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Biodegradable polymer-based nanocomposite coatings provide multiple advantages to modulate the corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of magnesium (Mg) alloys for biomedical applications. Biodegradable poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a promising candidate used for medical implant applications. In this study, we synthesized a new PGS nanocomposite system consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and developed a spray coating process to produce the PGS nanocomposite layer on pretreated Mg substrates, which improved the coating adhesion at the interface and their cytocompatibility with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Prior to the spray coating process of polymer-based nanocomposites, the Mg substrates were pretreated in alkaline solutions to enhance the interfacial adhesion strength of the polymer-based nanocomposite coatings. The addition of HA and MgO nanoparticles (nHA and nMgO) to the PGS matrix, as well as the alkaline pretreatment of the Mg substrates, significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion strength when compared with the PGS coating on the nontreated Mg control. The average BMSC adhesion densities were higher on the PGS/nHA/nMgO coated Mg than the noncoated Mg controls under direct contact conditions. Moreover, the addition of nHA and nMgO to the PGS matrix and coating the nanocomposite onto Mg substrates increased the average BMSC adhesion density when compared with the PGS/nHA/nMgO coated titanium (Ti) and PGS coated Mg controls under direct contact. Therefore, the spray coating process of PGS/nHA/nMgO nanocomposites on Mg substrates or other biodegradable metal substrates could provide a promising surface treatment strategy for biodegradable implant applications.

Identifying the stable surface phases under a given electrochemical conditions serves as the basis for studying the atomistic mechanism of reactions at solid/water interfaces. In this work, we systematically compare the performance of the two main approaches that are used to capture the impact of an aqueous environment, implicit and explicit solvent, on surface energies and phase diagrams. As a model system, we consider the magnesium/water interface with (i) Ca substitution and (ii) proton and hydroxyl adsorption. We show that while the implicit solvent model is computationally very efficient, it suffers from two shortcomings. First, the choice of the implicit solvent parameters significantly influences the energy landscape in the vicinity of the surface. The default parameters benchmarked on solvation in water underestimate the energy of the dissolved Mg ion and lead to spontaneous dissolution of the surface atom, resulting in large differences in the surface energetics. Second, in systems containing a charged surface and a solvated ion, the implicit solvent model may not converge to the energetically stable ionic charge state but remain in a high-energy metastable configuration, representing the neutral charge state of the ion. When these two issues are addressed, surface phase diagrams that closely match the explicit water results can be obtained. This makes the implicit solvent model highly attractive as a computationally-efficient surrogate model to compute surface energies and phase diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and first-principles calculations to investigate GaN doped with Mg, Be, and implanted with Ca. The PL spectra revealed distinct red emission bands (RLA, where A = Be, Mg, and Ca) with maxima between 1.68 and 1.82 eV, each associated with a specific impurity. These bands consistently appeared alongside the green GL2 PL band at 2.33 eV, attributed to nitrogen vacancy (VN). Our calculations suggest that these bands result from recombination via defect complexes of group-II acceptors substituting for Ga with VN (AGaVN, A = Be, Mg, and Ca). The experimental + / 0 transition levels for these complexes were estimated to be 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 eV above the valence band maximum for Mg-, Be-, and Ca-containing complexes, respectively. The radiative recombination is facilitated by excited donor states located close to the conduction band minimum. Furthermore, our theory predicts that ZnGaVN and CdGaVN are stable and possess similar properties, although, no PL was detected from these defect complexes. The presented findings shed light on the identity of compensating donor complexes that impede the efficiency of p -type doping in GaN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NLRP3 inflammasome is an essential component of the innate immune system, but excessive activation can lead to inflammatory diseases. Ion fluxes across the plasma membrane or from intracellular stores are known to regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Deep-sea water (DSW) contains high concentrations of many mineral ions, which could potentially influence NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, the impact of DSW on NLRP3 inflammasome activation has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that DSW with water hardness levels up to 500 mg/L did not affect cell viability or the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components in macrophages derived from THP-1 cells. However, the DSW significantly inhibited IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 activation in response to NLRP3 activators such as nigericin, ATP, or monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Mechanically, it was discovered that the presence of 5 mM magnesium ions (Mg2+), equivalent to the Mg2+ concentration found in the DSW with a water hardness of 500 mg/L, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This indicates that Mg2+ contributes to the mechanism by which DSW mitigates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, DSW administration effectively lessens MSU-triggered peritonitis in mice, a commonly used model for examining the impacts of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These results show that DSW enriched with Mg2+ could potentially be beneficial in modulating NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.

Thermostable clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas9) enzymes could improve genome-editing efficiency and delivery due to extended protein lifetimes. However, initial experimentation demonstrated Geobacillus stearothermophilus Cas9 (GeoCas9) to be virtually inactive when used in cultured human cells. Laboratory-evolved variants of GeoCas9 overcome this natural limitation by acquiring mutations in the wedge (WED) domain that produce >100-fold-higher genome-editing levels. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the wild-type and improved GeoCas9 (iGeoCas9) enzymes reveal extended contacts between the WED domain of iGeoCas9 and DNA substrates. Biochemical analysis shows that iGeoCas9 accelerates DNA unwinding to capture substrates under the magnesium-restricted conditions typical of mammalian but not bacterial cells. These findings enabled rational engineering of other Cas9 orthologs to enhance genome-editing levels, pointing to a general strategy for editing enzyme improvement. Together, these results uncover a new role for the Cas9 WED domain in DNA unwinding and demonstrate how accelerated target unwinding dramatically improves Cas9-induced genome-editing activity.

