Search

Resumo: A meritocracia é afirmada como princípio de justiça ou criticada como ideologia a partir de diferentes abordagens que se concentram em determinados aspectos da modernidade e do capitalismo. O objetivo deste artigo é reconstruir o conceito de mérito, apoiando-se no contexto de emergência e no desenvolvimento das formas de organização capitalista do trabalho, descritas sobretudo nas pesquisas históricas e sociológicas do trabalho. Para isso, o texto trata das críticas mais usuais à meritocracia e dos sentidos da ideia de mérito em três dimensões distintas: o combate a privilégios, a performance individual e o mérito dos resultados. Este texto reflete sobre a importância de se ancorar a crítica à meritocracia não somente na negação categórica, enquanto ideologia neoliberal, mas também a partir da pesquisa social em torno da estruturação do trabalho, tentando reconstruir suas condicionantes em uma sociedade do capitalismo periférico como o Brasil.

Copyright of IUL Research is the property of IUL - Universita Telematica degli Studi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho UNED is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Cultura Económica is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El mérito es un atributo cada vez más valorado, de tal forma que la meritocracia se ha convertido en un fuerte dispositivo político válido para ordenar recursos, incentivos y posiciones sociales. Al mismo tiempo, la lógica meritocrática supone un desafío a la idea de una democracia justa, basada en la igualdad no discriminatoria hacia las diferentes personas. Cabe preguntarse si meritocracia y democracia pueden ser poderes complementarios o, por el contrario, obedecen a lógicas incompatibles. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre mérito y una idea de democracia justa. Para ello, el texto está organizado en varias partes. En la primera se analiza en qué consiste el mérito a partir de la obra de David Miller. En la segunda parte se estudian los argumentos de tres tipos de autores teóricos –liberales, comunitaristas e igualitaristas democráticos– que han debatido sobre esta cuestión. El texto concluye con algunas reflexiones sobre cómo sería posible facilitar que la meritocracia pueda subordinarse a los valores democráticos.

Resumo A meritocracia escolar é um mecanismo de distinção de alunos com supostos benefícios para a motivação e o reconhecimento do esforço, mas também com uma dimensão negativa associada à intensificação e estratificação das desigualdades. Assim, o principal objetivo deste estudo é a análise da literatura sobre meritocracia escolar e as lógicas de ação das escolas nesse contexto. O método adotado é uma scoping review, com a pretensão de selecionar, analisar e sintetizar a literatura encontrada em quatro bases de dados: Web of Science, Scopus, RCAAP e Google Scholar. Os resultados mostram uma necessidade de reflexão sobre os conceitos de justiça e exclusão escolar, associada à ideologia meritocrática na lógica da igualdade de oportunidades.

En este artículo se sostiene que el pensamiento económico de Adam Smith influye sobre su pensamiento moral. Mostraremos que la virtud de la prudencia está fuertemente influenciada por el pensamiento económico de Smith y forma parte de una nueva moral moderna cuya fuente es la actividad comercial. De esta forma lo económico-comercial es moral debido a que las virtudes adoptan características inspiradas en la vida comercial. Esto explica que cobren un lugar central virtudes menos grandilocuentes como la prudencia, y pierdan protagonismo virtudes como la benevolencia.

Copyright of Archivio Giuridico is the property of Mucchi Editore and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scienza & Politica is the property of University of Bologna, Department of Political & Social Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogia Più Didattica is the property of Edizioni Centro Studi Erickson SpA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo se inscribe en el campo de la crítica ideológica y reflexiona sobre el vínculo entre las figuras de la infancia y la fantasía del mérito. Para ello toma en cuenta escenas de la comunicación política y de la producción informativa que circularon entre 2015 y 2021 en Argentina. En esta indagación, la noción de fantasías (sociales e ideológicas) se torna central, dado que permite dar cuenta de los modos de funcionamiento ideológico de las narraciones seleccionadas para su abordaje. En la primera parte del artículo se trabaja sobre los conceptos centrales: infancia, mérito e ideología en una perspectiva crítica. Luego se da cuenta del término fantasías y su operatividad en el marco de la estrategia analítica. En la tercera parte, se presenta el análisis y la interpretación de las escenas seleccionadas. Por último, se exponen una serie de consideraciones finales acerca del modo en que opera lo ideológico y sus implicancias.

Este trabajo trata de ofrecer una visión amplia y omnicomprensiva del acceso a la carrera judicial española. A tal efecto, ahondaremos en los principios que rigen el acceso a la función pública. Una vez analizados los principios de mérito, capacidad e igualdad, damos un paso más allá y los enmarcaremos en la realidad social actual. Solamente mediante este ejercicio de contextualización podremos comprender el verdadero alcance de aquellos principios y valorar si la igualdad tanto en el acceso como en el plan de carrera es real o si, por el contrario, se dan discriminaciones de partida que deben ser suplidas por el legislador. Finalizamos el trabajo con una reflexión relativa a los modos de acceso y el temario que deben estudiar los aspirantes.

