Search

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) demonstrate a broad spectrum of properties encompassing electronic correlations, anisotropic transport, magnetism, and optical behavior. The anisotropy arises from both intrinsic crystal symmetry and extrinsic factors like epitaxial strain and structural asymmetry at TMO interfaces. Weiss and Neel's work has elucidated anisotropic magnetic behavior in antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials. AFM TMOs exhibit unique magnetotransport behavior, including weak antilocalization (WAL) and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). Understanding the magnetic structure and band topology in AFM perovskites and their interfaces enables the tailored design of materials for spintronics and energy conversion. In few interfaces lacking inversion symmetry, Rashba spin–orbit coupling (SOC) induces WAL, a quantum correction in conductivity in a two-dimensional electronic system. Electron accumulation and charge transfer across 3d, 5d transition metal-based perovskite interfaces affect WAL and AMR, as observed in 3d/3d and 3d/5d AFM heterostructures, respectively. Advancements in spintronics rely on exploring spin-dependent transport anisotropy. This review focuses on various scattering mechanisms, categorized as extrinsic and intrinsic, in anisotropic transport, particularly in 3d/5d AFM superlattices. The WAL scattering mechanism depends on both intrinsic factors related to Rashba SOC-induced band topology and extrinsic sources like spin impurities and lattice ions. Moreover, the investigation into AMR mechanisms involves the application of impurity-based extrinsic scattering models, which are aligned with the Rashba and Dresselhauss models on Fermi surfaces. This exploration specifically targets the interface of two-band insulators, exemplified by LaAlO3/SrTiO3 and LaVO3/KTaO3. Furthermore, this model achieves comprehensive coverage, extending its applicability to 3d/5d AFM heterostructures like LaMnO3/SrIrO3 and CaMnO3/CaIrO3. Additionally, the intrinsic scattering mechanism tied to Berry phase effects related to band topology is studied, focusing on the CaMnO3/CaIrO3 superlattice. Despite manipulation challenges stemming from reduced stray fields, AFM materials show potential in interface physics and applications within the realm of spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium tin oxide (ITO) film, which is the most commonly used transparent conductive film (TCF), has traditionally been believed to be transparent in the visible spectrum but to reflect infrared (IR) light beyond the plasma wavelength (λp). However, our theoretical analysis challenges this notion by demonstrating that an ultrathin ITO TCF that is thinner than the light's penetration depth can overcome the transmission barrier at λp. To validate the theoretical modeling, we have successfully fabricated ultrathin ITO films that, despite having λp ≈ 1 μm, remain transparent from 400 nm to 20 μm. This represents the broadest transparency range ever reported for any In2O3-based TCF. The 10-nm-thick ITO TCFs have high visible transmittance (91.0% at 550 nm), low resistivity (5 × 10−4 Ω cm), and good IR transmittance (averaging 60% over 1.35–18.35 μm). Their IR transparency facilitates radiative cooling of the underlying circuitry. When an operational resistor is enclosed by commercial ITO TCFs that are 140 nm thick, its temperature increases. However, using 10-nm-thick ITO TCFs instead of the commercial ones can completely avoid this temperature rise. Moreover, attaching a silver grid to a 10-nm-thick ITO TCF can reduce the effective sheet resistance to ∼10 Ω/□ at the expense of only ∼3% transmittance. This development paves the way for large-scale applications that require low sheet resistance and far-IR transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble-gas implantation was used to introduce defects in n-type degenerate ScN thin films to tailor their transport properties. The electrical resistivity increased significantly with the damage levels created, while the electron mobility decreased regardless of the nature of the ion implanted and their doses. However, the transport property characterizations showed that two types of defects were formed during implantation, named point-like and complex-like defects depending on their temperature stability. The point-like defects changed the electrical conduction mode from metallic-like to semiconducting behavior. In the low temperature range, where both groups of defects were present, the dominant operative conduction mechanism was the variable range hopping conduction mode. Beyond a temperature of about 400 K, the point-like defects started to recover with an activation energy of 90 meV resulting in a decrease in resistivity, independent of the incident ion. The complex-like defects were, therefore, the only remaining group of defects after annealing above 700 K. These latter, thermally stable at least up to 750 K, introduced deep acceptor levels in the bandgap resulting in an increase in the electrical resistivity with higher carrier scattering while keeping the metallic-like behavior of the sample. The generation of both types of defects, as determined by resistivity measurements, appeared to occur through a similar mechanism within a single collision cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: We propose a novel method for 3-D magnetotelluric (MT) forward modelling based on hybrid meshless and finite-element (FE) methods. This method divides the earth model into a central computational region and an expansion one. For the central region, we adopt scatter points to discretize the model, which can flexibly and accurately characterize the complex structures without generating unstructured mesh. The meshless method using compact support radial basis function is applied to simulate this area's electromagnetic field. While in the expansion region, to avoid the heavy time consumption and numerical error of the meshless method caused by non-uniform nodes, we adopt a node-based finite-element method with regular hexahedral mesh for stability. Finally, the two discretized systems are coupled at the interface nodes according to the continuity conditions of vector and scalar potentials. Considering that the normal electric field is discontinuous at the interface with resistivity discontinuity, while the shape functions for the meshless method are continuous, we further adopt the visibility criterion in constructing the support region. Numerical experiments on typical models show that using the same degree of freedom, the hybrid meshless-finite element method (FEM) algorithm has higher accuracy than the node-based FEM and meshless method. In addition, the electric field discontinuity at interfaces is well preserved, which proves the effectiveness of the visibility criterion method. In general, compared to the conventional grid-based method, this new approach does not need the complex mesh generation for complex structures and can achieve high accuracy, thus it has the potential to become a powerful 3-D MT forward modelling technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pannonian Basin is one of the best natural laboratories in the world to study the lithospheric response to continental extension and subsequent tectonic inversion. Here we address the topic of lithospheric structure by a combined geochemical and magnetotelluric analysis, which has been carried out in the framework of the Pannon LitH2Oscope project. The main objective was to detect the resistivity distribution over the entire lithosphere by magnetotelluric measurements, considering the lithological resistivity properties and relate the results to the structure and evolution of the Pannonian Basin. The Pannon LitH2Oscope MT array was used to estimate the depth of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB), considering the legacy MT data and compared to previous estimates for the region. Using the MT and geomagnetic response functions, major structural zones of the Pannonian basin, such as the Mid-Hungarian Shear Zone or fault systems like the Makó Trough and the Békés Basin, were also imaged. In addition, we used the apparent resistivity soundings to compare 1D resistivity models computed from geochemistry and obtained from field MT measurements. This comparison provided new constrains for the composition, fluid and melt content variations at the local lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The Pannon LitH2Oscope MT dataset and the results presented in this paper provide input for more complex 3D inversions and further investigations of the lithospheric structure in the Carpathian-Pannonian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a key magnetotelluric section, composed of archived magnetotelluric data along a NW-SE profile in Transdanubia, Hungary. For the interpretation of the key section, observations from raw magnetotelluric data and inversion results were used. In addition, other geophysical-geological information was also considered to confirm the conclusions based on the electrical resistivity sections. All this information was combined to identify the main structural lines and geologic units along the profile. Main structural lines observed on the resistivity sections are the Alpokalja line, Rába line, Balaton line, Kapos line, and Mecsekalja line. Geologic units that can be delineated due to their resistivity contrast include the Lower and Upper Austroalpine Units, the Transdanubian Range Unit, the Mid-Hungarian Megaunit, the Tisza Megaunit and sedimentary rocks filling the sub-basins of the Miocene Pannonian back-arc basin. The inversion results of the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization mode and the phase-depth sections of the raw data were found to be the most suitable for detecting the morphology and identifying the depth of the Pre-Cenozoic basement along the profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical methods depend on a range of physical and chemical mechanisms, and each method has different sensitivities and resolution of Earth parameters, and over different scale lengths. Additionally, such geophysical methods will also have their own statistical characteristics. Thus, it is a significant challenge to combine different methods through a single inversion framework. Rather than attempting to find an optimal and single model for different geophysical responses, an alternative approach is to use FCM clustering to identify clusters of parameters from two or more different geophysical data sets or models that have similar statistical properties. In this paper, we apply the FCM approach to integrate data and model sets for an array of 100 broadband magnetotelluric (MT) and 100 passive seismic receivers spaced 1 km apart on a 10 by 10 grid above the Vulcan IOCG prospect in the Olympic Cu–Au Province, southern Australia. The challenge for exploration of the Vulcan prospect is that it lies beneath 750 m of regolith sedimentary cover, no single geophysical method provides a unique characterization of the deposit geometry, and drilling is very expensive. Fuzzy c-mean cluster analyses are undertaken in 2D for gravity data and shear-wave velocity model data for basement depths beneath cover and in 3D for shear-wave velocity