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Olive trees worldwide suffer from a number of devastating fungal diseases that affect production. One such serious disease is olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea. Recently, we applied magnesium hydroxide porous micron-scale particles (PMPs) on tomatoes and observed potent antimicrobial activity, reducing the fungal load of the treated phyllosphere. To assess the effectiveness of the compound on olive fungal disease, we applied it for two consecutive seasons. One particular olive tree exhibited extreme manifestations of fungal disease and was destined for removal. A single application of Mg(OH)2 PMP reversed all symptoms of the disease and eliminated the Venturia pathogen, curing the tree of disease. Venturia oleaginea appears to be exceptionally susceptible to treatment compared to other species in the fungal leaf community. The beneficial fungus Aureobasidium pullulans increased in relative abundance in all the sprayed trees. No toxicity and leaf loss were observed, and the compound retention exceeded 47 days. All trees sprayed showed drastic reductions in the total fungal load and compared favorably to the commercial copper compound. Spraying induced a moderate expression of key indicator genes associated with stress responses. No leaf chlorosis or shedding were observed. Overall, Mg(OH)2 PMP treatment appears to be a highly promising tool for combating plant fungal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Inorganic sources of Mg are commonly used in dairy cow diets, but their availability varies significantly. This study assessed the relative availability of 4 commonly used inorganic Mg sources and a novel alkalinizing proprietary mineral blend (PMB; Multesium; GLC Minerals LLC, Green Bay, WI). The study was a duplicated 6 × 6 Latin square, with 12 nonlactating, nonpregnant Holstein dairy cows assigned to a square based on BW and parity. Cows were fed 90% of their voluntary DMI (diet contained 0.21% Mg). Each experimental period lasted 7 d. On d 2 of each period, urinary catheters were fitted. Total urine collection started on d 3 for 48 h with samples collected and measured every 12 h. On d 4, 30 g of Mg were administered as boluses with gelatin capsules: negative control (one empty capsule), magnesium oxide (MgO), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4), calcium magnesium hydroxide [CaMg(OH) 4 ], calcium magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO 3) 2 ], and PMB [a blend of Ca and Mg sources that includes CaMg(CO 3) 2 , CaMg(OH) 4 , and MgO]. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 12, and 24 h after treatment administration on d 4 of each treatment period. Urine and blood samples were analyzed for Mg and Ca concentration. Statistical analyses were conducted with PROC GLIMMIX including treatment, time, period, square, treatment × time, treatment × period, and time × period as fixed effects, and cow nested within square as a random effect in the model. Urinary Mg excretion for 4 of the Mg sources studied [PMB, MgO, CaMg(OH) 4 , and MgSO 4 ] increased significantly, representing an increase of at least 40.8% relative to control. The supplementation of CaMg(CO 3) 2 did not significantly increase relative to control. There were no significant changes in blood Mg concentration with treatment, but a significant treatment × time effect was observed. Calcium-rich sources [PMB, CaMg(OH) 4 , CaMg(CO 3) 2 ] had lower blood Mg concentrations at 12 or 24 h after treatment than control and CaMg(CO 3) 2. Based on urinary Mg excretion 24 h after treatment, 4 of the Mg sources evaluated (including PMB) showed a similar availability, however, the availability of the commercial CaMg(CO 3) 2 source included in our study was similar to the negative control (nonsupplemented cows). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium chloride is a magnesium resource that is widely present in seawater and salt lakes. Therefore, the use of magnesium chloride is of great significance for the low-cost preparation of high-performance magnesium materials. In this work, mechanical ball milling was used for the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from magnesium chloride. Ball milling improves the unevenness of the reaction process and generates magnesium oxide with a more uniform particle size distribution. First, a magnesium chloride complex was obtained by heating and evaporating a mixture of magnesium chloride and ethanol with a mass ratio of 1:2 at 110 °C. Next, pure magnesium hydroxide with a smaller crystal size was obtained by ball milling the prepared magnesium chloride complex with calcium hydroxide at 600 rpm for 3 h. Finally, the magnesium hydroxide was calcined at 1000 °C for 60 min to obtain nano magnesium oxide particles with a particle size of 670 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-purity magnesia refractories were fabricated by brine magnesium hydroxide from the salt-lake brine (Qinghai Salt Lake) and Y 2 O 3 as an additive at 1780 °C. It avoided the substantial CO 2 emissions and ultra high temperature sintering process (＞1900 °C) when compared with the conventional magnesite-calcination technical approach. The results confirmed that Y 2 O 3 was dispersed on the MgO grains boundaries in the fabricated MgO aggregates, resulting in a decrease in apparent porosity and enhancing the grains' boundaries. With 3 wt% addition of Y 2 O 3 , the apparent porosity and bulk density of the sample reached to 15.9 % and 3.10 g/cm3 from 37.9 % to 2.30 g/cm3 of blank control group, respectively. Compared to the blank control without Y 2 O 3 -adding, the sample with 5 wt% Y 2 O 3 exhibited a 54.17 % increase in the resistance to molten slag. SEM results indicated that the incorporation of Y 2 O 3 in samples increased the porosity of small pores and enhanced grains boundaries, thereby suppressing slag's penetration. Furthermore, the Y 2 O 3 -adding was employed to disperse the MgO grains boundaries and existed as separate phases for grains boundaries enhancement. The slag attack of the fabricated MgO–Y 2 O 3 refractory raw materials were controlled by an inter-crystalline corrosion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halogen‐free flame‐retardant ethylene‐vinyl acetate/polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide systems are widely used in cable insulations and in sheath materials. The surface modification of magnesium hydroxide is one of the key methods to improve its dispersion and mechanical properties. The effects of different types of interfaces, formed by four surface modifications, namely KH550, KH570, stearic acid, and titanate, on the flame retardancy of composite systems have been investigated in the present study. The results showed that the four surface modifiers formed chemical bonds with the surface of magnesium hydroxide, which promoted the dispersion of particles in the matrix. However, due to the different effects of the various surface modifiers