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teoría & Derecho. Revista de Pensamiento Jurídico is the property of Editorial Tirant Lo Blanch SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumen En España, la formación jurídica está organizada a partir de un grado de cuatro años de duración, que es impartido en 62 Facultades de Derecho presenciales (además de las facultades a distancia). Derecho todavía mantiene su carácter universitario por defecto. El acceso a las profesiones jurídicas más relevantes requiere de la superación de diferentes exámenes competitivos, tradicionalmente llamados oposiciones, después de años de preparación. El acceso a la profesión de abogado requiere de la realización de un máster seguido de un examen no demasiado exigente. En este siglo, muchos estudiantes combinan los estudios de derecho y economía, pero sería mejor tender a un modelo de postgrados en derecho para mejorar la formación jurídica.

El propósito del presente artículo es estudiar la respuesta humana al don divino según el comentario de Tomás de Aquino y Martín Lutero a la Carta a los Romanos. Si bien ambos autores asumen una postura antipelagiana, la concepción tomista, al reconocer el valor positivo del orden creado, comprende con mayor hondura metafísica la acción justificadora y santificadora de Dios en la creatura humana. Por otra parte, la exégesis de Lutero, más existencial, es especialmente aguda e incisiva desde este punto de vista. En ambos casos es posible deducir que el punto de partida de la exégesis no es una reflexión abstracta sino un diálogo personal y vital con el Apóstol. El artículo profundizará en los comentarios a Rm 5,5, pasaje central en el pensamiento de san Agustín, cuya influencia es patente tanto en la exégesis de Tomás de Aquino como en la de Martín Lutero. Para estos efectos se apoyará en las recientes reflexiones sobre la categoría de don con la que se analizará la gracia divina, pues ésta contribuye a poner de manifiesto la diferencia entre una visión extrínseca o forense de la justificación y santificación, en la que se acentúa la pasividad del cristiano ante el don inmerecido recibido (Lutero), y una salvación que trasforma al cristiano para que responda al amor de Dios desde el amor (Tomás de Aquino).

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is analyze, based on the new Code of Civil Procedure, the Superior Court of Justice historic understanding about the analysis of the merits of the special appeal (violation or not of the federal law) by the appealed court to assess its admissibility. Broach this theme is justified by the necessity of understand if the citizenship Court position is compatible or not with the new Code of Civil Procedure provisions about the appeals dynamics. To achieve the objective proposed, it was performed a bibliography revision of Constitutional law and Civil Procedure law about the admissibility judgment of the special's appeals, its systematic at the anterior Code of Civil Procedure and the dynamic established by the new. Still in the methodological aspect, it was performed a empiric search in which was analyzed, at the São Paulo's Justice Court ambit, admissibility's decisions proclaimed in the last eight years, aim to investigate if those decisions suffered any change after the new Code of Civil Procedure coming. After the comparison of the data get through the bibliography revision front that get through the empiric search, it was conclude by the necessity of think over the way that the admissibility judgment is done by the origin Courts, considering that, despite be in effect a new code, still remains the old problems of incursion in the merits of the special appeal by the appealed court, in clear invasion of the Superior Court of Justice competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary I.- INTRODUCTION II.- THE RULED AND DISCRETIONARY PROCEDURES TO APPOINT JUDGES IN SPAIN a) The competences of the General Council of the Judicial power over appointments; b) How has the Jurisprudence evolved referring to “discretionary appointments”. III.- THE REAL MEANING OF THE SELECTION PROCEDURES FOR JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE. IV.-THE BRITHIS APPOINTMENTS OF THE JUDICIARY AFTER THE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM ACT IN 2005.V.- CONCLUSION: A SORT OF SYNERGIES, CONCERNS AND REFLECTIONS AFTER HAVE BEEN MADE THE COMPASION BETWEEN SPANISH AND BRITHISH SYSTEMS. Abstract When we speak about Judicial independence is very crucial to distinguish different parameter in order to understand properly, what judicial independence is? One of the most important issue is the procedures to appoint Judges and Magistrates. That issue is relevant in order to reach independent, legitimate, representative and fair Judges. Some concerns should be taken into account by the selection procedures: the merit, capability, specialization and firm commitment with the diversity. It’s completely necessary to have a Judiciary which be representative with our real society.

