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We demonstrate a sensitive optically pumped magnetometer using rubidium vapor and 0.75 amg of nitrogen buffer gas in a sub-mm-width sensing channel excavated by femtosecond laser writing followed by chemical etching. The channel is buried less than 1 mm below the surface of its fused silica host material, which also includes reservoir chambers and micro-strainer connections, to preserve a clean optical environment. Using a zero-field-resonance magnetometry strategy and a sensing volume of 2.25 mm 3 , we demonstrate a sensitivity of ≈ 1 pT / Hz at 10 Hz. The device can be integrated with photonic structures and microfluidic channels with 3D versatility. Its sensitivity, bandwidth, and stand-off distance will enable detection of localized fields from magnetic nanoparticles and μ L NMR samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetometer cell wall coat molecules play an important role in preserving the lifetime of pumped alkali metal atoms for use in magnetometers that are capable of measuring very small magnetic fields. The goal of this study is to help rationalize the design of the cell coat molecules. Rubidium-87 is studied in terms of its interaction with three template cell coat molecules: ethane, ethene, and methyltrichlorosilane (MeTS). Ab initio electronic structure methods are applied to investigate the effect that the coat molecules have on the 2S ground state and 2P excited state of 87Rb. We find that, from the ab initio results, the three template molecules have differing effects, with MeTS having the largest effect on the ground state and ethane or ethene having the largest effect on the non-degenerate excited states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomagnetic navigation has become a hot spot in current research because of its characteristics of passiveness and good concealment. However, the magnetic interference from various ferromagnetic substances, electronic equipment, etc., of the carrier will be superimposed on the geomagnetic field, causing magnetometer measurement errors, thus affecting navigation accuracy. In practice, due to the limited maneuverability of the carrier, sufficient geomagnetic observation data cannot be obtained, resulting in the observation equation used for carrier magnetic interference compensation to be seriously pathological. To achieve the compensation of carrier magnetic interference, this paper proposes the total least squares method based on the ridge regression using the L curve to solve ridge parameters. This method can effectively suppress the measurement noise that exists on both sides of the observation equation, and is suitable for alleviating the pathological effects of carrier magnetic interference compensation. Experimental results show that the compensated magnetometer measurement error is reduced to 3% of the carrier magnetic interference by using the method proposed in this paper, which obtains more stable and accurate parameter estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate a real-time, single-shot vector magnetic measurement technique using synchronous coherent population trapping (SCPT) in an apparatus consisting of a small rubidium vapor cell. Vector modality of our magnetometer is enabled by designing a feedback system based on performing a peak-lock on a particularly strong 2 Ω L magnetic resonance produced in the SCPT spectrum and compensating the external magnetic field via a three-axis field coil. With its current design, this magnetometer exhibits high sensitivities of approximately 155 , 129 , and 57 pT / Hz in measuring the magnetic field vector components along the (x,y,z) axes. Sensitivities closer to the shot-noise limit can be achieved in the future by reducing the technical noise of our equipment and by employing a differential detection and polarization rotation measurement scheme in our system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistencies between (lightweight optical pumped) magnetometers in total field gradiometer surveys can introduce instrument-dependent responses, complicating geological interpretation. Here, we present an equivalent source-based processing method that combines equivalent sources with kernel regression to eliminate these instrument-dependent responses. We evaluate the method using a drone-borne triangular gradiometer survey from Rånbogen, Arctic Norway. The Rånbogen survey exhibits instrument-dependent responses in the measured total field differences, likely resulting from differences in the magnetometer's heading error and the complexities from the induced field from the system itself. A synthetic gradiometer survey was generated to test the method, where different nonlinear synthetic heading errors were added to the synthetic magnetometer readings. The equivalent source-based processing method effectively removed these heading errors while constructing an equivalent source model that fits the actual underlying synthetic model. Furthermore, applying the method to the Rånbogen survey removes the data's correlation to its orientation, thereby minimizing the effect of the instrument-dependent response. The method condenses the gradiometer data to a single equivalent source surface where the derivatives of the total field can be calculated to facilitate interpretation. The results suggest that the equivalent source-based method removes the inconsistencies between the magnetometers in a total field gradiometer survey, allowing for drone-borne gradiometer systems with multiple lightweight magnetometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial variation in the intensity of magnetospheric and ionospheric fluctuations during solar storms creates ground-induced currents, of importance in both infrastructure engineering and geophysical science. This activity is presently measured using a network of ground-based magnetometers, typically consisting of extensive installations at established observatory sites. We show that this network can be enhanced by the addition of remote quantum magnetometers which combine high sensitivity with intrinsic calibration. These nodes utilize scalable hardware and run independently of wired communication and power networks. We demonstrate that optically pumped magnetometers, utilizing mass-produced and miniaturized components, offer a single scalable sensor with the sensitivity and stability required for space weather observation. We describe the development and deployment of an off-grid magnetic sensing node, powered by a solar panel, present observed data from periods of low and high geomagnetic activity, and compare it to existing geomagnetic observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We present a multi-sensors fusion navigation algorithm for smartphones on shipboard. • The magnetometer-based turning detection method effectively detects turning motions. • We construct a NHC model with adaptive noise based on the turning detection results. • The algorithm effectively improves the attitude accuracy of smartphones. The rapid development of built-in sensors in smartphones has inspired a variety of ubiquitous public navigation applications. Nevertheless, previous works have focused on vehicle and pedestrian navigation by smartphones, with limited research on shipboard navigation. In this contribution, we designed a multi-sensors fusion navigation algorithm that integrates the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), inertial measurement unit (IMU), and magnetometer (MAG) to achieve high-precision horizontal positioning on shipboard for smartphones. Considering the changeable motion state of a ship and the setting of non-holonomic constraint (NHC) noise, a magnetometer-based turning detection method is proposed, and a NHC model with adaptive noise is constructed based on the turning detection results. We conducted a lake experiment in Taku Forts Lake, Tianjin, using sensor data collected from a Xiaomi MI8 through our self-developed 'Sensor Logger' app. The experimental results demonstrated a high success rate of 94.22 % for magnetometer-based turning detection which can effectively detect turning motions. Compared