, inhibit spermatogenic cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis, ultimately leading to a decrease in sperm motility and number, ultimately diminishing male reproductive capacity. This review will discuss the toxicological effects of nanomaterials on the male reproductive system, including inflammation, the impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis), lipid peroxidation, and free ion release relevant to germ cells, Sertoli cell tight junctions, and the gonadal endocrine system. This article is categorized under:Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a receptor used to perceive external noxious stimuli and participates in the regulation of various pathophysiological mechanisms in vivo by integrating multiple signals. The explosive growth in knowledge of TRPV1 stemmed from research on neuronal pain and heat sensation over the last decades and is being expanded tremendously in peripheral tissue research. The discovery that TRPV1 is functionally active in male animal and human reproductive tissues have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, many studies have indicated that TRPV1 is an endocannabinoid receptor that mediates Anandamide's regulation of sperm function. Other characteristics of the TRPV1 channel itself, such as calcium penetration and temperature sensitivity, have also been investigated, especially the possibility that TRPV1 could act as a mediator for sperm thermotaxis. In addition, some reproductive diseases appear to be related to the protective effects of TRPV1 on oxidative stress and heat stress. A better understanding of TRPV1 in these areas should provide strategies for tackling male infertility. This paper is the first to review the expression and mechanism of TRPV1 in the male reproductive system from molecular and cellular perspectives. A focus is given on sperm function, including calcium homeostasis, crosstalk with endocannabinoid system, participation in cholesterol-related sperm maturation, and thermotaxis, hoping to capture the current situation of this rapidly developing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptin is a 16 kDa hormone encoded by obese (OB) gene in adipocytes. This molecule not only regulates energy metabolism but also plays a role in the reproduction of mammals. Leptin and its receptor (OBR) have been found in male reproductive systems of human, bovine, equine and pig. The effects of leptin on sperm quality vary widely from different research findings. However, the presence of leptin and its receptor in the ram reproductive system and the in vitro effect of leptin on sperm quality have not reported yet. In the present study, we found that the OB was highly expressed in primary and secondary spermatocytes of the testes, OBR was highly expressed in secondary spermatocytes of the testes. The expressions of OB were in stereocilia of epididymis and in columnar cells of epididymal caput and cauda, the expressions of OBR were in columnar cells of epididymis and in stereocilia of epididymal corpus and cauda. The presence of both OB and OBR in testes, epididymis and sperm were confirmed through RT-PCR, immunolocalization and Western blot analyses. The RT-qPCR results indicated OB and OBR had higher expression levels in epididymal sperm than that of the ejaculated sperm in rams. When sperm were treated with 5 ng/mL leptin, the progressive motility (P < 0.01), straight-line velocity (VSL) (P < 0.05), average path velocity (VAP) (P < 0.05), membrane mitochondrial potential (MMP) (P < 0.01) and viability (P < 0.05) significantly increased, while DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly decreased compared to the control (P < 0.01), and the other semen parameters such as acrosome integrity and acrosome reaction rate had no significant changes between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, this is probably the first report describing localization of leptin and its receptors in the reproductive system of rams and their effects on sperm quality parameters. Our findings suggest that 5 ng/mL leptin treatment enhanced sperm motility, viability and MMP, and decrease DFI and ROS without obvious influence on the acrosome reaction in ram sperm. The potential mechanisms may be related to leptin's ability to reduce the oxidative stress and apoptosis of sperms and improve their mitochondrial function and energy supply, therefore, to maintain the physiological homeostasis of the sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smoking negatively affects main sperm parameters and male fertility. Men of reproductive age (20-39 years old) make up less than half of male smokers. The decision to stop smoking is a rational element of lifestyle modification for a man planning fatherhood or man who are experiencing infertility. The use of electronic cigarettes (vaping) is often recommended as an alternative and an aid in the conventional cigarette smoking cessation process. In older men, the use of electronic cigarettes promoted as an aid for conventional cigarette smoking cessation, 40% of young vapers had never smoked before. Scientific data on the effect of electronic cigarette aerosol on the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis are currently limited. The analysis of the composition of liquids for electronic cigarettes and the resulting aerosols revealed more than 80 different compounds. This review presents new scientific data on the effect of the main components of electronic cigarette liquid on the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis. The paper presents the results of experimental studies proving the negative effect of electronic cigarette aerosol on the cellular organization of the seminal tubules and the system of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis. Clinical studies have been analyzed. The results obtained do not allow us to assert that vaping is a safe alternative to traditional smoking in the case of a man planning fatherhood and preparing to conceive a child. The results do not allow us to consider vaping to be perceived as a safe alternative to traditional smoking in the case of a men planning fatherhood and men who are experiencing infertility.