and electrical resistivity model data. Fuzzy c-mean clustering is shown to provide a simple and efficient method of integrating different geophysical measurements to produce a geological framework that can be verified with drilling information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018 the first subglacial lake in the Canadian Arctic was proposed to exist beneath the Devon Ice Cap, based on the analysis of airborne radar data. Here, we report a new interpretation of the subglacial material beneath the Devon Ice Cap, supported by data acquired from multiple surface-based geophysical methods in 2022. The geophysical data recorded included 9 km of active-source seismic-reflection profiles, seven transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings, and 17 magnetotellurics (MT) stations. These surface-based geophysical datasets were collected above the inferred locations of the subglacial lakes and show no evidence for the presence of subglacial water. The acoustic impedance of the subglacial material, estimated from the seismic data, is 9.49 ± 1.92 × 10 6 kg m -2 s -1 , comparable to consolidated or frozen sediment. The resistivity models obtained by inversion of both the TEM and MT measurements show the presence of highly resistive rock layers (1000–100 000 Ω m) directly beneath the ice. Re-evaluation of the airborne reflectivity data shows that the radar attenuation rates were likely overestimated, leading to an overestimation of the basal reflectivity in the original radar studies. Here, we derive new radar attenuation rates using the temperature- and chemistry-dependent Arrhenius equation, and when applied to correct the returned bed power, the bed power does not meet the basal reflectivity threshold expected over subglacial water. Thus, the radar interpretation is now consistent with the seismic and electromagnetic observations of dry or frozen, non-conductive basal material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a robust 1D inversion was performed on magnetotelluric (MT) data by utilizing the Huber loss function to avoid misleading interpretation of results, which is caused by the presence of outliers in the data. The MT method utilizes the ratio between the electric field (E) and the magnetic field (H), which are perpendicular to each other, to obtain impedance values (Z). These values are used to extract subsurface information in the form of electrical resistivity variations with depth. In the study, forward modeling of the 1D MT responses was conducted by recursively calculating Z values. Robust inversion was performed using the Huber loss function as an objective function to minimize the difference between the calculated and observed data. The Huber loss function combines the squared loss and the absolute loss to anticipate the presence of outliers in MT observation data. The robust inversion was performed on synthetic data with additional noise and field data. The inversion process utilized 50 layers with a thickness of 500 m, a hyperparameter δ = 5 × 10 - 2 , λ = 0.01 , and λ t = 100 . The number of iterations used was 500 for inversions that used synthetic data and 3000 for inversions that used field data. The robust inversion scheme using the Huber loss function successfully overcame the presence of outliers and accurately estimated the actual model parameters, both for synthetic data and field data that contained outliers. The misfit was relatively small and close to zero, indicating that the inversion code works well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before exploiting a geothermal resource in a volcanic setting such as the Asal rift, it is necessary to acquire a better knowledge of the subsoil, with the objective of locating the geothermal reservoir and evaluating the resource characteristic (permeability, temperature, etc.). For this type of resource, geophysical exploration methods are essential (such as gravimetry, magnetotellurics, etc.). However, a particular data type does not necessarily have the resolution and sensitivity. Furthermore, individual inversions of these geophysical data face the ambiguity of the non‐uniqueness of the inverse solution. In this paper, we present a new linear approach of gravity data using the constraint of a MT resistivity model. We coupled the resistivity and density using inversion cross‐gradients and the linear correlations. The approach was tested and validated on synthetic data and applied to gravity and MT data in the Asal Rift. Multiple inversions with different levels of coupling provided a series of density models. We applied the principal component analysis (PCA) technique to assess these models. We were able to define two dominant processes acting differently on the density and resistivity distribution at depth, namely the geothermal activity of the rift and the structural control of active tectonics. Plain Language Summary: The inversion of geophysical data faces the problem of ambiguity or nonuniqueness. Constrained inversion can be an effective solution to reduce these ambiguities. Coupling several geophysical methods provides a priori information to help sample the space of acceptable models toward a reliable and realistic solution. In order to assess the resulting models, we use multivariate statistics. We present two types of coupling, cross‐gradient and linear correlation between density and electrical resistivity. The approach was tested and validated on synthetic data and on data acquired in the Asal rift, Republic of Djibouti. The results suggest that both the geothermal activity of the rift and the structural control of active tectonics control the distribution of density and electrical resistivity. Key Points: We developed a new constrained inversion using the cross‐gradient and linear correlation couplings between density and resistivityThe models resulting from these two inversions are synthesized using the principal component analysis methodResistivity and density models highlight that the Asal rift is dominated by more than one process (geothermal and tectonic) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article demonstrates the possibility of joint interpretation of seismic, density, magnetic, and geoelectric models of the deep structure of the lithosphere along the Spassk-Dalniy–Zerkalnaya Bay geotraverse. Seismic and density boundaries form the main structural framework of the integrated model of the lithosphere. Magnetic heterogeneities map the elements associated with magmatism. The electrical model reflects the most recent processes of matter redistribution. The resulting integrated geophysical model demonstrated that for the identified terranes on the surface and most of the faults separating them, the structural style is well expressed only within the upper and middle parts of the crust to a depth of 10–20 km. The lithosphere of the Khanka superterrane retains its structure both in the crust and mantle. Structures of the crust and upper mantle of the Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt are different and associated with each other through highly conductive areas and zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The solution of the remote reference method, a frequently used technique in magnetotelluric (MT) data processing, can be viewed as a product of the two-input–multiple-output relationship between the local electromagnetic field and the reference field at a remote station. By applying a robust estimator to the two-input–multiple-output system, one can suppress the influence of outliers in the local magnetic field as well as those in the local electric field based on regression residuals. Therefore, this study develops a new robust remote reference estimator with the aid of robust multivariate linear regression. By applying the robust multivariate regression S-estimator to the multiple-output system, the present work derives a set of equations for robust estimates of the transfer function, noise variances, and the scale of the Mahalanobis distance simultaneously. The noise variances are necessary for the multivariate analysis to normalize the residuals of dependent variables. The Mahalanobis distance, a distance measure for multivariate data, is a commonly used indicator of outliers in multivariate statistics. By updating those robust estimates iteratively, the new robust remote reference estimator seeks the transfer function that minimizes the robust scale estimate of the Mahalanobis distance. The developed estimator can avoid bias in the MT transfer function even if there are significant noises in the reference magnetic field and handle outlying data more robustly than previously proposed robust remote reference estimators. The authors applied the developed method to a synthetic data set and real-world data. The test results demonstrate that the developed method downweights outliers in the local electric and magnetic fields and gives an unbiased transfer function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Minimum-structure, or Occam's style of, inversion introduces a regularization function into the underdetermined geophysical inverse problems to stabilize the inverse problem and mitigate its non-uniqueness. The regularization function is typically designed such that it can incorporate a priori information into the inversion framework, thus constructing models that have more plausible representations of the true Earth's subsurface structure. One type of a priori information is geological orientation information such as strike, dip and tilt angles of the subsurface structure. This type of information can be incorporated into inverse problems through the roughness operators. Designing such roughness operators for inversion frameworks using unstructured tetrahedral meshes is not as straightforward as for inversion frameworks using structured meshes due to the arbitrary and complex geometry of unstructured meshes. Researchers have developed methods which allow us to incorporate geological orientation information into inversion frameworks with unstructured tetrahedral meshes. The majority of these methods consider each cell in a package with its neighbours, hence, the constructed models are not as sharp as desired if the regularization function is measured using an $\ell _1$ -type measure instead of the $\ell _2$ norm. To address this issue, we propose a method that calculates the directional derivatives of physical property differences between two adjacent cells normalized by the distance between the cell centroids. This approach is able to both incorporate geological orientation information into the inversion framework and construct models with sharp boundaries for the scenarios in which the regularization term is quantified by an $\ell _1$ -type measure. This method is an integral-based approach, therefore, the roughness operators are scaled appropriately by the cell volumes, which is an important characteristic for the inversions with unstructured meshes. To assess the performance and the capability of the proposed method, it was applied to 3-D synthetic gravity and magnetotelluric examples. The gravity example was also used to investigate the impact of applying the depth weighting function inside and outside the roughness operators for the scenarios that the model objective function is measured by an $\ell _1$ norm. The examples show that the proposed method is able to construct models with a reasonable representation of the strike and dip directions of the true subsurface model with sharper boundaries if the regularization function is quantified by an $\ell _1$ -type measure. The examples also demonstrate the proposed method behaves numerically well, and has a fast convergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basin environment is a widely studied subject in both geology and geophysics for its economic significance in energy and mineral explorations. However, the estimation of the basement depth is often a challenging task given the complexity of the basement relief and lateral physical property change. Previous works simplify the problem by only inverting for the depth to the basement, and more recent studies have suggested the need to incorporate the variation of physical properties to improve basement structure imaging. In this study, we develop an inversion method with the associated workflow to simultaneously recover both the depth to a magnetic basement and a laterally varying magnetic susceptibility in the basement rock. To achieve this, we employ a set of constraints on the inverse problem. Particularly, both the recovered susceptibility and basement depth models are bounded below a possible maximum value, and the depth model is guided by a few depth points obtained from the resistivity models that are obtained from the one‐dimensional blocky inversions of magnetotelluric (MT) data. In addition, we apply the fuzzy C‐means (FCM) clustering to the susceptibility model during the inversion and use the inverted cluster centers to differentiate for different geological units in the basement. To show the effectiveness of our work, we compare the existing approaches and our method using two test inversions on one synthetic model resembling the basin–basement environment before demonstrating our method on a field data example with magnetic data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) over the Illinois Basin. Our results show improved recovery in both basement relief and susceptibility in the basement rock, and inversion with field data is able to identify three different susceptibility zones in basement rock below the Illinois Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) provides almost 20% of New Zealand’s electricity production through seven of its 23 high-temperature geothermal systems. Fluid circulation in geothermal systems is influenced by permeable pathways, heat sources, and topography. To explore influences on systems in the TVZ, we have created regional-scale heat and fluid flow models using TOUGH2. We modelled several potential influences individually and in combination: TVZ rift boundaries, the densely faulted Taupo Fault Belt, varying thickness of volcanic cover, topographic loading, and localised heat sources inferred from magnetotelluric data. The locations of seven of the nine geothermal systems in our study area can be explained by TVZ-scale convection influenced by localised deep heat sources and hydraulic gradients due to topography. Regional-scale geology appears to be an additional influence at Rotorua and Ngatamariki, where cold recharge within the Taupo Fault Belt pushes modelled upflow towards the rift margins. At Ohaaki, modelled upflow is northwest of the system unless a dipping contact between basement and more permeable cover rocks is included. Modelled upflow zones do not correspond to geothermal systems at Te Kopia and Haroharo Volcanic Complex, which we hypothesise is related to uplift along the Paeroa Fault and shallow impermeable lava domes respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induced polarisation (IP) is a common geophysical method of exploration for disseminated sulphides. However, in areas with deep (>200 m) and conductive (10 Ωm or less) cover, the technique is less successful as it requires a significant transmitter source and large-offset dipoles. An alternative approach is to use natural-variations in Earth’s external magnetic field as the polarising source of the signal, known as natural-field IP. This paper presents a study of extracting IP information from electrical dipole observations during a broadband magnetotelluric (MT) program with a 9 km by 9 km grid of 100 sites above the Vulcan IOCG deposit beneath 750 m of cover, ∼40 km north of the Olympic Dam IOCG mine in South Australia. Inter-site transfer functions between 95 sites and five reference sites at the southeast and southwest corners of the grid were computed to determine a phase shift between horizontal electric fields in the bandwidth of 1–100 s period. Phase shifts of up to – 5 degrees were centred on a region of brecciated hematite where drill holes intersected pyrite, and an inferred fault-zone from passive seismics that marks the boundary between upper crust that is resistive (>100 Ω.m) with high magnetic susceptibility to the south of the fault, and a region of conductive crust (<10 Ω.m) which is low magnetic susceptibility. Our study suggests that the natural-field IP method can identify regions of polarizable minerals beneath deep cover where artificial power sources cannot be feasibly deployed. Such surveys are cheaper, safer, and easier to deploy as only receivers are required, and 3D coverage can be obtained as the source-field is of much larger dimension than the survey array. In addition, the natural-field IP signals are observed as part of the MT program so that both electrical resistivity and polarisation parameters can be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Eastern Desert and Red Sea region have emerged as a significant area of interest for geothermal energy exploration, owing to their unique geological characteristics and active tectonic activity. This research aims to enhance our understanding of the region's geothermal potential through a comprehensive analysis of gravity and magnetic data. By utilizing a 3D gravity inversion model, a detailed examination of subsurface structures and density variations was conducted. Similarly, a 3D magnetic inversion model was employed to investigate subsurface magnetic properties. Integration result from the Pygimli library ensured robustness and accuracy in the inversion results. Furthermore, a temperature model was developed using the WINTERC-G model and inversion techniques, shedding light on the thermal structure and potential anomalies in the study area. The analysis of the Bouguer gravity map, 3D gravity inversion model, and magnetic data inversion yielded significant findings. The Red Sea exhibited higher gravity values compared to the onshore Eastern Desert, attributed to the presence of a thinner and denser oceanic crust as opposed to the less dense continental crust in the Eastern Desert. The 3D gravity inversion model revealed distinct variations in density, particularly high-density zones near the surface of the Red Sea, indicating underlying geological structures and processes. Conversely, density gradually decreased with depth along the onshore line, potentially influenced by a higher concentration of crustal fractures. The magnetic data inversion technique provided additional insights, highlighting areas with demagnetized materials, indicative of elevated temperatures. These findings were consistent with the correlation between high-density areas and low magnetic susceptibility values, reinforcing the proposition of increased heat transfer from the Red Sea. Comparative analysis of temperature profiles further confirmed the presence of elevated temperatures in promising zones, emphasizing the geothermal potential associated with heat transfer from the Red Sea. This research contributes to the understanding of the geothermal resources in the Central Eastern Desert and Red Sea region. The results from gravity and magnetic data inversions, combined with temperature profiles, provide valuable information for future geothermal exploration and utilization efforts. The findings underscore the importance of geothermal energy in achieving sustainability and contribute to the global discourse on renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carpathian belt is one of Europe's major metallogenic provinces, where magmatic ore mineralization is associated with the past subduction environment. The upper crust is mapped for the first time in the Northeast Carpathian Volcanic Arc using magnetotelluric data inversion. The obtained 3‐D electrical resistivity model is interpreted in conjunction with geological information and magnetic anomaly data. The model illustrates the deep magmatic plumbing system including kilometer‐scale plutonic bodies at a depth of 2–7 km. The model implies that the transport of magma and fluids in the uppermost crust was controlled by pre‐existing faults and décollement horizons. Present ore mineralization, mined since historical times, can be attributed to an electrically conductive conduit that is mapped from the surface to a depth of about 30 km. It is suggested that this conduit connected a shallow magmatic chamber to a deep source region in the southeast during late Miocene time. An observed northwest deflection of the deep magmatic conduit at a depth of more than 10 km may explain the spatial gap in the distribution of the Miocene volcanic activity along the Eastern Carpathians. Plain Language Summary: The Carpathian Mountains have long been exploited for their metal ore deposits, which have been associated with the subduction of tectonic plates. Studying the natural variations of the regional electric and magnetic fields, we estimate the distribution of subsurface electrical resistivity. Subsurface electrical structures are interpreted as deep magma systems and large plutonic bodies. The interpretation implies that regional volcanic activity has been controlled by faults, large fractures in geologic formations, and detached strata. Specifically, historic mining can be attributed to a large conductive body that can be mapped from surface to about 30 km. Data suggest that this body, which could represent a pathway of magmatic fluids, connects to a deep, southeastern mantle source region. Key Points: 3‐D magnetotelluric survey in northeast Carpathian Mountains elucidates the structure of the Miocene volcanic provinceNew data reveal shallow magmatic‐hydrothermal system connected to a deep source region via an inclined conductive conduitCenturies‐old mines align with an electrically conductive layer interpreted as a clay alteration related to hydrothermal activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As deep-seated ore deposits become increasingly relevant for mineral exploration, the demand for time-efficient and powerful deep-sounding exploration methods rises. A suitable method for efficiently sensing ores at great depth is airborne electromagnetics (EM) using natural signal of atmospheric origin. The method relates airborne magnetic field recordings in the audio-frequency range to reference magnetic field recordings measured at a ground-based site and can achieve greater penetration depths when compared to controlled source airborne EM techniques. However, airborne natural source EM data are prone to noise caused by platform vibrations especially deteriorating data quality at low frequencies and thus narrowing