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Lotus root is a popular vegetable known for its nutritional value and unique taste. However, it can be susceptible to heavy metal contamination, which has raised concerns about its safety for consumption. This study aimed to analyse the extent of heavy metal contamination in lotus roots and assess the potential health risks associated with their consumption. The results showed that all measured heavy metal concentrations were below the maximum allowable limits, with contamination indices for all metals across nine provinces remaining below 1.0, classifying the lotus roots as "safe" for consumption. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment using the THQ showed values below 1.0 for all heavy metals in both adults and children, indicating negligible health risks. The HI was calculated as 0.107 for adults and 0.126 for children, with arsenic contributing significantly to these values at 47.76% for adults and 39.55% for children. The carcinogenic risk assessment revealed Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values of 8.37 × 10−8 for Pb, 2.04 × 10−5 for Cr, and 2.30 × 10−5 for As in adults, and 9.86 × 10−8 for Pb, 2.40 × 10−5 for Cr, and 2.71 × 10−5 for As in children. All CR values were within the acceptable range, indicating no apparent carcinogenic effects from lotus root consumption at current intake levels. However, it was noted that increased consumption could elevate risks associated with As, with limits of 174 and 93 g for adults and children, respectively, to maintain safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch extracted from ten lotus root varieties (Yeyong, MRHZ, Zhonghua, Suiningbaiou, Zaohua, Meirenhong, E9:11, Huchengyeou, Peixianyeou, Xin No. 5) from Jiangsu Province, China, were studied. The structural characteristics of lotus root starch were analyzed based on its physical and chemical properties, particle structure, crystal structure, layered structure, thermal properties and gel properties. The lotus root starches were generally milky white, with a starch content ranging from 81.72 to 99.54%, amylose content ranging from 15.44 to 23.54%, light transmittance between 15.30 and 26.90%, and swelling power and solubility at 22.15–29.72% and 2.00–6.00%, respectively. Among the varieties, "Suiningbaiou" had the whitest starch, while "Meirenhong" and "Suiningbaiou" had higher starch contents. "Huchengyeou" had the lowest amylose content, and "Zhonghua" showed the highest light transmittance. "Yeyong" and "Zaohua" had higher solubility, whereas "Zhonghua" had the highest swelling power. An optical, polarizing and scanning electron microscope revealed that most of the lotus starch was oval. However, starch from "Zhonghua", "E9:11", "Peixianyeou" and "Zaohua" was longer, whereas starch from "Meirenhong", "MRHZ", "Huchengyeou", "Yeyong", "Suiningbaiou" and "Xin No.5" was shorter. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated that "Zaohua" starch exhibited type A crystallization, while starch from the other varieties displayed type CA crystallization, with a relative crystallinity between 18.27 and 22.10%; "Huchengyeou" and "Yeyong" had higher crystallinity. Infrared spectroscopy and small-angle X diffraction analysis showed similar results for short-range order and lamella spacing. The thermal and gel properties of starch from the ten lotus root varieties also varied. The enthalpy change values of "Xin No.5" and "Yeyong" were higher, and starch from "Yeyong" and "Huchengyeou" showed a greater gel strength. Finally, factor score analysis ranked the starch quality of the top four lotus root varieties in Jiangsu as "Suiningbaiou", "Yeyong", "Huchengyeou", and "Zaohua". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine varieties of lotus root (Suining, Xinhe, Zaohua, Zhonghua, L0014, L0013, Cuiyu, L0011, and Zhenzhu) were selected as the research materials to compare their differences in physical, chemical, and starch characteristics before and after boiling, frying, and microwaving. The results showed that Zhenzhu, Xinhe, L0013, Cuiyu, and Zhonghua belong to the crispy lotus root type, while L0011, L0014, Zaohua, and Suining belong to the powdery lotus root type. Furthermore, the nine varieties were characterized for their starch by optical micrograph (OM), polarized micrograph (PM), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon-13 cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The starch granule of powdery lotus root appeared to be larger than that of crispy lotus, and ATR-FTIR studies revealed that the outer layer of starch granules from nine different varieties of lotus root had a highly organized structure. Moreover, XRD and 13C CP/MAS NMR analyses revealed that starch from eight lotus varieties (Suining, Xinhe, Zaohua, Zhonghua, L0014, L0013, Cuiyu, L0011) belong to the A-crystal type, while starch from Zhenzhu belongs to the CA-crystal type. The starch from powdery lotus root exhibited higher crystallinity, as well as increased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy, indicating that its crystal structure was relatively superior compared to that of crispy lotus starch. The short-range order degree, crystallinity, gelatinization temperature, and heat enthalpy of lotus starch decreased after boiling and frying but increased to varying extents after microwaving. Additionally, the heat resistance and stability of starch particles from crispy lotus root were improved after microwave treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the impact of variety and harvest time on the visual appearance, nutritional quality, and functional active substances of six lotus root cultivars: "Xinsanwu", "Wuzhi No. 2", "Baiyuzhan", "Huaqilian", "Elian No. 6", and "Elian No. 5". Samples were collected monthly from December 2023 to April 2024. A nutrient analysis revealed a decrease in the water content with a delayed harvest. The total soluble solids and soluble sugar content peaked towards the end and middle-to-late harvest periods, respectively. Starch levels initially increased before declining, while the soluble protein exhibited a triphasic trend with an initial rise, a dip, and a final increase. The vitamin C (Vc) content varied across cultivars. Functional active substances displayed dynamic changes. The total phenolics initially decreased, then increased, before ultimately declining again. The total flavonoid content varied by both cultivar and harvest time. The phenolic acid and flavonoid content mirrored the trends observed for total phenolics and total flavonoids. Gastrodin was the most abundant non-flavonoid compound across all varieties. "Wuzhi No. 2" and "Baiyuzhan" displayed higher levels of functional active substances and starch, while the Elian series and "Xinsanwu" cultivar exhibited a greater content of Vc, soluble sugar, and soluble protein. Specific harvest periods yielded optimal results: "Wuzhi No. 2" (H1 and H5), "Huaqilian" (H2), and "Baiyuzhan" (H3 and H4) demonstrated a high nutrient and functional active substance content. Overall, the lotus roots harvested in period H4 achieved the highest score. Overall, this study provides the foothold for the rapid identification of superior lotus root cultivars and the valorization of lotus root by-products via advanced processing methods. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for market participants and consumers to select optimal varieties and harvest times based on their specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lotus root is one of the most popular food products in the stem of the lotus plant in Asia areas. Mechanical excavators of lotus roots can be expected to save the cost and labor intensity. However, the existing track float self-propelled excavator cannot fully meet the large-scale production, due to the large overall weight. There are also some difficulties in climbing, turning, and slipping vehicles in the field. In this study, the skid support device was designed to treat the high driving resistance and excess sinking of the crawler float-type excavator of lotus root. The device was installed on both sides of the chassis and hydraulically driven up and down to adjust the position. The gravity of the whole machine was supported to reduce the grounding pressure and sinking depth of the crawler. The passability was also improved as well. The driving performance of the crawler float-type excavator chassis was evaluated after the skid support device was added. The chassis of the crawler float-type excavator was taken as the research object. A new model was also established for the driving resistance and tractive force of the chassis. Theoretical analysis was conducted on the extrusion force between the soil and the ground surface at the front of the skid. The sliding-cutting angle α and milter angle φ were determined to be the main structural parameters of the driving resistance. A skid scale model was constructed for the one-third of original size. The single-factor simulation was carried out using the driving speed and sinking depth in EDEM software. A systematic investigation was made on the influence of sliding-cutting angle α, milter angle φ, driving speed v and sinking depth on the forward resistance. The results showed that the forward resistance decreased with the increase of slip angle α, and milter angle φ, whereas, there was an increase with the increase of driving speed v, and sinking depth. The box-Behnken test was also carried out to explore the influence of slipcutting angle, milter angle and forward speed on forward resistance. The influencing factors were taken as the sliding-cutting angle α, milter angle φ, and driving speed v, while the forward resistance was the response index. It was found that the driving speed v shared a very significant effect on the forward resistance (P＜0.01). The significant effect of sliding-cutting angle α, milter angle φ, and the square term v2 of driving speed v on the advancing resistance (0.01＜ P＜ 0.05). The optimal combination of parameters was obtained for the skid structure. Specifically, the least forward resistance was achieved, when the sliding-cutting angle α was 40°, the milter angle φ was 70° and the driving speed v was 0.1 m/s. Correspondingly, the forward resistances were 66.09 and 82.28 N in the simulation and soil bin test, respectively. The soil bin test showed that the skid driving speed and sinking depth had very significant effects on the skid forward resistance (P＜0.01). The skid driving speed and sinking depth were also proportional to the forward resistance, indicating the consistence with the simulation. The field test was carried out on the crawler float-type excavator before and after the skid support device. The resistance torque of the driving motor was reduced by 6.51%, which were 182.15 and 170.30 N·m, respectively. The sinking depth of the chassis was 178.1 and 164.5 mm, respectively, which were reduced by 7.64% than before. The performance of the excavator was outstandingly improved after adding the skid support device. This finding can provide a strong reference for the walking device of the ground machine system in paddy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotus root chips were prepared using five different methods (freeze-drying, microwaving, air-frying, oil-frying, and oven-baking), and their quality characteristics, bioactive substance content, and antioxidant activity were determined. The amount of acrylamide generated during manufacturing was determined. The proximate content of the chips varied depending on the manufacturing method. Based on color determination, lightness was highest in freeze-dried chips and lowest in oven-baked chips. Oil-fried chips had the highest redness, yellowness, and browning index. The total polyphenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities were the highest in freeze-dried chips and the lowest in oven-baked chips. Air-fried chips had the highest (746.92 µg/g) acrylamide content, while freeze-dried chips had the lowest (1.82 µg/g). Compared to other methods, freeze-drying retained the maximum bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity, leading to the lowest acrylamide formation. These findings highlight a suitable method and provide basic data for future lotus root chip manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Starch extracted from ten lotus root varieties (Yeyong, MRHZ, Zhonghua, Suiningbaiou, Zaohua, Meirenhong, E9:11, Huchengyeou, Peixianyeou, Xin No. 5) from Jiangsu Province, China, were studied. The structural characteristics of lotus root starch were analyzed based on its physical and chemical properties, particle structure, crystal structure, layered structure, thermal properties and gel properties. The lotus root starches were generally milky white, with a starch content ranging from 81.72 to 99.54%, amylose content ranging from 15.44 to 23.54%, light transmittance between 15.30 and 26.90%, and swelling power and solubility at 22.15–29.72% and 2.00–6.00%, respectively. Among the varieties, “Suiningbaiou” had the whitest starch, while “Meirenhong” and “Suiningbaiou” had higher starch contents. “Huchengyeou” had the lowest amylose content, and “Zhonghua” showed the highest light transmittance. “Yeyong” and “Zaohua” had higher solubility, whereas “Zhonghua” had the highest swelling power. An optical, polarizing and scanning electron microscope revealed that most of the lotus starch was oval. However, starch from “Zhonghua”, “E9:11”, “Peixianyeou” and “Zaohua” was longer, whereas starch from “Meirenhong”, “MRHZ”, “Huchengyeou”, “Yeyong”, “Suiningbaiou” and “Xin No.5” was shorter. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated that “Zaohua” starch exhibited type A crystallization, while starch from the other varieties displayed type CA crystallization, with a relative crystallinity between 18.27 and 22.10%; “Huchengyeou” and “Yeyong” had higher crystallinity. Infrared spectroscopy and small-angle X diffraction analysis showed similar results for short-range order and lamella spacing. The thermal and gel properties of starch from the ten lotus root varieties also varied. The enthalpy change values of “Xin No.5” and “Yeyong” were higher, and starch from “Yeyong” and “Huchengyeou” showed a greater gel strength. Finally, factor score analysis ranked the starch quality of the top four lotus root varieties in Jiangsu as “Suiningbaiou”, “Yeyong”, “Huchengyeou”, and “Zaohua”.

Nine varieties of lotus root (Suining, Xinhe, Zaohua, Zhonghua, L0014, L0013, Cuiyu, L0011, and Zhenzhu) were selected as the research materials to compare their differences in physical, chemical, and starch characteristics before and after boiling, frying, and microwaving. The results showed that Zhenzhu, Xinhe, L0013, Cuiyu, and Zhonghua belong to the crispy lotus root type, while L0011, L0014, Zaohua, and Suining belong to the powdery lotus root type. Furthermore, the nine varieties were characterized for their starch by optical micrograph (OM), polarized micrograph (PM), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon-13 cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The starch granule of powdery lotus root appeared to be larger than that of crispy lotus, and ATR-FTIR studies revealed that the outer layer of starch granules from nine different varieties of lotus root had a highly organized structure. Moreover, XRD and 13C CP/MAS NMR analyses revealed that starch from eight lotus varieties (Suining, Xinhe, Zaohua, Zhonghua, L0014, L0013, Cuiyu, L0011) belong to the A-crystal type, while starch from Zhenzhu belongs to the CA-crystal type. The starch from powdery lotus root exhibited higher crystallinity, as well as increased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy, indicating that its crystal structure was relatively superior compared to that of crispy lotus starch. The short-range order degree, crystallinity, gelatinization temperature, and heat enthalpy of lotus starch decreased after boiling and frying but increased to varying extents after microwaving. Additionally, the heat resistance and stability of starch particles from crispy lotus root were improved after microwave treatment.