to the traditional algorithm without constraint information, the roll, pitch and yaw accuracy improve by approximately 34.7 %, 17.9 %, and 57.9 %, respectively. Additionally, the position and velocity accuracy in the east and north directions improve to 0.0926 m, 0.1779 m, 0.0548 m/s, and 0.0589 m/s, respectively, representing enhancements of about 10.7 %, 7.4 %, 10.5 %, and 6.4 %. Overall, the proposed algorithm efficiently improves the shipboard navigation accuracy of smartphones, especially in terms of attitude accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A challenge with a superconducting quantum bit (qubit)--the basic element of a quantum computer--is its short lifetime. To overcome this challenge for developing a quantum computer, approaches, such as elucidating the mechanisms that affect the lifetime of a qubit and extending its lifetime by correcting errors that occur when it reaches the end of its life, have been taken. Extending the lifetime of a qubit is expected to improve the accuracy of quantum sensing. A superconducting flux qubit has two quantum states, which correspond to the direction of the superconducting current, and by controlling these states with a magnetic field, the qubit can be used as a highly sensitive magnetometer. We interviewed Shiro Saito, a senior distinguished researcher at NTT Basic Research Laboratories, who aims to apply a hybrid combination of high-performance magnetometers and biological samples to pathological diagnosis. He talked about the detection of iron ions in neurons by using superconducting flux qubits and shared his research approach that looks beyond the red ocean of a research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, there has been a notable technological advancement in geophysical sensors. In the case of magnetometry, several sensors were used, having the common feature of being miniaturized and lightweight, thus idoneous to be carried by UAVs in drone-borne magnetometric surveys. A common feature is that their sensitivity ranges from 0.1 to about 200 nT, thus not comparable to that of optically pumped, standard fluxgate or even proton magnetometers. However, their low cost, volume and weight remain very interesting features of these sensors. In fact, such sensors have the common feature of being very inexpensive, so new ways of making surveys using many of these sensors could be devised, in addition to the possibility, even with limited resources, of creating gradiometers by combining two or more of them. In this paper, we explore the range of applicability of small tri-axial magnetometers commonly used for attitude determination in several devices. We compare the results of surveys performed with standard professional geophysical instruments with those obtained using these sensors and find that in the presence of strongly magnetized sources, they succeeded in identifying the main anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLandmines significantly hinder the rapid movement of military forces and pose major obstacles during critical operations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, offer several significant advantages for landmine detection. Most studies have tested drone-based systems at controlled sites and demonstrated their effectiveness in limited scenarios, with no examples of using these systems to detect landmines and relay the results to mine clearance machines (MCMs) for actual removal in real military operations. This study evaluated the use of UAVs equipped with magnetometers to detect metallic landmines in military applications. By conducting a series of controlled experiments, the research identified optimal flight conditions—2 m/s flight speed, 1 m survey interval, and 0.5 m sensor altitude—that balance accuracy and operational efficiency. The findings demonstrate that UAV-based magnetometer systems can significantly enhance mine clearance operations by providing near real-time data to MCMs. This approach offers a safer, faster, and more cost-effective alternative to traditional landmine detection methods by addressing the limitations of ground-based operations, such as high risk to human operators and inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging miniaturized atomic sensors such as optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have attracted widespread interest due to their application in high-spatial-resolution biomagnetism imaging. While optical probing systems in conventional OPMs require bulk optical devices including linear polarizers and lenses for polarization conversion and wavefront shaping, which are challenging for chip-scale integration. In this study, an integrated optical probing scheme based on localized-interference metasurface for chip-scale OPM is developed. Our monolithic metasurface allows tailorable linear polarization conversion and wavefront manipulation. Two silicon-based metasurfaces namely meta-polarizer and meta-polarizer-lens are fabricated and characterized, with maximum transmission efficiency and extinction ratio (ER) of 86.29 % and 14.2 dB for the meta-polarizer as well as focusing efficiency and ER of 72.79 % and 6.4 dB for the meta-polarizer-lens, respectively. A miniaturized vapor cell with 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 dimension containing 87Rb and N2 is combined with the meta-polarizer to construct a compact zero-field resonance OPM for proof of concept. The sensitivity of this sensor reaches approximately 9 fT/Hz1/2 with a dynamic range near zero magnetic field of about ±2.3 nT. This study provides a promising solution for chip-scale optical probing, which holds potential for the development of chip-integrated OPMs as well as other advanced atomic devices where the integration of optical probing system is expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Atomic magnetometer (AM) is utilized to non-invasively detect event-related magnetic fields (ERMFs) evoked by visual stimuli in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between N2-like amplitude and visual attention. To achieve this, we combined the AM with a visual stimulation system and employed the passive single-stimulus paradigm. By measuring the ERMFs at various inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) with a sensitivity of 20 fT/ Hz , we analyzed the effects of the ISI and the 'habituation' resulting from repeated stimuli on the N2-like amplitude. Our method serves as a valuable reference for studying the passive single-stimulus paradigm and the time course of mammalian attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study tackles the problem of fault‐tolerant attitude estimation for small satellites. A probabilistic adaptive technique is presented for the multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) algorithm that is used in attitude estimation. The presented method is based on tracking the normalized measurement innovations in the filter and calculating the probability of the normal operation of the estimation system. Using this probability, the filter gain is corrected to maintain the tracking performance of the filter despite faulty measurements. In order to evaluate the performance of this method, several simulations are performed where different types of faults are introduced to the synthetic attitude sensor measurements (magnetometer and sun sensor) at different times. Simulation results are compared not only with a conventional EKF but also with another popular adaptive Kalman filter, an adaptive Kalman filter with multiple scaling factors (MSFs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On October 9, 2022, orbiting X-ray and γ-ray telescopes registered the most powerful explosion ever observed in the Universe—the GRB221009A γ-ray burst at a distance of 2.4 billion light years. The response of the Earth's ionosphere to this unique event was detected in the received signals of very-low-frequency (VLF) radio paths passing through both the daytime and nighttime ionosphere. A disturbance in the night sector was observed as a sudden decrease in amplitude up to 7 dB and a sharp jump in the signal phase up to 20°‒30°. Less pronounced amplitude jumps