and polymer molecular chains, the interfaces exhibited different chemical structures and physical strengths, which affected the combustion of the composite materials into carbon. Thus, the composites demonstrated different flame‐retardant properties. The surface modifiers KH550, KH570 and titanate can form chemical bonds with the ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and have, thereby, a strong effect on the interfaces, which resulted in a slow ignition of the materials and the formation of a graphite carbon structure that is advantageous for heat transfer and oxygen insulation. This is conducive to the flame‐retardant performance of the composite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate post-market monitoring of the efficacy of antacids in different dosage forms available in Nigeria by evaluating the acid-neutralizing capacities (ANCs) of 28 antacid brands. Methods: The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were collected and the ANC was determined following the US Pharmacopeia monograph which involved reacting a minimum labeled dose (MLD) of the antacid with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the excess was neutralized with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). All determinations were made using a pH meter at 37 ± 1 °C. Results: The ANC values of all brands ranged from 2.50 ± 0.23 to 28.10 ± 0.16 mEq/MLD. All the brands except one suspension contained simethicone alone and recorded ANC values above the acceptable limit (5 mEq/MLD). Antacids with aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide at amounts of ≥ 250 mg per 5 mL or tablet were associated with high ANC values. Antacids containing high amounts of single API such as sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate also had high ANC values. Conclusion: The ANC values of all the brands except one suspension (containing simethicone alone) are above the acceptable limit (5 mEq/MLD) and as such should be included on the drug labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Famotidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. It is available in multiple formulations, including film-coated tablets, chewable tablets, oral suspension, and injections. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the film-coated tablet (FT) containing famotidine, magnesium hydroxide, and precipitated calcium carbonate, designed to be pharmaceutically equivalent to the marketed chewable tablet (CT). To achieve the pharmaceutical equivalence of two tablets, the dissolution profiles of FT should be similar to those of CT. However, since CT is intended to be chewed before swallowing, testing it in its intact form would not provide accurate results. Therefore, pulverized chewable tablets (PCT) were used as the reference product. The dissolution, performed by the paddle method at 50 rpm, was analyzed by the validated UV method. Similarity factor (f2) and difference factor (f1) were calculated to assess the equivalence of the dissolution profiles. The results demonstrated that the dissolution profiles of the FT and CT were similar. Additionally, the acid-neutralizing capacity test confirmed the equivalence of the two antacids. This study is one of the first to propose that dissolution tests for pharmaceutical equivalence should be conducted on pulverized CTs when developing generic equivalents to CTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the activity of copper (Cu) towards electrolytic reduction of nitrate, thin films of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) were deposited on Cu substrate. For the first time, these films were synthesized by electrochemical deposition in a potassium sulfate bath containing Mg2+ at 70 °C. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as deposition time and potential, on the electrocatalytic activity for the nitrate reduction was investigated. Surface analysis techniques (SEM, EDX and XRD) were used to get information on the morphology, the composition and the structure of the deposits. The activity of the modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry, and amperometric method. The modified Mg(OH)2/Cu sensor exhibited a good electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of nitrates with high reproducible reduction peak currents. In addition, the sensor exhibits a linear answer for concentration in nitrate between 0.125 to 7 mM, combined with high sensitivity (24.6 µA mM−1 cm−2) and limit of detection (225.35 µM) values. When common interfering molecules were added to the solution, Mg(OH)2/Cu electrodes have kept their good selectivity. They demonstrated acceptable detection levels for nitrates in tap water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is an essential material for producing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) sealant. It can be derived from bittern waste. The common approach uses membrane electrolysis, which requires complex equipment and high energy costs. Alternatively, direct electrolysis can be taken using proper parameters to maximize the production rate. This work analyzes the process according to the input voltage, which varies between 10 and 16 V. The designed working voltage is suitable for direct conversion from renewable sources such as photovoltaic. The evaluation shows that the working voltage notably affects the reaction rate of the bittern solution. The working voltage of 16 V has the lowest power factor (2.58), while the working voltage of 10 V indicates the highest power factor of 3.56. It makes the reaction rate for the working voltage of 10 V extremely low, causing the lowest production rate of MgO with only 4.27 g. Oppositely, the suitable working voltage improves the production of MgO up to 75%. Microscope evaluation indicates that the produced MgO from the process has a lower agglomeration concentration after heat treatment at 700 °C, which is desirable to ensure effective fuel transfer in fuel cell apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a thermal conductive light diffusion material with good optical and thermal conduction was prepared by blending polystyrene (PS) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) as an inorganic filler to match the refractive index. The comprehensive performance of the PS/MH thermal conductive light diffusion materials were regulated through adjusting the content of MH and employing the MH with a multi-particle size for compounding based on the experimental results obtained from the measurements on their micro-morphology, optical properties, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. The results indicated that there was an MH thermal conductivity network formed in the matrix with an increase in the MH content. The transmittance of the thermal conductive light diffusion materials decreased gradually, their haze increased and tended to be stable, and their thermal conductivity was significantly improved. When 30 wt% MH with a multi-particle size content was incorporated, the resultant PS-30-3 thermal conductive light diffusion material obtained optimal comprehensive performance, its transmittance and haze reached 75. 