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Analiza proizvodnje električne energije je eden od temeljnih kriterijev pri odločitvi ekonomske upravičenosti izgradnje male hidroelektrarne. Da opravimo analizo proizvodnje električne energije, je potrebno poznati malo hidroelektrarno kot celoto. Namen diplomskega dela je na primeru izbrane male hidroelektrarne preučiti hidrologijo in posledično proizvodnjo električne energije. Tako je nastalo diplomsko delo, ki je razdeljeno v tri ključne dele. V prvem delu so predstavljene delitve malih hidroelektrarn glede na moč, padec in vrsto dotoka ter je izpeljana enačba moči hidroelektrarne, ki je osnova za izračune letne proizvodnje električne energije. V drugem delu so opisani sestavni deli male hidroelektrarne s poudarkom na tipih turbin: Francis, Kaplan in Pelton ter njihovi izkoristki v odvisnosti od pretoka. V tretjem delu so predstavljene osnovne karakteristike izbrane male hidroelektrarne Kneža. Analizirani so hidrološki podatki za podan vodotok. Na osnovi predstavljenih podatkov smo v računalniškem programu izračunali in z grafi primerjali letno proizvodnjo električne energije za primere, da bi v elektrarni obratovale Francisova, Kaplanova in Peltonova turbina izbrane nazivne moči. Rezultati kažejo različne količine proizvodnje električne energije v izbranih primerih. Identificirana je varianta, pri kateri je količina proizvedene električne energije največja. The analysis of electrical energy production is one of the basic criteria for determining the economic viability of constructing a small hydropower plant. In order to analyse the electrical energy production, it is necessary to know the hydroelectric power plant as a whole. The purpose of the diploma thesis is to study the hydrology and consequently the electricity production on the case of the selected small hydroelectric power plant. The result of this is the diploma thesis, which is divided into three main parts. The first part presents the types of small hydropower plants, divided by power, head range and different site layouts. A hydroelectric power equation of hydropower plant is derived, which is the basis for the analysis of electrical energy production. The second part describes the components of a small hydropower plant with an emphasis on the turbine types: Francis, Kaplan and Pelton and their efficiencies, which depend on the flow. The third part presents the basic characteristics of the selected small hydropower plant Kneža. The hydrological data for a given river flow are analysed. On the basis of the presented data the annual electricity production was calculated in a computer program and a comparison was made between the graphs exemplifying the Francis, Kaplan and Pelton turbines working at the rated power. The results show different amounts of electric energy production in the selected cases. A variant is identified where the amount of electric energy produced is the greatest.

Namen diplomskega dela je primerjava karakteristik alternativnih vodnih turbin s karakteristikami klasičnih vodnih turbin za malo hidroelektrarno. Male vodne hidroelektrarne so specifične, predvsem v padcu in pretoku vode, ki jo lahko izkoristimo za proizvodnjo električne energije. V diplomskem delu na konkretnem primeru ugotavljamo učinkovitost in rentabilnost alternativnih vodnih turbin, in ugotavljamo katera je v danem primeru najprimernejša. Ugotovili smo, da je izbrana alternativna turbina ugodna zamenjava za klasično vodno turbino. The purpose of the diploma work is to compare the characteristics of alternative water turbines with the characteristics of classical water turbines for small hydropower plants. Small hydropower plants are specific, especially in the fall and flow of water that can be used for electricity generation. In the diploma work, on the concrete case, we determine the efficiency and viability of alternative water turbines, and determine which is the most appropriate in the given case. We have found that the chosen alternative turbine is a favorable replacement for a conventional water turbine.

Diplomska naloga obravnava probleme, ki se ne pojavljajo zgolj na Tržiški Bistrici, ampak tudi drugod po Sloveniji. Največji problem so dotrajani jezovi, ki so vzrok za kar nekaj negativnih posledic. Največja težava je prehod vodnih organizmov preko jezov, saj so ribje steze prav tako kot jezovi zelo dotrajane ali pa jih ni. To povzroča fragmentacijo habitatov, kar škodi vodnim in obvodnim organizmom. Druga težava pa so suhe struge, ki so velik povzročitelj pogina rib in drugih vodnih in obvodnih organizmov. Proti prevelikim odvzemom vode v času malih pretokov so uveljavili Uredbo o kriterijih za določitev ter načinu spremljanja in poročanja ekološko sprejemljivega pretoka, katera omejuje lastnikom malih hidroelektrarn prevelik odvzem. Glavni cilji so izboljšati prehodnost vodnim organizmom, omogočiti ekološko sprejemljiv pretok in povečati število obratovalnih ur hidroelektrarne. Na podlagi izbranih ciljev in pogojev, je predstavljena rešitev rekonstrukcije enega izmed jezov na Tržiški Bistrici, male hidroelektrarne Zvirče. Predvidena rešitev je izdelana na idejnem projektu s potrebnimi izračuni in tehničnimi risbami. Primer je zasnovan na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč in drugih delujočih jezov ter starih projektov, ki zaradi različnih razlogov niso bili dokončani. The thesis focuses on problems that do not only affect the river Tržiška Bistrica, but are also common to other parts of Slovenia. The biggest problem lies in the poor condition of the dams, which has various negative consequences. The most problematic among them is the hindered passage of river organisms over the dams as the fishways are, just like the dams themselves, also in poor condition or even non-existent. This causes habitat fragmentation, harming organisms in and along the rivers. The second big problem is related to dry riverbeds, a major culprit for killing off several species of organisms living in or near the rivers. To counter the excessive levels of water abstraction, the government issued the Decree on criteria for determination and on the mode of monitoring and reporting of ecologically acceptable flow, which prevents owners of smaller hydroelectric plants from abstracting too much water. The main goals of the decree are to ease the passage of river organisms as well as to enable ecologically sustainable river discharge levels while increasing the number of peak hours of hydroelectric plants. Based on the chosen goals and conditions, the thesis proposes a solution for the reconstruction of the dam providing water for the small hydroelectric plant Zvirče, which is one of several dams on the Tržiška Bistrica. The proposed solutions are part of a preliminary design including all the necessary calculations and technical drawings. The proposal is based on the theoretical framework as well as on examples pertaining to other working dams and older projects that were left unfinished for various reasons.