up to 1.5 dB were found in the daytime sector. At the time of the flare, magnetometers showed only the appearance of a weak burst of the geomagnetic field ∼0.5 nT at the time of the flare. In the daytime, an isolated geomagnetic pulse with an amplitude of up to 1 nT was observed. The appearance of a geomagnetic response to a γ-ray flare is surprising, because its radiation creates additional ionization in the stratosphere, significantly below the conducting E-layer of the ionosphere. The recorded event showed that extragalactic γ-ray bursts cause a noticeable perturbation in the Earth's ionosphere, and the network of VLF radio paths covering the lower ionosphere can be considered as a giant γ-ray detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among electromagnetic methods of short-term earthquake prediction, an approach is being actively developed based on the phenomenon of magnetic ultra-low-frequency (ULF) power depression occurring a few days before an earthquake. In particular, a nighttime geomagnetic power depression in the band 0.03–0.05 Hz was observed approximately 5 days before the catastrophic Tohoku 2011 earthquake. To verify the reliability of this method, we performed an extended analysis using data from magnetometer arrays JMA, MAGDAS, PWING, and INTERMAGNET. The selected stations included sites close to the epicenter (<300 km) and remote points (~10 000 km). The band-integrated spectral power of nighttime magnetic noise decreased significantly from March 6–9, several days before the earthquake. However, such variations occur simultaneously not only at nearby stations but also at distant stations. During this event, the ULF power depression was caused by low global geomagnetic activity, as evidenced by the planetary index SME. Thus, the depression of geomagnetic ULF noise cannot be considered a reliable short-term precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a planar Hall effect magnetometer in the form of a parallel array of permalloy-based elliptical sensors. The number of ellipses in the array and other fabrication parameters are optimized with the support of numerical simulations. We obtain equivalent magnetic noise (EMN) of 16 pT/ Hz at 100 Hz, 25 pT/ Hz at 10 Hz, 98 pT/ Hz at 1 Hz, and 470 pT/ Hz at 0.1 Hz. The exceptional EMN without the use of magnetic flux concentrators highlights the advantages of the design. The presented magnetometer, characterized by its simplicity, affordability, and ability to operate at room temperature, is anticipated to be useful for applications requiring pT resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum diamond magnetometers using lock-in detection have successfully detected weak bio-magnetic fields from neurons, a live mammalian muscle, and a live mouse heart. This opens up the possibility of quantum diamond magnetometers visualizing microscopic distributions of the bio-magnetic fields. Here, we demonstrate a lock-in-based widefield quantum diamond microscopy, achieving a mean volume-normalized per-pixel sensitivity of 43.9 nT μ m 1.5 / H z 0.5 . We optimize the sensitivity by implementing a double resonance with hyperfine driving and magnetic field alignment along the ⟨ 001 ⟩ orientation of the diamond. Additionally, we show that sub-ms temporal resolution (∼ 0.4 ms) can be achieved while keeping the per-pixel sensitivity at a few tens of nanotesla per second using quantum diamond microscopy. This lock-in-based diamond quantum microscopy could be a step forward in mapping functional activity in neuronal networks in micrometer spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practical application, existing two-point magnetic gradient tensor (MGT) localization methods have a maximum detection distance of only 2.5 m, and the magnetic moment vectors of measured targets are all unknown. In order to realize remote, real-time localization, a new two-point magnetic localization method based on self-developed, ultra-sensitive superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers and MGT invariants is proposed. Both the magnetic moment vector and the relative position vector can be directly calculated based on the linear positioning model, and a quasi-Newton optimization algorithm is adopted to further improve the interference suppression capability. The simulation results show that the detection distance of the proposed method can reach 500 m when the superconducting MGT measurement system is used. Compared with Nara's single-point tensor (NSPT) method and Xu's two-point tensor (XTPT) method, the proposed method produces the smallest relative localization error (i.e., significantly less than 1% in the non-positioning blind area) without sacrificing real-time characteristics. The causes of and solutions to the positioning blind area are also analyzed. The equivalent experiments, which were conducted with a detection distance of 10 m, validate the effectiveness of the localization method, yielding a minimum relative localization error of 4.5229%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of sensor placement and multimodal sensor fusion on the performance of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based model for human activity classification taking place in an agricultural harvesting scenario involving human-robot collaboration. Data were collected from twenty participants performing six distinct activities using five wearable inertial measurement units placed at various anatomical locations. The signals collected from the sensors were first processed to eliminate noise and then input into an LSTM neural network for recognizing features in sequential time-dependent data. Results indicated that the chest-mounted sensor provided the highest F1-score of 0.939, representing superior performance over other placements and combinations of them. Moreover, the magnetometer surpassed the accelerometer and gyroscope, highlighting its superior ability to capture crucial orientation and motion data related to the investigated activities. However, multimodal fusion of accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer data showed the benefit of integrating data from different sensor types to improve classification accuracy. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of strategic sensor placement and fusion in optimizing human activity recognition, thus minimizing data requirements and computational expenses, and resulting in a cost-optimal system configuration. Overall, this research contributes to the development of more intelligent, safe, cost-effective adaptive synergistic systems that can be integrated into a variety of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging miniaturized optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are becoming one of the most desirable approaches for biomagnetic imaging, especially for OPM with elliptically polarized light, which promises single‐light optical pumping and detection with high sensitivity. However, conventional schemes of this kind require a set of bulk polarization optics and tedious adjustment procedures, which compromise the system's compactness and practicality. In this paper, a novel chip‐scale OPM scheme that leverages the monolithic elliptical meta‐polarizer is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The meta‐polarizer with a side length of 3 mm is laid out on a 2 × 2 cm2 glass wafer. It offers the capability to convert arbitrary incident polarization into the desired elliptical polarization and exhibits a tailorable elliptical dichroism (ED) of ≈0.77 at the wavelength of 795 nm. A 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 vapor cell containing 87Rb and N2 is combined with this elliptical meta‐polarizer to construct a miniaturized OPM. The sensitivity of this sensor reaches approximately 13 fT/Hz1/2 in a four‐layer magnetic shield with a dynamic range near zero magnetic field ≈ ±0.55 nT. By exploiting the advantages of planar integrated optics, reduced footprints and scalability are promised. And this work paves the way for the integration of emerging quantum sensors on a chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolerite structures, such as dykes and sills