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Slovenija je država s sorazmerno visokim deležem obnovljivih virov energije vendar kljub temu prevladuje pridobivanje energije iz neobnovljivih naravnih virov. Največji potencial za doseganje visokega deleža OVE pri proizvodnji električne energije ima vodna energija. Glavni namen zaključne seminarske naloge je preučiti hidroenergetski potencial na izbranih lokacijah vodotoka Kamniška, dolvodno od Kamnika, za potrebe pridobivanja električne energije, saj ob njej potekajo mlinščice, na katerih so v preteklosti izkoriščali vodno moč za delovanje obratov na vodni pogon, ki so jih načrtno postavili na lokacije z ugodnima padcem in pretokom. Lokacije so bile določene na podlagi starejšega kartografskega gradiva – franciscejskega katastra in spletne strani Mapire, pregledane pa so bile tudi na terenu. Na njih so bili preneseni izračuni obstoječih mHE s katerimi se je lahko ocenil teoretični hidroenergetski potencial. Skupni teoretični hidroenergetski potencial znaša 4,73 GWh, kar pomeni, da bi se teoretično lahko oskrbovalo 1156 gospodinjstev oziroma s tem bi lahko pokrili slabih 12 % potreb po električni energiji pri gospodinjstvih v okoliških naseljih ob Radomeljski in Homški mlinščici. Slovenia is a country with a considerably high proportion of renewable energy sources (RES), yet the country mostly generates power from unrenewable energy sources. The greatest potential to increase the proportion of RES for generating electric power is hydropower. The main goal of our final paper is to examine the hydropower potential of the selected locations on the Kamniška Bistrica watercourse, downstream from Kamnik, generating electric power. This river has several millraces, the water power of which was used to provide power to water-powered facilities, built intentionally on locations with a favourable gradient and discharge. The locations were determined based on the existing cartographic material – the Franciscan cadastre and the Mapire webpage – as well as examined in the field. The calculations from the existing small-scale hydropower plants (SHPs) were applied to the locations to assess the theoretical hydropower potential. The total theoretical hydropower potential is 4.73 GWh, which means that power could theoretically be provided to 1156 households or, in other words, 12 % of electric power demands could be met in the surrounding settlements of the Radomlje and Hom millrace.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljena posodobitev izbrane male hidroelektrarne (MHE) z ustrezno opremo za celovit nadzorno-upravljalni sistem. Uvodoma so predstavljeni sistemi in podsistemi hidroelektrarne, industrijske komunikacije, senzorske mreže in možni načini merjenja nivoja vode. Sledijo podrobnejše predstavitve izbrane MHE, posodobitve električne napeljave in izdelave programske opreme za vzpostavitev sistema vodenja na zajetju MHE – v tem sklopu je predstavljena tudi implementacija vozlišč senzorske mreže za spremljanje vodostajev zajetja na osnovi XBee brezžičnih modulov. Nazadnje je predstavljen razvoj celovitega nadzorno-upravljalnega sistema za izbrano MHE. Ta je osnovan na spletnih tehnologijah, na programskem ogrodju ASP .NET Core in na miniračunalniški platformi Raspberry Pi. The master's thesis presents an upgrade of the selected small hydropower plant (SHP) with appropriate equipment for a comprehensive supervisory control system. Initially, systems and subsystems of hydroelectric power plants, industrial communications, sensor networks and possible ways of measuring water levels are presented. Following are more detailed presentations of the selected SHP, updates to the electrical installation and software development for a control system at the SHP intake structure - this section also introduces the implementation of sensor network nodes for monitoring the water levels at the SHP intake structure based on XBee radio modules. Finally, the development of a comprehensive supervisory control system for the selected SHP is presented. It is based on web technologies, the ASP .NET Core framework and the Raspberry Pi platform.

