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Introduction: Energy status can alter thyroid hormone signalling in different tissues. Little is known about the effect of fasting on the local thyroid hormone metabolism under high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We aimed to investigate the fasting effect on deiodinase type 3 (DIO3) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) expression in liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of HFD-induced obese mice. Methods: The 30 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups (n = 10/group): control (CON) group, obese (OB) group, and fasted obese (OBF) group. Materials: In a 14-week study, the expression levels of DIO3 and TRs in the liver and VAT of mice were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression results were shown as fold changes defined by 2−ΔΔct. Comparison between groups was performed by using one-way-ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test. Results: In the liver, there was a significantly lower expression of DIO3 and higher expression of TRs in obese fasted mice compared to obese mice. Compared to the lean mice, OBF mice had significantly lower expression of DIO3 and higher expression of TRβ. In the VAT, mRNA expression of DIO3 was significantly increased in OBF and OB groups compared to the CON group. There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of TRs between groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that fasting may be more effective in improving thyroid hormone metabolism in the liver rather than the VAT of obese mice.

Tramadol is a utilized medication globally that is included in numerous medical guidelines for the treatment of both short-term and longterm pain. There is an increasing body of research indicating the prevalence of tramadol abuse in certain Middle East nations. Tramadol exhibits certain adverse effects. The purpose of the present investigation is examination and treatment of the histopathological reaction that may develop in the spleen following tramadol administration. The mice were treated via a dose of tramadol by daily injection for 20 days and 40 days. Additionally, groups of mice were administered tramadol for 40 days, followed by daily treatment with either distilled water, Lagenaria siceraria (L.), or melatonin (MT) for another 40 days.The administration of tramadol significantly impacted the quantity of collagen materials present in the spleen cells. As a result, modifications were observed in the typical histological structure of the spleen.Ultimately, we propose that while tramadol has various adverse effects on the spleen tissues of male mice, the use of L. and MT treatments exhibits therapeutic benefits in alleviating these tramadol-induced side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dimethoate (DM) is one of the most important organophosphate insecticides used for controlling many pests which affect vegetables, fruits, and agricultural crops, its persistence in soils and crops could cause a health hazard to humans as well as other non-target organisms. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the recommended dose and its double of DM on sex hormones, sperm morphology, and fertility of adult male mice. Methods: Twenty-seven Swiss albino adult male mice were divided into three groups of nine animals each: control group received distilled water only, while other groups received DM orally at doses (0.1 and 0.2 ml DM/100 ml distilled water) for 20 days, at the end of the treatment, six mice from each group were sacrificed. The sperm morphology was evaluated and sex hormones were measured. Three mice from each group were allowed to mate with untreated females (1:2). Result: The results revealed a decrease in luteinizing hormone levels in mice treated with (0.2 ml DM/100 ml distilled water) compared with the control group while the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone did not record any significant differences. Also, the results demonstrated a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology such as head and tail. The fertility was reduced and the average number of dead embryos increased while the average number of live embryos decreased. Conclusion: This current study confirmed that DM has detrimental effects on sperm morphology, fertility, and the embryos; therefore, more efforts should be exerted to protect ourselves and our environment from the harmful effects of this pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peganum harmala is one of the most used plants for the treatment of many diseases. Its effective compounds have pharmaceutical and medicinal properties. This study aims to determine the effect of aqueous extract of harmala plant seeds on body and liver weight, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and the histological structure of liver of mice, as well as the size of the fetuses sired by treated mice. Sixteen adult male mice were divided into two groups of eight. The first group (control) was given distilled water orally, while the second group received the aqueous extract of harmala seeds at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw for three weeks. three untreated females were housed with one treated male for mating. At the end of the treatment, six male mice of each group were weighed and killed. Liver was extracted, weighed and its enzymes were measured. Also, sections of the liver were prepared for histological examination. The results showed a decrease in the body weight of the treated mice and a significant increase in the average weight of the fetuses compared with the control group, as well as marked changes in the hepatic tissue structure. There was no impact of the extract on fetal body length, liver weight and hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) of treated mice. Further studies should be conducted to determine a safe dose that does not affect any organ in the body, so that it can be used for the treatment of many diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peganum harmala is one of the most used plants for the treatment of many diseases. Its effective compounds have pharmaceutical and medicinal properties. This study aims to determine the effect of aqueous extract of harmala plant seeds on body and liver weight, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and the histological structure of liver of mice, as well as the size of the fetuses sired by treated mice. Sixteen adult male mice were divided into two groups of eight. The first group (control) was given distilled water orally, while the second group received the aqueous extract of harmala seeds at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw for three weeks. three untreated females were housed with one treated male for mating. At the end of the treatment, six male mice of each group were weighed and killed. Liver was extracted, weighed and its enzymes were measured. Also, sections of the liver were prepared for histological examination. The results showed a decrease in the body weight of the treated mice and a significant increase in the average weight of the fetuses compared with the control group, as well as marked changes in the hepatic tissue structure. There was no impact of the extract on fetal body length, liver weight and hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) of treated mice. Further studies should be conducted to determine a safe dose that does not affect any organ in the body, so that it can be used for the treatment of many diseases.

Background: Dimethoate (DM) is one of the most important organophosphate insecticides used for controlling many pests which affect vegetables, fruits and agricultural crops, its persistence in soils and crops could cause a health hazard to humans as well as other non-target organisms. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate effect of the recommended dose and its double of dimethoate (DM) on sex hormones, sperm morphology and fertility of adult male mice. Methods: Twenty-seven Swiss albino adult male mice were divided into three groups of nine animals each: control group received distilled water only, while other groups received DM orally at doses (0.1 and 0.2 ml DM /100 ml distilled water) for 20 days, at the end of the treatment, six mice from each group were sacrificed. The sperm morphology was evaluated and sex hormones were measured. Three mice from each group were allowed to mate with untreated females (1: 2). Result: The results revealed a decrease in LH level in mice treated with (0.2 ml DM /100 ml distilled water) compared with control group while the levels of FSH and testosterone did not record any significant differences. Also, the results demonstrated a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology such as head and tail. The fertility reduced and average number of dead embryos increased while the average number of live embryos decreased. Conclusion: This current study confirmed that DM has detrimental effects on sperm morphology, fertility and the embryos, therefore, more efforts should be exerted to protect ourselves and our environment from the harmful effects of this pesticide. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(7.000): 873-878]