9 % and 92. 70 %, respectively, and its thermal conductivity reached 0. 52 W/(m·K), which is 10 times as much as that of pure PS [0. 05 W/(m·K)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles (Mg(OH)2 NPs) have emerged as promising candidates for environmental remediation, owing to their effectiveness in addressing diverse pollutants within soil and water systems. In this study, the changes of sediment properties and the responses of indigenous bacteria to black-odorous sediment amended with Mg(OH)2 NPs were investigated. Methods: Mg(OH)2 NPs were used to amend the black-odorous contaminated sediment, and the physicochemical properties, sulfide and heavy metal contents, enzyme activities of the sediment, and indigenous bacterial community parameters were determined. Results: Mg(OH)2 NPs significantly altered the sediment physicochemical properties, enzymatic activities, and bacterial community composition of the sediment. The pH value and total phosphorus contents increased, whereas total nitrogen and total organic carbon content decreased. The sulfide content significantly decreased with injection treatment, surpassing the effect elicited by the mixed addition mode. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly enhanced, whereas urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were evidently inhibited. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in the surface-layer sediment treated with Mg(OH)2 NPs increased by 267.86% (mixed) and 338.45% (injection) after a 60-day incubation period. The abundances of the dominant phyla and genera identified in the sediment increased under Mg(OH)2 NP treatment, particularly those involved in sulfur and nitrogen metabolism. Conclusion: Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles directly or indirectly affect the indigenous bacterial community through changes in the sediment physicochemical properties, heavy metal contents, and enzyme activities. These findings contribute to the development of more targeted and effective methods for mitigating sediment pollution and restoring ecosystem health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of the most appropriate chemically extractable pool for evaluating Cd and Pb availability remains elusive, hindering accurate assessment on environmental risks and effectiveness of remediation strategies. This study evaluated the feasibility of European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction, Ca(NO 3) 2 extraction, and water extraction on assessing Cd and Pb availability in agricultural soil amended with slaked lime, magnesium hydroxide, corn stover biochar, and calcium dihydrogen phosphate. Moreover, the enriched isotope tracing technique (112Cd and 206Pb) was employed to evaluate the aging process of newly introduced Cd and Pb within 56 days' incubation. Results demonstrated that extractable pools by BCR and Ca(NO 3) 2 extraction were little impacted by amendments and showed little correlation with soil pH. This is notable because soil pH is closely linked to metal availability, indicating these extraction methods may not adequately reflect metal availability. Conversely, water-soluble concentrations of Cd and Pb were markedly influenced by amendments and exhibited strong correlations with pH (Pearson's r : -0.908 to -0.825, P < 0.001), suggesting water extraction as a more sensitive approach. Furthermore, newly introduced metals underwent a more evident aging process as demonstrated by acid-soluble and water-soluble pools. Additionally, water-soluble concentrations of essential metals were impacted by soil amendments, raising caution on their potential effects on plant growth. These findings suggest water extraction as a promising and attractive method to evaluate Cd and Pb availability, which will help provide assessment guidance for environmental risks caused by heavy metals and develop efficient remediation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) modified polyvinyl chloride (PVC), magnesium hydroxide and antimony trioxide are frequently employed as flame retardants. Fume silica is thought to be useful reinforced agent for rubber as well as efficient flame retardant for polymer‐based composites. The plasticized PVC and HNBR blend in this work were combined with three fillers mentioned above to create rubber‐plastic composites that performed well overall, with a notable improvement in combustion. The limiting oxygen index of the composites increased from 23.7% to 33.8% with no droplets falling during combustion, the smoke density rating decreased from 23.8% to 7.9%, and the maximum smoke density dropped from 95.5% to 15.5%. The cone calorimetry test findings revealed that the three fillers simultaneously prevented the emission of smoke and heat from combustion. High thermal conductivity is typically linked to excellent flame retardancy. The thermal conductivity of composites rose from 0.193 to 0.583 W m−1 K−1 with the addition of fillers. Furthermore, the low glass transition temperature and permanent set of improved composites reflect its softness and rubber elasticity. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to examine the thermal stability of the composites in nitrogen and air, and the results indicated the addition of fillers improved the thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-voltage outdoor insulating materials face formidable challenges emanating from stresses such as electrical discharge, humidity, and UV radiation, propelling them perilously toward potential failure. To combat this, researchers explored novel materials to enhance insulator performance under these stresses. In this study, samples infused with micro-/nano-alumina trihydrate (ATH) and -magnesium hydroxide (MH) were tested with a base polymer (RTV-SR – room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber) during a 100 h electrical discharge aging process. They were simultaneously exposed to AC discharges, UV irradiation, and varying humidity levels. The study found a decline in hydrophobicity in all samples post-discharge exposure. Notably, composites with micro- and nano-fillers exhibited prolonged hydrophobic recovery under stresses such as medium humidity and UV irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis displayed deep cracks and block-like structures on surfaces, particularly in samples R1 (50% micro-MH) and R2 (50% micro-ATH). Aged sections of R3 (10% nano-ATH) and R4 (10% nano-MH) showed heightened surface cracks compared to R5 and R6. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis detected surface oxidation, emphasizing the severity of electrical and other stresses. FTIR results indicated minimal absorption peak reduction in co-filled samples after aging. These findings highlight the impact of co-filled composite insulators for robust insulating systems to withstand the hostile outdoor environment.

