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In recent years, Spain’s adult population has been characterised by high unemployment rates, particularly among peopled aged over 18 who do not have the Compulsory Secondary Education certificate. Their training in key competences, such as reading comprehension, would provide them with fundamental learning, empowerment, and better employment opportunities. This empirical study examines the relationship between the use of metacognitive skills while reading and improved reading comprehension – previously shown in other studies – evaluating both constructs and attempting to establish whether there is a relationship between them in a sample of 143 adult secondary education students. Research outcomes in reading competence were lower than expected, with significant differences between stages and average use of metacognitive strategies, influenced by gender and age. A significant, linear, and low to moderate degree relationship was found between two of the metacognitive strategies evaluated and so a predictive model was constructed in which age, level, and use of strategies for problemsolving and reading-support are predictive variables explaining 23.4% of the variance in reading skills. The authors also suggest some changes regarding teacher practice, prioritising active and self-regulating reading. (DIPF/Orig.)

El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el empleo de -ito/-illo en hablantes sevillanos de un nivel instruccional bajo en dos esta-dios cronológicos diferentes. Para ello se ha tomado una muestra de 48 entrevistas que fueron grabadas en dos etapas (en torno a 1985, la primera, y a 2010, la segunda). La submuestra más an-tigua corresponde a los materiales del grupo de investigación Sociolingüística Andaluza: Estudio Sociolingüístico del Habla de Sevilla (HUM 141), mientras que la más reciente pertenece al corpus PRESEEA-SE. El análisis cuantitativo del fenómeno ha permitido constatar una evolución hacia un mayor uso del di-minutivo, especialmente de –ito en detrimento de –illo. En rela-ción con las variables lingüísticas y discursivas consideradas, se ha comprobado que se mantiene la preferencia por la función centralizadora del diminutivo, así como por su aplicación a sus-tantivos. Asimismo, se observa un descenso en la productividad de –ito; -illo resulta más productivo, pues posee una capacidad más amplia para aplicarse a bases distintas y, por último, se trata de un empleo predominante en los hombres y los hablantes más jóvenes, que, sin embargo, lo abandonan con la edad. The aim of this study is to compare the use of –ito/-illo among Sevillian speakers with a low educational level in two different chronological stages. For doing so, we took a sample of 48 inter-views recorded in two periods of time (the first one around 1985, and the second one in 2010). The earliest subsample corresponds to “Sociolingüística Andaluza group: Estudio Sociolingüístico del Habla de Sevilla (HUM 141)”, whereas the most recent one belongs to “corpus PRESEEA-SE”. The quantitative analysis of this phenomenon has shown an evolution towards a greater use of the diminutive of –ito instead of –illo. Regarding the linguistic and discursive variables taken, it has been observed that the cen-tralized function of the diminutive has been kept, as well as its application to nouns. Furthermore, it was observed a decrease in the productivity of –ito; being -illo more productive, as it may be applied to more different lexical bases. Finally, it is mainly used by men and younger speakers who eventually stop using it.

Assessments and adaptations of the main elements to provide adequate comprehension of health information material have been implemented, pursuing the improvement of readability (linguistic complexity level of a text) and legibility (related to size/type of fonts and text format). This article aims to present an integrative review of scientific articles about assessments and adaptations of health information materials for elderly individuals with low educational level, published between 2015-2019. A search in Google Scholar, PubMed and Portal de Periódicos da Capes databases was conducted, resulting in 13 articles about assessment of materials and 5 articles about adaptation of information materials. We observed the use of softwares to measure text complexity and associations between legibility and readability according to the demands of age and health literacy. We verified terminology used to refer to readability issues is not consensual yet and there is still little emphasis for discussions about the impact of educational level of target readers. Lack of prediction about target readers may hinder new knowledge acquisition for these individuals, weakening the intended health literacy. Finally, to develop more research relating factors as educational level and health literacy are suggested. In Portuguese, there is a gap in the creation of measures of readability, in the elaboration of tasks and in the correlations between reading measures and the educational and age contexts. Avaliações e adaptações dos elementos necessários para a compreensão adequada dos materiais informativos têm sido realizadas, elencando os índices que mensuram a dificuldade de compreensão da leitura de um texto - leiturabilidade - e legibilidade como os principais atores nesse processo. O presente artigo reúne aspectos ressaltados na avaliação e na adaptação de materiais informativos em saúde para indivíduos idosos e com baixo nível educacional no período de 2015-2019. Para tal, uma consulta às bases Google Acadêmico, PubMed e Portal Capes foi conduzida, resultando em 13 artigos de avaliação e 5 de adaptação de materiais. Observou-se o uso de medidas de complexidade de texto, tais como softwares, bem como associações entre leiturabilidade, legibilidade às demandas da idade e de letramento em saúde. Um consenso teórico é preciso no uso da terminologia da área e há pouco destaque para as discussões sobre o impacto do nível educacional dos participantes, opondo-se ao letramento em saúde. Por fim, o desenvolvimento de mais pesquisas associando fatores como nível educacional e letramento em saúde são sugeridas. Em português, observou-se uma lacuna na criação de medidas em português, na elaboração de tarefas e nas correlações entre as medidas de leitura e o contexto educacional e etário.