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of binge drinking on anxiety-like, depression-like, and social behavior. The participation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors (CRF1 and CRF2) in these effects was also investigated. Therefore, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to drinking in the dark, a classical animal model for binge drinking, and treated intracerebroventricularly (icv) with selective CRF1 antagonist antalarmin or selective CRF2 antagonist astressin 2 B, immediately or 24 h after binge drinking. After 30 min, the animals were investigated in an elevated plus-maze test and a forced swim test for anxiety-like and depression-like signs, respectively. In addition, mice were tested in a three-chamber social interaction arena for sociability and preference for social novelty. Immediately after binge drinking, mice exposed to alcohol expressed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, which were reduced by astressin 2 B, but not antalarmin. Moreover, mice exposed to alcohol showed increased sociability and preference for social novelty immediately after binge drinking. In contrast, 24 h after binge drinking mice exposed to alcohol presented anxiety-like and depression-like signs, which were reversed by antalarmin, but not astressin 2 B. However, mice exposed to alcohol did not show any significant change in social interaction after 24 h. The present study demonstrates that alcohol exerts different effects on anxiety-like, depression-like, and social behavior immediately and a day after binge drinking, and that the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects produced by binge drinking are mediated by CRF2, whereas the anxiety-like and depression-like signs observed the next day are promoted by CRF1. • Mice exposed to alcohol expressed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. • Mice exposed to alcohol also showed enhanced sociability and preference for social novelty. • Mice exposed to alcohol withdrawal presented anxiety-like and depression-like signs. • Mice exposed to alcohol did not show any change in social interaction. • Alcohol has different effects on behavior immediately and a day after binge drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following good statistical practice, in vivo study investigators allocate animals into two or more treatment groups using a randomization routine to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors. For some studies, however, randomization at the individual animal level cannot be implemented. For example, for studies that involve co-housed male mice, an animal-level randomization can place unfamiliar mice together in the same cage, which can trigger fighting. To meet the ethical obligations to enhance the welfare of an animal used in science, the experimental procedures are, therefore, often modified, and male mice, possibly from the same brood, may be housed together. It follows that animal allocation into groups must proceed at the whole-cage level. Given the small sample sizes in animal studies, controlling baseline variables can be quite challenging. The difficulty greatly increases with a whole-cage randomization restriction. When the number of animals per cage or the treatment group sizes are unequal, there is no algorithm in the literature to perform the task. We propose a novel, fast, and reliable algorithm to provide a whole-cage randomization that balances one or more baseline variables across groups. The algorithm was applied to a realistic example dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Origanum Vulgare (Oregano) is a plant rich in antioxidant compounds and has therapeutic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Oregano alcoholic extract on complications of depression in reserpine-poisoned mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups of 7, including control (normal saline), negative control (reserpine), fluoxetine (positive control), and three reserpine groups treated respectively with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Oregano via the intraperitoneal route. Depression was evaluated using forced swim test. Brain and serum total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde level were also determined. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software and One-Way ANOVA test. The significant was shown with (p≥0.05). Results: Negative control group significantly increased immobility time and decreased swimming time compared to the control group in the forced swim test (p≥0.001) and the extract at levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg similar to fluoxetine significantly reduced the immobility and increased the swimming time (p≥0.001). Reserpine in the negative control group decreased the antioxidant capacity and increased the level of malondialdehyde in serum and brain compared to the control group (p≥0.001).Compared to the negative control group, the extract at the level of 200 mg/kg, similar to fluoxetine, increased the antioxidant capacity in the brain (p≥0.01) and decreased the level of malondialdehyde in the serum and brain (p≥0.001). In addition, the extract at level of 400 mg/kg similar to fluoxetine significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity and decreased the level of malondialdehyde in serum and brain (p≥0.001) compared to control group. Conclusion: Oregano seems to have significant potential in reducing depressive symptoms and reducing oxidative stress due to its active antioxidant compounds.

Simple Summary: In recent years, special attention has been paid to studies on the effect of various plants on reproduction using laboratory animals. It is known that one of the major problems in a couple's life is infertility and sperm dysfunction. Many species of plants in the Mediterranean area have been used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries, such as P. harmala, which represents one of several plants that constitute a source of natural substances. The results of this study indicate that the extract of P. harmala at a high concentration seems to have more of an effect on sexual behavior in male mice. In the current study, the high concentration of P. harmala alkaloid extract improved the sperm count in the treated mice in comparison with the control group. However, no difference was recorded in sperm motility in the treated groups. The results revealed that the membrane integrity of the spermatozoa seemed to be stable in the treated male. However, seminal fructose and testosterone concentrations slightly increased in all groups. Based on the results of this study, it seems that the extract of P. harmala growing in Algeria can affect some reproductive indices, such as the gonadosomatic index and sperm count. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of the total alkaloid extract of Algerian Peganum harmala seeds on sexual behavior and male reproductive function. After two weeks of acclimatization, the male mice were randomly divided into four groups (seven mice in each group). For 35 days, the extract was administered orally at dose levels of 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg body weight per day to the respective groups of male mice (n = 7) and normal saline daily to the control group. On day 28, sexual behavior parameters were recorded. At the end of the trial, reproductive organ weights, sperm quality, seminal fructose, and testosterone hormone levels were evaluated. The three treated groups were compared with the control using statistical variance analysis (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05), followed by Tukey's test. The results of the groups treated with 12.5 and 6.25 mg/kg of P. harmala alkaloid revealed the MF and IF parameters to be the lowest compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, the male mice treated with 25 mg/kg recorded the highest values. A low significant value of ML was observed in the group treated with 25 mg/kg of the total alkaloid extract of P. harmala compared to the control group (p < 0.01), while a rise was observed in the concentration group treated with 6.25 mg/kg. Regarding IL, the male mice treated with different concentrations of the total alkaloid extract of P. harmala recorded a higher time than the control group. Moreover, an increase in the gonadosomatic index was noticed in all groups compared to the control group. However, there was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the sperm counts of the groups treated with 12.5 mg/kg and 6.25 mg/kg. However, there was no significant difference in the motility, membrane integrity, and total antioxidant capacity of sperm cells compared to the control. The extract treatment also brought about a non-significant increase in fructose content of the seminal vesicle and serum testosterone level. The findings of this study demonstrate that the extract acts in a dose-dependent manner, and it has varying effects on the reproductive parameters of male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a main colorant and food preservative in the food industry. Besides the variety of medicinal and industrial applications, toxicity for animals and humans is well documented after overexposure of nitrite. This study aimed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of sodium nitrite and its modulation by ascorbic acid as an antioxidant in male mice. 60 adult male albino mice were used and divided into (6) groups. Gp(I) control. Gp(II) administered 100 mg/kg/d of ascorbic acid. Gp(III & IV) were received (16 and 32 mg/kg/day) sodium nitrite. Gp(V and VI) received (16 and 32 mg/kg/d) NaNO2 and 100 mg/kg/d of ascorbic acid. Male mice were orally administered NaNO2 by gastric intubation for 35 days. The study demonstrated that ascorbic acid ameliorates the alterations induced by sodium nitrite in reproductive performance, gonadosomatic index, testicular weight, sperm morphology, motility and count and repairing in the recorded histopathological lesions in the testis tissues. It could be concluded that ascorbic acid treatment has ameliorative effects against sodium nitrite reproductive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Undoubtedly, cancer is distinguished in an incidence of a critical fatality in the world community. There are several models of carcinogenesis by chemical materials utilized in the experimental models. Regarding DMBA, it was validated to be an ideal selective inductor of cancer employed for several purposes in tumor researches. Aim of the Work: The current consideration was planned to explore the potential alleviating effect of Lagenaria siceraria in conquering detrimental changes induced by 9,10 dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in testes of males Swiss mice. Materials and Methods: In the existing study, 30 adult male Swiss mice within 90 days of age were evenly distributed into 3 groups as follows; control, DMBA, and DMBA plus Lagenaria siceraria (DMBA + LS). After the experiment timed out which extended for 4 months, the biopsies from testes tissues were dissected and passed the histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations. Results: By cross-sectional screening, DMBA is implying a prominent proliferative effect on the spermatocytes and Leydig cells of male mice inferred through dense DNA and RNA synthesis. Furthermore, DMBA rummaged apparent decrement in its protein and polysaccharides. As well, it prompted a lucid infiltration of the collagen fibers around vasculatures. However, Lagenaria siceraria could efficiently suppress stimulatory impact induced by DMBA in epithelial lining seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: Depending on these findings, it could be concluded that DMBA verily elicited a powerful model of carcinogenesis that progressed by the time distinctly. However, Lagenaria siceraria could potentially ameliorate the deleterious effect disclosed in the testicular cells by carcinogen DMBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Monosodium glutamate is a widely used flavor enhancer/food additive in meat, fish, milk and cheese or vegetable origins. Our present study aimed to assess the effect of utilization monosodium glutamate on the cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal organs in mice. Thirty animals were divided into three groups: control group; glutamate 10 treated groups and glutamate 15 treated group. The experimental period was two successive weeks. Results Oral administrations of monosodium glutamate for 10 days induced moderate histopathological changes in cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal tissues and also resulted in significant increase of the nuclear factor-kB expression depend on time of administration as compared to the control group, while treatment with monosodium glutamate for 14 days resulted in severe histopathological changes as well as highly significant increase of the nuclear factor-kB expression as compared to the control group. Conclusions It could be concluded that oral administration of monosodium glutamate induced histopathological alterations, and cytotoxicity in cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal tissues dependent on time.

Nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) is a stress‐induced protein activated by various stresses, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. We previously reported that Nupr1 deficiency increased bone volume by enhancing bone formation in 11‐week‐old mice. Analysis of differentially expressed genes between wild‐type (WT) and Nupr1‐knockout (Nupr1‐KO) osteocytes revealed that high temperature requirement A 1 (HTRA1), a serine protease implicated in osteogenesis and transforming growth factor‐β signaling was markedly downregulated in Nupr1‐KO osteocytes. Nupr1 deficiency also markedly reduced HtrA1 expression, but enhanced SMAD1 signaling in in vitro‐cultured primary osteoblasts. In contrast, Nupr1 overexpression enhanced HtrA1 expression in osteoblasts, suggesting that Nupr1 regulates HtrA1 expression, thereby suppressing osteoblastogenesis. Since HtrA1 is also involved in cellular senescence and age‐related diseases, we analyzed aging‐related bone loss in Nupr1‐KO mice. Significant spine trabecular bone loss was noted in WT male and female mice during 6−19 months of age, whereas aging‐related trabecular bone loss was attenuated, especially in Nupr1‐KO male mice. Moreover, cellular senescence‐related markers were upregulated in the osteocytes of 6−19‐month‐old WT male mice but markedly downregulated in the osteocytes of 19‐month‐old Nupr1‐KO male mice. Oxidative stress‐induced cellular senescence stimulated Nupr1 and HtrA1 expression in in vitro‐cultured primary osteoblasts, and Nupr1 overexpression enhanced p16ink4a expression in osteoblasts. Finally, NUPR1 expression in osteocytes isolated from the bones of patients with osteoarthritis was correlated with age. Collectively, these results indicate that Nupr1 regulates HtrA1‐mediated osteoblast differentiation and senescence. Our findings unveil a novel Nupr1/HtrA1 axis, which may play pivotal roles in bone formation and age‐related bone loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: When male mice are kept in groups at animal facilities, aggressive interactions between cage mates are not uncommon. Systematically reviewing previous studies that explored the cause of male mice aggression, we found that studies were disparate, using several different strains, a diverse set of environmental enrichments and different ways of grouping and housing mice, as well as different ways to observe aggression. Understanding the cause of male mice aggression is difficult when researchers use different methods and study designs. Nevertheless, our results suggest that home cage aggression is best studied in home cage environments and not by introducing unfamiliar mice to each other in a novel environment. In addition, while we were able to provide recommendations on how to minimize aggression, our assessment was that there is no universal solution that could be used by all animal facilities. Instead, it is important to realize that aggression is complex and that animal facilities might have to try different possible solutions to find what works best under their specific conditions. Aggression among group-housed male mice is a major animal welfare concern often observed at animal facilities. Studies designed to understand the causes of male mice aggression have used different methodological approaches and have been heterogeneous, using different strains, environmental enrichments, housing conditions, group formations and durations. By conducting a systematic literature review based on 198 observed conclusions from 90 articles, we showed that the methodological approach used to study aggression was relevant for the outcome and suggested that home cage observations were better when studying home cage aggression than tests provoking aggression outside the home cage. The study further revealed that aggression is a complex problem; one solution will not be appropriate for all animal facilities and all research projects. Recommendations were provided on promising tools to minimize aggression, based on the results, which included what type of environmental enrichments could be appropriate and which strains of male mice were less likely to be aggressive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monosodium glutamate is a widely used flavor enhancer/food additive in meat, fish, milk and cheese or vegetable origins. Our present study aimed to assess the effect of utilization monosodium glutamate on the cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal organs in mice. Thirty animals were divided into three groups: control group; glutamate 10 treated groups and glutamate 15 treated group. The experimental period was two successive weeks. Results: Oral administrations of monosodium glutamate for 10 days induced moderate histopathological changes in cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal tissues and also resulted in significant increase of the nuclear factor-kB expression depend on time of administration as compared to the control group, while treatment with monosodium glutamate for 14 days resulted in severe histopathological changes as well as highly significant increase of the nuclear factor-kB expression as compared to the control group. Conclusions: It could be concluded that oral administration of monosodium glutamate induced histopathological alterations, and cytotoxicity in cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal tissues dependent on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to examine first, if diets enriched with 320 g of the base diet with common dietary oils including fish oil, olive oil, hydrogenated sunflower seed (H‐SFS) oil, flaxseed oil and sunflower seed oil (SFS) could induce weight gain and alter reproductive and metabolic characteristics of male mice. Second, whether the addition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 10% of the diet) could ameliorate any negative effects. In this cross‐sectional study, 90 four‐week‐old male NMRI mice were used in two consecutive experiments. A high level of dietary oils negatively affected some reproductive and metabolic characteristics of male mice (p < 0.05), specifically, sunflower seed oil enrichment resulted in higher HDL levels and apoptosis of germinal epithelial cells. An olive oil‐enriched diet caused an increase in plasma triglyceride concentrations and germinal cell apoptosis, as well as a decrease in sperm concentration and perturbed spermatogenesis. When CLA was fed in conjunction with dietary oils it successfully mitigated some of the negative reproductive and metabolic characteristics. We conclude that male reproductive processes are affected by high dietary oils, even before signs of obesity are evident. Inclusion of dietary CLA may provide some benefit to offset negative effects, although further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine has been long used to prevent and/or treat diseases worldwide based on a wealth of experiences, principles, and beliefs in different cultures. Among the extracts used in traditional medicine, we can refer to the aqueous beetle cocoon extract of Larinus maculates popularly known as Tihan in Iraq. To determine the histological effect of this extract on mice liver tissue, the animals were assigned to four groups (n=5) treated with (150,200,400) mg/kg of Cocoon aqueous extract of Larinus maculates for 14 days, respectively. Histology and immunohistochemistry test was performed to evaluate changes in liver tissue and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels.The results showed various pathological dose-depended changes in the liver tissue, including infiltrations, congestion, and vacuolation, along with some dead cells; moreover, necrotic hepatocytes were observed in the liver of highly concentrated treatment group (400 mg kg-1). In addition, the TNF-α level in the liver tissue was elevated by the increased concentration of the extract. The immunohistochemistry result of positive reaction to TNF-α revealed high reaction in the liver tissue of mice treated with 200 mg kg-1 and 400 mg kg-1, as compared to the control group. Furthermore, as evidenced by the obtained results, changes in hepatocytes and the severity of pathological changes in the liver depends on the concentration of the extract of Larinus maculates.