Abstract MgO nanoparticles have good As-adsorption capacity in treating As-contaminated wastewater but suffer from high production cost. In this study, instead of using pre-formed MgO nanoparticles, we found that in-situ formed Mg(OH)2 from MgCl2 and NaOH reaction exhibited super high arsenate (As(V)) removal efficiency. Only 1.5 mmol/L of in-situ formed Mg(OH)2 could remove more than 95% As(V) within 10 min to make the As contaminated water (10 mg-As(V)/L) meet the municipal wastewater treatment standard, whereas MgO nanoparticles failed. The Mg-As sludge has an amorphous crystal structure while no Mg(OH)2 phase could be observed. As(V) existed uniformly within the sludge which was confirmed by elemental mapping. A precipitation-adsorption-coagulation mechanism might exist, which could relieve the restriction of limited surface area of solid MgO adsorbents. This study not only reveals an applicable method for efficient removal of trace level As(V) from water but also implies the huge potential of in-situ formed adsorbents in water treatment.

Magnesium alloys are nontoxic and promising as orthopedic metallic implants, but preparing a biocompatible Mg(OH)2 layer with high corrosion protection ability remains challenging. It is generally believed that the Mg(OH)2 layer, especially that formed in a natural condition, cannot provide desirable corrosion resistance in the community of corrosion and protection. Here, several Mg(OH)2 coatings were prepared by changing the pH values of sodium hydroxide solutions. These coatings were composed of innumerable nanoplatelets with different orientations and showed distinguished capability in corrosion resistance. The nanoplatelets were well-oriented with their ab-planes parallel to, instead of perpendicular to, the magnesium alloy surface by raising the pH value to 14.0. This specific orientation resulted in the optimal coating showing long-term corrosion protection in both in vitro and in vivo environments and good osteogenic capability. These finds manifest that the environment-friendly Mg(OH)2 coating can also provide comparable and better corrosion protection than many traditional chemical conversion films (such as phosphate, and fluoride).

Highlights In high‐power lighting, large‐screen display, and other practical application scenarios, Light diffusing materials (LDMs) with favorable thermal conductivity are desired to assist in heat dissipation. In this paper, platy magnesium hydroxide (pMH) and mesoporous spherical magnesium hydroxide (sMH) were introduced as scattering particles for the first time to prepare polystyrene (PS)‐based LDMs. The limited refractive index mismatch allowed MH to be filled in large quantities with less sacrifice of light transmission performance. Owing to the complex surface morphology and large specific surface area, sMH possesses stronger scattering capability, and its combination addition with pMH could effectively increase scattering range. Meanwhile, an effective filler network was constructed with the combined use of pMH and sMH, and thus enhanced the thermal conductivity of the composites. Additionally, PS/pMH‐sMH composites exhibited higher thermal stability. This study expands the auxiliary thermal management capability of light diffusion materials and presents a new application possibility for MH as scattering particles. A new application possibility for Magnesium hydroxide as scattering particles. Light transmittance degradation of PS/MH at high filler loadings was mitigated by RI matching. Complex surface morphology endowed sMH with strong scattering capability. Optimal filling ratio of pMH to sMH was tested for better scattering performance. Extended scattering range, improved TC and thermal stability was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing potential is initially evaluated using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Alginate gel containing pristine and polymer-coated magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles (MHNPs) improves the healing response. PEGylated MHNPs have shown a rapid wound-healing process in Gallus gallus domesticus by promoting re-epithelialization as compared to pristine MHNPs. No toxicity or inflammation are observed in the blood, liver, and heart tissues during biochemistry and histopathological examination. Polymer (polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chitosan) functionalized MHNPs are synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal process. The average crystallite size determined from X-ray diffraction analysis of the pristine MHNPs is ∼31.3 nm and upon PEG and chitosan coating it reduces to 23.4 nm and 29.7 nm, respectively. FTIR confirms the presence of functional groups indicating the successful functionalization of the polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is recognized as a promising material for medium-temperature heat storage, but its low thermal conductivity limits its full potential application. In this study, thermal enhancement of a developed magnesium hydroxide-potassium nitrate (Mg(OH)2-KNO3) material was carried out with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanomaterials. The theoretical results obtained through a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach showed an enhancement of about 12.9% in thermal conductivity with an optimal 15 wt% of Al2O3. There was also close agreement with the experimental results within an error of ≤10%, thus confirming the reliability of the theoretical approach and the potential of the developed Mg(OH)2-KNO3 as a medium heat storage material. Further investigation is, however, encouraged to establish the long-term recyclability of the material towards achieving a more efficient energy storage process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical corrosion behavior of Mg-3Sn-2Al-1Zn-(0.6Nd/0.6Y) alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution under different heat treatment processes was investigated via electrochemical test, immersion weight loss test, and microstructure observation. The results show that the corrosion mechanism of Mg-3Sn-2Al-1Zn-(0.6Nd/0.6Y) alloy is similar to that of pure magnesium, which is the process of electrochemical reaction between magnesium and water to generate magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The solid solution treatment by holding at 400 °C for 24 h significantly improved the corrosion resistance of Mg-3Sn-2Al-1Zn-(0.6Nd/0.6Y) alloys. Nd/Y is formed intermetallic compounds with Mg and Al to increase the corrosion resistance of Mg-3Sn-2Al-1Zn alloy. However, the effect of adding Nd was not as excellent as that of Y, and the solid solution Mg-3Sn-2Al-1Zn-0.6Y alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a novel method of utilizing Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for fertilizer production. Unlike traditional Direct Air Carbon Capture and Utilization (DACCU) technologies, Direct Air Carbon Capture for Fertilizers (FDAC) has the potential