V magistrskem delu obravnavamo načrtovanje ukrepov za izboljšanje prehodnosti prečnih vodnogospodarskih objektov, s katerimi vplivamo tudi na izboljšanje vzdolžne povezanosti vodotokov za vodne organizme. Magistrsko delo je strukturirano tako, da so v prvem delu obravnavana teoretična izhodišča, ki jih moramo upoštevati pri načrtovanju ukrepov za zagotavljanje prehodnosti na novih in obstoječih vodnogospodarskih objektih. Med njimi je izgradnja ribjega prehoda eden izmed najučinkovitejših ukrepov. V drugem delu smo na podlagi opisanih teoretičnih izhodišč izdelali idejno zasnovo ureditve prehodnosti za vodne organizme na Savi Bohinjki pri jezu HE Soteska, ki bi imela tudi velik pozitiven vpliv na vzdolžno povezanost celotnega vodotoka. Izdelali smo načrt ureditve odseka glavne struge in idejno zasnovo ribjega prehoda, ki ga sestavljata tehnični bazenski tip z vertikalnimi režami in sonaravno-tehnični bazenski tip. Delovanje ribjega prehoda je mogoče z izrabo dela ekološko sprejemljivega pretoka. Pri načrtovanju ureditve prehodnosti smo upoštevali ihtiološke dejavnike, ki jih določajo ribje vrste Save Bohinjke. Za zagotavljanje dodatne atrakcije na vhodu v ribji prehod in za izrabo preostalega dela ekološko sprejemljivega pretoka, ki se ne porabi za delovanje ribjega prehoda, smo ob izgradnji ribjega prehoda predvideli tudi izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne. Na koncu smo z analizo investicijskih stroškov celotne ureditve pokazali, da bi se celotni investicijski strošek zasnovane ureditve prehodnosti na odseku ob delovanju mHE povrnil v približno 16 letih. Izvedba načrtovane ureditve bi na obravnavanem odseku omogočila izboljšanje vzdolžne povezanosti vodotoka za vse vodne organizme, hkrati pa je z možnostjo proizvodnje električne energije v mHE investicija približana potencialnemu investitorju. The master’s thesis deals with the design of measures for improving passability at transverse river structures, which can also influence on the improvement of longitudinal connectivity of the river. The master’s thesis is structured in such a way, that the first part deals with theoretical background, which must be taken into account at designing measures for ensuring migration at newly and at existing transverse river structures. Construction of the fish pass is one of the most effective measures. Based on the considered theoretical background, the conceptual design of the restoration of the passability on Sava Bohinjka River at Soteska HPP Dam was made in the second part of the thesis. Insured passability would have a great positive influence on the longitudinal connectivity of the entire river. In order to ensure passability at the dam, we designed a plan, which takes into account, first the restoration of passability of the main river section and second the conceptual design of the fish pass, consisting of a technical pool type with vertical slots and natural-technical pool type. The operation of fish pass is enabled by exploiting part of the ecologically acceptable flow. In designing the restoration of passability, the ichthyologic factors, determined by the fish species of Sava Bohinjka River, were taken into account. In order to provide additional attraction flow at the fish pass entrance and to use part of the ecologically acceptable flow, we planned the construction of small hydropower plant. Finally, by analysing the investment costs of the entire restoration of passability for aquatic organisms at the Soteska HPP Dam, we showed that the total investment cost of the design, which includes construction of small hydropower plant, would be refunded after approximately 16 years. The proposed design would have a positive influence on the improvement of the longitudinal connectivity of the river, and at the same time with the possibility of producing electricity in the small hydropower plant, the potential investor would more likely finance the investment.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljena možnost izgradnje male hidroelektrarne na izbranem odseku reke Pesnice v občini Gorišnica. Območje gradnje ne spada v ekološko pomembno območje ali v območje naravnih vrednot, tako da za gradnjo na tem območju ne veljajo posebni predpisi, ki bi jih bilo treba upoštevati. Izbrana lokacija leži na območju Zamušanov, kjer je na podlagi vodomerne postaje, ki se nahaja v neposredni bližini, analiziran pretok reke in ekološko sprejemljiv pretok. V nadaljevanju je predstavljena možnost gradnje manjše hidroelektrarne. Na kratko je opisana oprema manjših hidroelektrarn in predstavljena sama tehnična zasnova posameznih objektov. Narejena je tudi kratka primerjava z veliko hidroelektrarno Formin. V zaključku diplomskega dela je izvedena ekonomska analiza, kjer so analizirani investicijski stroški, prihodki iz prodaje električne energije, na koncu pa je izračunan čas, v katerem se bo investicija povrnila. The thesis presents the possibility of building small hydroelectric power plant in the selected section of river Pesnica in municipality of Gorišnica. This site of construction does not fall within any important ecological areas, so the area of construction do not apply to specific special legal regulations that should been followed. Furthermore, the flow of the river and ecologically acceptable flow were analyzed, based on station, located in the immediate vicinity of Zamušani. The possibility of building small hydroelectric power plant was introduced. An equipment of small hydroelectric power plants and their technical scheme was described and a short comparison with large hydroelectric power plant Formin was made. Furthermore, an economic analysis with analysis of the investment costs, revenue from sales of electricity were made and time in which our investment will be repaid was calculated.