The study was designed to evaluate the effects of the total alkaloid extract of Algerian Peganum harmala seeds on sexual behavior and male reproductive function. After two weeks of acclimatization, the male mice were randomly divided into four groups (seven mice in each group). For 35 days, the extract was administered orally at dose levels of 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg body weight per day to the respective groups of male mice (n = 7) and normal saline daily to the control group. On day 28, sexual behavior parameters were recorded. At the end of the trial, reproductive organ weights, sperm quality, seminal fructose, and testosterone hormone levels were evaluated. The three treated groups were compared with the control using statistical variance analysis (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05), followed by Tukey’s test. The results of the groups treated with 12.5 and 6.25 mg/kg of P. harmala alkaloid revealed the MF and IF parameters to be the lowest compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, the male mice treated with 25 mg/kg recorded the highest values. A low significant value of ML was observed in the group treated with 25 mg/kg of the total alkaloid extract of P. harmala compared to the control group (p < 0.01), while a rise was observed in the concentration group treated with 6.25 mg/kg. Regarding IL, the male mice treated with different concentrations of the total alkaloid extract of P. harmala recorded a higher time than the control group. Moreover, an increase in the gonadosomatic index was noticed in all groups compared to the control group. However, there was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the sperm counts of the groups treated with 12.5 mg/kg and 6.25 mg/kg. However, there was no significant difference in the motility, membrane integrity, and total antioxidant capacity of sperm cells compared to the control. The extract treatment also brought about a non-significant increase in fructose content of the seminal vesicle and serum testosterone level. The findings of this study demonstrate that the extract acts in a dose-dependent manner, and it has varying effects on the reproductive parameters of male mice.

Aims: the study of the biological effects of tramadol on testes of the male mice and treatment of its side effects via Lagenaria Siceraria or melatonin Results: the results of the present work showed the injection of tramadol for 20 and 40 days decreased the volume of the somniferous tubules and the number and volume of nuclei of the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes of the male mice. While stopping tramadol injection, Lagenaria Siceraria or melatonin increased the diameter of the somniferous tubules and the number and volume of nuclei of the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes of the male mice. The present data showed the injection of tramadol for 20 and 40 days lead to a lot of the pathological features and alternate the histological architectures of testes the male mice. While stopping tramadol injection, Lagenaria Siceraria or melatonin treats the histopathological side effects of tramadol. Conclusion: tramadol atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, and reduces the number and inhibits the cellular activities of the interstitial cells of Leydig and directly inhibits its function such as the production of testosterone hormone. Finally, tramadol inhibits germinal layer cells and the production of different reproductive cells. While stopping tramadol, Lagenaria Siceraria, or melatonin teats these tramadol effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is often added in foods to enhance the flavor. It has adverse effect to body organs. Natural remedies, such as: gambier have been known for generations used to improve health. Substances contained in gambier, i.e.: catechins are believed to reduce the occurrence of hepatotoxicity. The study aims to analyze the effects of gambier in reducing the hepatotoxicity of MSG. This study with a posttest only control group design. Mice amount 25 (5 groups, n = 5/group). All interventions are given orally for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, it carried out euthanasia taken the liver of mice to made histopathology preparations then examine by light microscope, ×400, ×5 view field. Liver damage was found in each group with various levels of histological appearance:(I) 2 normal, 2 minimal, 1 moderate and none severe; (II) none normal, 1 minimal, 3 moderate and 1 severe; (III) 1 normal, 4 minimal, none moderate and severe;, (IV) 2 normal, 3 minimal, none moderate and severe; and (V) 4 normal, 1 minimal, none moderate, and severe. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test. The level of liver damage among all groups was significantly different (p = 0.017). The same on the Dunn test also showed the level of liver damage in Group-II to compare with other groups (p < 0.05). The present study proves that Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb) can reduce occurrence of hepatotoxicity caused by MSG.