to produce fertilizers directly. This study aims to assess the feasibility of FDAC-based fertilizer production by examining the current state of traditional DAC technologies, evaluating the CO2 fixation potential of FDAC, and analyzing the decarbonization effect of producing fertilizers using FDAC. Our evaluation results indicate that CO2 emissions from producing 1 ton of conventional chemical fertilizer, FDAC fertilizer (current status), FDAC fertilizer with ingredient adjustment (sodium hydroxide), and FDAC fertilizer with ingredient adjustment (magnesium hydroxide) are 1.69, 1.12, 1.04, and 1.06 tons of CO2, respectively. The FDAC fertilizer (current status) emits 0.57 tons of CO2 per ton less than commercial fertilizers. FDAC fertilizers also have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions further when the fertilizer composition is adjusted, offering a promising solution for lowering the environmental impact of fertilizer production. Significant CO2 reduction can be expected by replacing conventional low-intensity chemical fertilizers with FDAC-produced fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The hydrogenation of magnesite to CH 4 and MgO offers a powerful approach for CO 2 direct utilization. To deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanisms, (Mg 5 (CO 3) 4 (OH) 2 (H 2 O) 4 was selected as a model compound to gain insights into carbonate hydrogenation. A novel Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst with ferromagnetic properties was employed to facilitate the magnetic separation of the catalyst from the solid products. Thermodynamic simulation and experiments were conducted to address key issues such as gas evolution during catalytic hydrogenation, the effects of catalyst on CH 4 selectivity, and the separation of solid products and catalyst. The results indicate that lower temperatures favor CH 4 formation, whereas higher temperatures favor CO formation. Increasing Ni loading can enhance the CH 4 selectivity. With the presence of 10Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst, 100% CH 4 selectivity can be achieved at 300 °C. Moreover, 10Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst exhibits high magnetic responsiveness, facilitating the solid separation and the recycle of the catalyst. • A novel route for the hydrogenation of magnesite to produce CH 4 and MgO is proposed. • A ferromagnetic Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst enables efficient separation of the catalyst and product. • Low temperature favors CH 4 formation, while high temperature favors CO formation. • 100% CH 4 selectivity can be achieved at 300 °C with the presence of 10Ni/Fe/ZrO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of inorganic flame retardants, zinc borate, and magnesium hydroxide, on the thermal, morphological, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/calcium carbonate composites for potential construction industry applications. Polypropylene/calcium carbonate (50 wt.%) composites containing 5 and 10 wt.% flame retardants were prepared using a batch mixer, followed by compression moulding. The results demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, with the highest char residue reaching 47.2% for polypropylene/calcium carbonate/zinc borate (10 wt.%)/magnesium hydroxide (10 wt.%) composite, a notably strong outcome. Additionally, the composite exhibited an elevated limited oxygen index (LOI) of 29.4%, indicating a synergistic effect between zinc borate and magnesium hydroxide. The proposed flame retardancy mechanism suggests that the flammability performance is driven by the interaction between the flame retardants within the polypropylene/calcium carbonate matrix. Magnesium hydroxide contributes to smoke suppression by releasing water, while zinc borate forms a protective glassy foam that covers the burning surface, promoting char formation and acting as a physical barrier to heat transmission and fire spread. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed good dispersion of the additives alongside calcium carbonate within the polymer matrix. Despite the addition of up to 10 wt.% flame retardants, the composites maintained high-notched impact strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgO nanoparticles have good As-adsorption capacity in treating As-contaminated wastewater but suffer from high production cost. In this study, instead of using pre-formed MgO nanoparticles, we found that in-situ formed Mg(OH)2 from MgCl2 and NaOH reaction exhibited super high arsenate (As(V)) removal efficiency. Only 1.5 mmol/L of in-situ formed Mg(OH)2 could remove more than 95% As(V) within 10 min to make the As contaminated water (10 mg-As(V)/L) meet the municipal wastewater treatment standard, whereas MgO nanoparticles failed. The Mg-As sludge has an amorphous crystal structure while no Mg(OH)2 phase could be observed. As(V) existed uniformly within the sludge which was confirmed by elemental mapping. A precipitation-adsorption-coagulation mechanism might exist, which could relieve the restriction of limited surface area of solid MgO adsorbents. This study not only reveals an applicable method for efficient removal of trace level As(V) from water but also implies the huge potential of in-situ formed adsorbents in water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical halogen-free flame-retardant (HFFR) formulation for electric cables may contain polymers, various additives, and fire-retardant fillers. In this study, composites are prepared by mixing natural magnesium hydroxide (n-MDH) with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a few types of ethylene–octene copolymers (C8-POE). Depending on the content of LLDPE and C8-POE, we obtained composites with different crystallinities that affected the final mechanical properties. The nucleation effect of the n-MDH and the variations in crystallinity caused by the blending of C8-POE/LLDPE/n-MDH were investigated. Notably, in the C8-POE/LLDPE blend, we found a decrease in the crystallization temperature of LLPDE compared to pure LLDPE and an increase in the crystallization temperature of C8-POE compared to pure C8-POE. On the contrary, the addition of n-MDH led to an increase in the crystallization temperature of LLDPE. As expected, the increase in the crystallinity of the polyolefin matrix of composites led to higher elastic modulus, higher tensile strength, and lower elongation at break. It has been observed that crystallinity also influences fire performance. Overall, these results show how to obtain the required mechanical features for halogen-free flame-retardant compounds for electric cable applications, depending on the quantities of the two miscible components in the final blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution has become an increasingly prominent problem. Consequently, adsorbents with high heavy metal removal efficiency using a convenient synthesis method have to be developed urgently. The magnesium carbonate hydroxide microsheets modified activated carbon fiber (MCH@ACF) was prepared by a facile in situ hydrothermal method. The results of the characteristic of MCH@ACF indicated that a large amount of magnesium carbonate hydroxide porous microsheets is densely arranged on the surface of ACF. The Mn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cr2O72− ions adsorption kinetics of the MCH@ACF could be fitted with the pseudo-second-order model, and the results indicate the fast adsorption rate. The Mn2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ ions adsorption on the MCH@ACF follow the Langmuir model, while the Cr2O72− adsorption on the MCH@ACF follows the Freundlich model. The theoretical adsorption capacity of the Mn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cr2O72− ions on the MCH@ACF is 558.6 mg/g, 1591.7 mg/g, 1802.8 mg/g, and 125.7 mg/g, respectively. The heavy metal ions removal performance of MCH@ACF under different pH conditions has been studied. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism could be ascribed to the binding of heavy metal ions with carbonate or hydroxyl group. The results indicated that the MCH@ACF can be used as the potential suitable candidate for heavy metal removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective hydrogenation of acetylene is of industrially indispensable in the production of polymer-grade ethylene. The design of non-precious metal catalysts with outstanding performance is of pivotal importance in order to replace the supported Pd–Ag catalysts. Our previous work showed that a copper carbide (CuxC)-containing catalyst exhibited high hydrogenation activity and selectivity under mild conditions. In the present work, Mg(OH)2 was used to modify the CuxC-containing catalyst in order to improve its catalytic performance. Mg(OH)2-modified CuxC-containing catalyst was prepared from a coprecipitate of Cu(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2, which was obtained by precipitation of Cu(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 solution with dropwise addition of NaOH solution, by thermal treatment in C2H2/Ar (0.5%) at 120 ℃ followed by H2 reduction at 150 ℃. The introduction of Mg(OH)2 led to reduced CuxC crystalline size and to increased amount of CuxC crystallites. In addition, the basic nature of Mg(OH)2 is favorable to suppress the undesired oligomerization. The prepared catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance with complete acetylene conversion, low selectivity to unwanted ethane (24%), and high stability at 100 °C and atmospheric pressure in the presence of large excess ethylene in 100 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone fractures often require internal fixation using plates or screws. Normally, these devices are made of permanent metals like titanium providing necessary strength and biocompatibility. However, they can also cause long-term complications and may require removal. An interesting alternative are biocompatible degradable devices, which provide sufficient initial strength and then degrade gradually. Among other materials, biodegradable magnesium alloys have been developed for craniofacial and orthopaedic applications. Previously, we tested implants made of magnesium hydroxide and RS66, a strong and ductile ZK60-based alloy, with respect to biocompatibility and degradation behaviour. Here, we compare the effects of dissolving magnesium hydroxide and RS66 cylinders on bone regeneration and bone growth in rabbit condyles using microtomographical and histological analysis. Both magnesium hydroxide and RS66 induced a considerable osteoblastic activity leading to distinct but different spatio-temporal patterns of cancellous and periosteal bone growth. Dissolving RS66 implants induced a prominent periosteal bone formation on the medial surface of the original condyle whereas dissolving magnesium hydroxide implants enhance mainly cancellous bone formation. Especially periosteal bone formation was completed after 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The observed bone promoting functions are in line with previous reports of magnesium stimulating cancellous and periosteal bone growth and possible underlying signalling mechanisms are discussed. Biodegradable magnesium based implants are promising candidates for use in orthopedic and traumatic surgery. Although these implants are in the scientific focus for a long time, comparatively little is known about the interactions between degrading magnesium and the biological environment. In this work, we investigated the effects of two degrading cylindrical magnesium implants (MgOH 2 and RS66) both on bone regeneration and on bone growth. Both MgOH 2 and RS66 induce remarkable osteoblastic activities, however with different spatio-temporal patterns regarding cancellous and periosteal bone growth. We hypothesize that degradation products do not diffuse directionless away, but are transported by the restored blood flow in specific spatial patterns which is also dependent on the used surgical technique. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Magnesium alloys are increasingly valued for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility. This study investigates Mg-AZ31B alloy samples treated with quartz and alumina grits (< 200 µm) at varied pressures, followed by anodization in an eco-friendly alkaline electrolyte. The results show that increased blasting pressure produces a rougher surface. Anodization time significantly affects the thickness of the anodic film, leading to a transition in surface morphology from fine to coarse structures with complete film coverage. Characterization by XRD reveals that the anodic film mainly comprises magnesium oxide and hydroxide phases. Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements demonstrate enhanced corrosion resistance post-anodization, particularly notable at 40 minutes on alumina-blasted samples. ANOVA confirms that both blasting pressure and anodization time significantly influence coating thickness and OCP, indicating the formation of a dense anodized layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate is an important intermediate product in magnesite processing. In order to promote the efficient utilization of magnesite resources, based on the pyrolysis interval of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the relationship between magnesium oxide with different physicochemical properties and the apparent properties of hydrated magnesium hydroxide was studied. The results show that the effect of temperature on magnesium oxide sintering is stronger than that of holding time. With the increase of calcination temperature and the extension of holding time of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, the calcined product magnesium oxide was sintered into large particle size with the characteristic particle size D50 of 33.89 μm. The crystal was distorted, the chemical activity deteriorated, and the color