The effect of replacing magnesia by alumina on the pressure-dependent structure of amorphous enstatite was investigated by applying in situ high-pressure neutron diffraction with magnesium isotope substitution to glassy (MgO)0.375(Al2O3)0.125(SiO2)0.5. The replacement leads to a factor of 2.4 increase in the rate-of-change of the Mg–O coordination number with pressure, which increases from 4.76(4) at ambient pressure to 6.51(4) at 8.2 GPa, and accompanies a larger probability of magnesium finding bridging oxygen atoms as nearest-neighbors. The Al–O coordination number increases from 4.17(7) to 5.24(8) over the same pressure interval at a rate that increases when the pressure is above ∼3.5 GPa. On recovering the glass to ambient conditions, the Mg–O and Al–O coordination numbers reduce to 5.32(4) and 4.42(6), respectively. The Al–O value is in accordance with the results from solid-state 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which show the presence of six-coordinated aluminum species that are absent in the uncompressed material. These findings explain the appearance of distinct pressure-dependent structural transformation regimes in the preparation of permanently densified magnesium aluminosilicate glasses. They also indicate an anomalous minimum in the pressure dependence of the bulk modulus with an onset that suggests a pressure-dependent threshold for transitioning between scratch-resistant and crack-resistant material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale magnesium clusters are important potential hydrogen storage materials, and density functional theory (DFT) is mainly used for their theoretical investigation. The results of the coupled-cluster theory at the singles and doubles level with a perturbative treatment of triples [CCSD(T)] were employed previously to choose proper exchange–correlation (XC) functionals in DFT calculations for magnesium clusters, but it is too expensive to be applied to Mgn with n > 7. The diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method is employed in this work to study magnesium clusters up to nanosize. The error of atomization energies with DMC using single-determinant-Jastrow (SDJ) trial wavefunctions has been shown to be somewhat larger than that of CCSD(T) for many molecules. However, cohesive energies with DMC using SDJ for Mgn with n ≤ 7 are in excellent agreement with those of CCSD(T) using the aug-cc-pVQZ basis set, with a difference of less than 1 kcal/mol. DMC results are employed to investigate the performance of different XC functionals on magnesium clusters. Our results indicate that the PBE0 functional is the best XC functional for determining the lowest-energy isomer when compared with DMC results, while the RPBE functional is the best XC functional for calculating cohesive energies per atom of these magnesium clusters with a mean absolute error of 0.5 kcal/mol. These XC functionals are expected to provide reasonable results for even larger magnesium clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Refeeding syndrome is the gravest possible medical complication in malnourished patients undergoing refeeding in the hospital. We previously reported that males with malnutrition secondary to eating disorders required more calories and had longer hospital stays than females; however, sex differences in electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk remain unknown. The objective of this study was to assess differences in electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk among male and female adolescents and young adults with eating disorders hospitalized for medical instability. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 558 patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical instability between May 2012 and August 2020. Serum was drawn per standard of care between 5 and 7 am each morning and electrolyte abnormalities indicating refeeding syndrome risk were defined as: hypophosphatemia (

Cholera is a global health problem with no targeted therapies. The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a regulator of intestinal ion transport and a therapeutic target for diarrhea, and Ca2+ is considered its main agonist. We found that increasing extracellular Ca2+ had a minimal effect on forskolin-induced Cl- secretion in human intestinal epithelial T84 cells. However, extracellular Mg2+, an often-neglected CaSR agonist, suppressed forskolin-induced Cl- secretion in T84 cells by 65% at physiological levels seen in stool (10 mM). The effect of Mg2+ occurred via the CaSR/Gq signaling that led to cAMP hydrolysis. Mg2+ (10 mM) also suppressed Cl- secretion induced by cholera toxin, heat-stable E. coli enterotoxin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide by 50%. In mouse intestinal closed loops, luminal Mg2+ treatment (20 mM) inhibited cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation by 40%. In a mouse intestinal perfusion model of cholera, addition of 10 mM Mg2+ to the perfusate reversed net fluid transport from secretion to absorption. These results suggest that Mg2+ is the key CaSR activator in mouse and human intestinal epithelia at physiological levels in stool. Since stool Mg2+ concentrations in patients with cholera are essentially zero, oral Mg2+ supplementation, alone or in an oral rehydration solution, could be a potential therapy for cholera and other cyclic nucleotide-mediated secretory diarrheas.

This study investigates strain engineering to optimize hydrogen storage in Mg₂NiH₄, with a focus on enhancing ionic conductivity and approaching room-temperature desorption. Using density functional theory (DFT), we analysed the effects of uniaxial and biaxial tensile and compressive strains on the structural, mechanical, diffusion kinetics, and electronic properties of Mg₂NiH₄. The activation energy for hydrogen diffusion was found to range from 0.38 to 0.45 eV under different strain conditions. The application of strain significantly influences ionic conductivity, with uniaxial strain resulting in values between 1.18 and 25.5 S/m, and biaxial strain yielding values from 12.3 to 18.3 S/m. Mechanical analysis shows that Mg₂NiH₄ exhibits brittle behaviour across all strain conditions. Additionally, electronic structure analysis indicates that the material maintains its metallic properties under both uniaxial and biaxial strain. Although the study did not achieve room-temperature desorption, it demonstrated significant progress, with desorption occurring at approximately 500 K. These results demonstrate that strain engineering can significantly improve ionic conductivity and facilitate hydrogen desorption closer to practical room temperature, providing valuable insights for optimizing Mg₂NiH₄ for practical hydrogen storage applications. • Strain Engineering can make Mg ₂ NiH ₄ more competitive for hydrogen storage. • Both uniaxial and biaxial tensile strains significantly improve hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics in Mg ₂ NiH ₄. • Ionic conductivity improves notably under both compressive and tensile strain conditions. • The results meet DOE standards, Improving hydrogen storage potential in Mg 2 NiH 4. • Improvement in the thermodynamic properties of Mg ₂ NiH ₄ under uniaxial and biaxial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the safety and costs of current lithium-ion batteries are nonideal, engineering a new energy-storage systems is needed. Mag-nesium/lithium hybrid-ion batteries (MLHBs) combining fast kinetics of Li ions and a dendrite-free Mg anode are promising. Here, we describe our development of an MLHB using lamellar SnSe2/SnSe/SnO2 as cathode material and an all-phenyl complex (APC)-based electrolyte. The multi-layered cathode material generated from a hierarchical precursor is conducive to diffusion of Li+ and Mg2+ ions, and buffers volumetric changes efficiently. After 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 the battery shows a specific capacity of 233 mA h g-1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 100%. It also shows excellent rate performances. These findings suggest that the cathode design working with optimized electrolyte will find many applications for high-performance energy-storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel technique