Tema diplomskega dela je uporaba terestričnega laserskega skeniranja in obdelava skeniranih podatkov za ugotavljanje premikov prelivne stene. V diplomskem delu je najprej opisan teoretičen del zajemanja in obdelave podatkov laserskega skeniranja. Praktični del diplomskega dela je obsegal skeniranje prelivne stene male hidroelektrarne Melje (MHE Melje) s terestričnim laserskim skenerjem Leica Nova MultiStation MS50. Skenirane podatke smo obdelali s programskim paketom Pointsense, ki je vgrajen v programu AutoCad. Rezultat obdelave je žični ali 3D model prelivne stene. Računali smo še horizontalno in višinsko natančnost detajlnih točk ravnin, ki služijo kot pomoč za izdelavo žičnega modela. The theme of the thesis is the use of terrestrial laser scanning and processing scanned data to determine the movement of the overflow wall. The thesis first describe the theoretical part of the collecting and processing data from laser scanning. Practical part of the thesis consisted of scanning the overflow wall Melje small hydroelectric power plant (SHP Melje) with terrestrial laser scanner Leica Nova MS 50 MultiStation. The scanned data was processed with the software package Pointsense, which is built into AutoCad. The result of the processing is wireframe or 3D model of the overflow wall. We continue to count horizontal and vertical accuracy of detailed points of the planes that serve as an aid for making wireframe.

Diplomsko delo Mala hidroelektrarna Mlačnik, presoja izvedljivosti je izdelano z namenom in ciljem ugotoviti rentabilnost obnove obstoječe Francisove turbine in možnost pridobivanja električne energije iz vodne energije. Izbira in obdelava te teme nas je pritegnila, ker je na tem mestu dobrih 50 let obratovala žaga, ki jo je poganjala Francisova turbina. V delu je najprej predstavljeno delovanje dveh malih hidroelektrarn z različnima turbinama, nato pa je analizirana tehnična in ekonomska možnost obnove male hidroelektrarne na potoku Ljubija. The Thesis titled The Small Hydroelectric Plant Mlačnik – Feasibility study was written with the purpose and goal of assessing the cost-effectiveness of refurbishing the existing Francis turbine and producing electricity from the power of flowing water. This particular topic was of interest to us because a sawmill – powered by a Francis turbine – has been operating at this location for over 50 years. First, the operation of two small hydroelectric plants with different turbines is outlined, and then the technical and economical feasibility of refurbishing a small hydroelectric plant on the Ljubija brook is analysed.

Diplomsko delo obravnava problem oblikovanja primerne rešitve za revitalizacijo male hidroelektrarne. Zaradi specifike posameznih objektov in potreb naročnikov je nemogoče razviti eno samo rešitev za revitalizacijo. Ker pa individualni pristop povzroča velike stroške in posledično nekonkurenčnost, je potrebno najti način, ki bo omogočal prilagodljivost glede na posamezni objekt, ki naj bi ga revitalizirali, obenem pa definira standardne komponente, ki bodo zmanjšale čas izdelave in zmanjšale materialne stroške. V okviru diplomskega dela smo izvedli še raziskavo s področja osebnih kriterijev za izbor rešitve med lastniki malih hidroelektrarn. Poleg tega smo opravili tudi intervju z vodilnima v podjetju, ki ponuja revitalizacije MHE, ter iz zbranih podatkov naredili QFD-analizo. The diploma thesis addresses the problem of designing an appropriate solution for the revitalization of a small hydro power plant. Due to the specifics of individual facilities and the needs of customers, it is impossible to develop a single solution for revitalization. However, because an individual approach causes significant costs and, consequently, lack of competitiveness, it is necessary to find a way that will allow for flexibility while defining standard components that will reduce manufacturing time and material costs. Within the thesis we carried out the research in the area of personal criteria for the selection of solutions among owners of small hydroelectric power plants. In addition, we conducted an interview with managers of a company that provides revitalization solutions, and used the collected data to make a QFD analysis.