development time was up to 407 s. When hexahydrate magnesium chloride was calcined at 480 °C with 2 h, it decomposed almost completely. The product, magnesium oxide, consisted of uniformly distributed small coral rod-like particles with strong chemical reactivity and a color development time of 115 s. The particles were small and evenly distributed, with a characteristic particle size D50 of 1.36 μm, and the highest specific surface area reached 7.292 m2/g. The hydrated magnesium hydroxide particles had well-defined edges and corners, with a characteristic particle size D50 of 1.59 μm and a uniform particle size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to explore the potential of magnesium hydroxide (Mg[OH]₂) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated into polyurethane (PU) fibers, which were further coated with chitosan and silver (Ag) NPs. The hydrothermal approach was adopted to add the properties of chitosan and Ag NPs to the as‐spun fibers. These samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), EDS, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact angle measurements. The diameter of concocted fibers was found to be 0.79 ± 0.31 μm to 2.5 ± 0.9 μm. The presence of Mg(OH)2 decreased the fiber diameter from 2.05 ± 1.2 μm to 0.79 ± 0.31 μm; however, after hydrothermal coating, the diameter increased from 0.79 ± 0.31 μm to 2.5 ± 0.9 μm. The contact angle on pristine PU showed 105.53 ± 0.8°, that is, hydrophobicity, which was diminished to 9.3 ± 0.8° by the reorientation of PU with Mg(OH)2, chitosan and Ag NPs, that is, indicative of hydrophilic character. Biomineralization was evaluated by incubating in simulated body fluid, and the EDS and FE‐SEM indicated that composite fibers could induce apatite formation. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay, and cell adhesion/proliferation was confirmed by DAPI staining and FE‐SEM. The composite scaffolds promoted 3T3‐L1 to grow confluently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vinyl ester/flax (VE/flax) bio-composites were made after incorporating hybrid concentrations (0, 3, and 6% by weight (wt)) of halloysite nanotubes (HNT), magnesium hydroxide (MHO) and chitosan infused ammonium polyphosphate (CAP) particles. The purpose of incorporation of these particles was to improve the fire-retardant (FR) properties of the VE/flax composite; however, its effect on mechanical properties was also evaluated. To reduce the number of experiments (from 27 to 9), Taguchi design of experiment was employed during composite fabrication phase. Initially, the burning time and burning rate of all the composites were calculated using a horizontal burning test while tensile properties were determined using a tensile test. To predict an optimum composition, a signal to noise (S/N) ratio analysis of the burning time and tensile strength was conducted as "larger is better" criteria. The combination of 6% MGO and 3% CAP was predicted to be an optimum hybrid filler for enhanced fire retardancy, while VE/flax composite with no filler proved to have the highest tensile strength. HNT was found to be the least effective filler for both tensile and fire-retardant properties. The predicted composition was then fabricated and validated through experimental characterizations. The fire-retardant properties of the optimized composite were additionally assessed using a limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and thermal stability was evaluated using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The burning time of the optimized composite was found to be delayed by 46.5% of that of VE/flax composite, while its thermal degradation was 11.23% lower than VE/flax composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhibitory activity of some fungicides against kiwifruit canker was evaluated by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Mixing two active fungicides, nano-magnesium hydroxide was used as the drug carrier to study loading capacity to the mixed fungicide. The synergistic effect nano-magnesium hydroxide on the anti-kiwifruit canker bacteria of the mixed compound fungicide was evaluated. Besides, the field application effect of compounded drags loaded with nano-Mg (OH) 2 was studied. The results showed that the tested bactericidal agents all showed a certain inhibitory activity against kiwifruit canker. Among them, the compound drag- nano-Mg (OH) 2 had the best antibacterial activity with an EC50 of 23.50 µg/mL, followed by the compound drug with an EC50 of 42.11 µg/mL. The use of nano-magnesium hydroxide as the drag carrier has a good synergistic effect on the drug against kiwifruit canker. It can significantly improve the antibacterial activity of the drug. And the content of nano-Mg (OH) 2 has a significant effect on drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. When the magnesium hydroxide content was increased from 1 mg to 3.5 mg, the drug loading increased by 43% and the encapsulation efficiency increased by 11%. In addition, the compound drag- nano-Mg (OH) 2 carrier agent has a good field control effect on kiwifruit canker, and the control effect can reach 73.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, grain‐refined WE43 magnesium alloy was produced by friction stir processing to investigate the in vitro degradation behavior targeted for temporary bone implant applications. Friction stir processing resulted in significant grain refinement (from 46±4.2 μm to 16.1±5.4 μm) as observed from microstructural studies. Increased wettability was observed from the contact angle measurements in grain‐refined WE43 alloy. The corrosion behavior of the base alloy and the grain refined alloy assessed by potentiodynamic polarization tests demonstrated the influence of the smaller grain size and decreased intermetallics on enhancing corrosion resistance. Immersion studies carried out in simulated body fluids for one week indicated a quick development of the protective magnesium hydroxide on the surface of grain‐refined WE43 alloy compared with the base alloy. The deposition of the mineral phases from the immersed solution on the surface of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray diffraction analysis to assess the effect of microstructure on the biomineralization. Promisingly, grain refined WE43 exhibited relatively excellent mineral deposition which further helped to control the degradation of the alloy. The weight loss measurements of the samples from the immersion tests were also in good agreement with the electrochemical test results. Hence, the results demonstrate the promising role of grain refinement by friction stir processing in tailoring WE43 magnesium alloy with better degradation behavior for temporary bone implant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in the ammonia method to prepare magnesium hydroxide (MH) flame retardant products holds significant importance. This study introduces a novel approach for MH preparation, leveraging atomization