are the main target for groundwater exploration in the Karoo Supergroup area which is the main stratigraphic unit in South Africa. Morgenzon Farm is one of the sites in the Karoo Supergroup, including a dolerite dyke, which is of interest here. The magnetization/susceptibility and resistivity of the dolerite dyke are significantly larger than those of the encompassing sedimentary materials. Therefore, the low induction number electromagnetic (EM-LIN) and magnetometry approaches may be useful for its detection. The EM-LIN is composed of three techniques: EM38, EM31, and EM34, with the latter being manipulated. Since both EM34 and magnetometry inverse problems are linear, a regularized weighted minimum length solution algorithm is utilized for their inverse modelling, but with one main discrepancy: the model weighting function for the magnetometry method is attained from the multiplication of depth weighting and compactness constraints, while the model weighting function is only equal to depth weighting for the EM34 approach. Recovered susceptibility and conductivity sections derived respectively from magnetic and EM34 data sets show high consistency. Inverted models represent a dolerite dyke in the middle of the profile with a depth range of 4 to 15m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spin-exchange-pumped nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope (NMRG) is a pivotal tool in quantum navigation. The transverse relaxation of atoms critically impacts the NMRG's performance parameters and is essential for judging normal operation. Conventional methods for measuring transverse relaxation typically use dual beams, which involves complex optical path and frequency stabilization systems, thereby complicating miniaturization and integration. This paper proposes a method to construct a 133Cs parametric resonance magnetometer using a single-beam vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) to measure the transverse relaxation of 129Xe and 131Xe. Based on this method, the volume of the gyroscope probe is significantly reduced to 50 cm3. Experimental results demonstrate that the constructed Cs-Xe NMRG can achieve a transverse relaxation time (T2) of 8.1 s under static conditions. Within the cell temperature range of 70 °C to 110 °C, T2 decreases with increasing temperature, while the signal amplitude inversely increases. The research lays the foundation for continuous measurement operations of miniaturized NMRGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an all-optical vector magnetometer enhanced by a machine learning model. Using a dual probing beam setup, spin projections in both probe directions are simultaneously detected. Vector information is directly obtained from the measured phases of spin projection signals. To enhance the measurement accuracy and mitigate the dead zone effect, we introduce an artificial neural network (ANN) to link the phase signals to the field direction. With the addition of amplitude information to the ANN input, the average angle error is reduced to less than 0.3 ° within a hemisphere. Furthermore, this configuration demonstrates a field angle sensitivity of better than 30 μ rad / Hz 1 / 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor navigation framework plays a significant role in day today life. In the outdoor application, GPS signals identifies the exact location or points of the user, but it is not true in indoor scenarios. To overcome this issue there are various techniques have been devised to predict the position and identify the location of the user in the indoor application. These include attaching sensors to the shoes or suites or ceiling of the building and using WIFI signals to predict the position and navigate user to the destination. But not all the time this is possible as the sensors may get damaged and signal interferences may lead to large accumulated errors in the results. This paper proposes a novel technique to predict the position and navigate the user making use of the sensors present in the smartphone. Use of smartphone eliminates the need for external sensors to be attached to the shoes or suits, as it has inbuilt magnetometer, accelerometer, and gyroscope. The data generated by these sensors are used to estimate the pitch and roll values and also the heading information. The step count and the time at which the user performs each step are calculated using peak detection algorithm. A rule-based algorithm is proposed to estimate the step length and the smart phone beacon signals are used to provide the heading information. A voice based guiding facility is also built in to alert the user in case he selects the wrong path. With all these features, the proposed system certainly helps the user to navigate correctly from source location to the intended destination. The experiments are carried out in different scenarios under various realistic conditions and the results displays that, the proposed method achieves a high position accuracy with significant reduction in the error (less than 2.5%) and performs well compared to the conventional estimation methods. The performance is assessed in terms of displacement and root mean square error and compared with the position-estimation method (Poulose in IEEE Access 7: 11165–11177, 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an investigation of the degradation of paracetamol via heterogeneous photocatalysis, aiming to magnetically immobilize the catalyst in a continuous process. Catalyst immobilization was conducted on aggregated flower-like structures. The CoFe2O4@Nb5O2 catalyst was characterized using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The effects of the magnetic immobilization of the catalyst, flow, residence time, adsorption, and photolysis were evaluated. Additionally, catalyst reuse cycles were analyzed. The results indicated that a longer residence time favors the degradation of paracetamol due to the increase in the contact time of the effluent catalyst. At a flow rate of 20 mL·min−1, a degradation of 27% was obtained. Photolysis and adsorption tests indicated that residence time was not an important factor for paracetamol degradation. For the photolysis test, in the first cycle, the values obtained were in the range of 6.0–8.5%. The adsorption results indicated ~10% removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a global search for electromagnetic gadgets that are affordable, eco-friendly, and energyefficient. This motivates engineers and scientists to develop new materials or enhance those that already exist. Fe-based soft magnetic materials are a significant class of soft magnetic materials that are essential to many energy-related industrial applications, including motors, converters, and electric transformers. This article focuses on the general characterization of magnetic materials, their magnetic properties and the analysis of the influence of mechanical milling of Fe powders prepared by mechanical milling in two different sizes (sample 1 - smaller then < 400 µm and sample 2 greater than > 400 µm). The experimentally obtained hysterical curves of ground Fe powders are measured using the Vibratimg Sample Magnetometer (VSM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chip-scale hybrid optical pumping spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer with a single-beam arrangement has prominent applications in biomagnetic measurements because of its outstanding features, including ultrahigh sensitivity, an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, homogeneous spin polarization and a much simpler optical configuration than other devices. In this work, a miniaturized single-beam hybrid optical pumping SERF atomic magnetometer based on a microfabricated atomic vapor cell is demonstrated. Although the optically thin Cs atoms are spin-polarized, the dense Rb atoms determine the experimental results. The enhanced signal strength and narrowed resonance linewidth are experimentally proven, which shows the superiority of the proposed magnetometer scheme. By using a differential detection scheme, we effectively suppress optical noise with an approximate five-fold