Magistrsko delo obravnava razvoj modelov za kratkoročno napovedovanje oddane moči obnovljivih virov energije. V nalogi je obrazložen razvoj modela za napoved oddane moči fotonapetostnih elektrarn in razvoj modela za napoved oddane moči malih hidroelektrarn. Temeljna stopnja celotnega procesa predstavlja izbor in analizo meteoroloških spremenljivk, ki vplivajo na napovedovanje. Za umetno zmanjšanje vpliva meteoroloških dejavnikov je pri obeh modelih večji delež napovedi izračunan z uvedbo dodatne spremenljivke. Sledi napoved deviacije do končne napovedi. Kot matematični pripomoček za napoved deviacije je uporabljena umetna nevronska mreža. Izpopolnjen model za kratkoročno napoved je preizkušen za dneve različnih vremenskih stanj v različnih sezonskih obdobjih. Izvedena je analiza rezultatov, njihova grafična ponazoritev ter ocena natančnosti s statističnim kazalcem. Končni rezultati kažejo dobro ujemanje med izmerjeno in napovedano časovno porazdelitvijo oddane moči. In this work, development of solar and micro hydro power short-term prediction model is described. The first stage of the process represents assortment and analysis of impact meteorological variables on prediction model. In the objective to reduce impact of meteorological variables the higher proportion of prediction is systematically calculated via additional variable, in both prediction models. Following that, the deviation to final result is predicted using artificial neural networks. Improved prediction model is tested on different weather conditions and in different seasonal periods. The analysis of prediction values are made, the results are graphically illustrated for representative days and estimated using the standard evaluation criteria. Satisfactory results are obtained by both prediction models.

Diplomsko delo obravnava potencialno obnovo male hidroelektrarne Tevče. Objekt ni v procesu obratovanja vse od leta 1989, ko je strojnico poškodoval skalnati plaz. Vodni potencial reke Lahomnice je zadovoljiv, izjema so poletni meseci, ko pretok upade. Predstavljeni so vsi deli elektrarne skupaj s predvideno obnovo in stroški. Infrastruktura objekta je dobro ohranjena, zato bi bil vložek obnove in ponovnega zagona minimalen. Za izračun zmogljivosti male hidroelektrarne in stroškov obnove ter dobo vračanja, smo uporabili program RET-Screen. The diploma thesis presents potential reconstruction of a small hydro power plant Tevče. The facility is not in the process of operation since year 1989. Power plant operation was stopped because of the damage caused by rock avalanche. The water potential of Lahomnica river is sufficient, except for summer time when flow decreases. In the proces of reconstruction all parts are properly presented together with renovation costs. Infrastructure of building itself is well preserved. The cost of overall renovation and restart is minimal. Power plant capacity, renovation cost and cash back period were calculated with RET-Screen software.