Using swine manure biochar and biogas slurry in agriculture proves to be an effective strategy for soil improvement and fertilization. In this study, a pot trial on the growth of lotus root was conducted to investigate the persistent effects of applying 350°C swine manure biochar (1% and 2%) and biogas slurry (50% and 100%) on soil nitrogen nutrient and lotus root quality. The results showed that compared to chemical fertilizer alone (A0B0), swine manure biochar significantly increased soil nitrogen content after one year of application. The contents of total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AHN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 + −N) increased by 17.96% to 20.73%, 14.05% to 64.71%, 17.76% to 48.68% and 2.22% to 8.47%, respectively, during the rooting period. When swine manure biochar was present, the application of biogas slurry further elevated soil nitrogen content. The co-application of swine manure biochar and biogas slurry significantly increased soil nitrogen content, and the 100% nitrogen replacement with biogas slurry combined with 2% swine manure biochar (A2B2) treatment exhibited the most significant enhancement effect during whole plant growth periods. Soil enzyme activities, including soil protease (NPT), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), b-glucosidase (β-GC) and dehydrogenase (DHA), showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with the prolongation of lotus root fertility period, reaching the maximum value during the rooting period. Compared to A0B0, the treatment with 2% swine manure biochar had the most significant effect on enzyme activities and increased the lotus root’s protein, soluble sugar, and starch contents. Nitrate content decreased with the application of 2% swine manure biochar as the amount of biogas slurry increased. In conclusion, swine manure biochar effectively improved soil nitrogen content, enzyme activity, and lotus root quality. Even after one year of application, 2% swine manure biochar had the best enhancement effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]3− −N) increased by 17.96% to 20.73%, 14.05% to 64.71%, 17.76% to 48.68% and 2.22% to 8.47%, respectively, during the rooting period. When swine manure biochar was present, the application of biogas slurry further elevated soil nitrogen content. The co-application of swine manure biochar and biogas slurry significantly increased soil nitrogen content, and the 100% nitrogen replacement with biogas slurry combined with 2% swine manure biochar (A2B2) treatment exhibited the most significant enhancement effect during whole plant growth periods. Soil enzyme activities, including soil protease (NPT), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), b-glucosidase (β-GC) and dehydrogenase (DHA), showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with the prolongation of lotus root fertility period, reaching the maximum value during the rooting period. Compared to A0B0, the treatment with 2% swine manure biochar had the most significant effect on enzyme activities and increased the lotus root’s protein, soluble sugar, and starch contents. Nitrate content decreased with the application of 2% swine manure biochar as the amount of biogas slurry increased. In conclusion, swine manure biochar effectively improved soil nitrogen content, enzyme activity, and lotus root quality. Even after one year of application, 2% swine manure biochar had the best enhancement effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to identify high‐risk factors and mitigation strategies for acrylamide formation in air‐fried lotus root chips by studying the impact of various cooking parameters, including temperature, time, presoaking, and pre‐seasoning treatments. The temperature and time had a surprisingly high impact on acrylamide formation. The chips prepared at high temperatures with longer cooking times contained an extremely high acrylamide content, reaching 12,786 ng/g (e.g., 170°C/19 min). A particularly concerning discovery was that the chips with extremely high acrylamide content (up to 17 times higher than the EU benchmark level for potato chips) did not appear overcooked or taste burnt. Higher cooking temperatures required shorter cooking times to properly cook lotus root chips for consumption. A high temperature with a short cooking time (170°C/13 min) greatly benefited acrylamide reduction compared to low temperature with a long cooking time (150°C/19 min). Presoaking in a 0.1% acetic acid solution and pre‐seasoning with 1% salt reduced acrylamide levels by 61% and 47%, respectively. However, presoaking in water, vinegar solution, and citric acid solution did not significantly decrease the acrylamide content in the chips. Furthermore, some seasonings significantly increased acrylamide levels (up to 7.4 times higher). For the first time, these findings underscore the high risks associated with air‐frying lotus root chips without considering these factors. This study also provides proper air‐frying parameters and pretreatment strategies for minimizing acrylamide formation in air‐fried lotus chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the impact of raw materials and heat treatment on the processing quality of lotus root whole powder, different varieties and different growth periods of lotus root were selected, and the effects of steam heating at 100 $ and 120 $ on product color, sugar content, digestion characteristics, thermodynamic properties and gelatiniza- tion characteristics were investigated. The results revealed variations in nutrient composition and digestive characteristics among different cultivars and growth stages of lotus root. Heat treatment led to changes in the qualities of whole powder. Especially, total starch content decreased by 2.48%-18.41%, with an increase in the ratio of fast digestible starch by 19.06%-34.56%, slow digestible starch by 28.66%-57.70%, while resistant starch decreased by 48.56%-87.21%. Digestion patterns for saccharides altered significantly, resulting in a rise in total release amount of reducing sugar by 14.05% -93.78%. The initial, peak and termination temperatures of gelatinization significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the valley viscosity and final viscosity of high pressure heating powder also significantly decreased (P<0.05). Heat treatment significantly influenced nutritional characteristics and flushing characteristics of lotus root powder; these findings can serve as valuable references for controlling its processing quality: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-derived carbon materials are widely studied and used in energy storage applications. Unfortunately, the disadvantages such as poor capacity and rate performance limit their development. Heteroatom doping can effectively improve the electrochemical properties of biomass-derived carbon materials. In this work, we designed and prepared environmentally friendly and cost-effective biomass (lotus root)-derived nitrogen-phosphorus (N–P) double-doped porous carbon spheres. When used as an anode material for a lithium-ion battery, the porous carbon spheres exhibited excellent stability performance (a reversible capacity of 739.