improvement. Moreover, the cell temperature markedly affects the performance of the magnetometer. We systematically investigate the effects of temperature on the magnetometer parameters. The theoretical basis for these effects is explained in detail. The developed miniaturized magnetometer has an optimal magnetic sensitivity of 20 fT/Hz1/2. The presented work provides a foundation for the chip-scale integration of ultrahighly sensitive quantum magnetometers that can be used for forward-looking magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that a proxy determination of the magnetospheric open-closed magnetic field line boundary (OCB) location can be made by examining the ultra-low-frequency (ULF) wave power in magnetometer data, with particular interest in the Pc5 ULF waves with periods of 3-10 min. In this study, we present a climatology of such Pc5 ULF waves using groundbased magnetometer data from the South Pole Station (SPA), McMurdo (MCM) station, and the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs) located across the Antarctic continent, to infer OCB behavior and variability during geomagnetically quiet times (i.e., Ap < 30 nT). For each season [i.e., austral fall (20 February 2017-20 April 2017), austral winter (20 May 2017-20 July 2017), austral spring (20 August 2017-20 October 2017), and austral summer (20 November 2017-20 January 2018)], north-south (i.e., H-component) magnetic field line residual power-spectral density (PSD) measurements taken during geomagnetically quiet periods within a 60-day window centered at the austral solstice/equinox are averaged in 10-min temporal bins to form the climatology at each station. These residual PSDs thus enable the analysis of Pc5 activity (and lower period "long-band" oscillations) and, thus, OCB location/variability as a function of season and magnetic latitude. The dawn and dusk transitions across the OCB are analyzed, with a discussion of dawn and dusk variability during nominally quiet geomagnetic periods. In addition, latitudinal dependencies of the OCB and peak Pc5 periods at each station are discussed, along with the empirical Tsyganenko model comparisons to our site measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne vector magnetometer (MAG) system and proposes a new data-processing technique for modeling the residual magnetic anomalies of three types of landmines: the metallic antitank M15, the metallic antipersonnel M16, and the minimum-metal antitank M19. The burial depth and magnetic moment of these landmines were estimated using the measured and simulated residual magnetic anomalies based on the proposed UAV-borne vector MAG model. Initial in-flight validation showed a strong correlation between the residual magnetic anomaly maps obtained from measurements and simulations. To verify the detection capability in real-world conditions, the UAV-borne MAG system was tested at the Korean Combat Training Center. Both simulations and experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed data-processing method and UAV-borne MAG model in accurately modeling the residual magnetic anomalies of landmines with metallic components. This approach will facilitate the automated detection of M15, M16, and M19 landmines with high detection rates and enable accurate classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Numerous publications have appeared in the literature describing a new seismo-electromagnetic effect—the appearance of magnetic pulses with a duration of 1–40 s, which are detected at distances up to ten thousand km a few minutes before earthquakes of even low magnitude. An assumption was made about the universality of the processes responsible for generation of pulsed precursors and the fundamental possibility of a short-term (a few minutes) warning of an approaching earthquake. In this article, the possibility of the occurrence of ultra-low-frequency pulses that precede seismic events with magnitudes M > 5.0 is studied based on the data from a network of induction magnetometers in the Far East. Pulsed disturbances occur regularly in the records by these highly sensitive magnetometers. Some pulses are observed synchronously at several stations, which excludes their origin from local noise. The spectral maximum of about 7–8 Hz of the oscillatory structure, which appears in many pulses, corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the Schumann resonator. A comparison of magnetic observations with data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) showed that some of the pulses were caused by lightning discharges in the 650 km vicinity of magnetic station. Although some of the impulses are observed immediately before earthquakes, their connection with seismic activity cannot be claimed with certainty. The calculation of the number of pulses within the 5-min interval before and after the seismic shock shows that they are randomly distributed around the time of the earthquake. Apparently, the pulses are mainly due to the ionospheric response to a distant lightning discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization moments play a crucial role in measuring magnetic fields for nonlinear magneto‐optical rotation (NMOR) atomic magnetometers. However, it is challenging to distinguish between each polarization moment and evaluate its effect on the magnetic resonance response signal in an alkali vapor cell with buffer gas. To address this issue, a method is proposed to identify different polarization moments through the frequency shift of the magnetic resonance response signal. The proportion of each polarization moment is determined, and it is demonstrated that the magnetic resonance response signal is affected by the hexadecapole moment, resulting in a frequency shift and a decrease in signal amplitude. To mitigate this effect, an approach is investigated to manipulate the polarization moments by flipping the phase of the pump light. Ultimately, a 15.19% increase in response amplitude is achieved in the simulated geomagnetic environment within the magnetic shield barrel. The theory and method presented here provide strong support for the study of the polarization moments in an alkali vapor cell with buffer gas, which potentially enhance the performance of NMOR atomic magnetometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-precision magnetometers play a crucial role in ocean exploration, geophysical prospecting, and military and security applications. Installing them on human-occupied vehicle (HOV) platforms can greatly enhance ocean exploration capabilities and efficiency. However, most existing magnetometers suffer from low sensitivity and excessively large size. This study presents a high-sensitivity, miniaturized magnetometer based on cesium optically pumped probes. The designed magnetometer utilizes a three-probe design to eliminate the detection dead zone of the cesium optically pumped probe and enable three-dimensional magnetic detection. The proposed magnetometer uses a flux gate probe to detect the three-axis magnetic field and ensure that the probe does not enter the dead zone. The three probes can automatically switch by measuring the geomagnetic elements and real-time attitude of the HOV platform. This article primarily introduces the cesium three-probe optically pump, flux gate sensor, and automatic switching scheme design of the above-mentioned magnetometer. Moreover, it is proven through testing that the core indicators, such as the accuracy and sensitivity of the cesium three-probe optically pumped and flux gate sensor, reach international standards. Finally, the effectiveness of the automatic switching scheme proposed in this study is demonstrated through drone-mounted experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionospheric dynamics exhibits a distinct hemispheric asymmetry, influenced primarily by the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) By component, dipole tilt, or a combination of both. Previous studies have indicated a reduction in these asymmetries during substorms. In this study, we conduct a superposed epoch analysis using ground magnetometer data from the northern hemisphere to examine the impact