for effervescent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction is reported. Rapid and continuous effervescence, driven by hydrogen bubbles, was utilized to transfer the analyte from the aqueous to the organic phase. The reactivity of magnesium metal with water was exploited to generate a stream of hydrogen bubbles. In this method, an aqueous sample solution, contained in a microcentrifuge tube, was treated with 1 mg of magnesium and 100 µl of 1-undecanol. Microextraction was initiated by the addition of 100 µl of 1 M sodium bicarbonate to induce a rapid stream of hydrogen bubbles. The microcentrifuge tube was cooled to allow the solidification of 1-undecanol which was carefully separated and analyzed. Factors potentially affecting extraction efficiency were optimized, including the magnesium mass, concentration of sodium bicarbonate, extraction time, pH, open/closed system, sample volume, temperature, and analyte concentrations. These studies revealed the required speed and minimum concentration of sodium bicarbonate, as well as the possibility of efficient microextraction without sodium bicarbonate but in acidic conditions or at elevated temperatures (45–50 °C). The analytical performance was assessed and demonstrated to be promising. In the case of the model drug quercetin, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.051 µg/ml, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.154 µg/ml, and the extraction efficiency was 100%. The applicability of this method was also evaluated on samples with variable physicochemical properties, demonstrating an automated, fast, and efficient liquid–liquid microextraction protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion Drought stress (DS) impedes plant growth and development by impairing the uptake of nutrients, such as magnesium, which is central to many physiological processes, particularly photosynthesis. Leaf application was proposed to be an effective strategy to compensate for inadequate Mg2+ supply from the nutrient solution.The present study is designed to investigate the role of Mg2+ leaf application in ameliorating leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure changes in faba beans grown under DS.Hydroponically grown plants were subjected to DS under various levels of Mg2+, i.e. sufficient (0.5 mM), deficient (0 mM), and leaf‐application (250 mM). Light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to examine leaf anatomy and ultrastructural changes.Mg2+ deficiency alone and under DS significantly affected plant biomass and photosynthesis. Additionally, sucrose concentration, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation were increased. Accordingly, the excessive deposition of photoassimilates in source organs due to the inhibition of phloem loading results in a disruption of the thylakoid structures leading to chloroplast damage. In the current study leaf application of Mg2+ partially ameliorated physiological functions, most notably chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis and transpiration rate, plant biomass, and preservation of ultrastructure of the chloroplast.Although the Mg application via roots enhanced drought tolerance, compared to Mg2+ leaf application. However, Mg2+ leaf application was proven to be an efficient strategy in mitigating DS in field trials. Therefore, Mg2+ foliar application should be prioritized for further investigation under relevant environmental stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) dust and magnesium–aluminum (Mg–Al) alloy dust are commonly produced and form a dust cloud in industrial manufacturing processes, which considerably increases explosion risk. This study examined three metal dusts: Mg, 48 mass% Mg–Al alloy, and 91 mass% Mg–Al alloy. A 20-L spherical explosion device was used to investigate the effect of different Mg concentrations. The results revealed that for all the samples, the explosion pressure (Pex) first increased and then decreased for a dust cloud concentration of 100–1000 g/m3. With the increase of dust particle size, the Pex of samples decreased. With the increase of ignition delay time, the Pex of samples first increased and then decreased, reaching the peak at 60 ms. Under identical conditions, when Mg concentration increased, the alloys became less stable. Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry findings revealed that the oxidation process of samples could be divided into three stages. The initial oxidation temperature of the alloys was lower than that of the pure Mg; however, in its primary oxidation stage, the mass gain rate of the Mg dust was more rapid than that of the Mg–Al alloys. In the oxidation of the alloys, elemental Mg reacted with oxygen first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg-Li alloys can be promising candidates as bioresorbable Li-releasing implants for bipolar disorder and other neurodegenerative disorders. In order to compare the therapeutic efficacy of conventional Li salts and Li delivered through Mg-Li alloy extracts, we tested an in vitro model based on the neuroinflammation hypothesis of mood disorders (peripheral inflammation inducing neuroinflammation) wherein, a coculture of microglia and astrocytes was treated with conditioned medium from pro-inflammatory macrophages. Two alloys, Mg-1.6Li and Mg-9.5Li, were tested in the form of material extracts and well-known outcomes of Li treatment such as GSK3β phosphorylation (indirect flow cytometry) and influence on inflammation-related gene expression (qPCR) were compared against Li salts. This is the first study demonstrating that Li can increase the phosphorylation of GSK3β in glial cells in the presence of excess Mg. Furthermore, Mg-Li alloys were more effective than Li salts in downregulating IL6 and upregulating the neurotrophin GDNF. Mg had no antagonistic effects toward Li-driven downregulation of astrogliosis markers. Overall, the results provide evidence to support further studies employing Mg-Li alloys for neurological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition with hyperglycemia. Literature has shown a correlation between poor sleep quality and duration with an increased incidence of insomnia in diabetic individuals. The goal of this study was to determine the magnesium and potassium supplementation effect among diabetic individuals with insomnia. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (single blind) was conducted on 320 patients with diabetes; after 2 months of follow-up, 290 patients completed the trial. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to assess the severity and duration of insomnia, before and after the trial. Tablets containing supplements were prepared: placebo (T1), magnesium (Mg, T2), potassium (K, T3), and a combination of Mg and K (T4). Melatonin and cortisol (sleep hormones) were measured from blood (serum) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), before and after the trial. Results: The study included 93 (32.1%) male and 197 (67.9%) female participants. According to the analysis, there was a significant association between the treatment groups and ISI after the trial (post-trial), p = 0.0001. Analysis showed that there was significant association between pre- and post-serum cortisol levels in treatment groups 2, 3, and 4 (T2, T3, and T4) as p -values are 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively. Similar findings were observed for serum melatonin. Conclusions: The study revealed that magnesium, potassium, and magnesium and potassium combined had a significant effect on serum cortisol and melatonin levels (sleep hormones). In addition, supplementation significantly decreased the severity of insomnia among patients with diabetes by improving sleep duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable magnesium batteries are promising for future energy storage. However, among other challenges, their practical application is hindered by low coulombic efficiencies of magnesium plating and stripping. Fundamental processes such as the formation, structure, and stability of passivation layers and the influence of different electrolyte components on them are still not fully understood. In this work, we gain unique insights into the initial Mg plating and stripping cycles by comparing magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2)‐ and magnesium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)borate (Mg[B(hfip)4]2)‐based electrolytes, each with and without MgCl2, on gold electrodes by highly sensitive operando electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM−D) applying hydrodynamic spectroscopy. With the stable Mg[B(hfip)4]2‐based electrolytes, highly efficient and interphase‐free cycling is possible and passivation layers are attributed to electrolyte contaminants. These are forming and degrading during the so‐called initial conditioning process. With the more reactive Mg(TFSI)2‐based electrolyte, thick passivation layers with small pores are growing during cycling. We demonstrate that the addition of chloride lowers the amount of passivated Mg deposits in these electrolytes and accelerates the currentless dissolution of the passivation layer. This has a positive effect since we observe the most efficient cycling and uniform deposition when no interphase is present on the electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the dielectric properties and corona resistance of epoxy resins (EPs), the authors designed and synthesized Si‐B‐Mg/EP nanocomposites and investigated the effects of varying the magnesium elemental content on the dielectric properties, breakdown field strength, corona resistance life, volume resistivity and conductive current of Si‐B‐Mg/EP nanocomposites. The experimental results show that when the molar ratio of Si, B, and Mg in the Si‐B‐Mg composite oxide is 18:2:0.125, the composite has the minor dielectric loss and the most extensive corona resistance life of 401.8 min, which is 4.6 times that of the pure EPs. From the experimental results, the introduction of magnesium can effectively improve the dielectric loss and corona resistance of Si‐B‐Mg/EP composites. Highlights: Si‐B‐Mg composite oxides were designed and synthesized.Performance analysis of Si‐B‐Mg/EP composites with different magnesium contentThe introduction of magnesium reduces the dielectric loss of composites.The introduction of magnesium improves the corona resistance life of composites.Si‐B‐Mg/EP composites with both low dielectric loss and high corona resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with a thermoelastic response in a non-local micro-stretch completely covered in the endless non-viscous fluid under temperature dependent, the medium is investigated employing the theory of Green-Naghdi (G-N III) and the model of three-phase-lag (3PHL).Basic equations are derived based on these models. The normal mode technique is employed to achieve an analysis solution to the problem. The study used a magnesium crystal element to compare non-local measurements of thermo-micro-stretch elasticity in water using the (G-N III) theory and the (3PHL) model. The non-local effect has been discovered to have a considerable impact on all physical quantities. Furthermore, comparisons are made between three different frequency values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have the potential to provide a sustainable and long‐term solution for large‐scale energy storage due to high theoretical capacity of magnesium (Mg) metal as an anode, its competitive redox potential (Mg/Mg2+:−2.37 V vs. SHE) and high natural abundance. To develop viable magnesium batteries with high energy density, the electrolytes must meet a range of requirements: high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical potential window, chemical compatibility with electrode materials and other battery components, favourable electrode‐electrolyte interfacial properties and cost‐effective synthesis. In recent years, significant progress in electrolyte development has been made. Herein, a comprehensive overview of these advancements is presented. Beginning with the early developments, we particularly focus on the chemical aspects of the electrolytes and their correlations with electrochemical properties. We also highlight the design of new anions for practical electrolytes, the use of electrolyte additives to optimize anode‐electrolyte interfaces and the progress in polymer electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic vibration during Friction Stir Vibration Processing (FSVP) on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of AZ31/TiC surface composites was investigated. Specifically, Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles were introduced as a reinforcement (15 vol%) into the magnesium alloy AZ31 using both Friction Stir Processing (FSP) and FSVP. Comprehensive examinations were carried out to analyse the microstructure, hardness, and tensile behaviour of the resulting composites. The study revealed significant improvements in mechanical properties due to the application of ultrasonic vibration during FSP. Firstly, the stir zone region was found to be free from voids, enhancing material flow and promoting even dispersion of TiC powders within the matrix. Secondly, refinement of grains was observed due to dynamic recrystallization and the pinning effect imposed by TiC particles, leading to the formation of more dislocations in the composite and indicating a considerable alteration in the material's structure. Importantly, the vibration during FSP introduced an auxiliary energy source, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in both hardness and tensile strength. Compared to the AZ31/15 vol% TiC FSP composite, the composites produced via FSVP exhibited a grain size reduction of about 64% and improvements in hardness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of about 55% and 21%, respectively. Notably, these improvements were achieved without compromising the ductility of the composite, which remained at appreciable levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral that participates in different and important biochemical reactions in the maternal body and in the foetus. Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy should not be underestimated. Requirements for magnesium are increased during pregnancy. The hypomagnesaemia observed in animal models provides the ability to evaluate to what extent the deficiency can influence human offspring later in life. This article summarizes the importance of magnesium in pregnancy, changes in magnesium pharmacokinetics, and consequences of maternal and foetal magnesium deficiency. The article aims to answer whether it is necessary to supplement with magnesium during pregnancy and, if so, to what extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and cognitive function remains largely unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between CKD-MBD and cognitive function in patients on hemodialysis. Methods: Hemodialysis patients aged ≥ 65 years without diagnosed dementia were included. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). CKD-MBD markers, serum magnesium, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, and soluble α-klotho were measured. Results: Overall, 390 patients with a median age of 74 (interquartile range, 70–80) years, mean serum magnesium level of 2.4 ± 0.3 mg/dL, and median MoCA and MMSE scores of 25 (22–26) and 28 (26–29), respectively, were analyzed. MoCA and MMSE scores were significantly higher (preserved cognitive function) in the high-magnesium group than in the low-magnesium group according to the unadjusted linear regression analysis (β coefficient [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.05 [0.19, 1.92], P = 0.017 for MoCA; 1.2 [0.46, 1.94], P = 0.002 for MMSE) and adjusted multivariate analysis with risk factors for dementia (β coefficient [95% CI] 1.12 [0.22, 2.02], P = 0.015 for MoCA; 0.92 [0.19, 1.65], P = 0.014 for MMSE). Conclusions: Higher serum magnesium levels might be associated with preserved cognitive function in hemodialysis patients. Conversely, significant associations were not observed between cognitive function and intact PTH, 25-OHD, FGF-23, or soluble α-klotho levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezo1 is a Ca2+‐permeable mechanically activated ion channel that is involved in various physiological processes and cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. The study of biophysical characteristics of Piezo1 is important for understanding