Izkoriščanje obnovljivih virov energije, je ključnega pomena, zaradi vse večjih potreb po električni energiji. Kljub majhni količini proizvedene električne energije v malih hidroelektrarnah imajo takšne investicije veliko drugih prednosti. Pred začetkom opravil za izgradnjo elektrarne je natančna analiza, na osnovi kakovostnih vhodnih podatkov, mesta na katerem želimo izkoriščati vodni potencial, ključnega pomena. V oceni hidroenergetskega potenciala reke Reke na lokaciji Topolc, smo določili smiselnost revitalizacije starega objekta, v katerem so včasih vodni potencial že izkoriščali. Izhajali smo iz meritev pretokov na vodomerni postaji Trnovo, ki smo jih analizirali in smiselno ovrednotili. Topografske podatke terena smo pridobili z geodetskimi posnetki lokacije. Cilj takšne ocene je predvsem dobiti količino letne proizvedene električne energije in ekonomska upravičenost investicije. Za smiselno ovrednotenje vhodnih podatkov, smo izračune moči in električne energije primerjali z izračuni podjetja Siapro, ki smo jih dobili od lastnika objekta, g. Barbiša. Primerjava je bila izvedena za dvakrat regulirano Kaplanovo turbino, ki se glede na okoliščine, ni izkazala za optimalno izbiro. Ekonomsko upravičenost smo dokazovali z analizo finančnega toka, in sicer z rezultati neto sedanje vrednosti (NSV) za zakonsko predpisano diskontno stopnjo (DS) in interno stopnjo donosnosti (IDS). Pridobljeni rezultati so dobra podlaga za izdelavo idejnega projekta oziroma za nadaljnje projektne aktivnosti, v kolikor bi se lastnik objekta odločil za izdelavo male hidroelektrarne. Due to increasing demand for electricity, the exploit of renewable energy resources has become essential. Despite the small amount of electricity produced by small hydropower plants, have such investments many other advantages. Before starting a project of small hydro power plant, it is vital to analyze quality input data of selected location for using water potential. In assessment of hydroenergetic potential of the Reka river in Topolc, the point of old object revitalization has been determined, in which water potential has already been exploited. We start with analysis and evaluation of daily flow measurements from gauging station in Trnovo. Topographical terrain data were collected with the geodetic location recordings. The aim of such an assessment is primarly to get the annual amount of electricity produced and the viability of investment. Calculations of produced power and electricity were compared with calculations from company Siapro, which were obtained from the owner of the object Mr. Barbiš. The comparison was made for double regulated Kaplan turbine, which, given the circumstances, is not proven to be optimal choice. Economic viability has been proven by analyzing cash flow, with the results of net present value (NPV) for a statutory discount rate (DS) and internal rate of return (IRR). The obtained results are a good basis for developing a conceptual design, or for further project activities, if the owner will decide to build small hydropower plant.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljena mala hidroelektrarna Mlinca, ki je postavljena v neposredni bližini Mojstrane in v kateri so bile opravljene meritve. Na podlagi opravljenih meritev in izračunov smo s pomočjo računalniških programov Microsoft Excel in Matlab pokazali, kako se izkoristek in moč agregata spreminjata s pretokom vode. V zaključnem delu poskušamo tudi dokazati, da z izbiro nekaterih režimov (ti določajo odprtje posameznih igel) regulacije pretoka vode skozi šobe dosežemo večjo proizvodnjo električne energije in da obraba materialov vpliva na izkoristek agregata. The thesis presents the Small Hydropower Plant Mlinca that is located in the immediate vicinity of Mojstrana and where the measurements were conducted. Based on the conducted measurements and calculations we showed with the help of computer programs Microsoft Excel and Matlab, how the efficiency and power of the generator alter with the water flow. In the final part we try to prove that we can achieve greater production of electrical energy with a selection of some regimes for the regulation of the flow of water through the nozzles (they determine the opening of individual needle valves) and that the wear of materials impacts the efficiency of the generator.

Namen magistrske naloge je preveriti možnost izgradnje male hidroelektrarne med Velenjskim in Družmirskim jezerom. Izvedena je analiza velike količine pridobljenih podatkov o stanju obeh jezer in pritokov. Glede na analizo podatkov so določeni parametri akumulacijske hidroelektrarne z opisi sestavnih delov male hidroelektrarne. Predstavljeni so vplivi na okolje. Narejen je ekonomski izračun za ugotavljanje smiselnosti projekta. The aim of master thesis is to examine the possibility to place the small hydropower plant between the Velenje and Družmirje Lake. Analyze about many data of both lakes with inflows conditions is made. Taking in to account all data, the parameters of hydro accumulation power plant with engineering details of construction parts are defined. In thesis are presented environmental impacts. An economic calculation is done to determine the reasonableness of project.

Diplomska naloga obravnava gradnjo male hidroelektrarne na reki Pesnici. Opisane so vrste hidroelektrarn ter vrste turbin, ki se uporabljajo. Predstavljena je reka Pesnica in njeno porečje. Grafično so prikazani tudi pretoki zadnjih 40 let. Predlagana je izvedba in načrtovanje posameznih objektov. Predstavljen je celoten postopek za pridobiten ekološko sprejemljivega podatka, ki je pomemben podatek pri gradnji. S pomočjo programskega orodja RetScreen, je izdelan model male hidroelektrarne in izračuni. Izvedena je finančna analiza projekta ter grafično prikazana doba vračanja. In the diploma has been described the whole procedure of a construction of a small hydro power plant in river Pesnica. Described have been different versions of hydro power plants and their turbines. The river Pesnica has been thoroughly described and it's flows have been shown in graphs. Presented and recommended have been the correct implementation of the facility and all of it's parts. The calculations and financial predictions of small hydro plant have been executed with Retscreen software, along with the project analysis and cumulative flows.