Magistrsko delo obravnava tehnični in ekonomski del vrednotenja investicije v izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne. Tako je cilj magistrskega dela ugotoviti, ali ima reka Belca dovolj energetskega potenciala za investicijo v izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne. Na podlagi izmerjenega bruto padca in razpoložljivega pretoka vode je izveden preračun vseh glavnih sestavnih elementov male hidroelektrarne. Namen zaključnega dela je tudi ugotoviti, kako perspektivna je izgradnja male hidroelektrarne iz ekonomskega vidika. Na podlagi investicijskega vložka in obratovalnih stroškov je izvedena analiza upravičenosti investicije pri različnih odkupnih cenah električne energije. Podani so napotki potencialnemu investitorju, pri kateri odkupni ceni električne energije je realizacija projekta smiselna. The master’s thesis presents a technical and economic evaluation of investment into the construction of a small hydro power plant. The purpose of the master’s thesis is to establish whether the River Belca has enough energy potential to justify investment in the construction of a small hydro power plant. Based on the measured gross head and the available flow of water, all of the main constituents of the small hydro power plant were calculated. Furthermore, the purpose of the final part of the thesis is to establish how economically feasible the construction of a small hydro power plant would be. Based on the investment value and operating costs, an analysis of eligibility of the investment was carried out for different buying prices of electricity. Instructions for potential investors are presented which show at what buying price of electricity realisation of the project would be reasonable.

V Sloveniji predstavlja hidroenergija pomemben delež pri zagotavljanju oskrbe z električno energijo pridobljeno iz obnovljivih virov (OVE). Večino te energije pridobimo v hidroelektrarnah na večjih slovenskih vodotokih, del proizvodnje pa odpade na manjše enote ali tako imenovane male hidroelektrarne (mHE). Možnosti za pridobivanje električne energije iz malih hidroelektrarn je na naših vodotokih veliko. Eden takih vodotokov z velikim hidroenergetskim potencialom je tudi reka Kokra. V diplomski nalogi je bila obravnavana možnost idroenergetske rabe na izbranem odseku reke Kokre.S programskim orodjem SMART Mini – Idro je bila opravljena analiza proizvodnje električne energije. Pri tem sta obravnavani dve izvedbeni možnosti mHE glede na dolžino odvzema in s tem pogojeno razpoložljivo količino vode. Prva izvedbena možnost obravnava energetsko rabo celotnega odseka z eno mHE z dolgim odvzemom vode. V drugem primeru pa je bilo analizirano izkoriščanje odseka z več mHE s kratkim odvzemom vode. S pomočjo prostorskih podatkov in dolžino odvzema so bile določene lokacije posameznih mHE. Za vsako odvzemno mesto je bila glede na velikost prispevne površine in velikosti ekološko sprejemljivega pretoka izračunana razpoložljiva količina vode. Na koncu je opravljena primerjalna analiza proizvodnje električne energije obeh izvedbenih možnosti. Exploitation of hydropower energy in Slovenia represents a significant share in securing the power supply, produced from renewable energy sources (RES). Most of this energy is obtained by hydropower plants in the major Slovenian rivers, but part of production goes to smaller units, or so-called small hydropower plants (SHPs). Many river in Slovenia are appropriate for SHPs. One of these, with high hydropower potential, is Kokra. In the present work options of hydropower uses on the selected section of the river Kokra are described. SMART Mini-Idro program was used to analyze the production of electric energy. Two implementation options of SHPs are presented, considering the penstock, together with the available amount of water. First implementation option addresses the energy use of the entire section, using one SHP with long penstock.Use of multiple SHPs with short penstock is given in the second implementation option. Spatial data and considered penstock length were used to determine the locations of SHPs. Considering the size of the catchments and ecologically acceptable flow, available amount of water for each sampling site was calculated. A comparative analysis of both options is also given.