the depth of investigation. Motional noise manifests as coherent noise on all airborne magnetic field components demanding for a powerful processing tool to remove such kind of noise. Unlike the bivariate approach, which is widely used in natural source EM, the multivariate approach is capable of detecting and reducing the effect of coherent noise. We introduce a robust multivariate processing for airborne natural source EM data and present the code implementation. The code was applied to a large-scale data set from the Kalahari–Copper–Belt in Namibia covering over 1000 km2. We obtained spatially consistent and smooth sounding curves in a frequency range of 10 to 1000 Hz including frequencies with prominent motional noise. Transfer functions are in good agreement with other geophysical and geological information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use a new workflow to substantiate the characterization of a prominent, deep sediment conductor in the hyperextended Bjørnøya Basin (SW Barents Sea) previously identified in smooth resistivity models from 3-D deterministic inversion of magnetotelluric data. In low-dimensionality environments like layered sedimentary basin, 1-D Bayesian inversion can be advantageous for a thorough exploration of the solution space, but the violation of the 1-D assumption has to be efficiently handled. The primary geological objectives of this work is therefore preceded by a secondary task: the application of a new machine learning approach for handling the 1-D violation assumption for 21 MT field stations in the Barents Sea. We find that a decision tree can adequately learn the relationship between MT dimensionality parameters and the 1-D–3-D residual response for a training set of synthetic models, mimicking typical resistivity structures of the SW Barents Sea. The machine learning model is then used to predict the dimensionality compensation error for MT signal periods ranging of 1–3000 s for 21 receivers located over the Bjørnøya Basin and Veslemøy High. After running 1-D Bayesian inversion, we generated a posterior resistivity distribution for an ensemble of 6000 1-D models fitting the compensated MT data for each 21 field stations. The proportion of 1-D models showing ρ < 1 Ω·m is consistently beyond 80 per cent and systemically reaches a maximum of 100 per cent in the Early Aptian–Albian interval in the Bjørnøya Basin. In hyperextended basins of the SW Barents Sea, the dimensionality compensation workflow has permitted to refine the characterization of the deep basin conductor by leveraging the increased vertical resolution and optimal used of MT data. In comparison, the smooth 3-D deterministic models only poorly constrained depth and lateral extent of the basin anomaly. The highest probability of finding ρ < 1 Ω·m is robustly assigned to the syn-tectonic Early Aptian–Albian marine shales, now buried at 6–8 km depth. Based on a theoretical two phase fluid-rock model, we show that the pore fluid of these marine shales must have a higher salinity than seawater to explain the anomaly ρ < 1 Ω·m. Therefore, the primary pore fluid underwent mixing with a secondary brine during rifting. Using analogue rift systems in palaeomargins, we argue that two possible secondary brine reservoir may contribute to deep saline fluid circulation in the hyperextended basin: (1) Permian salt-derived fluid and, (2) mantle-reacted fluid from serpentinization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetotelluric (MT) impedances from 62 sites in southern South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand have been used to model geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in four transformers during two solar storms. Induced electric fields during the storms are calculated from the MT impedances using the magnetic fields measured at the Eyrewell (EYR) geomagnetic observatory, approximately 200 km north of the study area. Calculated GIC during the sudden storm commencements (SSC) give a generally good match to GIC measured by the network operator, Transpower New Zealand. Long period GIC (periods longer than about 10,000 s) are less well modeled. Calculations based on thin‐sheet modeling, which has restrictions on the shortest period of variation which can be modeled, perform less well for the GIC associated with SSC, but are equally good, if not better, at modeling longer period GIC. Consistent underestimation of large GIC at one transformer (HWBT4) near Dunedin are likely to be the result of uncertainty in the assumed values of line, transformer, and earthing resistances. The assumption of a spatially uniform magnetic field across the study area, which is implied by use of the magnetic field measured at EYR as a basis for calculation, may also lead to incorrect calculation of GIC. For one storm use of magnetic field data from a magnetometer within the study area leads to much improved modeling of the observed GIC. This study compares modeled and measured GIC using specifically measured MT impedance data. Plain Language Summary: Variations in the Earth's magnetic field during magnetic storms produce induced currents (geomagnetically induced currents–GIC) in the ground which can present a risk to electricity transmission networks. Long period magnetotelluric measurements made at 62 sites in southern South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand have been used to model GIC observed during two magnetic storms. It is found that large GIC occurring over short periods of time associated with the commencement of a storm can be well modeled. GIC occurring over longer periods are less well modeled. Uncertainty in values of resistances incorporated in the model of the transmission network are likely to be the reason why the size of GIC is consistently underestimated at some locations. The assumption that the magnetic field variations are uniform across the study area is also found to not always be valid. Key Points: Magnetotelluric impedances from 62 sites across southern South Island of Aotearoa New Zealand have been used to model geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during two stormsCalculated GIC are compared to observed values at 4 transformers and GIC during sudden storm commencements are captured by MT‐based modelsQuantitative comparison between simulations confirms that consideration of spatial variations in the magnetic field is important [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimension (3D) inversion of magnetic data is an effective method of recovering underground magnetic susceptibility distributions using magnetic anomaly data. The conventional regularization inversion method has good data fitting; however, its inversion model has the problem of a poor model-fitting ability due to a low depth resolution. The 3D inversion method based on deep learning can effectively improve the model-fitting accuracy, but it is difficult to guarantee the data-fitting accuracy of the inversion results. The loss function of traditional deep learning 3D inversion methods usually adopts the metric of the absolute mean squared error (MSE). In order to improve the accuracy of the data fitting, we added a forward-fitting constraint term (FFit) on the basis of the MSE. Meanwhile, in order to further improve the accuracy of the model fitting, we added the Dice coefficient to the loss function. Finally, we proposed a multi-constraint deep learning 3D inversion method based on UNet++. Compared with the traditional single-constraint deep learning method, the multi-constraint deep learning method has better data-fitting and model-fitting effects. Then, we designed corresponding test models and evaluation metrics to test the effectiveness and feasibility of the method, and applied it to the actual aeromagnetic data of a test area in Suqian City, Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission electron microscope image and electronic transport of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) films grown on (001) oriented Si using the sputtered pulsed plasma method confirmed the presence of around 8 nm thick, less dense, and highly resistive LSMO at the interface below the conducting phase. Thicker LSMO films, in addition to metal-insulator transition, show an anomaly around the Curie temperature in temperature-dependent resistivity and magnetoresistance (MR), which is a unique observation. The conduction in these LSMO films at temperatures below low-temperature resistivity minimum is dominated by Kondo-like scattering over electron–electron scattering, established using the phenomenological model. At 20 K, the maximum positive MR is ∼ 12% for the in-plane field, while it is ∼ 7.2% for the out-of-plane field. The maximum negative in-plane MR is found to be ∼ 42.5%, which becomes ∼ 30% when the orientation of the field changes to the out-of-plane direction. The two-dimensional field-dependent change in the magneto-conductance model evidenced the quantum interference effect (QIE). The existence of QIE is associated with magnetic scattering and scattering due to spin–orbit coupling. These results may be used to modulate the electrical properties of future electronic devices and can encourage scientists to explore the multi-functionalities of complex oxides grown on bare Si substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nari Caldera on Ulleung Island, an oceanic intraplate volcano, is a significant repository of information on the latest volcanic activity. To interpret the characteristics of the latest volcanic activity, it is essential to understand the caldera structures formed by the most explosive eruption of the Ulleung volcanic edifice. This study presents a three-dimensional (3-D) resistivity model based on audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data and interprets the caldera structure of Ulleung Island. New land and ocean terrain models were used for the 3-D inversion of the AMT data, and a finer, nonuniform grid was generated for the caldera area. Subsequently, 3-D inversion and imaging were conducted on the AMT data at 25 stations. In the caldera area of Ulleung Island, the 3-D resistivity model is divided into two bodies: a high resistivity body located in the south and a low resistivity body located in the north. This structure is consistent with the location of the two calderas, Seongin Caldera and Nari Caldera, as inferred from geological studies. Furthermore, the high resistivity body located in the south exhibited a bowl shape in the 3-D space. Therefore, we suggest that the high resistivity body located south of the caldera on Ulleung Island is a structure of the Seongin Caldera. The Seongin Caldera has a diameter of approximately 1.5 km and a caldera fill height of approximately 0.8 km, as measured from the resistivity model. Based on the stratigraphy of Ulleung Island and the physical properties of the rock types, the interior of the Seongin Caldera was considered to have been filled with trachytic lavas of the Seonginbong Group. From the high geothermal gradient of Ulleung Island and the stratigraphy of the GH-4 borehole, the low resistivity body extending from the shallow depths of the Nari Caldera to the lower part of the Seongin Caldera could be interpreted as trachytic rocks that underwent hydrothermal alteration. In addition, a low resistivity body contains