Namen zaključnega dela je predvsem podati predlog za izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne Pecelj, ki bi lahko bila umeščena v obstoječi cevovod za oskrbo pitne vode v odseku zajetja Dolna do raztežilnika Pecelj. Prvi del zaključnega dela obsega splošno predstavitev turbin in vrst malih hidro elektrarn, v drugem delu je predstavljena problematika oskrbe s pitno vodo skozi obstoječi cevovod ter določitev, umestitev in izgradnja novega cevovoda. V nadaljevanju je določen najprimernejši tlačni vodovodni vod. V raztežilnik je predvidena umestitev male hidroelektrarne. Vloga hidroelektrarne je izkoristiti visoke tlake, ki nastanejo zaradi velike višinske razlike. Predlagam, da se najprej zgradi visokotlačni cevovod in nato vgradnja energetskega sistema. V zaključnem delu je preračunana hitrost vode v ceveh, linijske izgube, izkoristki, dimenzionirana turbina, moč turbine, povračilna doba in moč na sponkah generatorja pri različnih pretokih. Predvidena je bila regulacija, oprema, narejen in ekonomski pregled. Na koncu so predstavijeni postopki za pridobitev dokumentacije za izgradnjo male hidroelektrarne, kar je zelo pomembno pri uresničitvi in pridobitvi gradbenega dovoljenja ter projekta za izvedbo. V zaključnem delu predstavljen sistem ima pomembno vlogo oskrbovanju gospodinjstev z vodo, hkrati pa zaradi visokih tlakov razbremenjuje tlačne nivoje. Visoki tlaki lahko škodujejo vodovodni napeljavi, ter armaturi uporabnikov. Mala hidroelektrarna Pecelj je namenjena za proizvodnjo zelene energije. The goal of the final work is to investigate and develop the solution how to implement a small hydropower station into drinking water pipeline. The small hydropower station could be placed in flow discharger Dolna-Pecelj, which is used for pressure reducer. In the first part the types of water turbines of electric power stations are described that could be used in such conditions. The second part is dealing with problems of old drinking water pipeline and proposed solutions for a new pipeline that is under construction. Due to high-level head and consequently the high pressure in pipeline have to be reduced, so the water turbine could be implemented. The solution will be performed in two steps the construction of high-pressure pipeline and afterword the energetic system will be implemented. In the final work all calculations are performed water speeds, pressure, line loses, water turbine determination, efficiency of power station and finally economic viability of the station. The work conclude with the documentation and procedures needed to build such small plant. The proposed system could have a significant role in reducing the pressure difference in the water pipeline system and producing green electricity simultaneously.

Diplomska naloga obravnava gradnjo male hidroelektrarne na potoku Sušica. Predstavljene so male hidroelektrarne in turbine za male hidroelektrarne. Za uspešno načrtovanje male hidroelektrarne je potrebno dobro poznati lastnosti potoka, pretoke vode ter možen vodni padec. Predstavljeni so večletni merjeni podatki o pretokih na potoku Sušica. S pomočjo programskega orodja RETScreen je izračunana moč elektrarne in letna proizvedena energija. Prav tako je izvedena finančna analiza celotnega projekta s posebnim poudarkom na finančnem toku investicije. The issue set in the context of the diploma work is the construction of a micro hydroelectric power plant on the Sušica stream. The degree dissertation first depicts micro hydroelectric power plants in general, followed by the introduction of turbine types and the stream description. The impact measurements and the incline are presented as well, as are the impact measurement results. Finally, the base results of the hydroelectric power plant efficiency are specified, on the basis of which and with the aid of a RETScreen programme the implementation of the micro hydroelectric power plant has been analized.

V diplomskem delu so predstavljene možnosti izkoriščanja odpadnih voda za pridobivanje električne energije v stanovanjskih in storitvenih objektih. V začetnih poglavjih so predstavljene male hidroelektrarne in potenciali odpadnih voda. Sledi poglavje, v katerem so zbrani podobni projekti v Sloveniji in v svetu. Opisana je tudi oprema za izkoriščanje tovrstnih energetskih potencialov. V zaključnih poglavjih so predstavljeni energijski potenciali v stanovanjskem bloku in v Univerzitetnem kliničnem centru Maribor. Za vse primere sta opravljeni tudi tehnična in ekonomska analiza s pomočjo programskega orodja RETScreen. The graduation thesis introduces the possibility of using waste water to generate electricity in high-rise residential and service buildings. The opening chapters deal with small hydroelectric power plants and waste water potential. The following chapter presents similar projects in Slovenia and around the world. Moreover, the equipment for utilizing these sorts of energy potentials is being described. In the final chapters, there are energy potentials in high-rise residential building and University Clinical Centre Maribor introduced. For each example, technical and economic analyses have been made with the help of RETScreen program.

V diplomskem delu so predstavljene proizvodne kapacitete za proizvodnjo električne energije na reki Dravi. Zraven je dodan tudi kratek opis same reke. Na kratko so opisane posamezne dravske elektrarne ter koliko električne energije vsaka proizvede. Podrobneje je opisana mala hidroelektrarna Melje. Predstavljeno je stanje stare elektrarne Melje pred izgradnjo nove elektrarne ter sami vzroki, ki so botrovali k novi izgradnji. V programskem orodju RETScreen pa je narejena tudi analiza same nove elektrarne, ki je zgrajena na jezu Melje. Diploma thesis presents production capacities for the production of electricity on the Drava river. It also includes a short description of the river itself. Shortly described are some individual hydro-power plants on the river Drava. Included are the information about their production of electrical energy. A small hydro-power plant Melje is described more in detail. The condition of the old hydro-power plant Melje, before building a new one, is presented and the causes itself that were responsible for the new construction. Based on RETScreen software tool we made an analysis of a new hydro-power plant built on a dam Melje.