of substorms on ionospheric current asymmetry. This analysis uses the assumption of mirror symmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres when IMF By and dipole tilt are reversed. We observe a significant reduction in nightside equivalent current asymmetry indicating the IMF By and dipole tilt have minimal influence on the substorm current. On the other hand, we find that substorms exert minimal or negligible effects on dayside currents. This difference in response between nightside and dayside currents emphasizes the need to incorporate nightside dynamics into existing climatological models, which presently rely mainly on upstream parameters due to a lack of robust parameters effectively representing them. Our findings provide important insights for future modeling efforts, highlighting the distinct interactions between substorms and ionospheric currents across different hemispheric regions. Key Points: Substorms can reduce interhemispheric asymmetries in the nightside ionospheric currents induced by Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) By and dipole tiltSubstorms have little impact on dayside currents, and the IMF and dipole tilt has little impact on substorm currentsThis study can guide the development of future climatological models of ionospheric currents that currently rely only on upstream parameters [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of biomagnetism imaging has led to the development of ultrasensitive and compact spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers that promise high-resolution magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). However, conventional optical components are not compatible with nanofabrication processes that enable the integration of atomic magnetometers on chips, especially for elliptically polarized laser-pumped SERF magnetometers with bulky optical systems. In this study, an elliptical-polarization pumping beam (at 795 nm) is achieved through a single-piece metasurface, which results in an SERF magnetometer with a high sensitivity reaching 10.61 fT/Hz1/2 by utilizing a 87Rb vapor cell with a 3 mm inner diameter. To achieve the optimum theoretical polarization, our design combines a computer-assisted optimization algorithm with an emerging metasurface design process. The metasurface is fabricated with 550 nm thick silicon-rich silicon nitride on a 2 × 2 cm2 SiO2 substrate and features a 22.17° ellipticity angle (a deviation from the target polarization of less than 2%) and more than 80% transmittance. This study provides a feasible approach for on-chip polarization control of future all-integrated atomic magnetometers, which will further pave the way for high-resolution biomagnetism imaging and portable atomic sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical drilling is the first stage of petroleum exploitation and directional well technology. The near-vertical attitude at each survey station directly determines the whole direction accuracy of the borehole trajectory. However, the attitude measurement for near-vertical wells has poor azimuth accuracy because the poor signal-to-noise ratio of radial accelerometers hardly obtains the correct horizontal attitude, especially the roll angle. In this paper, a novel near-vertical attitude measurement method was proposed to address this issue. The redundant micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers were employed to replace the original accelerometers from MEMS inertial measurement unit (IMU)/magnetometers for calculating horizontal attitude under near-vertical conditions. In addition, a simplified four-position calibration method for the redundant accelerometers was proposed to compensate for the installation and non-orthogonal error. We found that the redundant accelerometers enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio to upgrade the azimuth accuracy at the near-vertical well section. Compared with the traditional method, the experiment results show that the average azimuth errors and roll errors are reduced from 34.45° and 27.09° to 5.7° and 0.61°, respectively. The designed configuration scheme is conducive to the miniaturized design and low-cost requirements of wellbore measuring tools. The proposed attitude measurement method can effectively improve the attitude accuracy of near-vertical wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ARIADNE (Axion Resonant InterAction Detection Experiment) is a table-top experiment that intends to search for QCD axions from exotic spin-dependent interactions mediated by axion between nuclei at sub-mm range. This experiment includes a non-magnetic mass to source the axion field, and a dense ensemble of hyper-polarized 3He nuclei to detect the axion field with nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR)-based method. The expected NMR signal from the interaction could be easily buried in the noise spectrum of the magnetometer, especially in a frequency range (~ 100 Hz) where the interaction signal is supposed to exist. In this work, we report optimization of SQUID gradiometer for ARIADNE including noise spectrum measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing magnetic field measurements made by the Iridium satellites and by ground magnetometers in North America we calculate the full ionospheric current system and investigate the substorm current wedge. The current estimates are independent of ionospheric conductance, and are based on estimates of the divergence‐free (DF) ionospheric current from ground magnetometers and curl‐free (CF) ionospheric currents from Iridium. The DF and CF currents are represented using spherical elementary current systems (SECS), derived using a new inversion scheme that ensures the current systems' spatial scales are consistent. We present 18 substorm events and find a typical substorm current wedge (SCW) in 12 events. Our investigation of these substorms shows that during substorm expansion, equivalent field‐aligned currents (EFACs) derived with ground magnetometers are a poor proxy of the actual FAC. We also find that the intensification of the westward electrojet can occur without an intensification of the FACs. We present theoretical investigations that show that the observed deviation between FACs estimated with satellite measurements and ground‐based EFACs are consistent with the presence of a strong local enhancement of the ionospheric conductance, similar to the substorm bulge. Such enhancements of the auroral conductance can also change the ionospheric closure of pre‐existing FACs such that the ground magnetic field, and in particular the westward electrojet, changes significantly. These results demonstrate that attributing intensification of the westward electrojet to SCW current closure can yield false understanding of the ionospheric and magnetospheric state. Plain Language Summary: With a new inversion scheme we resolve the full current based on ground and space magnetometers and spherical elementary current systems We introduce a new inversion scheme for spherical elementary current systems to resolve the full current using ground and space magnetometers. Key Points: With a new inversion scheme we resolve the full current based on ground and space magnetometers and spherical elementary current systemsDuring substorms and close to the onset the ground‐based equivalent field‐aligned current is a poor proxy for the field‐aligned currentThe intensification of the westward electrojet can be a false indication of the formation of the substorm current wedge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of modern state-of-the-practice traffic flow sensors provides traffic managers, researchers, and students an understanding of the operation, strengths, and limitations of current sensor technologies and enables them to make an informed decision as to which is appropriate for a particular application. Accordingly, this article describes the intrusive and nonintrusive traffic flow sensor technologies in use today, their applications and selection criteria, and typical output data. Furthermore, it provides examples of representative sensor models. The technologies discussed are mature