Este artigo procura analisar as posições e os discursos de membros dos órgãos de gestão das empresas legalmente vinculadas a limiares mínimos de representação equilibrada entre mulheres e homens. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de não ser expressiva a oposição a medidas vinculativas de ação positiva, a Lei em vigor está longe de ser consensual. As posições de resistência estão mais presentes entre os homens, enquanto são as mulheres que mais contrariam a narrativa de que as medidas vinculativas comprometem a meritocracia. Os discursos das mulheres tendem a negar experiências de discriminação, embora, contraditoriamente, algumas admitam a necessidade de prestar mais provas de competência que os seus colegas. Esta narrativa sugere que as condições em que exercem cargos de gestão são ainda pautadas pela desigualdade em relação aos pares do sexo masculino.

En la actualidad se han extendido las visiones críticas de la meritocracia al punto de que esta ha venido a identificarse, tanto en el ámbito académico como en el de los medios de comunicación, con una suerte de retórica insolidaria por parte de aquellos privilegiados que enarbolan la idea de mérito individual para eludir obligaciones morales y jurídicas relacionadas con la igualdad. Dos ejemplos de esta corriente son La tiranía del mérito del filósofo norteamericano Michael Sandel, y en nuestro país, el reciente ensayo de César Rendueles Contra la igualdad de oportunidades. Este artículo trata de situar tales críticas en el campo de las percepciones de la meritocracia relativas a una determinada “arrogancia” como cuestión de “estilo” rebatiendo el fondo de esas visiones críticas del mérito. Al mismo tiempo, se apuntan algunas medidas para resolver la tensión que se produce entre los principios de mérito e igualdad.

Copyright of Social Review (2695-9755) is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After having a consolidated career civil service system, the government of Puerto Rico has informally reverted to a personnel management system where political-partisan interests predominate through the use and systematic manipulation of the formal structures of the civil service. This study employs a qualitative mixed methods strategy in order to identify the informal structures that operate within government agencies, their instruments, and practices. It also seeks to understand the career of public employees within an incongruous system, which promulgates to be merit-based, but which subjects them to personnel management that is informally dominated by political-partisan criteria. The case of Puerto Rico helps us understand how a merit system can be subdued by the power of political parties through the institutionalization of neo-patrimonial practices that legitimize values linked to patronage, maintaining the civil service mainly as an instrument of coercion for political purposes. This case study reaffirms that legal remedies and penalties are not sufficient to maintain a merit system or reduce the practices of favoritism and discrimination that constitute patronage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dadas las repercusiones que implica la Evaluación del Desempeño Laboral tanto en el Estado Colombiano como en los servidores públicos y en últimas, en la ciudadanía en general, resulta de vital importancia analizar cuáles son los alcances del nuevo Sistema “Tipo de Evaluación del Desempeño Laboral” en el marco del desarrollo organizacional expedido por la Comisión Nacional del Servicio Civil a través del Acuerdo 565 de 2016 que responda a los principios de objetividad, igualdad y mérito. Lo anterior, en razón a que la Evaluación del desempeño laboral no sólo permite el acceso de los servidores públicos a la carrera administrativa en Colombia sino también, su permanencia en la misma, a través de estándares de calidad, trabajo en equipo y trabajo individual que finalmente, debe conllevar a la consecución del cumplimiento de las metas institucionales, planes de acción y planes operativo anual. En consecuencia, a través del siguiente trabajo, se establecerán los alcances del nuevo sistema “Tipo de Evaluación del Desempeño Laboral”, para los servidores públicos de carrera, en el marco del desarrollo organizacional. Los motivos por los cuales la CNSC estableció un nuevo sistema “Tipo de Evaluación del Desempeño Laboral y las principales diferencias entre el nuevo sistema “Tipo de Evaluación del Desempeño Laboral” y el anterior Sistema “Tipo de Evaluación del Desempeño Laboral”.

Copyright of Scienza & Politica is the property of University of Bologna, Department of Political & Social Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumen En el presente artículo nos proponemos reflexionar acerca de por qué en la Oración Fúnebre de Pericles la democracia produce individuos cualitativamente superiores a los demás regímenes políticos y cómo son. Y nuestra conclusión es que, dignos sucesores de la herencia de sus antepasados, no sólo multiplicaron la herencia ampliando el imperio, sino transformando también la autoctonía en autarquía y con ella en libertad. A la convicción del esfuerzo como medio de lograr sus objetivos sumaron el valor de la responsabilidad (tanto en su vida pública como en su vida privada, uniendo así la autonomía y la tolerancia personales a la libertad, la igualdad y el mérito públicos) y el del hedonismo, que lograron compatibilizar con el valor y la planificación racional de sus empresas. Finalmente, consideró dignos de recuerdo no sólo los éxitos, sino también los fracasos, esto es, trasladó la moralidad desde el mundo exterior al mundo interior, regido ya por la conciencia.