Obnovljivi viri energije zagotavljajo čistejšo in okolju prijaznejšo energijo. Potencial za izkoriščanje OVE je v Sloveniji velik in premalo izkoriščen. Male hidroelektrarne so pomemben del v OVE in njihov razvojni potencial je še vedno velik. Program HYPSE je bil razvit za izvajanje večkriterijskih metod odločanja pri umeščanju hidroelektrarn v prostor. Prednost računalniške podpore v procesu odločanja je v povečanem številu obdelanih informacij in zmanjšanem številu pristranskih odločitev. Prvi del diplomskega dela je teoretični uvod, ki na splošno povzema električno energijo, energetsko politiko, obnovljive vire energije in probleme ter rešitve, ki se ob tem pojavljajo. Podan je splošen opis malih hidroelektrarn in vpliv zajezitev ter odvzemov voda na vodne ekosisteme. V drugem delu je s podatki, ki so nam bili na voljo, v programu HYPSE narejena primerjava šestih izbranih malih hidroelektrarn. Z enakovrednim postavljenim ekonomskim in okoljskim kriterijem, je glede na letno količino proizvedene energije, izbrana mala hidroelektrarna, ki ima najmanjši negativni vpliv na okolje. Renewable energy sources ensure cleaner and more environmentally friendly energy. The potential to use the renewable energy in Slovenia is high and underexploited. Small hydropower plants are an important part of renewable energy and their developmental potential is still high. HYPSE programme has been developed to carry out multi-criteria decision-making methods in the siting of hydropower plants in an area. The advantage of computer support in the decision-making process is the increased number of processed information and the reduced number of biased decisions. The first part of the thesis is a theoretical introduction, which generally summarizes electricity, energy policy, renewable energy sources as well as emerging problems and solutions. It gives a general description of small hydropower plants and the impact of damming and water abstraction on aquatic ecosystems. The second part uses the HYPSE programme and the available data to make a comparison of six selected small hydropower plants. With an equivalently placed economic and environmental criteria and according to the annual amount of energy produced, a small hydropower plant is selected which has the minimum impact on the environment.

V diplomskem delu smo predstavili ključne elemente male hidroelektrarne in njihova delovanja. Za predstavitev rezultatov meritev smo uporabili asinhronski generator, ki je za gradnjo MHE primeren. Izbrani motor smo preračunali s pomočjo programskega paketa emLook, ter predstavili primerjavo rezultatov z nazivnimi vrednostmi. V nadaljevanju smo se osredotočili na meritev obremenitev asinhronskega generatorja, ter primerjavo rezultatov z obremenitvijo s kompenzacijo. Izmerili smo asinhronski generator v otočnem obratovanju pri različnih kapacitivnostih, ki smo jih spreminjali v okolici nazivne vrednosti kondenzatorjev. Pri tej meritev smo še opravili meritev prostega teka. Kot zadnjo meritev smo predstavili izklop pogona in bremena na omrežju. Below we present the key elements of the small hydroelectric power plants and their operation. For the presentation of the results of the measurements we used asynchronous generator, which is for the construction of SHP most suitable. Selected engine was calculated using a software package emLook, and a comparison of the results with the nominal values. Below we focus on the measurement of load induction generator, and compare the results with a load with compensation. We measured the induction generator in an island mode with different capacitances, we change up and down from the selected or calculated value capacitors. In this measurement, we have conducted measurements idling. As a final measurements are presented off actuator and the load on the network.

Črna Gora ima veliko majhnih vodotokov, od katerih večina ni energetsko izkoriščena. Med njimi je tudi reka Bjelojevićka, ki ima dober potencial za gradnjo ene ali več majhnih hidroelektrarn, kar ima energetski pomen za Črno Goro, kot državo s slabo razvito politiko pridobivanja energije iz obnovljivih in ekološko sprejemljivih virov energije. V magistrskem delu je raziskana možnost izkoriščanja hidropotenciala reke Bjelojevićke, s poudarkom na ovire, ki se pojavljajo v tem procesu. Montenegro has a lot of small rivers and streams, most of which are not energy used. Among them is the river Bjelojevićka too, which has a good potential for implementation one or more small hydropower plants. That has great significance for Montenegro, which is country with poorly developed policy of obtaining energy from renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. The paper explores the possibility of use hydro potentials of river Bjelojevićka, with reference to the obstacles that occur in the research process.