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 599.16 mAh g−1 after 215 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, respectively) and superior rate performance (a capacity of 187.22 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) due to the synergy of the heteroatomic doping and the layered porous spherical structure. The novel biomass-derived material based on N–P double-doped porous carbon spheres can serve as a cost-effective option for anode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Besides, an "adsorption-pore filling/intercalation" hybrid mechanism is proposed to understand the possible principle for superior lithium storage performance based on CV, ex-situ Raman and XRD results. [Display omitted] • N–P double-doped biomass porous carbon microspheres (LRNP) were prepared. • LRNP has excellent cycle capacity and rate performance for LIB application. • "Adsorption-pore filling/intercalation" mechanism of LRNP is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, lotus root-carbon aerogel (LR-CA) was successfully synthesized using facile hydrothermal, freeze-drying, and pyrolysis methods. Herein, under various calcination conditions, the lotus root-carbon aerogel-nitrogen (LR-CAN) materials maintained the three-dimensional structure with a well-developed hierarchical pore structure. Besides, LR-CAN materials also showed excellent adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin (CIP) under specific conditions: 0.4 g/L catalyst, 50 mg/L CIP concentration, and pH 7 with removal efficiency and adsorption capacity reaching 97.1% and 241.1 mg/g, respectively. Notably, the presence of interfering salts (NaCl, KCl, and Na2SO4) minimally affected the CIP adsorption capacity of the material and demonstrated stable performance after five reuse cycles, albeit with a slight decrease in adsorption capacity from 242.2 to 200.9 mg/g. Moreover, the LR-CAN exhibited the highest adsorption capacity with chloroform, n-hexane, and used cooking oil at 27.1, 21.0, and 14.3 g/g, respectively. In addition, the LR-CAN performed outstanding electrochemical properties with the CV curve achieving the rectangular area and specific capacitance calculated from the GCD method reaching the maximum at 292.3 F/g at the current density of 3 A/g. In addition, the ability to maintain stable capacitance after 500 cycles, retaining an efficiency of 80.1%. These findings highlight the potential of environmentally friendly CA materials in effectively treating antibiotic pollutants and their promising application in supercapacitor electrode fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the status of heavy metal pollution in lotus root samples in Shandong Province and to assess the health risk. Methods A total of 1 927 lotus root samples were collected by stratified random sampling method in 16 cities of Shandong Province. According to GB 5009.2682016, r Determination of Multi 一 elements in Food, r and GB 5009. 172014 H Determination of Total Mercury and Organic Mercury in Food, r, the contents of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in lotus root were determined and analyzed. The pollution index method was used to assess the pollution status of heavy metals in lotus roots, and the target hazard coefficient method and total target hazard coefficient method were used to quantitatively assess the health risks of heavy metals in lotus root to human health. Results The four heavy metals in lotus root in Shandong Province were detected to varying degrees. The average values of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic were 0. 017 4, 0. 004 6, 0. 001 8, and 0. 029 9 mg/kg, respectively. A total of 42 samples exceeding the standard were collected from 1 927 samples in this study, with an overall eligibility rate of 97. 82%. The pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of the four heavy metals in lotus root were all lower than 0. 7. The THQ and TTHQ values of the four heavy metals in adults and children were all less than 1. Conclusion The overall level of heavy metals in lotus roots in Shandong Province is relatively low. The health risks caused by heavy metals exposed by residents consuming lotus root are at an acceptable level, so it is suggested to continuously monitor the level of heavy metals in lotus root and evaluate its health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of different ultrasonic enhancement methods on the quality characteristics of dried lotus root in heat pumps. Methods: The effects of US, CU, and USOD on the drying characteristics, appearance color, microstructure, texture characteristics, nutritional quality and antioxidant characteristics of the lotus root heat pump during the drying process were investigated. Ultrasonic (US), direct contact ultrasound (CU), USOD and heat pump drying (HPD) were treated in series and parallel. The coefficient of variation method was used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of lotus root dried by different ultrasonic enhancement methods. Results: US, CU and USOD treatments had positive effects on the HPD speed of lotus roots. The brightness (L*), polysaccharide content, and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of lotus root obtained by USOD-HPD were the best, which were 77.98, 51.68 mg/g, and 45.94%, respectively. US-HPD treatment can better retain the content of flavonoids and vitamin C in lotus root. HPD lotus root had the highest polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging. The comprehensive evaluation results of the coefficient of variation method showed that the USOD-HPD lotus root had the best quality. Conclusion: The combined drying method of USOD-HPD can effectively improve the quality of lotus root.

This study investigated the impact of variety and harvest time on the visual appearance, nutritional quality, and functional active substances of six lotus root cultivars: “Xinsanwu”, “Wuzhi No. 2”, “Baiyuzhan”, “Huaqilian”, “Elian No. 6”, and “Elian No. 5”. Samples were collected monthly from December 2023 to April 2024. A nutrient analysis revealed a decrease in the water content with a delayed harvest. The total soluble solids and soluble sugar content peaked towards the end and middle-to-late harvest periods, respectively. Starch levels initially increased before declining, while the soluble protein exhibited a triphasic trend with an initial rise, a dip, and a final increase. The vitamin C (Vc) content varied across cultivars. Functional active substances displayed dynamic changes. The total phenolics initially decreased, then increased, before ultimately declining again. The total flavonoid content varied by both cultivar and harvest time. The phenolic acid and flavonoid content mirrored the trends observed for total phenolics and total flavonoids. Gastrodin was the most abundant non-flavonoid compound across all varieties. “Wuzhi No. 2” and “Baiyuzhan” displayed higher levels of functional active substances and starch, while the Elian series and “Xinsanwu” cultivar exhibited a greater content of Vc, soluble sugar, and soluble protein. Specific harvest periods yielded optimal results: “Wuzhi No. 2” (H1 and H5), “Huaqilian” (H2), and “Baiyuzhan” (H3 and H4) demonstrated a high nutrient and functional active substance content. Overall, the lotus roots harvested in period H4 achieved the highest score. Overall, this study provides the foothold for the rapid identification of superior lotus root cultivars and the valorization of lotus root by-products via advanced processing methods. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for market participants and consumers to select optimal varieties and harvest times based on their specific needs.

Lotus root is a popular traditional Chinese food of great economic and nutritional significance, which has different qualities, characteristics, and commercial value from various regions due to the climate and growing environment. Therefore, it is essential and urgent to establish an accurate and effective method to trace the geographical origins of lotus roots. This study combined mineral element analysis and multivariate statistical analysis to discriminate the origins of 147 lotus root samples from different production regions of China. The concentrations of 15 elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, chemometric techniques, including ANOVA, principal component analysis and stepwise linear discriminant analysis were utilized to identify the geographical origin of lotus roots. The results showed that the levels of the 15 elements were significantly different by ANOVA. The study indicates that stepwise linear discriminant analysis yielded an average discrimination rate of 99.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The traditional way of harvesting lotus root consumes a lot of labor and has low harvesting efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the automated harvesting device of lotus root. And the physical and mechanical properties of lotus root are crucial for the design of harvesting device. In this study, the mechanical properties of "Baoying Beauty Red" and "E-Lian No.7" lotus roots in different positions were tested by compression, bending and tensile methods. The results showed that the mechanical properties of "Baoying Beauty Red" were better than those of "E-Lian No.7", which were not easy to be damaged during harvesting, and the minimum compressive strength of "Baoying Beauty Red" was 4.04 MPa, the minimum bending force of lotus root breakage was 97 N, and the minimum tensile force was 182.73 N.