Abstract Background Circadian rhythm disruption impacts a wide range of physiological processes, including fertility. However, the effect of circadian disruption on male spermatogenesis and fertility, and treatments for these effects have been largely unexplored at the molecular level. Methods In this study, we examined the effects of genipin on improving the reproductive health problems caused by circadian disruption. Three groups of animals were fed under different conditions: control group (normal T cycle with saline), group of shortened T cycles (Light/Dark = 4 hours/4 hours) with saline, and a group of shortened T cycles with genipin by oral gavage. The male fertility was evaluated by fertility study and pups parameters analysis after successful sexual behavior and mating with female mice. We sacrificed the treated animals after 5 or 10 weeks and collected the testis, sperm and serum for histological analysis, sperm motility assay, and serum hormone detection, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of genipin was assessed by detection of progesterone secretion and steroidogenic key proteins expression, including StAR and CYP11A1, in mouse Leydig tumor MLTC-1 cells. Results Male mice exposed to shortened light-dark cycles, much shorter than 24 hours, had reduced fertility with decreased sperm concentrations and sperm motility. Male mice under circadian disruption have reduced testis size and abnormal morphology, leading to lower fertility rates, reduced litter size and pup body weight. Treatment with exogenous genipin, a natural plant-derived compound, alleviated circadian disruption-induced damage to fertility and spermatogenesis and normalized testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione (ASD) levels in the male mice. The levels of key proteins involved in steroidogenesis, StAR and CYP11A1, were reduced in mouse testes after the circadian disruption, but genipin treatment restored the reduction. The mRNA expression of SRD5A1, which encodes an androgen synthesis enzyme, was also upregulated by genipin treatment. Furthermore, genipin treatment showed a positive effect on steroidogenesis in MLTC-1 cells, resulting in an increase in hormone secretion and the upregulation of StAR and CYP11A1. Conclusions Our results showed an association between circadian disruption and reproductive health problems in male mice and indicated that treatments with genipin have positive effects on the reproductive health of male mice with circadian rhythm disorders.

Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that can cause infection in many animals. It can cause pyrexia and reproductive losses in animals. The objective of the study was to explore the effects of GETV on male reproductive ability. Male mice were injected with 100 × TCID50/0.1 ml in a volume of 100-μL GETV in their hindquarter muscle, resulting in decreased semen quality and testicular histopathological changes, and the virus was detected in the testes. At 0.5 dpi (day post-infection), male mice showed decreased sperm density, motility, and decreased serum testosterone concentration, an increased sperm malformation rate, vacuoles in spermatogonial cells/spermatocytes in spermatogenic tubules, and the highest virus copies in testis. At 2 dpi, the sperm density and motility reached the lowest value of 3.99 × 106/ml and 62.03%, and the malformation rate reached 43.67%. At 28 dpi, the sperm indexes of the experimental group gradually approached that of the control group, but there were still significant differences. Since then, histopathological changes have worsened, with the most severe histopathological changes at 7 dpi and gradual recovery. Up to 14 dpi, the virus was detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, which showed that the virus was only present in the testicular interstitium. GETV infection can rapidly enter the testis of mice and reduce the semen quality of mice, which needs to be paid attention to in the prevention and control of GETV.

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• Dose effect of CBNPs exposure to three life stages of mice were observed. • Testicular oxidative stress and inflammation had time/dose-dependent effects. • Testicular damage structurally happened with exposure dose effects. • Sperm qualities functionally decreased with exposure dose effects. Environmental carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) can enter into various organs including testes through the respiratory tract. However, there are few studies describing reproductive toxicity of CBNPs after respiratory exposure. In this study, male KM mice were exposed to CBNPs in their natural breathing state. Four-, 8-, and 12-week-old mice were exposed to 0, 9, 18 and 27 mg/m3 of CBNPs for 4 weeks in order to examine the relationship between CBNP exposure and age. Eight-week-old mice were exposed to CBNPs at the same four concentrations for 1–4 weeks in order to examine the effects of CBNP exposure time. After CBNP exposure, testicular oxidative stress and inflammation increased significantly, and these effects varied with exposure time. Seminiferous tubule diameter (STD), seminiferous epithelium height (SEH), the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells, sperm motility, and sperm speed decreased significantly, and these effects varied with exposure dose. Data analyses suggested that increased oxidative stress and inflammation in testes damaged testicular morphology, spermatogenesis, and testosterone secretion, and decreased sperm quality. Morphological damage to the testes was also closely related to decreased the sperm quantity. These findings are of significance for evaluating the reproductive toxicity of CBNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Nicotine, a pharmacologically active component of tobacco adversely affects the male reproductive system and fertility whereas icariin (ICA), the main active ingredient in Epimedium herba has been used in the treatment of several male reproductive problems. This study aimed at evaluating the protective or ameliorative effect of ICA against reproductive toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotine in mice. Methods Using simple random allocation, forty male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (received 0.35 mL physiological saline via gastric gavage), nicotine (0.75 mg/kg BW/day intraperitoneally), ICA (75 mg/kg BW/day gastric gavage), and nicotine plus ICA (nicotine, 0.75 mg/kg BW/day intraperitoneally + ICA, 75 mg/kg BW/day gastric gavage) group. After 35 days of treatment, the mice were weighed, sacrificed, and their reproductive organs (testis and epididymis) were collected and examined for further studies. Results The nicotine-treated group showed significantly decreased epididymal sperm density and serum testosterone concentration relative to the control group. Nicotine also caused oxidative damage shown by significant reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and elevation in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ICA on the other hand, improved the reduction in sperm density, hormone levels, and activities of antioxidant enzymes altered in the nicotine treated mice. Conclusions These findings indicate that nicotine-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative damage on male reproductive tissues could be attenuated by ICA.

Aggression among group-housed male mice is a major animal welfare concern often observed at animal facilities. Studies designed to understand the causes of male mice aggression have used different methodological approaches and have been heterogeneous, using different strains, environmental enrichments, housing conditions, group formations and durations. By conducting a systematic literature review based on 198 observed conclusions from 90 articles, we showed that the methodological approach used to study aggression was relevant for the outcome and suggested that home cage observations were better when studying home cage aggression than tests provoking aggression outside the home cage. The study further revealed that aggression is a complex problem; one solution will not be appropriate for all animal facilities and all research projects. Recommendations were provided on promising tools to minimize aggression, based on the results, which included what type of environmental enrichments could be appropriate and which strains of male mice were less likely to be aggressive.