V diplomski nalogi sem raziskoval potencial vodnega vira Možnica. Potok Možnica se nahaja v občini Bovec, v bližini naselja Log pod Mangartom. Teče po območju Triglavskega narodnega parka in po območju Nature 2000, kar pomeni, da moramo pri umeščanju objekta v prostor upoštevati posebna pravila. Iz pridobljenih hidroloških podatkov iz vodomerne postaje Možnica sem preveril, ali bi bilo upravičeno izgraditi malo hidroelektrarno na vodotoku. Vodo iz potoka bi lahko izkoriščali tudi za zagotavljanje pitne vode v vodovodu Bovec – Čezsoča. Vodno zajetje bi se nahajalo na območju izvira potoka. Zajetje bi izvedli s kaptažo izvira, tako bi preprečili onesnaženje pitne vode in zagotavljali zadostno količino vode za malo hidroelektrarno. Glede na dan padec in izdatnost izvira sem se odločil za Peltonovo turbino, katera ima največji izkoristek. Pri računanju energetskega potenciala sem upošteval dva ekološko sprejemljiva pretoka, izračunana po dveh različnih metodah. S tema pretokoma sem določil najoptimalnejšo izbiro instaliranega pretoka za hidroelektrarno. In my graduation thesis I was exploring the potential of Moţnica water resource. The Moţnica creek is located in the municipality of Bovec, near the Log pod Mangartom village. The creek flows through Triglav National Park and Natura 2000 area, which means that special rules apply in placing of the hydroelectric power plant. The data obtained from the measuring station Moţnica led to my research whether building a small hydroelectric power plant on the watercourse would be useful and profitable. The water from the creek could also be exploited for supplying the Bovec-Čezsoča water distribution system with drinking water. The water reservoir would be located in the area of source of the creek. The water would be collected with the capturing of the source thus avoiding the contamination of drinking water and providing sufficient amount of water for a small hydroplant. Considering the fall and the power and water amount of the spring I decided for the use of Pelton turbine, which is the most efficient. Calculating the energy potential I took into account two ecologically acceptable flows, determined by two different approaches. With these two fluxes I determined the most optimal option of the rated flow for the hydroelectric power plant.

Diplomsko delo obravnava oceno energetskega potenciala na reki Paki z izgradnjo mHE in je nastalo na podlagi zgodovinskih načrtov iz leta 1917, ki so predidevali izgradnjo mHE na izbrani lokaciji. Namen naloge je podati oceno energetskega potenciala z današnjimi razmerami in nadalje oceniti stroške investicije. V prvem delu je opisan pomen hidroenergije v Sloveniji in njen zgodovinski razvoj. V drugem delu smo opisali obstoječe stanje, analizirali hidrologijo in opravili geodetske meritve. V programu HEC RAS smo izdelali hidravlični model in določili potek vodne gladine za različne karakteristične profile pretoka. Nato smo v vodotok vstavili prag z namenom povečanja nivoja zgornje vode in s tem tudi bruto padca. Na podlagi pretočnih krivulj za zgornjo in spodnjo vodo, pridobljenih iz programa HEC RAS, smo izvedi račun za vodno bilanco in energetsko proizvodnjo za različne vrednosti instaliranega pretoka. V tretjem delu smo izdelali idejni načrt ter izbrali štiri prekatno regulacijsko Banki turbino. Nato smo na podlagi obstoječih načrtov izdelali približno oceno stroškov gradbenih del in vzdrževanja, strojne in hidromehanske opreme. Izračun smo opravili za dva primera dovoda vode k turbini preko tunela s postopkom mikrotunellinga in z izvedbo kanala vzdolž vodotoka. Sledila je izdelava občutljivostnih analiz. Cilj naloge je bila ugotovitev, če je investicija v izgradnjo mHE še utemeljena. The thesis deals with the assessment of the energy potential on the Paka River with construction of small hydro power plant, and it was created on the basis of historical plans from the year 1917, which predicted the construction of the small HPP at the selected location. Its purpose is to provide an assessment of the energy potential of the today's situation and to further assess the cost of investment. The first part describes the importance of hydropower in Slovenia and its historical development. In the second part we describe the existing situation, we analyze the hydrology and we passed the geodetic measurements. We have developed a hydraulic model in the program HEC RAS and determine the course of surface water for different characteristic flow profiles. Then we inserted threshold in the stream in order to increase the upper water level and thus the gross fall. Based on the flow curves for the upper and lower water obtained from the HEC RAS program, we calculated water balance and energy production for various installed power flow values. In the third part we have developed conceptual design and selected four ventricular regulating Banki turbine. Then we have made a rough assessment of the cost for the construction and maintenance, mechanical and hydromechanical equipment, on the basis of the existing plans. The calculation was performed for two cases of water inlet to the turbine through the tunnel with the procedure of mikrotunelling and by building a channel along the stream. Then we have made sensitivity analysis. The aim of the project was to determine if the investment in the construction of small HPP is still justified.