This article proposes some historiographic considerations on the social stances of some governors who took part in the Portuguese conquests between 1796 and 1803. Firstly, I address the notion of honour and nobility which the Portuguese bourgeoisie supported as opposed to what they called “the ennobled”, that is, the people who ascended to the Crown for their “talent” and university degrees; secondly, I dispute the recruitment of governors and vice-kings, which, historiography says, were positions that gave access to the highest of Portuguese aristocracy and were paid with noble titles by the king. Lastly, I point out how university degrees became an additional – and valuable – asset for the selection of captains general, and I also analyse the first generation of governors – formed after the educational reforms undertaken by Marquis of Pombal –, which contributed to the overseas conquests at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century.

Este texto procura discutir conceitos associados à noção de valor e à ação de valorar na avaliação de programas, tendo em vista a necessidade de fazer julgamentos acerca da qualidade de uma política, programa, projeto ou ação social que lhe é inerente. Busca-se contribuir para fomentar a discussão a respeito da prática de valoração nas avaliações de programas sociais. Para isso, é feita uma revisão das literaturas estadunidense e brasilei- ra, a fim de identificar como as questões de valoração têm sido propostas teoricamente e explicitadas em pesquisas avaliativas. São examinados, de forma exploratória, relatórios de avaliação e artigos sobre avaliações de programas, com foco na área educacional. Conclui-se, com base na análise bibliográfica realizada, que a discussão sobre a atribuição de valor raramente tem sido feita na literatura nacional de forma explícita, ressaltando-se a necessidade de seu aprimoramento.

Educational policies based on meritocratic criteria have been the focus of evaluation processes not only in Brazil, but as a global trend. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the notion of merit from three authors. In the first part are presented elements of criticism to epistemologies that are intended to be neutral in relation to educational evaluation starting from the contributions of Miriam Limoeiro-Cardoso. The second part presents the main ideas of Michael Young in a satire of meritocracy as social hierarchy. In the third part there are Diane Ravitch's criticisms on standardized tests in the United States educational system, which led to the construction of quality as a performance of excellence in measurable assessments.

Recently, series of experiments have been documented to validate the option for merit (to recognize the effort of the one that worked the most in a cooperation) in children from kindergarten in different cultures of the world. These documents have concluded, in the first place, that children in a young age are susceptible to merit, but in second place, that this inclination hides behind a preference for equality. The study presented here, thanks to a variation in the experimental design that makes emphasis in the virtuality content, allows to establish that Kogi children students from kindergarten when enunciating justice judgements opt directly for merit, it means, they do not show the referred main preference for equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instructional technologies have been used extensively after the spread of COVID19. Council of Higher Education in Turkey closed down all the universities and embarked on online education by issuing a statement that all universities were free to choose the platform they wished to use. This study aims at discovering how online language teacher education programmes yielded emerging patterns and how teacher trainees' perspectives were in relation with these online language teacher education programmes. To reach this aim, 275 teacher trainees at the Department of English Language Teaching participated in the study and semi-structured interviews were held with them. This discussion illuminates critical issues and attitudes of teacher trainees along with the challenges unique to programmes as a future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente artí­culo retoma la discusión sobre cuán justa es la escuela secundaria actual. No lo hace desde la perspectiva de las polí­ticas educativas o de la Pedagogí­a más tradicional, sino desde la mirada de la Didáctica. ¿Cómo participan las prácticas de enseñanza en esta discusión sobre una escuela media justa? El propósito de este artí­culo es discutir en qué modo participan las distintas configuraciones de la clase escolar en el debate por una escuela media más justa. Para avanzar sobre este interrogante se toman datos de una investigación reciente sobre modos de enseñar en la escuela secundaria en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. A partir del análisis de estas prácticas relevadas, se recupera el debate entre mérito y derecho.

La normativa de servicio civil y carrera administrativa nicaragüense regula el acceso a la función pública a través de un procedimiento de provisión de cargos públicos basado en diversos principios, entre los que sobresale el mérito como mecanismo competitivo de ingreso. Pese a los aciertos que representa el procedimiento, este no es ajeno a problemas que dificultan su implementación. La presente investigación no solo busca identificar las falencias actuales en el sistema de carrera, sino que además estudia los efectos que la no aplicación de un procedimiento competitivo para la provisión, permanencia y promoción en cargos públicos tendría de cara a las exigencias derivadas de los principios de capacidad e igualdad.

This text intends to draw an analysis of the theoretical and literary implications, so to speak, of the working concept of “nobility” in modern-age Iberian Peninsula. Through the reading of discourse pieces from the early seventeenth century, such as treatises on nobility, war chronicles, and administrative documents, we attempt to trace correspondence that showcases the cultivation of classicist topoi and of discourse fomented in the Portuguese culture of the sixteenth century. Our reflections regarding the sources in question take aim at the understanding of merit and lineage - not mutually exclusive categories in sight of the corpus we are working with. As such, this work of ours is a non-exhaustive exercise of overlapping discursive modalities which relay the noble ethos of the Iberian modern age, particularly that of Portugal.

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Galician Journal of Economics / Revista Galega de Economía is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)