highly porous and/or weathered rock. This study presents information on the calderas of Ulleung Island that can aid in interpreting the characteristics of the latest volcanic activity. We expect this information to contribute to the preparation for potential volcanic hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistivity size effect in the ordered intermetallic CuTi compound is quantified using in situ and ex situ thin film resistivity ρ measurements at 295 and 77 K, and density functional theory Fermi surface and electron–phonon scattering calculations. Epitaxial CuTi(001) layers with thickness d = 5.8–149 nm are deposited on MgO(001) at 350 °C and exhibit ρ vs d data that are well described by the classical Fuchs and Sondheimer model, indicating a room-temperature effective electron mean free path λ = 12.5 ± 0.6 nm, a bulk resistivity ρo = 19.5 ± 0.3 μΩ cm, and a temperature-independent product ρoλ = 24.7 × 10−16 Ω m2. First-principles calculations indicate a strongly anisotropic Fermi surface with electron velocities ranging from 0.7 × 105 to 6.6 × 105 m/s, electron–phonon scattering lengths of 0.8–8.5 nm (with an average of 4.6 nm), and a resulting ρo = 20.6 ± 0.2 μΩ cm in the (001) plane, in excellent agreement (7% deviation) with the measurements. However, the measured ρoλ is almost 2.4 times larger than predicted, indicating a break-down of the classical transport models. Air exposure causes a 6%–30% resistivity increase, suggesting a transition from partially specular (p = 0.5) to completely diffuse surface scattering due to surface oxidation as detected by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Polycrystalline CuTi layers deposited on SiO2/Si substrates exhibit a 001 texture, a grain width that increases with d, and a 74%–163% larger resistivity than the epitaxial layers due to electron scattering at grain boundaries. The overall results suggest that CuTi is a promising candidate for highly scaled interconnects in integrated circuits only if it facilitates liner-free metallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We consider a general case of a magnetotelluric (MT) study to reveal three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the electrical conductivity within the Earth based on measurements of electromagnetic (EM) fields by a two-dimensional (2D) array. Such an MT array observation can be regarded as a spatially discrete sampling of the MT responses (impedances), and each observation site can be regarded as a sampling point. This means that MT array measurements must follow the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. This paper discusses how the sampling theorem is applied to MT array studies and what kind of consideration is required in the application on the basis of synthetic model calculations, with special attention to spatial resolutions. With an aid of the EM scattering theory and the sampling theorem, we can show that an observation array resolves some features of the MT impedance but does not others. We call the resolvable and unresolvable features the MT signal and noise, respectively. This study introduces the spatial Fourier transform of array MT data (impedances) which helps us investigating sampling effects of lateral heterogeneity from a different angle (in the wavenumber domain). Shallow heterogeneities cause a sharp spatial change of impedance elements near structural boundaries. High wavenumber Fourier components are required to describe such a feature, which means the site spacing must be sufficiently short to be able to resolve such features. Otherwise, a set of array MT data will suffer from aliasing, which is one of the typical causes of MT distortion (MT geologic noise). Conversely, a signal due to a deep-seated conductivity anomaly will have more reduced amplitude at higher wavenumbers, which means focused imaging of such an anomaly is generally difficult. Finally, it is suggested to properly consider the sampling theorem in an observation array design, so as to have best performance in resolving MT signals. Graphical abstract

Bayesian methods provide a valuable framework for rigorously quantifying the model uncertainty arising from the inherent non-uniqueness in the magnetotelluric (MT) inversion. However, widely used Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling approaches usually require a significant number of model samples for accurate uncertainty estimates, making their applications computationally challenging for 2-D or 3-D MT problems. In this study, we explore the applicability of the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method for 2-D probabilistic MT inversion. The HMC provides a mechanism for efficient exploration in high-dimensional model space by making use of gradient information of the posterior probability distribution, resulting in a substantial reduction in the number of samples needed for reliable uncertainty quantification compared to the conventional MCMC methods. Numerical examples with synthetic data demonstrate that the HMC method achieves rapid convergence to the posterior probability distribution of model parameters with a limited number of model samples, indicating the computational advantages of the HMC in high-dimensional model space. Finally, we applied the developed approach to the COPROD2 field data set. The statistical models derived from the HMC approach agree well with previous results obtained by 2-D deterministic inversions. Most importantly, the probabilistic inversion provides valuable quantitative model uncertainty information associated with the resistivity structures derived from the observed data, which facilitates model interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southeastern Hubei Ore Concentration Area (SHOCA) is located in the west section of the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt in China, and it is a significant copper and iron mining region in China. Here, 117 pieces of magnetotelluric array data were used to obtain a three-dimensional resistivity model of the SHOCA and to investigate the relationship between the deep electrical features and the genesis of mineral deposits. The model shows that the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt exhibits high-resistivity characteristics, representing Mesozoic granites and high-pressure to ultra-high-pressure metamorphic rocks. There are several low-resistivity anomalies in the upper crust of the SHOCA, which are connected to the widespread low-resistivity anomaly in the middle-lower crust. Near the Yangxin-Changzhou Fault, there is evidence of an electrical gradient zone. The Xiangfan-Guangji Fault, located at the south margin of the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt, also exhibits distinct high- and low-resistivity boundaries at the upper crust. However, the Yangtze Fault and the Tancheng-Lujiang Fault manifest as resistivity gradient zones at the lithospheric scale. These faults are connected the low-resistivity anomaly in the middle to lower crust, possibly serving as upwelling channels of deep thermal fluids, exerting control over shallow diagenesis and mineralization processes. The low-resistivity anomaly in the middle to lower crust of the SHOCA is explained as partial melting resulting from the mixing of crustal and mantle materials. These low-resistivity anomalies play a role as source components in the mineralization system, where mineral-rich hydrothermal fluids migrate upward along intra-basin faults, exerting control over the distribution of shallow mineral deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled‐source electromagnetic methods are applied to survey the electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface. This work compares normalized electromagnetic field components and transfer functions such as impedance tensors and vertical magnetic transfer functions generated by two independent source polarizations as input data for three‐dimensional inversion. As most other available inversion codes allow for inverting only one of the mentioned input data types, it is unclear which data type is preferable for controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion. Our three‐dimensional non‐linear conjugate gradient inversion code can handle both input data types, facilitating a comparison of normalized electromagnetic field components and transfer functions inversion. Examining inversion results for a three‐dimensional synthetic model with two anomalies, we infer that the transfer functions inversion is favourable for recovering the overall resistivity distribution below the receiver sites in fewer iterations. The inversion of normalized electromagnetic field components produces a sharper image of the anomalies and may be capable of detecting the resistivity distribution below the extended sources, which comes at the price of introducing a more heterogeneous background resistivity in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canoe Reach is a region of high geothermal potential on a segment of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench fault (SRMTF) with highly metamorphosed and structurally complex wall rocks, near Valemount, British Columbia. This study contains analyses of magnetotelluric data collected at Canoe Reach accounting for electrical anisotropy, which is not often considered during geothermal exploration. Isotropic and anisotropic 3D inversions are used due to signs of electrical anisotropy in the Canoe Reach magnetotelluric data and the presence of visibly anisotropic geological structure. At Canoe Reach North, the anisotropic model is preferred for its simpler structure and consistency with the mapped geology. An anisotropic feature in the footwall of the steeply southwest-dipping SRMTF has a low resistivity in the fault-perpendicular direction and a high resistivity in the vertical direction, which is more easily explained by conductive minerals than by fluids in the highly metamorphosed gneiss. An exploration well in the SRMTF footwall encountered two graphite seams with thicknesses ≥1 m, supporting the interpretation of anisotropic resistivity due to conductive minerals. A strong resistivity contrast across the SRMTF suggests juxtaposition of different lithologies, challenging existing interpretations of SRMTF displacement at Canoe Reach. At Canoe Reach South, anisotropic features near the Canoe River thermal spring with a high resistivity in the fault-perpendicular direction and low resistivity in the vertical direction are consistent with fault core and damage zone models. Magnetotelluric data may be sensitive to permeability anisotropy of fault zones, and the use of electrically anisotropic inversions should be considered for these settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional inversion based on source growing uses systematic searches. Compared with the regularization inversion, this method has lower computational requirements and faster processing speed. The criteria determining the source growth is crucial for the quality of the results. This study proposes an inversion based on source growing with full-tensor gravity gradiometry data to improve vertical inversion effectiveness. First, a depth weighting function is introduced for the criteria to optimize the determination of source growing at different