with respect to current traffic management applications, although some may not provide the data or accuracy required for a specific application or may not perform as needed under the operational conditions anticipated at the installation site. Sensors selected for a first-time application should be field tested under conditions that will be encountered in day-to-day operation before large-scale purchases of the devices are made. As alternative traffic data and information sources, such as commercial data vendors, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth sensing of smartphone locations, and connected and automated vehicle data, become increasingly available, they are progressively finding their way into modern traffic management systems as a complement to conventional roadside sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the parametric oscillation process, we demonstrate the dual-axis phase-sensitive demodulation (PSD) and single-axis phase-insensitive demodulation (PISD) for the atomic magnetometer in an in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection system, which can separate the precession signals of NMR from the oscillating magnetic fields. The two orthogonal magnetic fields can be detected simultaneously and independently by selecting the optimal demodulation phases with the traditional PSD method. The response signals of the parametric modulation magnetometer demodulated with high order harmonic signals are evaluated, which is a new exploration. The first order harmonic demodulation can present the best sensitivity about 250 fT/Hz1/2. The high order harmonic demodulation technology supplies a twofold 3 dB bandwidth. With the PISD method, a single-axis demodulation technique is proposed. The transverse nuclear spin precession magnetic fields can be extracted effectively with the demodulation R signal outputs by setting a specific longitudinal modulation magnetic field amplitude, which is a new demodulation strategy compared with the traditional demodulation method for the NMR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitivity of existing all-optical atomic magnetometers is significantly compromised due to the simultaneous influence of optical parameters on both optical pumping and optical modulation of atoms. The tight interlinkage of these processes poses challenges for their individual optimization, thereby restricting the achievable sensitivity. To address this issue, we developed a comprehensive optical modulation analytical model that fully considers the effects of dynamic optical pumping. Building upon this model, we introduced a multi-objective optimization method for optical parameters, leading to minimal non-sensitive axis crosstalk and optimal sensitivity. Experimental results demonstrated a femtotesla all-optical spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer with sensitivities of 2 fT/Hz1/2 along the y-axis and 4 fT/Hz1/2 along the x-axis, respectively. This advancement surpasses the sensitivity of existing optically modulated magnetometers and bears profound implications for the advancement and application of arrayed magnetometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A superconducting quantum magnetometer for high-sensitivity applications has been developed by exploiting the flux focusing of the superconducting loop. Unlike conventional dc SQUID magnetometers that use a superconducting flux transformer or a multiloop design, in this case, a very simple design has been employed. It consists of a bare dc SQUID with a large washer-shaped superconducting ring in order to guarantee a magnetic field sensitivity BΦ less than one nT/Φ0. The degradation of the characteristics of the device due to an inevitable high value of the inductance parameter βL was successfully compensated by damping the inductance of the dc SQUID. The size of the magnetometer, coinciding with that of the washer, is 5 × 5 mm2 and the spectral density of the magnetic field noise is 8 fT/√Hz with a low frequency noise knee of two Hz. The excellent performance of this simple magnetometer makes it usable for all high-sensitivity applications including magnetoencephalography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coils are one of the basic elements employed in devices. They are versatile, in terms of both design and manufacturing, according to the desired inductive specifications. An important characteristic of coils is their bidirectional action; they can both produce and sense magnetic fields. Referring to sensing, coils have the unique property to inductively translate the temporal variation of magnetic flux into an AC voltage signal. Due to this property, they are massively used in many areas of science and engineering; among other disciplines, coils are employed in physics/materials science, geophysics, industry, aerospace and healthcare. Here, we present detailed and exact mathematical modeling of the sensing ability of the three most basic scalar assemblies of coaxial pick-up coils (PUCs): in the so-called zero derivative configuration (ZDC), having a single PUC; the first derivative configuration (FDC), having two PUCs; and second derivative configuration (SDC), having four PUCs. These three basic assemblies are mathematically modeled for a reference case of physics; we tackle the AC voltage signal, VAC (t), induced at the output of the PUCs by the temporal variation of the magnetic flux, Φ(t), originating from the time-varying moment, m(t), of an ideal magnetic dipole. Detailed and exact mathematical modeling, with only minor assumptions/approximations, enabled us to obtain the so-called sensing function, FSF, for all three cases: ZDC, FDC and SDC. By definition, the sensing function, F S F , quantifies the ability of an assembly of PUCs to translate the time-varying moment, m(t), into an AC signal, VAC (t). Importantly, the F S F is obtained in a closed-form expression for all three cases, ZDC, FDC and SDC, that depends on the realistic, macroscopic characteristics of each PUC (i.e., number of turns, length, inner and outer radius) and of the entire assembly in general (i.e., relative position of PUCs). The mathematical methodology presented here is complete and flexible so that it can be easily utilized in many disciplines of science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sums up and compares the most important techniques for magnetic sensing of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. In addition, the most well-known magnetic sensing instruments are presented, while the advantages and disadvantages of each instrument category are summarized. Finally, a measurement system based on fluxgate magnetometers is proposed for the magnetic characterization of a cobalt-based material applicable in the catalysis process. The authors conclude that this arrangement can provide ferromagnetic material sensing with the most advantages for this catalysis application. Indeed, as nanoparticle materials can be used in many applications, like catalysis, their properties and the phase of the catalyst should be known at any time. Moreover, as the industrial processes operate at a rapid pace, the need for simple, fast, and low-cost measurement systems that will also enable in vivo material characterization is rising. Consequently, this article aims to propose the best candidate magnetic sensing method as well as the best candidate instrument for every application based on the advantages and disadvantages of each sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When magnetic matching aided navigation is applied to an underwater vehicle, the magnetometer must be installed inside the vehicle, considering the navigation safety and concealment of the underwater vehicle. Then, the interference magnetic field will seriously affect the accuracy of geomagnetic field measurement, which directly affects the accuracy of geomagnetic matching aided navigation. Therefore, improving the accuracy of geomagnetic measurements inside the vehicle through error compensation has become one of the most difficult problems that requires an urgent solution in geomagnetic matching aided navigation. In order to solve this