Hidroelektrarne so pomemben vir električne energije za Slovenijo in predstavljajo 24,5 % celotne proizvedene električne energije in ob tem ne proizvajajo toplogrednih plinov. Mala hidroelektrarna Pecelj bo v enem letu prispevala 176,6 MWh. Proizvodnja električne energije sicer ni primarnega pomena, ampak je to regulacija nivoja vode v vodohranu Dolna. Regulacija se bo izvajala preko regulacijske igle v Peltonovi turbini ali pa preko regulacijskega ventila. Hydropower is an important energy source in Slovenia it consists of 24,5 % of all electric energy production and doesn’t produce any greenhouse gasses. The small hydropower plant in Pecelj will produce 176,6 Mwh in one year but its main function will not be to produce electrical energy but to regulate the water level in the reservoir Dolna. It will regulate the water level with the use of the needle in the Pelton turbine or by the use of a regulation valve.

Diplomska naloga prikazuje postopka pridobitve koncesije za izrabo vode za pridobivanje električne energije na izbrani lokaciji na reki Dravinji in pridobitve gradbenega dovoljenja za izgradnjo mHe z ustreznimi tehničnimi rešitvami. Za pridobitev koncesije se na ARSO odda ustrezna vloga s priloženo idejno zasnovo. Po podpisu koncesijske pogodbe moramo pridobiti vsa zahtevana soglasja. Za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja moramo na upravni enoti oddati projekt za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja, ki je sestavljen iz vodilne mape, ustreznih načrtov in elaboratov ter kopij vseh soglasij in koncesijske pogodbe. MHe na reki Dravinji je sestavljena iz vtočnega in iztočnega objekta, strojnice in kablovoda do električnega omrežja. This diploma deals with the procedure of receiving a concession for the legal use of water for electric energy by constructing a small hydro power plant on river Dravinja and with the procedure of obtaining a legal building licence with technical solutions for its construction. To receive a legal concession, one must lodge an appropriate application, enclosed with a conceptual scheme at ARSO. After signing the concession contract, one must first obtain all necessary legal permissions for the construction. To be able to legally start the construction, the investor must get a building licence for it. In order to get it, the investor has to lodge a project for building licence at the administrative unit. The project for building licence contains a leading folder, adequate building plans and elaborats and copies of all legal permissions and the concession conctarct. Small hydro power plant on river Dravinja is composed of inflow and outflow facillity, engineering and the connection to the electrical network.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena možnost gradnje male hidroelektrarne na odseku potoka Hudinja v občini Vitanje. Območje spada v ekološko pomembno območje in območje naravnih vrednot, zato zanj veljajo posebni predpisi in standardi, ki jih je treba upoštevati. Kljub tehnični izvedljivosti in upoštevanju predpisov, gradnja v tem delu zaradi mnenja Zavoda Republike Slovenije za varstvo narave ni možna. Izbrali smo lokacijo zajezitve vode in lokacijo strojnice ter za poseg v naravo pridobili posamezna strokovna mnenja vladnih služb. Analizirali smo pretok potoka, ekološko sprejemljivi pretok in analizirali tehnično rešitev elektrarne. Predstavili smo zahteve po izgradnji ribje steze ter napravili primer izračuna le-te. Izračunali smo investicijske stroške elektrarne, prihodke iz prodaje ter predstavili dobo povračila investicije oziroma ekonomsko upravičenost izgradnje. The diploma paper presents the possibility of building a small hydroelectric power plant on the section of the brook Hudinja in the municipality Vitanje. The area falls within the ecologically significant areas and represents an area of natural values, and therefore it is subject to specific regulations and standards which must be complied. Despite the technical feasibility and regarding the regulations, building in this area – according to the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Nature Conservation – is not possible. We have chosen the location of the water reservoir and the location of the machine house, and we have collected individual professional opinions of the government department about the interference to nature. We have examined the flow of the brook, the ecological acceptable flow and analysed the technical solution of the power plant. We have presented a request for the construction of a fish track and we have given an example of its calculation. We have made calculations of the power plant investment costs, the income from sales and we have also presented the period of return on this investment, namely the economic justification of the construction.

Odločili smo se, da bomo na potoku Sušica gradili malo hidroelektrarno. V diplomski nalogi so najprej opisani pomembnejši sestavni deli male hidroelektrarne. V nadaljevanju naloge je prikazana meritev pretoka, določitev padca vode, izračun moči vode ter moči na izhodu turbine. Glede na izračunano moč na izhodu turbine je bil izbran asinhronski generator, za katerega je opravljen analitični izračun karakteristik. We decided to build a small hydropower plant on the stream Sušica. In this diploma work the most important components of small hydropower plant are described first. In the next sections measurement of water flow, determination of water gradient, calculation of water power and output power of the turbine are presented. According to the calculated maximal output power of the turbine, the size of induction generator has been selected. Induction generator characteristic was determined by using analytical calculation approach.