depths. Second, the weights of different data are adjusted based on the inversion results of single-component gradient data, and a joint inversion method is established. Finally, matrix compression reduces memory occupation and improves computational efficiency. By the tests of synthetic data and real data from Vinton Dome, it is demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively guide source growing, providing stronger ability for distinguishing deep targets and being suitable for the inversion of complex-shaped targets. Furthermore, the method has high computational efficiency and anti-noise ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the experimental investigation of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) Ta2PdSe6 single crystals by magnetotransport measurements under high magnetic fields up to 31 T. The crystals show large unsaturated magnetoresistance up to (1.8 × 105%) under 31 T at 1.6 K, accompanied by remarkable resistivity oscillations. The analysis of quantum oscillations reveals the existence of five Fermi pockets, consistent with theoretical calculations. Furthermore, our investigation suggested that band structure is modified by the electron correlations in Ta2PdSe6, which may provide a platform for exploring the interplay between electron effects and topological properties in quasi-1D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a general case of a magnetotelluric (MT) study to reveal three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the electrical conductivity within the Earth based on measurements of electromagnetic (EM) fields by a two-dimensional (2D) array. Such an MT array observation can be regarded as a spatially discrete sampling of the MT responses (impedances), and each observation site can be regarded as a sampling point. This means that MT array measurements must follow the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. This paper discusses how the sampling theorem is applied to MT array studies and what kind of consideration is required in the application on the basis of synthetic model calculations, with special attention to spatial resolutions. With an aid of the EM scattering theory and the sampling theorem, we can show that an observation array resolves some features of the MT impedance but does not others. We call the resolvable and unresolvable features the MT signal and noise, respectively. This study introduces the spatial Fourier transform of array MT data (impedances) which helps us investigating sampling effects of lateral heterogeneity from a different angle (in the wavenumber domain). Shallow heterogeneities cause a sharp spatial change of impedance elements near structural boundaries. High wavenumber Fourier components are required to describe such a feature, which means the site spacing must be sufficiently short to be able to resolve such features. Otherwise, a set of array MT data will suffer from aliasing, which is one of the typical causes of MT distortion (MT geologic noise). Conversely, a signal due to a deep-seated conductivity anomaly will have more reduced amplitude at higher wavenumbers, which means focused imaging of such an anomaly is generally difficult. Finally, it is suggested to properly consider the sampling theorem in an observation array design, so as to have best performance in resolving MT signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the experimental investigation of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) Ta2PdSe6 single crystals by magnetotransport measurements under high magnetic fields up to 31 T. The crystals show large unsaturated magnetoresistance up to (1.8 × 105%) under 31 T at 1.6 K, accompanied by remarkable resistivity oscillations. The analysis of quantum oscillations reveals the existence of five Fermi pockets, consistent with theoretical calculations. Furthermore, our investigation suggested that band structure is modified by the electron correlations in Ta2PdSe6, which may provide a platform for exploring the interplay between electron effects and topological properties in quasi-1D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Greater Xing'an Range (GXAR), situated in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is a prominent orogenic belt that offers an ideal opportunity to explore the dynamic processes underlying lithospheric growth and delamination. A two‐dimensional resistivity model was obtained based on a magnetotelluric survey with 110 stations. The results identified a lateral conductor, associated with the asthenosphere, in the overall high‐resistivity lithosphere of the GXAR. This conductor was recognized as the residual trace of the asthenospheric materials upwelling along the reactivated Xinlin‐Xiguitu suture zone, manifested as the precipitation of metasomes/conductive phases or new lithosphere distributed along channels. The transformation of the GXAR, involving the lithospheric accretion and erosion from the interior, suggests a geodynamic process of thick lithospheric delamination. The erosion of asthenospheric materials from the interior of the lithosphere was deemed as a potential mode of the lithospheric growth and delamination of orogenic belts. The discontinuity of lithospheric thickness, the reactivation of paleo‐sutures, and the tectonic environment leading to mantle convection control the occurrence of this mode. Plain Language Summary: The Greater Xing'an Range (GXAR) is an important and complex orogenic belt in Northeast China. Utilizing the magnetotelluric data, we image a dependable electrical structure to depth of 200 km in the central GXAR, which reveals the laterally residual trace of the asthenospheric materials in the lithosphere. The asthenospheric materials had intruded into the crust‐mantle boundary through the reactivated suture zone, and triggered vertical accretion and lateral erosion of the lithosphere from its interior. It caused the growth and delamination of the GXAR lithosphere. Key Points: The lithosphere of the Greater Xing'an Range features a prominent laterally relatively conductive structureThe asthenospheric materials that intruded along the suture zone transformed the lithosphere of the orogenic beltThe erosion and accretion of asthenospheric materials from the interior of the lithosphere is a potential mode of the lithospheric growth and delamination of orogenic belt [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general subject of this article deals with the term salt. Salt deposits usually contain chlorides, sulphates/gypsum, borates, carbonates, etc., that are seemingly part of the same system. Even though this article mainly presents data and observations on chlorides, which are not easily explained by the present paradigm, it should also prove relevant for the formation of sulphates and other types of salts observed in major salt deposits. The paradigm explaining large salt deposits rests on two pillars governing salt formation and salt deformation. Salt formation is thought to occur vis solar evaporation of seawater in restricted basins. Salt deformation and forming of salt diapirs is thought to occur due to gravity-induced movements. Our review presents peer-reviewed and published data and observations from different authors within different disciplines that challenge the present evaporite paradigm. The current theory/paradigm rests on numerous observations and interpretations in support of it. Adding more observational interpretations in support of the paradigm will not nullify even one observation that contradicts or remains unexplained by the theory. The contradicting evidence must be explained within the present paradigm for it to survive. Significant observations of and within salt deposits are presented, as well as visual and geophysical observations of salinity in crusts and mantles in relevant tectonic settings. In our view, the omnipresent salinity observed in the subsurface needs to be understood and included in the description of a new salt formation mechanism in order to fully explain all features presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, an arbitrarily oriented electric dipole at subsurface is used to simulate Seismogenic Electromagnetic (SEM) radiation emanating from a seismic zone during its gestation phase. Analytical synthesis of responses at the Lijiang magnetotelluric (MT) station has revealed that SEM radiation could induce identifiable anomalies in the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, apparent resistivity and phase within specific frequency bands. Background variations were extracted from long-term observation data of Dali and Lijiang MT stations, enabling the identification of SEM anomalies related to the Yunlong and Yangbi earthquakes. Multiple parameters of dipole sources at subsurface were obtained by applying the Differential Ant Colony Optimization (DACO) algorithm to anomalous data of two stations with multi-frequencies and various response functions. The spatial distribution of these predicted dipoles is predominantly clustered in or around the seismogenic area, with their azimuthal orientation aligning towards the seismogenic fault in general. This study has demonstrated the potential of using subsurface electric dipole simulations for SEM radiation analysis, offering a feasible approach for the prediction and understanding of seismogenic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paleochannels in coastal areas may be the priority channels for saltwater intrusion, and identifying paleochannels is important for revealing the pollution mechanisms of coastal zone aquifers and protecting groundwater resources. The use of electrical methods to identify paleochannels has become common. Still, the highly dynamic hydrological characteristics of saltwater intrusion area and the differences in the conductive properties of saltwater and freshwater increase the uncertainty of the interpretation process. This study combined groundwater numerical simulation data, hydrochemical data and stratigraphic data to construct an electrical model of the paleochannel, which provides a reference for the interpretation of paleochannel using ERT data. The paleochannel electrical model constructed by combining multiple sources of data reflects the spatial heterogeneity of resistivity values of paleochannel in different seasons and at varying levels of saltwater intrusion, making the identification of paleochannel in saltwater intrusion areas more accurate. The results show that the paleochannel shows high resistivity anomalies relative to the background stratigraphy in brackish water areas, and low resistivity anomalies relative to the background stratigraphy in freshwater areas. Combining the paleochannel forward model with ERT data can effectively identify the paleochannel in saltwater intrusion areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We use magnetotellurics to image a post-subduction Porphyry mineral system. • Ore bearing mineralisation may be linked to an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle. • Evaluation of mineral deposits are spatially associated with zones of low resistivity. Porphyry mineral systems provide a significant source of critical minerals for modern society, that are predominantly formed in subduction related settings from magmatic hydrothermal fluids derived