problem, this paper establishes the calculation model of the internal magnetic field of the underwater vehicle and the geomagnetic measurement error model of the ship-borne magnetometer. Then, a compensation method for the geomagnetic measurement error of the ship-borne magnetometer, based on the constrained total least square method, is proposed. To verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper, a simulation experiment of geomagnetic measurement and compensation of a ship-borne three-axis magnetometer was constructed. Among them, to be closer to the real situation, a combination of the geomagnetism model, the elliptic shell model and the magnetic dipole model was used to simulate the internal magnetic field of the underwater vehicle. The experimental results indicated that the root mean square error of geomagnetic measurement in an underwater vehicle was less than 5 nT after compensation, and the accuracy of geomagnetic measurement met the requirements of geomagnetic matching aided navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing number of households owning pets, the importance of sensor data for recognizing pet behavior has grown significantly. However, challenges arise due to the costs and reliability issues associated with data collection. This paper proposes a method for classifying pet behavior using cleaned meta pseudo labels to overcome these issues. The data for this study were collected using wearable devices equipped with accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, and pet behaviors were classified into five categories. Utilizing this data, we analyzed the impact of the quantity of labeled data on accuracy and further enhanced the learning process by integrating an additional Distance Loss. This method effectively improves the learning process by removing noise from unlabeled data. Experimental results demonstrated that while the conventional supervised learning method achieved an accuracy of 82.9%, the existing meta pseudo labels method showed an accuracy of 86.2%, and the cleaned meta pseudo labels method proposed in this study surpassed these with an accuracy of 88.3%. These results hold significant implications for the development of pet monitoring systems, and the approach of this paper provides an effective solution for recognizing and classifying pet behavior in environments with insufficient labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subtask segmentation can provide useful information from clinical tests, allowing clinicians to better assess a patient's mobility status. A new smartphone-based algorithm was developed to segment the L Test of functional mobility into stand-up, sit-down, and turn subtasks. Methods: Twenty-one able-bodied participants each completed five L Test trials, with a smartphone attached to their posterior pelvis. The smartphone used a custom-designed application that collected linear acceleration, gyroscope, and magnetometer data, which were then put into a threshold-based algorithm for subtask segmentation. Results: The algorithm produced good results (>97% accuracy, >98% specificity, >74% sensitivity) for all subtasks. Conclusions: These results were a substantial improvement compared with previously published results for the L Test, as well as similar functional mobility tests. This smartphone-based approach is an accessible method for providing useful metrics from the L Test that can lead to better clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the impact of pumping beams with different transverse intensity profiles on the performance of the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers (AMs). We conduct experiments comparing the traditional Gaussian optically-pumped AM with that utilizing the flat-top optically-pumped (FTOP) method. Our findings reveal that the FTOP-based approach outperforms the conventional method, exhibiting a larger response, a narrower magnetic resonance linewidth, and a superior low-frequency noise performance. Specifically, the use of FTOP method leads to a 16% enhancement in average sensitivity within 1 Hz–30 Hz frequency range. Our research emphasizes the significance of achieving transverse polarization uniformity in AMs, providing insights for future optimization efforts and sensitivity improvements in miniaturized magnetometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetometers are essential instruments in space physics, but their measurements are often contaminated by various external interference sources. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of existing magnetometer interference removal methods and introduce MAGPRIME (MAGnetic signal PRocessing, Interference Mitigation, and Enhancement), an open‐source Python library featuring a collection of state‐of‐the‐art interference removal algorithms. MAGPRIME streamlines the process of interference removal in magnetic field data by providing researchers with an integrated, easy‐to‐use platform. We detail the design, structure, and functionality of the library, as well as its potential to facilitate future research by enabling rapid testing and customization of interference removal methods. Using the MAGPRIME Library, we present two Monte Carlo benchmark results to compare the efficacy of interference removal algorithms in different magnetometer configurations. In Benchmark A, the Underdetermined Blind Source Separation (UBSS) and traditional gradiometry algorithms surpass the uncleaned boom‐mounted magnetometers, achieving improved correlation and reducing median error in each simulation. Benchmark B tests the efficacy of the suite of MAGPRIME algorithms in a boomless magnetometer configuration. In this configuration, the UBSS algorithm proves to significantly reduce median error, along with improvements in median correlation and signal to noise ratio. This study highlights MAGPRIME's potential in enhancing magnetic field measurement accuracy in various spacecraft designs, from traditional gradiometry setups to compact, cost‐effective alternatives like bus‐mounted CubeSat magnetometers, thus establishing it as a valuable tool for researchers and engineers in space exploration and magnetism studies. Plain Language Summary: Magnetometers, tools used to measure magnetic fields, are crucial for space exploration but often face interference from a spacecraft's own systems. This can distort measurements, making it hard to get accurate data. In order to address this, we introduce MAGPRIME, an open‐source software that helps clean up these magnetic field measurements. It is user‐friendly and integrates various techniques to reduce interference in the data. We tested MAGPRIME in two scenarios: one with magnetometers on a long mechanical arm or boom, and another without the boom. The results from these cases show that the use of MAGPRIME can make it easier and cheaper to get reliable magnetic field data, especially for smaller satellites like CubeSats. Key Points: MAGPRIME is an open‐source Python library with advanced interference removal algorithms for magnetic field measurements in space missionsThe MAGPRIME library is designed to be a community‐driven platform for magnetometer signal processing algorithmsMonte Carlo simulation results show UBSS achieves significant interference reduction in both boom and bus‐mounted magnetometer setups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts have recently been put into developing proton precession magnetometers (PPM) in order to measure weak magnetic fields with high precision. Although high-cost commercial PPMs are available today, there are ongoing studies for low power consumption, low cost, high accuracy and resolution. Accordingly, in this study, a new PPM with a measurement range of 20,000 nT-120,000 nT, a production cost of $2000 and an accuracy of 0.13 nT was developed and its performance in determining the earth's magnetic field was examined. It was determined that the developed PPM has an advantage over its commercial equivalents (G857, WCZ, etc.) in terms of price-performance ratio and can be used to determine small magnetic field values such as the earth's magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]