the mechanisms of its function and regulation. Stretch activation, a routine approach that is applied to stimulate Piezo1 activity in the plasma membrane, has a number of significant limitations that complicate precise single‐channel analysis. Here, we aimed to determine pore properties of native Piezo1, specifically to examine permeation for physiologically relevant signaling divalent ions (calcium and magnesium) in human myeloid leukemia K562 cells using Piezo1‐specific chemical agonist, Yoda1. Using a combination of low‐noise single‐current patch‐clamp recordings of Piezo1 activity in response to Yoda1, we have determined single‐channel characteristics of native Piezo1 under various ionic conditions. Whole‐cell assay allowed us to directly measure Piezo1 single currents carried by Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions in the absence of other permeable cations in the extracellular solutions; unitary conductance values estimated at various concentrations of Mg2+ revealed strong saturation effect. Patch clamp data complemented with fluorescent imaging clearly evidenced Ca2+ and Mg2+ entry via native Piezo1 channel in human leukemia K562 cells. Mg2+ influx via Piezo1 was detected under quasi‐physiological conditions, thus showing that Piezo1 channels could potentially provide the physiological relevant pathway for Mg2+ ion transport and contribute to the regulation of Mg2+‐dependent intracellular signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of ion‐implanted p‐type dopants in gallium nitride has demonstrated great progress utilizing high pressures to enable novel and traditional device architectures; however, such conditions consistently exhibit anomalously enhanced diffusion up to several microns in very short periods of time for device relevant concentrations. Here, this diffusion is shown to be modulated by unintentional hydrogen content within the anneal ambient and thus controllable by inclusion of a high‐temperature hydrogen getter. Furthermore, diffusion is also shown to be greatly suppressed using co‐implanted oxygen at low concentrations while simultaneously maintaining characteristics of p‐type material in photoluminescence. Subsequently, after annealing at 1300 °C for 30 min in 3.8 kbar of nitrogen pressure, the magnesium concentration in the diffusion tail is suppressed by 28% at 1–1.5 μm in depth using a hydrogen getter alone, which reduces hydrogen uptake by 45% and fully suppressed at >1 μm in depth using co‐implantation alone and further reduced with concurrent use of a hydrogen getter. Co‐implantation alone reduces the in‐diffused magnesium dose by 60% compared to reference samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) has attracted considerable attention as a biodegradable material for medical implants owing to its excellent biocompatibility, mitigating long-term toxicity and stress shielding. Nevertheless, challenges arise from its rapid degradation and low corrosion resistance under physiological conditions. To overcome these challenges, titanium (biocompatibility and corrosion resistance) has been integrated into Mg. The incorporation of titanium significantly improves mechanical and corrosion resistance properties, thereby enhancing performance in biological settings. Mg–Ti alloys are produced through mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPS technique transforms powder mixtures into bulk materials while preserving structural integrity, resulting in enhanced corrosion resistance, particularly Mg80-Ti20 alloy in simulated body fluids. Moreover, Mg–Ti alloy revealed no more toxicity when assessed on pre-osteoblastic cells. Furthermore, the ability of Mg–Ti-based alloy to create composites with polymers such as PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) widen their biomedical applications by regulating degradation and ensuring pH stability. These alloys promote temporary orthopaedic implants, offering initial load-bearing capacity during the healing process of fractures without requiring a second surgery for removal. To address scalability constraints, further research is necessary to investigate additional consolidation methods beyond SPS. It is essential to evaluate the relationship between corrosion and mechanical loading to confirm their adequacy in physiological environments. This review article highlights the importance of mechanical characterization and corrosion evaluation of Mg–Ti alloys, reinforcing their applicability in fracture fixation and various biomedical implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether blood concentrations of copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) influence skeletal muscle mass and strength in children. We aimed to explore the associations between plasma Cu, Mg, and Ca and skeletal muscle indicators in Chinese children. A total of 452 children aged 6 to 9 years old were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Whole body lean soft tissue mass (WLSTM), trunk lean soft tissue mass (TLSTM), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Parameters of these indicators divided by Height2 (Ht2) and Weight (Wt) at the corresponding sites were calculated. Handgrip strength was also measured. Parameters of skeletal muscle indicators and handgrip strength that were below the sex-specific 20th percentile were considered low levels. Plasma concentrations of Cu, Mg, and Ca were measured using ICP-MS. After adjusting for several potential covariates, among the total subjects, for every one standard deviation increase in Cu concentrations, there was a 0.939% decrease in WLSTM/Wt, a 0.415% decrease in TLSTM/Wt, and a 0.47% decrease in ASMM/Wt. For every one standard deviation increase in Cu concentrations, there was a higher odd (OR: 1.36, 95%CI 1.06, 1.75) of low WLSTM/Wt, TLSTM/Wt (OR: 1.33, 95%CI 1.03, 1.71), ASMM/Ht2 (OR: 1.32, 95%CI 1.02, 1.69), as well as ASMM/Wt (OR: 1.56, 95%CI 1.23, 1.99). No significant associations were found between Mg, Ca, and most skeletal muscle indicators. Higher plasma Cu concentrations were adversely associated with skeletal muscle indicators at multiple sites in Chinese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary supplements including vitamins, minerals, and natural health products are commonly consumed by those aiming to optimize fertility and pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this survey was to describe supplementation practices among individuals who were pregnant or trying to conceive in Vancouver, Canada. An online survey was conducted among 500 individuals who were pregnant (n = 250) or trying to conceive (n = 250). Participants met a substantial proportion of vitamin and mineral recommendations through supplements alone. Exceptions included calcium, magnesium, and choline, with median (interquartile range (IQR)) supplementation doses reported by those who were pregnant and trying to conceive, respectively, of: 250 (200 and 250 mg) and 250 (200 and 250 mg), 50 (50 and 75 mg) and 50 (50 and 90 mg), and 53 (10 and 150 mg) and 55 (10 and 100 mg), as compared to perinatal recommendations of 1000 mg/day (calcium), 350 mg/day (magnesium), and 450 mg/day (choline). Conversely, median (IQR) doses of folate reported by those who were pregnant and trying to conceive, respectively, were: 1000 (780 and 1000 µg) and 1000 (800 and 1000 µg), with ∼70% overall (337/471) reporting doses ≥1000 µg (the tolerable upper intake level). Most participants (451/500; 90%) reported supplementation with a prenatal multivitamin; of these, 83% reported that supplementation occurred daily. Overall, as diet was not considered, we cannot ascertain whether recommendations for calcium, magnesium, and choline were met through the combination of supplements and foods; however, we believe that additional supplementation with choline may be required to meet recommendations in pregnancy. Excessive folate supplementation has been previously identified as a concern throughout North America; here, we provide further evidence for excessively high doses consumed via supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a detailed study of the chemical diversity of the metal-poor Milky Way using data from the GALAH DR3 survey. Considering 17 chemical abundances relative to iron ([X/Fe]) for 9923 