V Sloveniji je bilo v letih od 1900 pa do 1950 inštaliranih mnogo malih hidroelektrarn. Ker je tehnologija izdelave večinoma zelo dobra, mnoge od njih delujejo še danes. Časovno gledano je MHE Sava primer take elektrarne. To pomeni, da so za sledenje sodobnim gospodarskim trendom potrebne posodobitve. Današnji trend teži k zmanjšanju naprav za upravljanje postrojev. S tem se uvajajo nove tehnologije, ki omogočajo daljinski nadzor hidroelektrarn. Vse to pripomore k boljšemu izkoristku na račun hitrejšega odziva stikalnega manipulanta v primeru izpada. Možnih novosti na vseh delih elektrarne je mnogo. Ker dotrajana in stara tehnologija ne omogoča koraka z modernimi smernicami sem se odločil, da raziščem kakšne so današnje možnosti za posodobitev MHE Sava. Rezultat, ki ga pričakujem je povečanje proizvodnje, večja zanesljivost obratovanja in zmanjšanje tekočega vzdrževanja. Poleg vseh tehnoloških izboljšav je pričakovano, da se bo s posodobitvijo povečala varnost za osebje. From 1900 until 1950, there were a lot of small hydro power plants built in Slovenia. Because of good quality of construction and good maintenance, a lot of them still work today. A long ago, power plant Sava was built and placed on today’s location. This means that in order for Sava to be connected with the present status of electrical production facilities, new technologies need to be installed. There are new technologies that allow remote control of hydro power plants. These technologies allow better efficiency. In case of fault, the response manipulator can easily resolve the error. The possibilities to improve operation systems of small power plants are endless. Because old technology does not allow the connecting with the modern technology, I decided to explore the possibilities to improve power plant Sava. Results which I expect are increased working reliability, better outcome, lower the cost of maintenance and increase safety of the manipulators.

V diplomskem delu sem predstavil postopek za izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne na področju občine Pljevlja. Male hidroelektrarne sem predstavil kot zaminive projekte za vlaganje, kot projekte, ki ne vplivajo negativno na okolje, ampak imajo lahko pozitivem vpliv na okolje in in služijo tudi drugim namenom okoljevarstva. Predstavil sam osnovne dele in postopke, ki jih je treba izpolniti za uresničitev ideje oziroma projekta izdradnje male hidroelektrarne. Poleg zakonodaje sem predstavil potrebne ekonomske izračune, ki najbolj vplivajo na izvedbo takšnega projekta. In this work I have presented a procedure for the design and cost estimation of the small hydropower plant in the area of Pljevlja. The small hydropower plants are interesting to invest, as it is not necessarily to have a negative impact on the environment. On the contrary,it can have a positive impact on the environment. I have presented the basic components and procedures that must be fulfilled for the realization of such ideas. I have covered legal constraints and necessary economic calculations that are both of great importance to maintain such project.

V diplomskem delu sem predstavil načrt za izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne. Predstavil sem opis izdelave, osnovne dele in vso potrebno opremo. Izkoristil sem svoje znanje, ki sem ga pridobil s šolanjem, in izvedel študijo izdelave male hidroelektrarne v domačem kraju. Prikazal sem potrebne ekonomske in energetske izračune, iz katerih je razvidna upravičenost investicije. Za gradnjo ni ovir, saj je reka popolnoma neizkoriščena tako v ekološkem kot tudi kmetijskem smislu. In the final work the construction of small hydropower plant is presented. The all necessary plans, parts and equipment are described. In the work I implemented my knowledge I acquired during my college to make a small hydropower plant in home town. The all necessary economic and energetic calculations are performed to analyse the investment. To build small hydropower plant all conditions are satisfied, since river is unused in ecological and agricultural sense.