Introducción: Distinguir entre el envejecimiento normal y el deterioro cognitivo patológico es un reto clínico. Resulta esencial disponer de herramientas para la detección adecuada tanto de la demencia como del deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). Sin embargo, estos tests pueden no resultar adecuados para sujetos con bajo nivel académico y cultural, que aún supone un porcentaje significativo de la población. En ellos, el desempeño de la prueba puede verse afectado de manera independiente a su grado de alteración cognitiva. Objetivos: Revisión de estudios sobre herramientas de evaluación cognitiva en los que se tenga en cuenta la población de edad avanzada con bajo nivel educativo. Metodología: Seleccionadas las bases de datos The Cochrane Library, PubMed y Lilacs y, de acuerdo con las directrices PRISMA, se realiza una búsqueda de estudios primarios que incluyan adultos de edad igual o superior a 50 años con seis años o menos de educación formal, o bien ocho años de educación media grupal, que evalúen el empleo de herramientas de evaluación cognitiva para la detección de DCL o demencia. Resultados: Se seleccionan 61 artículos, mayoritariamente de corte transversal, en los que se emplean un amplio número de tests neurocognitivos, los más utilizados elMinimental State Exam (MMSE) en un 57.3%, y el Test del Reloj en un 11.47%. Algunas de las herramientas evaluadas obtienen buenos resultados en poblaciones con bajo nivel educativo, como pueden ser el Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), el Fototest o el Eurotest. Conclusiones: El MMSE, a pesar de ser la herramienta más usada para el cribado de la demencia, se descubre como poco fiable en sujetos de baja alfabetización. Tareas que impliquen lectoescritura, cálculo, dibujo, praxias, habilidades visoespaciales y visoconstructivas tienen mayor sesgo educativo que denominación, orientación o memoria. La adecuada determinación del nivel educativo de los sujetos y la validación de instrumentos en poblaciones con alfabetización heterogénea requieren de más investigaciones. Abstract: Introduction: Differentiating between normal aging and pathological cognitive decline is a clinical challenge. Tools for the proper detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are essential. However, these tests may not be appropriate for subjects with a low academic and cultural level, who still represent a significant percentage of the population. In these cases, the performance of the test can be affected regardless of their degree of cognitive impairment. Objectives: Review published studies of cognitive screening tools for dementia in low-literacy population. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed and Lilacs databases were selected and, according to PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted for primary studies that included adults aged 50 years or older with six years or less of formal education, or either eight years or less of mean education, which evaluate the use of cognitive screening tools for MCI or dementia. Results: 61 articles, mainly cross-sectional designed, were selected, in which a large number of neurocognitive tests were used, the most frequent ones being the Minimental State Exam (MMSE) in 57.3%, and the Clock Test in 11.47%. Some of the evaluated tools obtained good results in populations with low educational level, such as the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), the Fototest or the Eurotest. Conclusions: The MMSE, despite being the most widely used screening tool f for dementia, is found to be unreliable in subjects with low literacy. Tasks involving reading, writing, calculating, drawing, praxis, visuospatial and visoconstructive skills have a greater educational bias than denomination, orientation or memory. The adequate determination of the educational level of the subjects and the validation of instruments in populations with heterogeneous literacy require more research.

Introducción: Ecuador es un país latinoamericano que ha sufrido diversos cambios epidemiológicos en las últimas décadas, acorde a la transición demográfica, caracterizada por un aumento de ingresos monetarios, educación, empleo y mejoras en los servicio de salud. Esto ha llevado a una adopción de hábitos perjudiciales que han concordado con el aumento de la mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. A su vez, estas enfermedades se han relacionado con diversos factores socioeconómicos especialmente en poblaciones en vías de desarrollo, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características sociodemográficas de la población de Quingeo, Ecuador. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de campo, descriptivo y transversal que incluyó a 530 individuos adultos de la parroquia rural de Quingeo, perteneciente al Cantón de Cuenca, Ecuador. Se les aplicó una historia clínica completa indagándose en los factores sociodemográficos como: edad, sexo, estado civil, estatus socioeconómico, nivel de educación, estatus laboral y ocupación. Resultados: Del total de individuos evaluados, el 59,06% (n=313) perteneció al sexo femenino. La edad media de la muestra fue de 43,21±18,20 años, siendo el grupo etario más frecuente los adultos jóvenes (57,9%; n=307). Los sujetos fueron principalmente casados (55,7%; n=295), desempleados (67,9%; n=360), con estudios de educación primaria (47,7%, n=253), y con un nivel socioeconómico de clase obrera (49,1%, n=260). A su vez, los individuos en extrema pobreza tenían mayores proporciones de desempleo y de analfabetismo. Conclusión: Este estudio constituye un reporte sobre la situación socioeconómica y demográfica actual de la población rural de Quingeo, en donde los individuos con estratos socioeconómicos bajos presentaron un alto porcentaje de desempleo y bajo nivel educativo, por lo que deben abordarse estas situaciones para mejorar la promoción de la salud. Introduction: Ecuador is a Latin American country that has undergone several epidemiological changes in the last decades, according to the demographic transition, characterized by an increase in monetary income, education, employment and improvements in health service. This has led to an adoption of harmful habits that have related to increase mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases. In turn, these diseases have been related to various socioeconomic factors especially in developing country, so the purpose of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics of the population of Quingeo, Ecuador. Methodology: A field, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out involving 530 individuals from the rural parish of Quingeo, in the Canton of Cuenca, Ecuador. It was applied a complete medical history including sociodemographic factors such as: age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, educational level, work status and occupation. Results: Of the overall of individuals, 59.06% (n = 313) belonged to the female sex. The mean age of the sample was 43.21 ± 18.20 years, with the youngest being the most frequent age group (57.9%; n = 307). The subjects were mainly married, with primary education (47.7%, n = 253), and belonging to working class (49.1%, n = 260). At the same time, individuals in extreme poverty had higher unemployment and illiteracy rates. Conclusion: This study presents a report of the actual socioeconomic and demographic situation of the rural population of Quingeo, where individuals with low socioeconomic strata presented a high percentage of unemployment and low educational level