In recent years, the use of plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis to combat infectious diseases has become increasingly significant. Malaria is one of the world's most infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium species. The antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties of nanosilver biosynthesized from Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extracts (NS) against Plasmodium chabaudi infection of the mouse liver were investigated in this research. Male mice were infected with P. chabaudi infected erythrocytes then treated with NS for 7 days. The parasitemia was suppressed by approximately 24, 28, 47 and 75% on days 4, 5, 6 and 7 postinfection, respectively after treatment of mice with NS. Also, NS was able to regulate the leucocytes count and the I L1β and TNF-α -mRNA expression in mice. Ns could increase the antioxidant activity in liver of mice and was able to regulate the apoptotic genes, Bcl2 and Casp3. We showed that NS has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties when it was used to treat the livers of mice infected with P. chabaudi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine has been long used to prevent and/or treat diseases worldwide based on a wealth of experiences, principles, and beliefs in different cultures. Among the extracts used in traditional medicine, we can refer to the aqueous beetle cocoon extract of Larinus maculates popularly known as Tihan in Iraq. To determine the histological effect of this extract on mice liver tissue, the animals were assigned to four groups (n=5) treated with (150,200,400) mg/kg of Cocoon aqueous extract of Larinus maculates for 14 days, respectively. Histology and immunohistochemistry test was performed to evaluate changes in liver tissue and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels.The results showed various pathological dose-depended changes in the liver tissue, including infiltrations, congestion, and vacuolation, along with some dead cells; moreover, necrotic hepatocytes were observed in the liver of highly concentrated treatment group (400 mg kg-1). In addition, the TNF-α level in the liver tissue was elevated by the increased concentration of the extract. The immunohistochemistry result of positive reaction to TNF-α revealed high reaction in the liver tissue of mice treated with 200 mg kg-1 and 400 mg kg-1, as compared to the control group. Furthermore, as evidenced by the obtained results, changes in hepatocytes and the severity of pathological changes in the liver depends on the concentration of the extract of Larinus maculates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well recognized that certain types of medications for treatment of antihypertensive, known as Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and calcium ion antagonists are two types of calcium ion antagonists., only work by blocking the free passage of Ca+. Nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, diltiazem, and other medications are among them..Fifteen Adult male mice weighing 180-250 gm were randomly divided into three groups and housed at the College of Science's animal house, where they were fed a regular mice diet of water and pellets ad libitum. Tthe control group (n=5) were treated with 1ml of distilled water, the 2nd group (n=5) were treated orally with 20 mg/kg body weight of Nifedipine while the 3rd group (n=5) were treated orally with 60mg/kg by oral gavage for 35 days body weight of Nifedipine. The treatment was discontinued for 24 hours before the animals were sacrificed. The data indicated biochemical parameters alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found nonsignificant increased in kidney and testicular tissues,but hematological parameters no any variance has been shown in both Hb, PCV, RBC, HCT, MCV, RDW and platelets in all test groups, whereas MCHC did show major increases in both dosage groups of nifedipine, but WBCs count data suggested a decrease in 20mg/Kg dosage only.We showed that nifedipine could reduce lymphocyte counts Substantial increases in monocyte and neutrophil counts were achieved at doses of 60 mg/kg BW when compared to the control group, and significant increases in monocyte and neutrophil counts were achieved at doses of 20 BW when compared to the control group.,Above results indicate that the variations caused by nifedipine drug can have slight negative effects on the parameters of kidney, testis enzymes and hematological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Some medicinal plants are conventionally used for treatment of different aspects of male infertility. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa aqueous extract on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters of mice. materials and methods: Forty-eight were divided into 4 groups with 3 replications and 3 animals in per replication and received doses of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of Hibiscus Sabdariffa aqueous extract for 28 days. Levels of testosterone, LH, FSH, TAS, SOD, GPx, blood variables, testis weight, sperm abnormality and viability, motility and sperm concentration were evaluated. Results: Oral administration of Hibiscus Sabdariffa aqueous extract lowered levels of FSH and LH in comparison to control group (P

Background: Nowadays treatment and control of pain is still one of problematic cases and syntetic analgesic drugs have several side effects. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effects and phytochemical analysis of Ferula persica with respect to side effects of chemical drugs. Methods: The extract of plant inflorescence was prepared by percolation method. HPLC was used for phytochemical studies. In order to nociception test, male mice were used in acetic acid, immersion and formalin test. Mice were divided into experimental, control and positive control groups (receiving morphine) in each test. Results: In phytochemical analysis, four flavonoids consist of Quercetin, Luteolin, Apigenin and Rutin were identified. In all 3 pain tests, the experimental group had a significant difference with control group (P0.05). Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Ferula persica has antinociceptive effects, probably due to its sesquiterpenes and flavonoids.