from an underlying reservoir. However, in post-subduction settings the processes that entrain and focus magmatic hydrothermal fluids throughout the crust, from source to deposit are often poorly constrained. In this paper, we have undertaken a magnetotelluric (MT) survey in an intracontinental tectonic setting across the Adelaide Superbasin, which is a Neoproterozoic passive margin formed during rifting of the supercontinent Rodinia. This region contains the Burra magmatic copper deposit, along with numerous sedimentary-hosted copper deposits. Systematic three-dimensional modelling was undertaken, initially at regional-scale, with 55 km gridded long-period AusLAMP data over a 500 × 500 km area, followed by infilled 10 km gridded broadband MT data, at the district-scale, centred over an area of copper deposits in the Adelaide Rift Complex. The modelling reveals an elongated zone of low electrical resistivity (∼100 Ω.m), in an otherwise resistive crust, at lower crustal depth (20–40 km) that is contiguous with the regional lineament of the Adelaide Rift Complex and copper and gold mineralisation. A narrow zone of low resistivity (∼100 Ω.m) branches through the upper crust (5–20 km) to the surface, that is remarkably aligned with the Burra magmatic mineral system, in an otherwise quite resistive crust (∼1000 Ω.m). Additionally, in the upper crust a zone of low resistivity (1–10 Ω.m at a depth of 5–8 km) extends from the Burra magmatic copper deposit southwards, constrained by anticlinal folding from the ∼500 Ma Delamerian Orogenic deformation of the Adelaide Rift Complex and spatially aligned with the Kapunda sedimentary-hosted copper deposit. We argue that the low electrical resistivity signature encapsulates a whole-of-lithosphere magmatically-hosted copper system, that is further mobilised by low-temperature fluids by mapping the footprint of ore-forming fluids from the source to associated mineralisation. Where later basin wide fluid recycling in a permeability enhanced basin, via neo-tectonism along pre-existing structures/trends, has likely remobilised copper, from a prior magmatic event, with copper being leached in chloride-rich saline fluids at low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A data set consisting of 376 broadband and long‐period MT measurements was used to generate the first ever 3D resistivity model of the Archean western Superior Craton. The modeled resistivity structure is compared to coincident seismic reflection data. The observed geophysical signatures are interpreted within the context of the late stages of crustal growth and cratonization of the region via the progressive accretion of terranes against the initial cratonic core. The northern‐most terranes comprising the cratonic core exhibit a nearly homogenous highly resistive crust. The lower crust of the southern terranes contains largely continuous low resistivity bands which run subparallel to major terrane boundaries and corresponding fault systems. In some cases, low resistivity features are coincident with dense packages of sub‐horizontal to listric reflections within the mid‐ to lower crust. These resistivity structures are inferred to represent preserved geoelectric signatures of late to post‐orogenic magmatic pulses likely related to delamination of locally overthickened crust. Increased mantle heat flow resulted in partial melting of the lower crust and upper mantle and upward migration of CO2‐rich melts and fluids through crustal weak zones corresponding to shear and/or suture zones formed during terrane amalgamation. Thermal softening of the mid‐ to lower crust led to orogenic collapse and reactivation of the crustal shear zones, resulting in formation and interconnection of graphitic films which were preserved within the stable craton. These results have implications for the tectono‐magmatic history of the western Superior Craton, as well toward the understanding of the geodynamic regime of the Archean Earth. Plain Language Summary: The present day geophysical signatures of cratons, ancient continents which formed and have remained stable since the Archean roughly 2.5–4.0 billion years ago, may be used to investigate the tectonic processes that were active during their formation. Here, we combine magnetotelluric (MT) and seismic data to investigate the crust and upper‐most mantle structure of the western Superior Craton of Canada. A 3D resistivity volume of the region derived from the MT data maps electrically conductive zones within the lower crust which overlap with zones of high seismic reflectivity, and are spatially correlated with major geological terrane boundaries. These signatures are interpreted as representing electrically conductive graphite and/or sulphidic films emplaced within deep crustal shear zones as a result of crustal collapse and magmatic activity during the late stages of construction and stabilization of the Superior Craton. Our results have implications for our understanding of the processes responsible for the formation of these ancient continents. Key Points: First large‐scale 3D resistivity model of the Archean western Superior Craton reveals ∼east‐west trending low resistivity features at lower‐crustal depthsConductive features coincident with listric to sub‐horizontal seismic reflections, suggestive of mid‐ to lower crustal shear zonesPreserved geophysical signatures are indicative of late Archean tectono‐magmatic processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the cosmic magnetic field remains an unsolved mystery, relying not only on specific dynamo processes but also on the seed field to be amplified. Recently, the diffuse radio emission and Faraday rotation observations reveal that there has been a microgauss-level magnetic field in intracluster medium in the early universe, which places strong constraints on the strength of the initial field and implies the underlying kinetic effects; the commonly believed Biermann battery can only provide extremely weak seed of 10-21 G. Here, we present evidence for the spontaneous Weibel-type magnetogenesis in laser-produced weakly collisional plasma with the three-dimensional synchronous proton radiography, where the distribution anisotropy directly arises from the temperature gradient, even without the commonly considered interpenetrating plasmas or shear flows. This field can achieve sufficient strength and is sensitive to Coulomb collision. Our results demonstrate the importance of kinetics in magnetogenesis in weakly collisional astrophysical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-trivial spin textures driven by strong exchange interaction, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and electron correlation in a low-dimensional magnetic material often lead to unusual electronic transitions. Through a combination of transport experiments in exfoliated nanoflakes down to 16 layers and first principle calculations, we unravel emergent electronic phases in quasi-2D van der Waals ferromagnet, Fe4GeTe2, possessing ferromagnetic TC ~ 270 K, along with a spin-reorientation transition (TSR ~ 120 K) with the change of magnetic easy axis. Two electronic transitions are identified. The first transition near TSR exhibits a sharp fall in resistivity, followed by a sign change in the ordinary Hall coefficient (R0), together with, maximum negative magnetoresistance (MR) and anomalous Hall conductivity. Another unusual electronic transition, hitherto unknown, is observed near ~ 40–50 K (TQ), where R0 again changes sign and below which, the resistivity shows a quadratic temperature dependence, and MR becomes positive. An analysis of the experimental data further uncovers the role of competing inelastic scattering processes in anomalous magnetotransport behavior. The density-functional theory based first-principle calculations unveil two possible magnetic phases, followed by a low-energy model Hamiltonian which captures the essence of these phases as well as explains the observed magnetotransport behavior. Thus, we demonstrate an interplay between magnetism and band topology and its consequence on electron transport in Fe4GeTe2, important for spintronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mongol‐Okhotsk suture and the Adaatsag ophiolite belt are associated with the closure of the Mongol‐Okhotsk paleo‐ocean and are located within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and Mongolia. The suture zone is flanked by volcanic‐plutonic belts that host significant metallogenic zones, containing deposits of copper and gold. The tectonic evolution of this region is not fully understood and the lithospheric structure has been poorly studied. We analyze magnetotelluric data and generate a model of the electrical resistivity distribution across this region. Whereas the northern segment has a sharp transition from a high‐resistivity upper crust to a low‐resistivity lower crust, as observed beneath the Hangai Dome, the southern segment does not show this transition. A wide, low‐resistivity zone (1–100 Ωm) imaged in the crust and lithospheric mantle is coincident with the Mongol‐Okhotsk suture and ophiolite, revealing a clear and significant lithospheric‐scale feature. Across the profile, numerous narrow, vertically oriented, low‐resistivity features (1–100 Ωm) are spatially associated remarkably well with the proposed boundaries of tectonic domains. These results confirm ideas about the development of the CAOB. Some of these low‐resistivity features are beneath the surface locations of large mineral zones, and likely represent fossil fluid pathways. We show congruent seismic velocity models for comparison and the results show a large‐scale low‐velocity anomaly (decrease of 2%–3%) that correlates with the location of the low‐resistivity anomaly below the Mongol‐Okhotsk suture. The geophysical results, combined with geological and geochemical data, provide insights into the structure of this region and help shed light on unanswered questions. Plain Language Summary: When the ancient Mongol‐Okhotsk ocean closed, due to subduction from tectonic re‐arrangement, it left the Mongol‐Okhotsk suture zone and the Adaatsag ophiolite as a trace of its location. Similarly, other tectonic boundaries are hypothesized to exist from terrane accretion across the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and Central and Southern Mongolia, which is located between the Siberian and North China cratons. This region is also rich in economically significant copper and gold deposits. The tectonic evolution of this region and especially the lithospheric structure is not fully understood and has been poorly studied. We analyze magnetotelluric data and generate a model of the electrical resistivity distribution. Additionally, we show models of the seismic velocity for comparison. Examining multiple complementary geophysical models helps to reduce interpretation uncertainty. Anomalies are observed in both models (e.g., low resistivity and low velocity). The suture zone is proven to be a strong lithospheric‐scale boundary. The proposed boundaries of tectonic domains are also imaged, confirming ideas about the development of the CAOB, and solving some controversies. Key Points: Lithospheric‐scale, wide, low‐resistivity zone revealed below the ophiolite belt associated with the closure of the Mongol‐Okhotsk