Lotus roots are widely consumed vegetables because of their great taste and abundant nutrients, but their quality varies with the environments and cultivar. This study systematically compared farinose (Elian No. 5) and crisp (Elian No. 6) lotus root cultivars from three geographical origins. Pasting and texture characteristics verified that Elian No. 5 possessed lower hardness and lower ability to withstand shear stress and heating during cooking compared with Elian No. 6. Untargeted metabolite profiling was first performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with a Zeno trap. In total, 188 metabolites were identified based on the matching chemistry database. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that lotus roots from different cultivars and origins could be adequately distinguished. Sixty-one differential metabolites were identified among three Elian No. 5 samples, and 28 were identified among three Elian No. 6 samples. Isoscopoletin, scopoletin, and paprazine were the most differential metabolites between Elian No. 5 and Elian No. 6. These results can inform future research on the discrimination and utilization of lotus roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the texture and flavor of lotus root were determined before and after boiling, steaming and frying. Compared to fresh lotus root, all three kinds of cooking decreased the hardness and springiness, and frying significantly enhanced the gumminess, chewiness and cohesiveness. The flavor components, such as flavor amino acids, nucleotides and their taste character in lotus roots, were determined by liquid chromatography and electronic tongue. The amino acids and nucleotide contents of fresh lotus root were 20.9 and 0.07 μg/kg, respectively. The content of flavor substances in lotus roots decreased obviously, and the texture characteristics decreased after boiling and steaming. After deep-frying for 2 min, the free amino acids and nucleotide contents of lotus root were 32.09 and 0.85 μg/kg, respectively, which were the highest in all cooking methods. The contents of volatile flavor components and their smell character in lotus roots were determined by GC-MS and electronic nose. There were 58 kinds of flavor compounds identified in fresh lotus root, mainly alcohols, esters and olefins. The total amount of volatile flavor compounds decreased, and new compounds, such as benzene derivatives, were produced in lotus roots after boiling and steaming. After deep-frying, the content of volatile flavor compounds in lotus root increased significantly, especially the aldehyde volatile flavor compounds. The production of pyran, pyrazine and pyridine volatile flavor compounds made the lotus root flavor unique and delicious. The taste and smell character of lotus roots before and after cooking were effectively separated by an electronic tongue, nose and PCA analysis; the results suggested the boiled lotus root exhibited the most natural and characteristic taste and smell among the four groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the functional applications of lotus root polysaccharides (LRPs), the effects of noncovalent polyphenol binding on their physicochemical properties, as well as antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, were investigated. Ferulic acid (FA) and chlorogenic acid (CHA) were spontaneously bound to the LRP to prepare the complexes LRP-FA1, LRP-FA2, LRP-FA3, LRP-CHA1, LRP-CHA2 and LRP-CHA3, and their mass ratios of polyphenol to LRP were, respectively, 121.57, 61.18, 34.79, 2359.58, 1276.71 and 545.08 mg/g. Using the physical mixture of the LRP and polyphenols as a control, the noncovalent interaction between them in the complexes was confirmed by ultraviolet and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The interaction increased their average molecular weights by 1.11~2.27 times compared to the LRP. The polyphenols enhanced the antioxidant capacity and macrophage-stimulating activity of the LRP depending on their binding amount. Particularly, the DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP antioxidant ability were positively related to the FA binding amount but negatively related to the CHA binding amount. The NO production of the macrophages stimulated by the LRP was inhibited by the co-incubation with free polyphenols; however, the inhibition was eliminated by the noncovalent binding. The complexes could stimulate the NO production and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion more effectively than the LRP. The noncovalent binding of polyphenols may be an innovative strategy for the structural and functional modification of natural polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that the shortage of water resources is one of the most serious global challenges. Steam generation via the solar system is one of the effective alternative ways that received significant interest in the last years to obtain clean water. Photothermal materials have received particular interest in this field; however, they suffer drawbacks, mainly high cost and poor energy efficiency, durability, and salt resistance. In this study, we selected carbonized lotus root as an alternative cheap photothermal material-hydrophilic functional groups with complete and abundant channels via freeze-drying technology. The carbonized lotus root has been prepared at different temperatures, and its ability in steam production has been investigated. The steam generation from seawater and with various NaCl added ratios has been examined via a solar simulator. The results showed that carbonized lotus root prepared at 900°C has a three-dimensional porous structure, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and evaporation performance in seawater and salt solution. The water evaporation rates for pure water, 1.4% NaCl, and 4.1% NaCl solutions are 0.90, 0.85, and 0.83 kg m−2 h−1, respectively. The ratio of the photothermal conversion is 61.3%, 58%, and 56% under 1 kW m−2 illumination. It has a certain guiding significance for the subsequent practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate bird damage to lotus roots, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Proteales: Nelumbonaceae), we collected 170 damaged roots from eight flooded lotus fields around Lake Kasumigaura. There were 258 samples of feeding marks, so-called "duck damage," and 41 samples of disease damage. The shapes of the feeding marks were categorized into seven types: touch, sharp-peck, shallow-scoop, deep-scoop, boat, cross-section, and eat-up. We experimentally placed the lotus roots in a post-harvest lotus field and confirmed six types, excluding shallow-scoop, from our observation of the leftovers eaten by Eurasian Coots, Fulica atra L. ( Gruiformes: Rallidae), and Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos L. (Anseriformes: Anatidae) . To compare the shape of the damage with bill size, we tested on crows in captivity. While scars caused by numerous pecks impeded the identification of the suspect species, the width of a single sharp-peck by Eurasian Coots or Large-billed Crows, Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler (Passeriformes: Corvidae), matched their bill width. In the mud of the lotus fields, the color around the feeding marks changed to purple-black after a couple of days, but the shapes did not change and differed from disease damage. Therefore, damaged roots claimed as "duck damage" were caused by ducks and coots' feeding, and a single sharp-peck can be identified as being caused by coots' pecking action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swelling is a common phenomenon in the vacuum packaging of lotus root during shelf life. This study determined the primary microbial species responsible for the swelling of vacuum-packaged lotus root firstly, then, the effect of 2,3-butanedione (0.125 and 0.250 g L−1) on the swelling and quality changes of lotus root were observed. The results showed that aerogens, such as Acetobacter, Enterobacter, and Aeromonas , were the primary microorganisms responsible for vacuuming lotus root bag swelling. 