Copyright of Journal of Shenzhen University Science & Engineering is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Shenzhen University Science & Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lead is a heavy metal which can affect male reproductive system. The accumulation of lead in the body becomes a precursor to the formation of ROS, which is able to damage spermatozoa. The toxicity of lead can be prevented by antioxidants. Kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) with their flavonoid content have the potential to be the source of antioxidants. The purpose of this study is to analyze the antioxidant effect of kaffir lime leaves on the quality of spermatozoa of the mice that have been exposed to lead acetate. Methods: The literature study was conducted using narrative review technique by collecting related articles using specified keywords. Result: It is found that kaffir lime leaves contain hesperetin, which is the dominant flavonoid in Citrus group. The antioxidant activity of kaffir lime leaf is able to neutralize lead-induced ROS, as well as to stimulate the formation of enzymatic antioxidants. Conclusions: Ethanol extract of kaffir lime leaves can improve the quality of spermatozoa of the mice that have been exposed to lead acetate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world's largest rare earth producer and exporter, previous studies have shown that rare earth elements can cause oxidative damage in animal testis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations have yet to be elucidated. In this paper, male mice were fed with different doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg BW) of LaCl3 for 90 consecutive days, regulatory role of nuclear factor erythroid‐2 related factor 2 (Nrf‐2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in testicular oxidative stress induced by LaCl3 were investigated. Analysis showed that LaCl3 exposure could lead to severe testicular pathological changes and apoptosis in spermatogenic cells, it up‐regulated the peroxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA, and induced the excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mouse testis, reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and glutathione S epoxide transferase (GST) as well as the glutathione (GSH) content. Furthermore, exposure to LaCl3 also downregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its target gene products, including heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1), glutamate‐cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinine] 1(NQO1), protein kinase C (PKC), and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), but upregulated the expression of Kelch‐like ECH‐related protein 1 (Keap1) in damaged mouse testes. Collectively, our data imply that the oxidative damage induced by LaCl3 in testis was related to inhibition of the Nrf‐2/AREs pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most neurological diseases that appear as sudden strokes and transient, redundant and unpredictable movement, with sensory-motor and autonomic origins. Epileptic seizures are caused by the impaired balance between excitatory and inhibitor neurotransmitters in the brain. Ghrelin has anticonvulsant effects in an acute and chronic pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ghrelin on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (working memory, locomotor activity, and oxidative biomarkers) in gonadectomized male mice. Methods and Materials: 28 male mice weighing 30-35 g were utilized in the examination. The mice were divided into four groups: PTZ, PTZ+gonadectomy, PTZ+Ghrelin, and PTZ+gonadectomy+Ghrelin. The testes were surgically removed, and the Ghrelin (80 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally; then, 30 minutes later, they received PTZ (80 mg/kg) injection. Results: The time of tonic and clonic seizures in the group receiving Ghrelin was significantly reduced compared to the control group. Also, a statistical difference was observed in the average delay time until the onset of seizures between the group receiving Ghrelin and the other groups. Administration of Ghrelin reduces the rate of death caused by seizures and prevents the occurrence of tonic-clonic seizures. Meanwhile, gonadectomy has the opposite effects of Ghrelin (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Ghrelin has anticonvulsant effects while gonadectomy increases seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is often added in foods to enhance the flavor. It has adverse effect to body organs. Natural remedies, such as: gambier have been known for generations used to improve health. Substances contained in gambier, i.e.: catechins are believed to reduce the occurrence of hepatotoxicity. The study aims to analyze the effects of gambier in reducing the hepatotoxicity of MSG. This study with a posttest only control group design. Mice amount 25 (5 groups, n = 5/group). All interventions are given orally for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, it carried out euthanasia taken the liver of mice to made histopathology preparations then examine by light microscope, ×400, ×5 view field. Liver damage was found in each group with various levels of histological appearance:(I) 2 normal, 2 minimal, 1 moderate and none severe; (II) none normal, 1 minimal, 3 moderate and 1 severe; (III) 1 normal, 4 minimal, none moderate and severe;, (IV) 2 normal, 3 minimal, none moderate and severe; and (V) 4 normal, 1 minimal, none moderate, and severe. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test. The level of liver damage among all groups was significantly different (p = 0.017). The same on the Dunn test also showed the level of liver damage in Group-II to compare with other groups (p < 0.05). The present study proves that Gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb) can reduce occurrence of hepatotoxicity caused by MSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Phthalates exposure is a major public health concern due to the accumulation in the environment and associated with levels of testosterone reduction, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the relationship between phthalate-induced testosterone level decline and ferroptosis remains poorly defined., Objectives: Herein, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of phthalates-induced testosterone synthesis disorder and its relationship to ferroptosis., Methods: We conducted validated experiments in vivo male mice model and in vitro mouse Leydig TM3 cell line, followed by RNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis. We evaluated the levels of testosterone synthesis-associated enzymes and ferroptosis-related indicators by using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Then, we analyzed the lipid peroxidation, ROS, Fe 2+ levels and glutathione system to confirm the occurrence of ferroptosis., Results: In the present study, we used di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to identify ferroptosis as the critical contributor to phthalate-induced testosterone level decline. It was demonstrated that DEHP caused glutathione metabolism and steroid synthesis disorders in Leydig cells. As the primary metabolite of DEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) triggered testosterone synthesis disorder accompanied by a decrease in the expression of solute carri1er family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) protein. Furthermore, MEHP synergistically induced ferroptosis with Erastin through the increase of intracellular and mitochondrial ROS, and lipid peroxidation production. Mechanistically, overexpression of SLC7A11 counteracts the synergistic effect of co-exposure to MEHP-Erastin., Conclusion: Our research results suggest that MEHP does not induce ferroptosis but synergizes Erastin-induced ferroptosis. These findings provide evidence for the role of ferroptosis in phthalates-induced testosterone synthesis disorder and point to SLC7A11 as a potential target for male reproductive diseases. This study established a correlation between ferroptosis and phthalates cytotoxicity, providing a novel view point for mitigating the issue of male reproductive disease and "The Global Plastic Toxicity Debt"., (Copyright © 2024. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Energy status can alter thyroid hormone signalling in different tissues. Little is known about the effect of fasting on the local thyroid hormone metabolism under high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We aimed to investigate the fasting effect on deiodinase type 3 (DIO3) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) expression in liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of HFD-induced obese mice., Methods: The 30 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups ( n = 10/group): control (CON) group, obese (OB) group, and fasted obese (OBF) group., Materials: In a 14-week study, the expression levels of DIO3 and TRs in the liver and VAT of mice were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression results were shown as fold changes defined by 2 -ΔΔct. Comparison between groups was performed by using one-way-ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test., Results: In the liver, there was a significantly lower expression of DIO3 and higher expression of TRs in obese fasted mice compared to obese mice. Compared to the lean mice, OBF mice had significantly lower expression of DIO3 and higher expression of TRβ. In the VAT, mRNA expression of DIO3 was significantly increased in OBF and OB groups compared to the CON group. There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of TRs between groups., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that fasting may be more effective in improving thyroid hormone metabolism in the liver rather than the VAT of obese mice., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism.)

Background: Circadian rhythm disruption impacts a wide range of physiological processes, including fertility. However, the effect of circadian disruption on male spermatogenesis and fertility, and treatments for these effects have been largely unexplored at the molecular level. Methods: In this study, we examined the effects of genipin on improving the reproductive health problems caused by circadian disruption. Three groups of animals were fed under different conditions: control group (normal T cycle with saline), group of shortened T cycles (Light/Dark = 4 hours/4 hours) with saline, and a group of shortened T cycles with genipin by oral gavage. The male fertility was evaluated by fertility study and pups parameters analysis after successful sexual behavior and mating with female mice. We sacrificed the treated animals after 5 or 10 weeks and collected the testis, sperm and serum for histological analysis, sperm motility assay, and serum hormone detection, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of genipin was assessed by detection of progesterone secretion and steroidogenic key proteins expression, including StAR and CYP11A1, in mouse Leydig tumor MLTC-1 cells. Results: Male mice exposed to shortened light-dark cycles, much shorter than 24 hours, had reduced fertility with decreased sperm concentrations and sperm motility. Male mice under circadian disruption have reduced testis size and abnormal morphology, leading to lower fertility rates, reduced litter size and pup body weight. Treatment with exogenous genipin, a natural plant-derived compound, alleviated circadian disruption-induced damage to fertility and spermatogenesis and normalized testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione (ASD) levels in the male mice. The levels of key proteins involved in steroidogenesis, StAR and CYP11A1, were reduced in mouse testes after the circadian disruption, but genipin treatment restored the reduction. The mRNA expression of SRD5A1, which encodes an androgen synthesis enzyme, was also upregulated by genipin treatment. Furthermore, genipin treatment showed a positive effect on steroidogenesis in MLTC-1 cells, resulting in an increase in hormone secretion and the upregulation of StAR and CYP11A1. Conclusions: Our results showed an association between circadian disruption and reproductive health problems in male mice and indicated that treatments with genipin have positive effects on the reproductive health of male mice with circadian rhythm disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity, a chronic metabolic disorder, can affect male reproductive function. As a functional beverage, tea has many biological activities and potential in the treatment of obesity. However, its effects on male reproductive damage induced by obesity are not yet clear. In this study, a murine model of obesity was established by feeding with high-fat diet (HF). A total of 24 male mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (control), HF, HF supplemented with 5% green tea powder (HF+G), and HF supplemented with 5% black tea powder (HF+B). The results showed that the HF + B significantly reduced the mouse body weight gain and testicular coefficient and lowered the serum insulin and leptin levels compared with the HF group. The sperm malformation rate of mice in the HF group had a significant increase when compared with the control group, the HF + B group had a significant decrease compared with the HF group, and no difference from the control group. The HF + G and HF + B significantly increased testosterone levels in serum compared with the HF group. The testosterone production-related gene cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily a member (CYP11A1) and cytochrome p450 family 17 subfamily a member 1 (CYP17A1) expressions in testis were significantly increased in the HF + G group compared with HF group. In addition, the HF + G and HF + B abolished the effects of HF on superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels in testis and antioxidant-related gene expressions of XRCC1 and SOD1. Overall, our findings have provided evidence that black and green tea has a positive effect on reducing reproductive damage in a male murine model of obesity, and that black tea is more effective than green tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Baneh (Pistacia Atlantica) is a valuable oily fruit that has gained considerable attention because of its pharmaceutical, nutritional and industrial applications. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effect of rubbing baneh oil using formalin test during acute and chronic phases in male laboratory mice. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 30 male mice. They were allocated into 5 groups including control (without treatment), rubbing vaseline, morphine (positive control), baneh oil, and baneh oil plus morphine. Before the formalin test, the animals were treated with rubbing baneh oil for six hours. Morphine (10 mg/kg) was injected with a single dose subcutaneously. Pain scores were obtained using formalin test by injecting 0.02 ml of 2.5% formalin into the animals’ right palm. Results: Rubbing baneh oil significantly reduced the pain in acute pain (P