Tema diplomskega dela je predelava starih mlinov in žag, ki jih poganja voda, v male elektrarne. Ob tem je pomembno tudi ohranjanje tehnične dediščine. Osrednji problem obravnavane teme je bila sprememba vrtilne frekvence vodnega kolesa v vrtilno frekvenco, potrebno za pridobivanje električne energije. Za to pretvorbo sem izbral jermenske prenose, jih preračunal ter s tem določil končno moč, koliko naj bi takšna elektrarna proizvedla. Ugotovil sem, da bi v primeru predelave vseh za to ustreznih mlinov in izgradnjo modernih elektrarn na lokacijah, kjer so prej tovrstni mlini stali, lahko proizvedli ogromno količino koristne in čiste električne energije. The diploma revolves around the modification of an old water-run mill or saw into a small electric plant and also conserving the technical heritage. The main problem was to convert the rotation frequency from the water wheel into the frequency needed for processing electrical energy. For that conversion I used fan belt converters, calculated them and came to the resulting power that such a power plant would issue. I figured that if all the water run mills that exist would be converted into smaller power plants and if the locations of former mills would be used to create modern small power plants we could create a lot of beneficial and clean electric energy.

Diplomska naloga obravnava možnost gradnje male hidroelektrarne na izlivu potoka Zvirenčina v odvodni kanal hidroelektrarne Formin. Podani so opisi turbin in generatorjev, ki so primerni za vgradnjo v male hidroelektrarne. Izvedena je izbira turbine in druge opreme ter možnost vključitve elektrarne v elektroenergetski sistem. Uporabljen je program RedScreen, kjer je opravljen tako tehniški kot ekonomski del projekta. The diploma work includes the possibility of building the small hydropower – station on the stream Zvirenčina into the water channel of the hydropower – station Formin. It also includes the descriptions of turbines and generators, which are suitable for building into the small hydropower stations. There is performed of selection the optimization of the turbine and the other equipment, as well as the possibility of the connection of the power station into the electro-energetic system.

V diplomski nalogi so predstavljene možnosti postavitve male hidroelektrarne na odseku reke Drave od Melja do Ptuja. To območje je zaščiteno, zato zanj veljajo posebna naravovarstvena določila, ki so v nalogi tudi predstavljena. Analizirali smo pretoke reke in opredelili naravovarstvena območja, ki so primerna za gradnjo. S pomočjo kartografije smo raziskali rečno korito. Zanimali so nas padci, širina in dno rečnega korita, ki so primerni za postavitev hidroelektrarne. Na podlagi vseh zakonskih omejitev in dobljenih podatkov smo predstavili nekaj obstoječih hidroelektrarn, ki so primerne za obravnavani odsek reke Drave. Opredelili smo karakteristične lastnosti teh hidroelektrarn in za analizirane podatke opravili tudi izračune moči in stroškov hidroelektrarn s pomočjo programa RET Screen. Dissertation presents various possibilities of building small hydro power plants on the river Drava in section between Melje and Ptuj. The nature in this area is protected by special environmental laws which are also described in the thesis. We analysed overflow of the river and defined nature conservation areas suitable for construction. Based on cartography we analysed the river bed. We were interested in characteristics of declines, width and floor of the river bed suitable for the built. Based on the law restrictions and acquired data we presented some existing hydro power plants suitable in considered section of the river. We defined characteristics of these hydro power plants and made calculations of their power and expanses with RET Screen program.

V diplomski nalogi je raziskana možnost izkoriščanja vodnega potenciala reke Ledave za dve lokaciji. Obravnavano je pridobivanje vseh dovoljenj ter koncesije in raziskana okoljska zaščita NATURA 2000. Ekonomsko finančna analiza predvidenih tehničnih rešitev je bila opravljena s programskim orodjem RETScreen, kjer je bila uporabljena natančna stroškovna metoda. Izvedena je bila tudi analiza občutljivosti glede na spremembe cen in proizvedene količine električne energije in izkaz skupnega denarnega toka. In this diploma work, the possibility of exploitation of river Ledava’s water potential for two locations is investigated. The procedure of the acquisition of licences and concessions is described as well as environmental protection of NATURA 2000 is taken into account. Economic and financial analysis of the technical solution is carried out by a software tool RETScreen. The investment in small hydro power plant was assessed by the detailed cost method and the sensitivity analysis regarding the changes in price and the produced quantity of electric power was also done.