0.250 g L−1 of 2,3-butanedione showed the greatest inhibitory effect on lotus root bag swelling. Furthermore, the application of 2,3-butanedione treatment could delay the appearance quality and nutritional value deterioration of the lotus root, as well as avoid rancidity and preserve the smell of the root. These findings suggest that 2,3-butanedione treatment has potential practical applications in controlling bag swelling and preserving lotus roots in vacuum packaging. • Main microorganism caused swelling in vacuum-packed lotus root is Aeromonas. • 2,3-Butanedione delayed the swelling of the vacuum-packed lotus root bag. • Aldehydes and alcohols are the sources of the bad odor of lotus root. • 2,3-Butanedione maintained a better quality of lotus root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin wounds, prevalent and fraught with complications, significantly impact individuals and society. Wound healing encounters numerous obstacles, such as excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and impaired angiogenesis, thus promoting the development of chronic wound. Traditional clinical interventions like hemostasis, debridement, and surgery face considerable challenges, including the risk of secondary infections. While therapies designed to scavenge excess ROS and enhance proangiogenic properties have shown effectiveness in wound healing, their clinical adoption is hindered by high costs, complex manufacturing processes, and the potential for allergic reactions. Lotus root, distinguished by its natural micro and macro porous architecture, exhibits significant promise as a tissue engineering scaffold. This study introduced a novel scaffold based on hybridization of lotus root-inspired and Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA), verified with satisfactory physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidative capabilities and proangiogenic abilities. In vivo tests employing a full-thickness wound model revealed that these scaffolds notably enhanced micro vessel formation and collagen remodeling within the wound bed, thus accelerating the healing process. Given the straightforward accessibility of lotus roots and the cost-effective production of the scaffolds, the novel scaffolds with ROS scavenging, pro-angiogenesis and re-epithelialization abilities are anticipated to have clinical applicability for various chronic wounds. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the impact of heating on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of lotus root, a comparative analysis was conducted between its heated and unheated whole powders. The whole powder of heated lotus root (HLRWP) exhibited a higher level of total soluble sugars but a lower level of free phenolic compounds compared to the whole powder of fresh lotus root (FLRWP). Meanwhile, they showed significant differences in metabolite composition encompassing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins and lipids. The replacement of sugar and corn in the medium with 25% HLRWP effectively enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (total superoxide dismutase and catalase), while reducing malonaldehyde content in Drosophila melanogaster males. The average, median and maximum lifespans of the fruit flies were extended by 35.90%, 23.49% and 24.00% respectively, accompanied by an improvement in climbing ability. Additionally, their resistance to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or paraquat was enhanced. The antioxidant capacity of HLRWP in vivo was found to be obviously stronger compared to FLRWP, which may have a crucial association with the regulation of L-arginine and adenosine monophosphate levels. The results indicate that heating can enhance the nutritional quality of lotus root products by strengthening their antioxidant capacity. • Lotus root prolongs the lifespan of fruit flies by antioxidant mechanism. • Heating is beneficial to enhance the antioxidant effect of lotus root in Drosophila. • Its mechanism is related to the mTOR signaling pathway and amino acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotus root (LR) is prone to browning after harvest due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds by polyphenol oxidase (PPO). This study compared the effects of LR extract and BLR extract on cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. Our findings highlighted the innovative potentiality of BLR extract in effectively regulating cholesterol metabolism via inhibiting the intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling pathway and boosting probiotics in gut microbiota, offering valuable insights for hypercholesterolemia and metabolic disorders. In detail, catechin was the main phenolic compound in LR, while after browning, theaflavin was the main oxidation product of phenolic compounds in BLR. Both the intake of LR extract and BLR extract regulated the disorder of cholesterol metabolism induced by HFD. In particular, BLR extract intake exhibited more robust effects on increasing the BAs contents synthesized in the liver and excreted in feces compared with LR extract intake. Furthermore, the consumption of BLR extract was more effective than that of LR extract in reducing the ileal protein expressions of FXR and FGF15 and shifting BAs biosynthesis from the classical pathway to the alternative pathway. Moreover, LR extract and BLR extract had distinct effects on the gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice: BLR extract significantly elevated probiotics Akkermansia abundance, while LR extract increased Lactobacillus abundance. Therefore, both LR extract and BLR extract improved the cholesterol deposition effectively and BLR extract even showed a stronger effect on regulating key gene and protein expressions of cholesterol metabolism.

ObjectivesLotus root (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) is a common medicinal-food dual-use vegetable. In this study, the effects of lotus root extract on acute alcoholism were investigated.MethodsThe Walle-Hoch method was used to determine the ADH activity of lotus root extracts in vitro. Lotus root methanol extract were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolomics analysis. Then 109 active ingredients with achievable oral doses and drug-like properties were explored using the TCMSP platform. SwissTargetPrediction Database to predict lotus root treatment targets for acute alcoholismSTRING database (https://www.string-db.org/) was used to construct protein-protein interaction network graphs. Gene ontology (GO) functional, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of genes common to lotus root and alcoholism by Metascap database. Molecular docking simulations were performed using AutoDock 1.5.6 software. Animal experiments verified the relieving effect of lotus root extract on acute alcoholism after intervention.ResultsResults indicated the methanol extract of lotus root showed the highest activation rate of ethanol dehydrogenase in vitro (18.87%). The 433 compounds of lotus root methanol extract were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolomics analysis. Bioinformatics analysis indicate that there were 224 intersectioning targets between lotus root extract and acute alcoholism. KEGG enrichment analysised shows that lotus root extract may play a role in treating acute alcoholism by intervening with the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis found that HSP90AA1, MAPK1 and STAT3 played a key role in lotus root extract-modulated PPI networks. Molecular docking showed that (7R, 8S)-dihydrodihydrodipine cypressol had the best binding ability with MAPK1. Experiments in mice indicate that lotus root extract improved the activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), increase glutathione (GSH) and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, decrease glutamate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the serum of mice with acute alcoholism, and accelerate the metabolic rate of alcohol after drinking. This study reveals the mechanism of lotus root to alleviate acute alcoholism, which provides a basis for further research on functional foods using lotus root and offers new possibilities for the treatment of acute alcoholism.ConclusionsThe results of the current study showed that the methanolic extract of lotus root had the highest activation rate of ethanol dehydrogenase. Network pharmacology results suggest that lotus root extract may play a role in the treatment of alcoholism by regulating signaling pathways, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, as well as biological processes, such as regulation of secretion, regulation of ion transport, response to lipopolysaccharides, and response to alcohol. Animal experiments confirmed the therapeutic effect of lotus root on acute alcoholism mechanistically through activation of alcohol catabolic enzyme, reduction of oxidative stress and protection of liver function.