oceanVertical, narrow low‐resistivity features aligned with proposed tectonic boundaries and locations of large mineral zones (copper and gold)The northern part of central Mongolia has a sharp mid‐crustal transition from high to low resistivity, whereas the southern part does not [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—During the magnetotelluric studies in North Vietnam, simultaneous Phase Roll Out from Quadrant effect was detected in the behavior of impedance phases Zxy and Zyx at one of the sounding sites, CTH, in the Cam Thuy district, Thanh Hoa province. The investigation of this phenomenon has shown that it is accompanied by negative (directed upwards) components of the Umov–Poynting vector of electromagnetic energy flux in the entire range of the recorded periods of magnetotelluric variations. This energy flux direction remains unchanged when the initial coordinate system is rotated by angles of 45° and 60°. Another characteristic feature of this phenomenon is an unusual behavior of the apparent resistivity curves: the apparent resistivity magnitudes increase starting from a period of 200 s up to a period of 104 s, and this increase occurs practically along the asymptote. The analysis of the magnetotelluric field polarization and phase tensor asymmetry parameter (skew angle) β has shown that the section is characterized by significant three-dimensional (3D) distortions which manifest themselves by β values ranging between 20° and 90°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical exploration of bauxite deposits has been carried out in the area of Posušje in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which were formed on an Upper Cretaceous carbonate substrate, whereas the hanging wall rocks can be Paleogene limestones and sedimentary clastic rocks. Karst terrains are demanding for geophysical exploration due to the relatively complex geological relationships and exceptional near-surface inhomogeneities that generate large noises and challenging conditions for taking field measurements. The fundamental question is whether geophysical research can detect exceptionally irregular karst bauxite deposits with relatively small dimensions. The basic idea is to combine several geophysical methods and a joint interpretation of several data sets to increase the efficiency of geophysical surveying in detecting complex bauxite deposits in karst terrains. Therefore, fundamental near-surface research methods, electrical tomography and seismic refraction are used. In addition, magnetometry was used to examine whether bauxite deposits yield potential magnetic anomalies that could help in detecting them. Research undertaken in the area of Posušje was carried out in the first step on already discovered and known bauxite deposits to determine whether geophysical responses correlate with the occurrence of bauxite deposits and to evaluate the effectiveness of each of the applied surface geophysical methods. Measurements were taken at several locations, and results for two micro-locations, Krstače and Mratnjača, are shown. Geophysical measurements were firstly performed on discovered bauxite deposits in order to reliably determine the possibility of identifying deposits in geophysical inverse models. Bauxite deposits were clearly recognised as characteristic geophysical responses in inversion models using both methods, electrical tomography and seismic refraction. Although the response of bauxite deposits is expressed in both models, resistivity and velocity, it is much more evident in resistivity models. The characteristic resistivity response was confirmed by the discovery of a new deposit. Therefore, the conclusion is that electrical resistivity tomography should be considered a basic method for exploring karst bauxite deposits. Seismic refraction provides a better characterisation of deposits and reduces the interpretation ambiguity. This solution can generally be applied to the problem of researching bauxite deposits in the Dinarides and similar geological models in the Mediterranean. Magnetometric measurements have shown that no magnetic anomalies could be associated with bauxite deposits, and only magnetometry was not successful in discovering bauxite deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint inversion is a crucial approach to mitigate the non-uniqueness problem in geophysical inversion. Nevertheless, existing joint inversion methods fall short of meeting the stringent requirements of high-precision exploration, necessitating the development of new techniques. In this paper, we introduce the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) as a novel structural consistency constraint for the joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. Compared with the results of cross-gradient inversion, our method demonstrates outstanding performance and stability. SSIM inversion not only introduces a new class of joint inversion with structural constraints but also enhances the consistency of inversion results in the distribution of physical attribute values. The structural constraints of SSIM inversion are more comprehensive and robust, significantly improving the reliability of the inversion. Both synthetic and real data applications demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively handle both synthetic and real data, yielding outstanding results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compares the three deep learning approaches and assesses their relative performance solving the 1-D magnetotellurics (MT) inverse problem. MT data from a 1-D geothermal-type structure are used as an example to examine Variational Autoencoder (VAE), Residual Network (Res-Net), and U-Net architectures, adapted for 1-D MT inversion. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient are applied as misfit measure and similarity criterion, and box plot tools are used to parameterize individual model parameters. The results show that the U-Net provides the most successful recovery of the 1-D resistivity models, even though all three approaches can produce accurate inversions of MT data. To investigate applicability of results to real data sets, the models performance are examined for the case of data containing noise. Three deep learning algorithms are robust with respect to data noise, although the U-Net is relatively superior. The study results provide a platform for more complex magnetotelluric inverse problems and ones involving real data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outflows play a pivotal role in star formation as one of its most visible markers and a means of transporting mass, momentum, and angular momentum from the infalling gas into the surrounding molecular cloud. Their wide reach (at least thousands of astrnomical units) is a contrast to typical disk sizes (∼10–100 au). We employ high-resolution three-dimensional nested-grid nonideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to study outflow properties in the Class 0 phase. We find that no disk wind is driven from the extended centrifugal disk that has weak magnetic coupling. The low-velocity winds emerge instead from the infalling magnetic pseudodisk. Much of the disk actually experiences an infall of matter rather than outflowing gas. Some of the pseudodisk wind (PD-wind) moves inward to regions above the disk and either falls onto the disk or proceeds upward. The upward flow gives the impression of a disk wind above a certain height even if the gas is originally emerging from the pseudodisk. The PD-wind has the strongest flow coming from a disk interaction zone that lies just outside the disk and is an interface between the inwardly advected magnetic field of the pseudodisk and the outwardly diffusing magnetic field of the disk. The low-velocity wind exhibits the features of a flow driven by the magnetic pressure gradient force in some regions and those of a magnetocentrifugal wind in other regions. We interpret the structure and dynamics of the outflow zone in terms of the basic physics of gravity, angular momentum, magnetic fields, and nonideal MHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western Desert region between Cairo and Fayoum in Egypt is a geologically interesting area due to its active seismicity status and the continuous bidirectional urban expansions ongoing northward and southward growth. This work aims to develop a geological model of the region by combining magnetic intensity data (aeromagnetic) and potential field data (airborne gravity) with magnetotelluric (MT) data to offer decision-makers an additional evaluation tool for long-term future planning. Applying a number of filters to aerial gravity and magnetic data allowed us to calculate the subsurface density distribution and structure of the area between Cairo and Fayoum. In addition, the surface of the crust was imaged down to a depth of 6 km using a 3-D inversion of gravity data. Magnetotelluric data were gathered at eight locations over the NS-extended Cairo-Fayoum Road profile. MT data were inverted in 2-D to generate a resistivity model that defines the subsurface structure of the researched region. The subsurface geometry in the MT-derived resistivity model agrees with the results of airborne potential measurements, and no consideration was given to any faults that may have been undetected from the potential maps. Long-term seismological observations indicated that the likely active sources of earthquakes are limited to the recognized main faults and that the ongoing "1185 buildings" construction project did not and will not cause unanticipated seismicity. The paper concludes that urban growth is secure so long as the earthquake codes are rigorously considered while planning civil projects. The northern study region must be regularly monitored for induced seismicity. On the Cairo-Fayoum Road's western side, the middle sector of the study area is the safest place for future civil developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical data inversion typically involves the numerical solution of high-dimensional ill-posed problems. To reduce the non-uniqueness, prior information in the form of appropriate regularization schemes, together with a proper representation of the quantities of interest, is helpful. To this end, methods are recommended that take into account a low-dimensional formulation of the inverse problem, a suitable representation for the quantities of interest, and a helpful numerical procedure. Structural aspects of the objects of interest, such as the dimensions of structures, are often available as prior knowledge in archaeological magnetic surveys. However, they are not easily exploited by classical geophysical data inversion applications; for example, a typical representation together with Tikhonov-like regularization schemes or total variation, which promote smoothness in the solutions, occlude underlying structural information or retrieve fuzzy boundaries. In this work, a three-dimensional inversion of magnetic data is developed based on an evolution strategy. It is adapted to a numerical representation that easily incorporates aspects achievable at archaeological sites. Synthetic test cases and a magnetic dataset corresponding to an archaeological site are used to report the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]