Fluoride exposure is associated with lowered cognitive function ability, intelligence quotient, and mental decline, especially in children. The brain insulin receptor (IR) signaling system is related to neuronal plasticity and consequent cognitive ability. In our previous study, NaF exposure decreased IR expressions in olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus after Y-maze test in male mice. In order to further explore whether the Y-maze test affected IR gene and protein expression levels in the OB and hippocampus under the NaF exposure, healthy male mice were randomly allotted into four groups and challenged with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L NaF for three continuous months. The results showed that femur fluorine content of the NaF-exposed groups increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. NaF significantly decreased brain protein content and organ coefficient of the treated male mice. The protein and mRNA expression levels of the IR were significantly decreased in the OB and hippocampus of the NaF-treated mice. Interestingly, indicators (brain protein content and organ coefficient) measured in the present study were significantly lower than our previous study indicators (mice tested Y-maze test), especially the expression levels of IR protein and mRNA in the same concentration groups. Taken together, these results indicated that Y-maze test could promote the expression levels of IR protein and mRNA in the OB and hippocampus, while NaF had a stronger inhibitory effect, which resulted in adverse effects on the expression levels of IR in the OB and hippocampus of male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The male mouse is underrepresented in research of the urinary tract due to the difficulty of transurethral catheterization. As a result, there is a lack of analysis of sex differences in urinary tract research. Here, we present a novel catheter design and technique that enables urethral catheterization of male mice for bladder inoculation. Our catheterization technique uses the resistance met at the level of the external urinary sphincter and prostate to guide the retraction, positioning, and advancement of the catheter into the urinary bladder. We have shown that this method can be used to reproducibly catheterize 12 male mice with minimal urogenital trauma but cannot be used as a cystometric technique. This method will facilitate the expansion of research into sex differences in various genitourinary conditions that require transurethral catheterization of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are invested in various sectors and are becoming more persistent in our ambient environment with potential risk on our health and the ecosystems. The current study aims to investigate the histological, histochemical and ultrastructural hepatic changes that might be induced by 10 nm silver nanomaterials. Male mice (BALB/C) were exposed for 35 injections of daily dose of 10 nm Ag NPs (2 mg/kg). Liver tissues were subjected to examination by light and electron microscopy for histological, histochemical and ultrastructural alterations. Exposure to Ag NPs induced Kupffer cells hyperplasia, sinusoidal dilatation, apoptosis, ground glass hepatocytes appearance, nuclear changes, inflammatory cells infiltration, hepatocytes degeneration and necrosis. In addition, 10 nm Ag NPs induced histochemical alterations mainly glycogen depletion with no hemosiderin precipitation. Moreover, these nanomaterials exhibited ultrastructure alterations including mitochondrial swelling and cristolysis, cytoplasmic vacuolation, apoptosis, multilammellar myelin figures formation and endoplasmic destruction and reduction. The findings revealed that Ag NPs can induce alterations in the hepatic tissues, the chemical components of the hepatocytes and in the ultrastructure of the liver. One may also conclude that small size Ag NPs, which are increasingly used in human products could cause various toxigenic responses to all hepatic tissue components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nicotine, a pharmacologically active component of tobacco adversely affects the male reproductive system and fertility whereas icariin (ICA), the main active ingredient in Epimedium herba has been used in the treatment of several male reproductive problems. This study aimed at evaluating the protective or ameliorative effect of ICA against reproductive toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotine in mice. Methods: Using simple random allocation, forty male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (received 0.35 mL physiological saline via gastric gavage), nicotine (0.75 mg/kg BW/day intraperitoneally), ICA (75 mg/kg BW/day gastric gavage), and nicotine plus ICA (nicotine, 0.75 mg/kg BW/day intraperitoneally + ICA, 75 mg/kg BW/day gastric gavage) group. After 35 days of treatment, the mice were weighed, sacrificed, and their reproductive organs (testis and epididymis) were collected and examined for further studies. Results: The nicotine-treated group showed significantly decreased epididymal sperm density and serum testosterone concentration relative to the control group. Nicotine also caused oxidative damage shown by significant reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and elevation in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ICA on the other hand, improved the reduction in sperm density, hormone levels, and activities of antioxidant enzymes altered in the nicotine treated mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that nicotine-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative damage on male reproductive tissues could be attenuated by ICA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new type of nanomaterials, nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) have been widely used by human beings, whose exposure probability was greatly increasing. Many studies have shown that Ni NPs can induce apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Nowadays, male reproductive health is an important public health problem, which is a hot topic in toxicological research. In the present study, to protect reproductive health, the effect of Ni NPs exposure on spermatogenesis injury was assessed, understanding the toxicity and safety of Ni NPs. Sixty ICR male mice with 20 ± 2 g were randomly divided into five groups. The experimental groups were treated with 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg Ni NPs. The reproductive toxicity of Ni NPs on male mice was evaluated by the indexes of testicular organ coefficient, testicular marker enzyme, sperm motility and histopathology. As a result, the somatic index of testis and epididymis increased in each group. Compared with the control group, the activity of testicular markers increased and the sperm motility index decreased in the low-, middle- and high-dose groups. Pathological results indicated that various cell apoptosis and disordered arrangement of cells occurred in the seminiferous tubules of the exposed groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that Ni NPs have certain damage to spermatogenesis in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]