In this study, the synthesis parameters of the lotus root polysaccharide iron complex (LRPF) were determined and optimized by response surface methodology. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the pH of the solution was 9, the ratio of M (trisodium citrate): m (lotus root polysaccharide) was 0.45, the reaction time was 3 h. UV spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, CD, and NMR were used for the characterization of the LRPF. LRPF has good stability and easily releases iron ions under artificial gastrointestinal conditions. LRPF exhibited antioxidant activity in vitro and can significantly improve the antioxidant activity in vivo. In addition, LRPF has a good effect in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in model mice, impacts the gut microbiome, and reduces the iron deficiency-induced perniciousness by regulating steroid hormone biosynthesis. Therefore, LRPF can be used as a nutritional supplement to treat and prevent iron-deficiency anemia and improve human immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When being used as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), environmental friendly and easily available biomass‐derived carbon materials often suffer from complex preparation conditions, underdeveloped pore structures and relatively low circulation capacities. In this context, three novel biomass‐derived porous carbon materials including LRK‐6, LRK‐7 and LRK‐8 sourced from lotus roots are activated and carbonized by a simple method. The prepared material has a three‐dimensional honeycomb structure. The effects of carbonization temperature on the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the material are investigated in detail. Owing to its high specific surface area (831.017 m2 g−1), appropriate microporous content (0.217 cm3 g−1) and the highest mesopore capacity (0.325 cm3 g−1) together with suitable doping of N and O atoms, the as‐optimized LRK‐7 material shows a reversible specific capacity of 725.25 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 614.60 mAh g−1 after 223 cycles at 0.3 A g−1. Besides, LRK‐7 material also exhibits high rate performance, achieving a capacity of 153.5 mAh g−1 at 9.0 A g−1. The results verify that the application of LRK‐7 as a potential anode material in the LIB will embrace a bright future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of high labor intensity of a traditional pontoon lotus root machine with manual pushing operation, a riding pontoon digging lotus root machine was proposed in this paper. The working principle of the digging machine was introduced, the key components were designed, and the buoyancy of the pontoon was calculated and analyzed. The performance of the digging machine was tested in a lotus root pond, the lotus root digging rate was 76%, and hydraulic flushing generated by the digging machine can disperse the soil within 30 cm under water. In addition, the best flushing effect was achieved when the number of working nozzles was controlled to three. Finally, according to the test results, the optimization measures of the hydraulic lotus root digging machine were proposed, and the CFD-DEM coupled simulation model was used to simulate and analyze the soil disturbance effect of hydraulic flushing upward from the bottom of the lotus root. The results showed the relationship between nozzle diameter, angle and hydraulic flushing depth. When the nozzle angle was fixed, the soil disturbance effect decreased with increasing flushing depth and increased with decreasing nozzle diameter. When the nozzle depth was fixed, both the diameter and the angle had a significant effect on the soil disturbance effect. When the nozzle diameter was fixed, the interaction of angle and depth had no significant effect on the soil disturbance effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lotus roots are widely consumed vegetables because of their great taste and abundant nutrients, but their quality varies with the environments and cultivar. This study systematically compared farinose (Elian No. 5) and crisp (Elian No. 6) lotus root cultivars from three geographical origins. Pasting and texture characteristics verified that Elian No. 5 possessed lower hardness and lower ability to withstand shear stress and heating during cooking compared with Elian No. 6. Untargeted metabolite profiling was first performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with a Zeno trap. In total, 188 metabolites were identified based on the matching chemistry database. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that lotus roots from different cultivars and origins could be adequately distinguished. Sixty-one differential metabolites were identified among three Elian No. 5 samples, and 28 were identified among three Elian No. 6 samples. Isoscopoletin, scopoletin, and paprazine were the most differential metabolites between Elian No. 5 and Elian No. 6. These results can inform future research on the discrimination and utilization of lotus roots.

This study explores the impact of postharvest storage temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C) on starch metabolism and textural attributes of glutinous lotus root. While starch metabolism is a well-known factor influencing texture, changes in powdery and sticky qualities have remained unexplored. Our research reveals that storing lotus roots at 4 °C delays water dissipation, amylopectin reduction, and the decline in textural elements such as hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and resilience. Lower temperatures postpone amylopectin reduction and sugar interconversion, thereby preserving the sticky texture. Additionally, they suppress starch formation, delay starch metabolism, and elevate the expression of genes involved in starch metabolism. The correlation between gene expression and root texture indicates the critical role of gene regulation in enzyme activity during storage. Overall, low-temperature storage extends lotus root preservation by regulating metabolite content, enzyme activities, and the corresponding genes involved in starch metabolism, preserving both intrinsic and external root quality. • Lower temperatures sustained the sticky texture of glutinous lotus roots. • Lower temperatures delayed water loss in glutinous lotus root tissues. • Lower temperatures postponed amylopectin reduction and sugar interconversion. • Lower temperatures inhibited starch metabolism enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the texture and flavor of lotus root were determined before and after boiling, steaming and frying. Compared to fresh lotus root, all three kinds of cooking decreased the hardness and springiness, and frying significantly enhanced the gumminess, chewiness and cohesiveness. The flavor components, such as flavor amino acids, nucleotides and their taste character in lotus roots, were determined by liquid chromatography and electronic tongue. The amino acids and nucleotide contents of fresh lotus root were 20.9 and 0.07 μg/kg, respectively. The content of flavor substances in lotus roots decreased obviously, and the texture characteristics decreased after boiling and steaming. After deep-frying for 2 min, the free amino acids and nucleotide contents of lotus root were 32.09 and 0.85 μg/kg, respectively, which were the highest in all cooking methods. The contents of volatile flavor components and their smell character in lotus roots were determined by GC-MS and electronic nose. There were 58 kinds of flavor compounds identified in fresh lotus root, mainly alcohols, esters and olefins. The total amount of volatile flavor compounds decreased, and new compounds, such as benzene derivatives, were produced in lotus roots after boiling and steaming. After deep-frying, the content of volatile flavor compounds in lotus root increased significantly, especially the aldehyde volatile flavor compounds. The production of pyran, pyrazine and pyridine volatile flavor compounds made the lotus root flavor unique and delicious. The taste and smell character of lotus roots before and after cooking were effectively separated by an electronic tongue, nose and PCA analysis; the results suggested the boiled lotus root exhibited the most natural and characteristic taste and smell among the four groups.