stars, we employ principal component analysis (PCA) and extreme deconvolution (XD) to identify 10 distinct stellar groups. This approach, free from chemical or dynamical cuts, reveals known populations, including the accreted halo, thick disc, thin disc, and in situ halo. The thick disc is characterized by multiple substructures, suggesting it comprises stars formed in diverse environments. Our findings highlight the limited discriminatory power of magnesium in separating accreted and disc stars. Elements such as Ba, Al, Cu, and Sc are critical in distinguishing disc from accreted stars, while Ba, Y, Eu, and Zn differentiate disc and accreted stars from the in situ halo. This study demonstrates the potential power of combining a latent space representation of the data (PCA) with a clustering algorithm (XD) in Galactic archaeology, in providing new insights into the Galaxy's assembly and evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the impact of Mg doping on the sintering, hydration, and chloride-binding capacity of C4AF minerals and elucidated the role of Mg doping on reactivity mechanisms by experiments and calculations. Rietveld analysis determined the solid solubility limit of Mg in C4AF is 1.6% by weight. By the density functional theory (DFT), it revealed Mg preferentially substitutes Fe sites, followed by Ca sites in C4AF. Increasing Mg doping up to 4% by weight enhanced the chloride-binding capacity of hydrated C4AF pastes by more than 50%, attributed to the increased formation of Friedel's salt. The introduction of Mg in C4AF promoted clinker sintering upon hydration and produced katoite, which reacted with chloride. Additionally, Mg facilitated the formation of layered double hydroxides that adsorb chlorides. The changes imparted by Mg doping served to increase microstructure porosity and optimize pore size distribution. The results provide insight into the role of Mg in high-Mg, high-Fe cement, demonstrating that C4AF phase change improves resistance to chloride intrusion. This has implications for the use of high-Mg limestone and the application of this cement in marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repeated rapid heating and nonlinear cooling associated with electropulsing treatment (EPT) hinder the accurate modeling of temperature variations based on a constitutive approach using physical models. This objective is not attainable through conventional machine learning (ML) approaches as well, such as artificial neural network (ANN) and long short‐term memory (LSTM). The present study investigates the intricate nonlinear thermal history of Mg alloys induced by EPT to improve a predictive model under multipulse conditions. Furthermore, it enhances the predictivity and generalizability of a given problem using an ML model called i‐LSTM by specifically tailoring a dataset. The i‐LSTM model performance surpasses that of the constitutive approaches and conventional ML models when predicting the complicated thermal history of EPT specimens in a wide variety of processing parameters. The mechanisms underlying this improvement are discussed based on several experimental datasets. This study not only addresses challenges in existing models but also offers a promising avenue for understanding and predicting the thermal dynamics of Mg alloys subjected to the multipulse EPT process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment and dementia are common in patients with chronic kidney disease, including those undergoing hemodialysis. Since magnesium and phosphate play important roles in brain function and aging, alterations in these and other factors related to bone mineral disorder (MBD) may contribute to low cognitive performance in patients on hemodialysis. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between cognitive function and MBD-related factors among 1207 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Cognitive function was assessed by the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS). The exposure variables of interest were serum magnesium, phosphate, calcium, calcium–phosphate product, intact parathyroid hormone, fetuin-A, T50 calciprotein crystallization test, use of phosphate binders, use of cinacalcet, and use of vitamin D receptor activators. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the associations between 3MS and each of the exposure variables independent of 13 potential non-mineral confounders. We found that lower 3MS was associated with lower serum magnesium, lower phosphate, lower calcium–phosphate product, and nonuse of phosphate binders. These results suggest that magnesium and phosphate play potentially protective roles against cognitive impairment in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Studies have shown that consistent reductions of 2 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) for the general normotensive population can result in significant decreases in mortality from heart disease and stroke. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the optimal dose and duration of treatment for magnesium and potassium supplementation, having previously discovered that both reduce SBP by −2.79 and −2.10 mm Hg, respectively. Methods: Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials examining the effects of magnesium and potassium supplementation on SBP were identified. Pairwise meta-analyses with subgroups for dosage and treatment duration were run. Results: Magnesium at dosages of ≤360 mg/day and durations greater than 3 months reduced SBP by −3.03 and −4.31 mm Hg, respectively. Potassium at dosages of ≤60 mmol/day and durations greater than 1 month reduced SBP by −2.34 and −2.80 mm Hg, respectively. Conclusions: Both supplements demonstrated greater reductions in SBP for the general population at lower dosages and longer treatment durations. Future studies are needed to validate these findings and provide tailored recommendations. These studies could investigate varying dosages over long-term follow-up to provide robust data on optimal dosages and treatment durations, as our findings were limited due to reliance on previously published trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline, are a significant concern for the aging population. Neuroinflammation, a shared characteristic of these diseases, is implicated in their pathogenesis. This article briefly summarizes the role of magnesium, an essential mineral involved in numerous enzymatic reactions and critical for neuronal bioactivity, in the context of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. The potential neuroprotective effects of magnesium, including the mechanisms of neuroprotection by magnesium through maintaining neuronal ion homeostasis, reducing inflammation, and preventing excitotoxicity, are also described. Additionally, we discuss the impact of inadequate magnesium on neuroinflammation and its potential as a therapeutic agent for attenuating cognitive decline to improve neurodegenerative conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antacids are commonly used during pregnancy, and they are approved for the relief of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) during pregnancy. However, there are no reports of the quantification of the absorption of aluminum and magnesium in the antacid magaldrate in women. The aim of this study was to quantify the rate and magnitude of absorption of aluminum and magnesium in magaldrate. Methods: An open-label, controlled, randomized, one-treatment study with a two-group design was conducted in healthy women in a fed state. The volunteers had a standard breakfast, and 30 min later, they were given a single-medication sachet containing 500 mg of sodium alginate, 267 mg of sodium bicarbonate, 800 mg of magaldrate, and 120 mg of simethicone (group A, n = 8) or no medication (group B, n = 2). Blood samples were obtained 36 h before and up to 12 h after antacid administration. The method used for quantification was inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Results: There was no absorption of aluminum in any of the blood samples from the healthy volunteers who received the drug or in those from the control group. Magnesium was detected at normal concentrations. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the use of this antacid is safe and without risk in healthy women, including pregnant women. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT06367452. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is susceptible to cadmium (Cd) accumulation, which poses a threat to human health. Traditional methods for mitigating moderately contaminated soils can be impractical or prohibitively expensive, necessitating innovative approaches to reduce Cd uptake in rice. Nutrient management has emerged as a promising solution by leveraging the antagonistic interactions between nutrients and cadmium. However, the research on the synergistic effects of multiple nutrients on Cd toxicity in rice is limited. To address this limitation, pot experiments was utilized to investigate the combined effects of selenium (Se), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) denoted as (SeCM) on Cd uptake and translocation in rice. The synergistic application of SeCM reduced grain Cd levels by 55.0%, surpassing the individual effects of Se (42.1%) and CM (40.5%), and bringing Cd content below the safe consumption limits. SeCM treatment exhibited multiple beneficial effects: it decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhanced catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione (GSH) enzyme activities, limited Cd translocation from roots to shoots, promoted iron plaque formation, and reduced Cd transfer from soil to iron plaque and subsequently to rice grains. Correlation analysis revealed strong negative relationships between rice Cd content, Cd translocation factors, and the translocation factors of selenium, calcium, and magnesium. These findings suggest that selenium, calcium, and magnesium collaboratively mitigate Cd toxicity through antagonistic and competitive interactions. These nutrients enhance the uptake of beneficial elements, while competitively inhibiting the translocation and accumulation of Cd in rice plants. SeCM application offers a promising strategy for producing nutrient-rich, and Cd-safe rice in contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gouty arthritis is a common inflammatory arthritis. The recurrent gout attacks severely damage the joint's function, lead to bone erosion, and affect bone metabolism. The role of magnesium (Mg) ions in bone homeostasis has been recognized, whereas its specific relationship with gouty bone erosion remains unclear. This study examined the association between serum ionized Mg levels and bone erosion in patients with gout arthritis. Methods: A total of 769 patients with gout arthritis were included in the study. Participants were classified into four groups based on the quartiles of the serum ionized Mg level. Logistic regression analysis assessed the association between serum ionized Mg and bone erosion. Results: Compared to patients without bone erosion, serum ionized Mg levels were lower in gout patients with bone erosion (p<0.001). When dividing serum ionized Mg into quartiles, the prevalence rate of bone erosion in group Q1, representing the patients with the lowest serum ionized Mg levels, was notably higher than in Q2, Q3, and Q4 (60.2% vs. 43.6%, 45.6%, 40.3%, p<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that patients in Q2-Q4 had a lower odds ratio (OR) of bone erosion compared to those in Q1 (ORs were 0.520, 0.533, and 0.411 in Q2-Q4, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of bone erosion is higher in gout arthritis patients with lower serum ionized Mg levels. High serum ionized Mg levels may be an independent protective factor for bone erosion in gout arthritis. Thus, Mg supplementation may be a promising approach to prevent or slow down the development of bone erosion in gouty arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is a mineral first identified in 1845. It is being tested for several reasons: (1) it is a problem in liquid wastewater treatment plants; (2) on the other hand, it is recovered from these wastewaters for its phosphorus, magnesium and nitrogen; (3) is the main component of microbial-induced urinary stones. We have recently shown that struvite is ferroelectric and piezoelectric. In this paper, we present the first experimental evidence of the pyroelectric nature of struvite. Using a single-diffusion gel growth technique, we grew struvite crystals as flat, parallel plates. We performed measurements of pyroelectric currents on struvite of this shape, using it as a dielectric of a plate capacitor. The occurrence of pyroelectric effects in struvite was investigated by measuring depolarization currents as a function of temperature. This technique allows the disclosure of ferroelectric/pyroelectric transitions as well as the reconstruction of the ferroelectric loop. We found that the value of the pyroelectric coefficient p attains a maximum of 22 × 10−6 C m−2 K−1 slightly below room temperature, going down to p ≅ 10 × 10−6 C m−2 K−1 at room temperature. This value is comparable to values for other minerals. For example, the pyroelectric polarization coefficient of tourmaline, the mineral for which the pyroelectric effect was first discovered, is 4 × 10−6 C m−2 K−1. This value is 2.5 times lower than that measured for struvite, illustrating struvite's fairly strong pyroelectricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium chalcogenide with wide bandgap semiconductor is an important candidate for the next generation semiconductor for optoelectronic devices. Colloidal magnesium chalcogenide (MgS, MgSe, and MgTe) nanocrystals are produced with the colloidal method, showing the optoelectronic properties for wide bandgap semiconductors in the violet region. The shape and size of magnesium chalcogenide nanocrystals are precisely controlled via tuning the precursors and ligands. Magnesium chalcogenide are further deposited on ZnSe and ZnS quantum dots for shell materials to enhance fluorescence emission due to the wide bandgap and suitable lattice in magnesium chalcogenide. Magnesium chalcogenide in nanoscale exhibits the potential for wide‐band semiconductors and the shell materials to light‐emitting quantum dots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to explore the relationship between magnesium depletion score (MDS) and periodontitis in US adults using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2014. Methods: This cross-sectional study's outcome was periodontitis, defined by the CDC/AAP using clinical periodontal parameters. The exposure of this study was MDS, which was calculated according to four parameters (diuretic use, proton pump inhibitor use, renal function and alcohol consumption). Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association between MDS intake and periodontitis. Confounding factors included in the adjusted model were age, sex, race, income, smoking status, dietary magnesium, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, education level, recreational activity, and work activity. Results: A total of 8,628 participants over the age 30 were included in our study. Individuals with high level of magnesium deficiency were more likely referred to poorer periodontal health in both crude model (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.54–2.61, p < 0.0001) and fully adjusted model (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.77, p = 0.03). Conclusions: MDS is positively associated with moderate/severe periodontitis. Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand the impact of MDS on periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between magnesium deficiency and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between the magnesium depletion score (MDS) and the risk of MASLD, as well as explore potential underlying mechanisms. Data from 12,024 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018 were analyzed. MDS was calculated based on the use of diuretics and proton pump inhibitors, kidney function, and alcohol consumption. MASLD was defined using the fatty liver index. Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between MDS and MASLD and to identify potential mediators. A higher MDS was significantly associated with an increased risk of MASLD (OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.47, 2.74] for MDS 3 vs. 0). A dose-response relationship between MDS and MASLD risk was observed. Neutrophils, albumin, and white blood cells partially were identified as partial mediators of the association, with albumin exhibiting the highest mediating effect (14.05%). Elevated MDS is significantly associated with an increased risk of MASLD in U.S. adults. Inflammation and albumin may serve as potential mediators of this relationship. These findings underscore the importance of addressing magnesium deficiency in the prevention and management of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) is a vital element for various metabolic and physiological functions in the human body, including its crucial role in skeletal muscle health. Hypomagnesaemia is frequently reported in many muscle diseases, and it also seems to contribute to the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle impairment in patients with neuromuscular diseases. The aim of this scoping review is to analyze the role of Mg in skeletal muscle, particularly its biological effects on muscle tissue in neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) in terms of biological effects and clinical implications. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. From the 305 studies identified, 20 studies were included: 4 preclinical and 16 clinical studies. Preclinical research has demonstrated that Mg plays a critical role in modulating pathways affecting skeletal muscle homeostasis and oxidative stress in muscles. Clinical studies have shown that Mg supplementation can improve muscle mass, respiratory muscle strength, and exercise recovery and reduce muscle soreness and inflammation in athletes and patients with various conditions. Despite the significant role of Mg in muscle health, there is a lack of research on Mg supplementation in NMDs. Given the potential similarities in pathogenic mechanisms between NMDs and Mg deficiency, further studies on the effects of Mg supplementation in NMDs are warranted. Overall, maintaining optimal Mg levels through dietary intake or supplementation may have important implications for improving muscle health and function, particularly in conditions associated with muscle weakness and atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials have drawn considerable attention as the solution for hydrogen storage and transportation due to their high hydrogen storage density, low cost, and high safety characteristics. However, their practical applications are hindered by the high dehydrogenation temperatures, low equilibrium pressure, and sluggish hydrogenation and dehydrogenation (de/hydrogenation) rates. These functionalities are typically determined by the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of de/hydrogenation reactions. This review comprehensively discusses how the compositeization, catalysts, alloying, and nanofabrication strategies can improve the thermodynamic and kinetic performances of Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials. Since the introduction of various additives leads the samples being a multiple‐phases and elements system, prediction methods of hydrogen storage properties are simultaneously introduced. In the last part of this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and a summary of the emergence of new materials and potential strategies for realizing lower‐cost preparation, lower operation temperature, and long‐cycle properties is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although rare-earth magnesium (Mg-RE) alloys are widely used in various industries, they show much poorer machinability for shaping into desired dimensions than conventional magnesium ones. The most critical issues associated with cutting Mg-RE alloys are high risk of chip ignition and short tool life dominating the chip removal process. The present paper aims to address the tool performances on the machinability of Mg-RE alloys under dry cutting. Four types of tools covering uncoated and diamond-coated ones were examined, and a special focus was devoted to explore the effects of various tool parameters on the milling responses of Mg-RE alloys as well as the underlying wear mechanisms. The experiments reveal that the cutting tools with larger rake, clearance, and helix angles can achieve high-quality milling of Mg-RE alloys at controllable cutting temperatures. The cutting parameters can be maintained at a certain level, such as the cutting speed of 120–240 m/min and the feed per tooth of 0.1–0.2 mm/z, to meet the requirements of safe milling of Mg-RE alloys without ignition risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium and its alloy continue to grow as a material in automotive industries, because of their efficiency and ability to improve the power-to-weight ratio of transportation. Depending on the environmental conditions, magnesium can be subjected to varying degrees of atmospheric corrosion, as it is directly exposed to atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric corrosion behavior of AZ31B Magnesium in urban and rural environments was investigated in Indonesia. The test was carried out for 1, 2, and 4 months. Mass loss measurement results show that the longer the exposure time, the higher the atmospheric corrosion rate of the AZ31B alloy. In addition, the corrosion rate in the Mg AZ31B specimen in urban environment (ITB) tends to be higher than the corrosion rate in rural environment (Bosscha) related to the different in temperature. The corrosion product that formed on the specimen's surfaces was also thoroughly characterized. SEM, FTIR, and XRD were used to observe the corrosion product. Additionally, using open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the specimen's corrosion resistance was investigated using an electrochemical method in solutions of NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaCl + Na2SO4 to simulate atmospheric corrosion environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Supplementary Material for: Alternate Formation of AlOH from Third Row Diatomic Hydrides and Oxides" provides tables and data related to the formation of molecules containing aluminum, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur. The tables include optimized geometries and frequencies for various molecules. The data presented in the document can be valuable for researchers studying the properties and formation of these molecules. [Extracted from the article]

Rechargeable Mg batteries are a promising energy storage technology to overcome the limitations inherent to Li ion batteries. A critical challenge in advancing Mg batteries is the lack of suitable cathode materials. In this work, we report a cathode design that incorporates S functionality into two‐dimensional metal‐organic‐frameworks (2D‐MOFs). This new cathode material enables good Mg2+ storage capacity and outstanding cyclability. It was found that upon the initial Mg2+ insertion and disinsertion, there is an apparent structural transformation that crumbles the layered 2D framework, leading to amorphization. The resulting material serves as the active material to host Mg2+ through reduction and/or oxidation of S and, to a limited extent, O. The reversible nature of S and O redox chemistry was confirmed by spectroscopic characterizations and validated by density functional calculations. Importantly, during the Mg2+ insertion and disinsertion process, the 2D nature of the framework was maintained, which plays a key role in enabling the high reversibility of the MOF cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bulky, unsymmetrical β-diketiminate ligand, [HC{MeCN(Dip)}{MeCN(TCHP)}]− (Dip/TCHPNacnac; Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, TCHP = 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl), has been utilised in the preparation of a series of magnesium alkyl and calcium, strontium and barium amide complexes. Reaction of these with PhSiH3 afforded the first complete series of β-diketiminato heavier group 2 metal hydride complexes, [{(Dip/TCHPNacnac)M(μ-H)}2] (M = Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba). The unsymmetrical nature of the β-diketiminate ligand seemingly promotes stabilising interactions of ligand Dip groups with the metal centres in the Ca, Sr and Ba hydride complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]