Diplomsko delo analizira ekonomsko upravičenost delovanja male hidroelektrarne Pečovnik. V diplomskem delu so predstavljeni obnovljivi viri energije in njihov družbeni pomen. Predstavljena je oprema male hidroelektrarne. Opisana in predstavljena je mala hidroelektrarna Pečovnik, ki se nahaja v občini Luče. Na osnovi izračunov je za malo hidroelektrarno Pečovnik opravljena ekonomska analiza delovanja s pomočjo programskega orodja RETScreen. Analiza uspešnosti naložbe je izvedena z metodo in primerjavo interne stopnje donosnosti z diskontno stopnjo. Na kratko so predstavljeni tudi vidiki izgradnje nove male hidroelektrarne oziroma možnost obnove obstoječega objekta. In this diploma thesis, we focus on the economic viability of small hydroelectric power station Pečovnik. The diploma thesis presents the renewable energy and its social significance. Small hydro equipment is described in detail. Furthermore, we describe and present a small hydroelectric power station Pečovnik which is located in municipality Luče. Based on calculation for small hydroelectric power station Pečovnik, we made an economic analysis by using a software tools RETScreen. Performance of an investment is made with the method and comparison of the internal rate with discount rate. There are shortly presented some aspects of building a new small hydroelectric power station and a possibility of renovation of the existing building.

Magistrska naloga, mala hidroelektrarna na reki Sopoti, je izdelana z namenom in ciljem ugotoviti smiselnost koriščenja tega vodnega vira. Izbira in obdelava te teme me je pritegnila iz tega razloga, ker je tu nekoč že obratovala mala hidroelektrarna, ki pa so jo približno pred dvajsetimi leti ustavili. V nalogi sem zajel in predstavil zakonodajo in postopke, ki so potrebni pri izvedbi takega projekta. Na splošno je, moja ugotovitev, da so v naši državi ti administrativni postopki preveč zahtevni, še bolj pa komplicirano zastavljeni. Na koncu naloge sem v ekonomski analizi prikazal in dokazal, z določenimi metodami , da je smiselno postaviti tako elektrarno in jo koristiti kot stalen obnovljiv vir. The master's thesis »The small hydro plant on the riverSopota« (Mala hidroelektrarna na reki Sopoti) is written with an aim to asses the benefits of employing the previously mentioned hydro plant as anenergy source. The theme and its analysis intrigued me due to the fact that thepower plant used to be operational but closed its doors nearly twenty years ago. The thesis comprises of the presentation of the legislation and the legislativeprocedures needed for the execution of such a project. I have come to theconclusion that these administrative procedures are too overwhelming in ourcountry and moreover, complicated. In the economic analysis at the end of the thesis I have demonstrated and proventhat the setting up and employment of such a hydro plant as a renewable energysource is reasonable.

Idejna študija male hidroelektrarne Malenščica je izdelana s ciljem ugotoviti smiselnost koriščenja danega vodotoka. Podane so možne rešitve in primerjava danih rešitev. Izdelana je tudi groba ocena stroškov ter ocena časa povrnitve stroškov investicije. Na osnovi preračunov je izbrana najboljša rešitev. A case study of a small hydroelectric power station Malenščica has been done with a goal to ensure reasonableness of using the given water current. There have been possible solutions and a comparison of the given solutions given. A rough estimation has been done and the estimation of repayment time of the investment. According to the calculus, the best solution has been chosen.

Diplomska naloga je namenjena razlagi in raziskavi pridobivanja električne energije na osnovi obnovljivega vira energije, vode. V uvodu je na kratko predstavljen razvoj koriščenja vodne energije skozi zgodovino. Drugo poglavje govori o obnovljivih in neobnovljivih virih energije. V tretjem poglavju se srečamo z lastnostmi vode, predvsem s fizikalnimi lastnostmi, ki so pomembnejše za proizvodnjo električne energije. Četrto poglavje govori o zgradbi in delovanju nam znanih klasičnih hidroelektrarn. Peto, šesto, sedmo in osmo poglavje predstavljajo novejše oblike koriščenja vodne energije, ki se nanašajo predvsem na ogromne kapacitete energije morja, in okoljevarstvo. Vodni motor na reaktivni pogon je predstavljen v devetem poglavju. Deseto poglavje govori o vplivu hidroelektrarn na okolje in enajsto o nastopu v osnovni šoli. Das Zeil dieser Diplomarbeit ist die Erklärung und die Erforschung der Energiegewinnung auf der Basis einer regenerativen Energiequelle, dem Wasser. In der Einleitung wird kurz beschrieben, wie sich die Energiegewinnung aus dem Wasser durch die Geschichte entwickelte. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit regenerativen und nicht regenerativen Energiequellen. Im dritten Kapitel befasse ich mich mit den Eigenschaften des Wassers, vor allem mit physikalischen Eigenschaften, die für die Herstellung von Elektrizität von größerer Bedeutung sind. Das vierte Kapitel befasst sich mit klassischen, uns besser bekannten Wasserkraftwerken, deren Struktur und Funktionsweise. Das fünfte, sechste, siebte und achte Kapitel befassen sich mit neueren Arten der Energiegewinnung aus dem Wasser – hier werden vor allem riesige Energiekapazitäten der Meere behandelt als auch der Umweltschutz. Im neunten Kapitel wird ein Wassermotor mit Düsentriebwerk näher vorgestellt. Das zehnte Kapitel befasst sich mit den Einflüssen der Wasserkraftwerke auf die Umwelt und das letzte, elfte, Kapitel beinhaltet die Lehrprobe in einer Grundschule.