Lotus root is a traditional food ingredient used primarily in Asia and is rich in polyphenols. To determine its potential use in antiphotoaging, polyphenols were extracted from lotus root with 50% ethanol, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was measured in dermal cells treated with ultraviolet A (UVA). UVA exposure increased the gene expression of IL-1α, the mRNA levels of MMP-1, and hence, the levels of MMP-1 protein in HaCaT cells, whereas cells treated with lotus polyphenol (LP) normalized these values to the control. In the presence of LP at concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/mL, both the secretion of IL-1α and protein levels of MMP-1 in human keratinocyte cells significantly reduced. Similarly, in the LabCyte EPI-MODEL24, irradiation with UVA caused an increase in mRNA expression of IL-1α and MMP-1, which was prevented by adding LP to the cells. Our results with three different skin cells accordingly showed that LP may help maintain skin health through decreased levels of MMP-1 activity via its anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote the functional applications of lotus root polysaccharides (LRPs), the effects of noncovalent polyphenol binding on their physicochemical properties, as well as antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, were investigated. Ferulic acid (FA) and chlorogenic acid (CHA) were spontaneously bound to the LRP to prepare the complexes LRP-FA1, LRP-FA2, LRP-FA3, LRP-CHA1, LRP-CHA2 and LRP-CHA3, and their mass ratios of polyphenol to LRP were, respectively, 121.57, 61.18, 34.79, 2359.58, 1276.71 and 545.08 mg/g. Using the physical mixture of the LRP and polyphenols as a control, the noncovalent interaction between them in the complexes was confirmed by ultraviolet and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The interaction increased their average molecular weights by 1.11~2.27 times compared to the LRP. The polyphenols enhanced the antioxidant capacity and macrophage-stimulating activity of the LRP depending on their binding amount. Particularly, the DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP antioxidant ability were positively related to the FA binding amount but negatively related to the CHA binding amount. The NO production of the macrophages stimulated by the LRP was inhibited by the co-incubation with free polyphenols; however, the inhibition was eliminated by the noncovalent binding. The complexes could stimulate the NO production and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion more effectively than the LRP. The noncovalent binding of polyphenols may be an innovative strategy for the structural and functional modification of natural polysaccharides.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Recanalized thrombus (RCT) of coronary arteries is frequently unrecognized in interventional cardiology practice. Intravascular imaging conclusively establishes its diagnosis, which otherwise is often misdiagnosed as fresh thrombus, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or severe calcification based on angiography, alone. We hereby report our experience of 10 RCT patients, who had the intravascular imaging-guided diagnosis, followed by the successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods: It was a retrospective analysis of 10 patients, who had angiographic haziness of the target lesion during PCI, which were found to be RCT on intravascular imaging. Either optical coherence tomography (OCT) or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed to characterize RCT in 9 and 1 patient, respectively.Results: The mean age was 53 ± 13.1 years, comprising 9 men and 1 woman. Six patients had acute coronary syndrome, while four had chronic stable angina. Coronary angiography revealed ≥ 70% angiographic stenosis, with intracoronary haziness/filling defects which were linear, spiral or braided in appearance. OCT findings in 9 patients include signal-rich, high backscattered septa dividing the lumen into multiple small cavities communicating with each other, giving a "Swiss cheese" or "honeycomb" appearance. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) findings in one patient showed multiple cavities filled with blood speckling consistent with recanalized thrombus. All patients underwent successful PCI with image-guided optimization.Conclusion: With the increasing use of intravascular imaging during PCI, RCT is frequently identified. OCT remains the investigation of choice to differentiate it from other similar entities on angiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis parameters of the lotus root polysaccharide iron complex (LRPF) were determined and optimized by response surface methodology. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the pH of the solution was 9, the ratio of M (trisodium citrate): m (lotus root polysaccharide) was 0.45, the reaction time was 3 h. UV spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, CD, and NMR were used for the characterization of the LRPF. LRPF has good stability and easily releases iron ions under artificial gastrointestinal conditions. LRPF exhibited antioxidant activity in vitro and can significantly improve the antioxidant activity in vivo. In addition, LRPF has a good effect in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in model mice, impacts the gut microbiome, and reduces the iron deficiency-induced perniciousness by regulating steroid hormone biosynthesis. Therefore, LRPF can be used as a nutritional supplement to treat and prevent iron-deficiency anemia and improve human immunity.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pathological studies have revealed spontaneous recanalized coronary thrombi as a frequent evolution of coronary occlusions; however, they are poorly recognized on coronary angiography, and the optimal therapeutic strategy for clinical evolution is unknown. We report the role of optical coherence tomography in identifying a recanalized coronary thrombus causing myocardial ischemia after 11 years of follow-up. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)

Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) is a popular food in Japan and southeast Asia. It is reported that lotus root includes dietary fiber, vitamin C, and abundant polyphenolic compounds. In Chinese medicine, lotus powder is also utilized in anti-tussive or anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we focused on the effects of lotus root powder on allergy symptoms in mice. First, we assessed nasal allergy symptoms in 2,4-diisocyanic acid toluene (TDI)-sensitized nasal allergy model mice. We found that lotus root powder alleviated nasal allergy symptoms in the mice. In addition, we estimated serum inflammatory parameters such as serum total IgE, histamine, and leukotriene B4. Lotus root powder intake significantly decreased serum total IgE and leukotriene B4 compared with standard food intake. We suggest that lotus root powder intake may alleviate allergic symptoms.

Different antioxidant mechanisms of lotus root and leaf were exhibited against lipid oxidation. The effect of lotus root (LRE) and leaf (LLE) extracted with 50% ethanol exhibited high antioxidant activities. It also improved quality and/or oxidative stability of pork patties when extracts were applied individually (1%) or in combination (each 0.5%). The pork patties treated with either LLE or that with LRE exhibited significantly lower peroxide and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value than the control and patties with LRE. However, the lowest TBARS values were observed in patties with LLE alone from day 7 among the treatments. Patties treated with both LRE and LLE had the highest score in off flavor (P< 0.05). Hence, the combined effect of LRE and LLE was uncertain and the addition of 1% LLE in patties showed superior antioxidant activity during storage days with an adverse effect on quality properties, except for color.