technology to enhance the ammonia method. An experimental device for atomization-enhanced MH synthesis was developed. Atomization technology alters the reaction scale of the original reactor, generating microscale droplets that diminish the macroscopic reaction scale to the microscale. Computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that adjusting gas and liquid supply pressures effectively enhances atomization performance. Optimal atomization is achieved at a gas supply pressure of 0.3 MPa and liquid supply flow rate of 60 l/h, producing micrometer-level droplets. Experimental results reveal sharp x-ray diffraction diffraction peaks in the transformed MH product, exhibiting a smooth substrate, high intensity, absence of impurities, and high purity. The MH conversion rate peaks at 76.2%. This study pioneers a novel avenue for future nanomaterial reactor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oriented Mg(OH) 2 coatings were prepared from NaOH solutions with various pH values. • Different oriented Mg(OH) 2 films showed apparent variation in corrosion protection. • Horizontally aligned Mg(OH) 2 nanosheets were obtained on Mg alloy when pH = 14.0. • Optimal layers had good corrosion resistance and osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. • Preparation process of the Mg(OH) 2 coating is facile and environmentally friendly. Magnesium alloys are nontoxic and promising as orthopedic metallic implants, but preparing a biocompatible Mg(OH) 2 layer with high corrosion protection ability remains challenging. It is generally believed that the Mg(OH) 2 layer, especially that formed in a natural condition, cannot provide desirable corrosion resistance in the community of corrosion and protection. Here, several Mg(OH) 2 coatings were prepared by changing the pH values of sodium hydroxide solutions. These coatings were composed of innumerable nanoplatelets with different orientations and showed distinguished capability in corrosion resistance. The nanoplatelets were well-oriented with their ab-planes parallel to, instead of perpendicular to, the magnesium alloy surface by raising the pH value to 14.0. This specific orientation resulted in the optimal coating showing long-term corrosion protection in both in vitro and in vivo environments and good osteogenic capability. These finds manifest that the environment-friendly Mg(OH) 2 coating can also provide comparable and better corrosion protection than many traditional chemical conversion films (such as phosphate, and fluoride). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, shrinking resources, and rising raw material costs have pushed the industry to create more sustainable, and lightweight materials. Natural fiber composites are materials of interest for replacing conventional materials such as steel. Sunflower husks (SH), among many other natural fibers, are readily accessible as agricultural waste and have advantageous properties. In this study, sunflower husks were mixed with polypropylene (PP) matrix using a twin‐screw extruder, and then tests specimens for experimental characterizations were manufactured through injection molding. The tensile tests revealed that the inclusion of SH into PP decreased the load‐bearing capacity of the composites by around 20% and increased their impact resistance by over 200%, while reducing the ductility by about eight times. Moreover, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) was incorporated into the composites as a flame retardant, and it has improved the stiffness and impact resistance of the composites. Besides, incorporation of SH and Mg(OH)2 elevated significantly the glass transition temperature of the composites. The use of Mg(OH)2 delayed 60% the flame retention of the composites observed from UL‐94 HB flammability testing. In summary, they could be suitable for components such as spare wheel wells, seat backs, trunk floor, the acoustic panel behind the door, and airbag housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium phosphate cement, renowned for its exceptional fire resistance, has been a key area of research in fireproof coatings for steel structures. This study introduces a significant amount of magnesium hydroxide to replace the dead-burned MgO in magnesium phosphate cement. The goal is to enhance fireproof performance by capitalizing on magnesium hydroxide's outstanding flame retardant and fire resistance properties. This paper primarily investigates the effects of substantial amounts of magnesium hydroxide on the compressive strength, dry density, and bonding strength of coatings and the quality, phase, and micro-morphology of coatings before and after flaming thermal shock. The findings indicate that when the substitution rate of magnesium hydroxide surpasses 50 %, the coatings exhibit commendable performance characteristics. After a curing duration of 28 days, the coatings attain a compressive strength of 0.5 MPa, a bonding strength exceeding 0.04 MPa, and a dry density remaining below 650 kg/m³. Furthermore, the coatings demonstrate remarkable resilience to thermal shock, maintaining structural integrity even under extreme flame thermal shocks exceeding 1000 °C, without any observable cracking or spalling. This noteworthy performance underscores the significant potential of this research in the industrial landscape.

In this study, a phosphorus-containing and polyether structure modifier, phenolic epoxy phosphate ester (PEPE), was prepared by the reaction of phenolic epoxy resin (EPN) and phosphoric acid. It was used to solve the trade-off dilemma of simultaneously improving the mechanical properties and flame resistance of flexible poly (vinyl chloride) (fPVC)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites. The peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke production of the fPVC/MHPEPE-5 (PEPE modified MH as filler) composite were decreased by 35.31 %, 49.2 %, 40.42 %, and 27.26 %, respectively, in comparison with the fPVC/MH composite. More importantly, the fPVC/MHPEPE-5 composite passed V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, while the fPVC and fPVC/MH composite passed V-2 and V-1 rating. The presence of phosphorus compounds in the condensed phase promoted the formation of a dense char residue of the fPVC/MHPEPE-5 composite. Therefore, the heat and flammable volatiles cannot migrate between the substrate zone and the combustion zone. In the gas phase, the dilution effect of H2O reduced the concentration of oxygen and combustible volatiles. The radicals quenching effect of the primary and secondary pyrolysis products of PEPE (such as PO· and PO2·) with ·H and ·OH. radicals played a crucial role in flame extinguishing and combustion termination. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy results showed that MHPEPE performed good compatibility with the fPVC matrix. The tensile and impact strength of the fPVC/MHPEPE-5 composite was 12.19 % and 19.26 % higher than that of the fPVC/MH composite, respectively.