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HCV infection poses a global health threat, with significant morbidity and mortality. This study examines HCV trends in a large Italian region from 2015 to 2022, considering demographic changes, evolving clinical profiles, treatment regimens and outcomes, including the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This multicentre retrospective study analysed demographics, clinical histories and risk factors in 6882 HCV patients. The study spanned before and after the direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) era, and the COVID‐19 period, focusing on treatment outcomes (SVR12, non‐SVR12 and patients lost to follow‐up). Statistical methods included ANOVA, multinomial logistic regression, Kruskal–Wallis test and chi‐square analysis, and were conducted adhering to the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) principle. The cohort, mainly Italian males (average age 58.88), showed Genotype 1 dominance (56.6%) and a high SVR12 rate (97.5%). The pandemic increased follow‐up losses, yet SVR12 rates remained stable, influenced by factors like age, gender, cirrhosis and comorbidities. Despite COVID‐19 challenges, the region sustained high SVR12 rates in HCV care, emphasising the importance of sustained efforts in HCV care. Continuous screening and targeted interventions in high‐risk populations are crucial for achieving WHO elimination targets. The study highlights the resilience of HCV care during the pandemic and provides insights for future public health strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion We described mortality and loss to follow‐up (LTFU) in children and adolescents who were under care for more than 5 years following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART).Patients were followed from 5 years after ART until the earlier of their 25th birthday, last visit, death, or LTFU. We used Cox regression to assess predictors of mortality and competing risk regression to assess factors associated with LTFU.In total, 4488 children and adolescents initiating ART between 1997 and 2016 were included in the analysis, with a median follow‐up time of 5.2 years. Of these, 107 (2.2%) died and 271 (6.0%) were LTFU. Mortality rate was 4.35 and LTFU rate 11.01 per 1000 person‐years. Increased mortality was associated with AIDS diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–2.37), current CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 compared with ≥500 (highest aHR 13.85; 95% CI 6.91–27.76 for CD4 <200), viral load ≥10 000 copies/mL compared with <400 (aHR 3.28; 95% CI 1.90–5.63), and exposure to more than one ART regimen (aHR 1.51; 95% CI 1.14–2.00). Factors associated with LTFU were male sex (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [asHR] 1.29; 95% CI 1.04–1.59), current viral load >1000 copies/mL compared with <400 (highest asHR 2.36; 95% CI 1.19–4.70 for viral load 1000–9999), and ART start after year 2005 compared with ≤2005 (highest asHR 5.96; 95% CI 1.98–17.91 for 2010–2016).For children and adolescents surviving 5 years on ART, both current CD4 and viral load remained strong indicators that help to keep track of their treatment outcomes. More effort should be made to monitor patients who switch treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loss to follow-up (LTFU) among under-five children from HIV care profoundly affects the treatment outcomes of this vulnerable population. It is a major factor that negatively affects the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current information about LTFU among HIV-positive under-five children on ART is essential for effective treatments. To far, nevertheless, limited research has been done in Ethiopia to address this issue. Thus, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of LTFU among HIV-infected under-five children receiving ART in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospitals. Methods: A multicenter institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 435 HIV-infected under-five children on ART selected by simple random sampling from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019, and data were collected between December 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022. A standardized data extraction tool adapted from the ART entry and follow-up forms was used. The event of interest for this study was LTFU, whereas the absence of LTFU was censored. Before being transferred to STATA version 14 for analysis, the data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1. The Kaplan‒Meier curve was used to estimate an individual's survival-free probability at each specific point in time. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of LTFU. Results: Among the 420 records included in the final analysis, 30 (7.14%) of the individuals were LTFUs. The incidence rate of LTFU was 3.4 per 1000 person-months of observation (95% CI: 2.43–4.87). The survival probabilities of children after 12, 24, 36, and 48 months were 0.97, 0.92, 0.88, and 0.77, respectively. The independent predictors of LTFU were HIV infection in under-five children who lived in rural areas (AHR = 3.64; 95% CI: 1.41, 9.37), poor adherence to ART (AHR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.59, 12.02), not receiving cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (AHR = 3.75; 95% CI: 1.39, 10.08), not receiving isoniazid prophylaxis (AHR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.29, 9.01), and having a severe WHO clinical stage (AHR = 5.43; 95% CI: 1.38, 11.43). Conclusion and recommendation: The incidence of loss to follow-up was high, especially in the first two years after ART initiation. The risk of LTFU was greater for those who were rural residents, had poor adherence, lacked cotrimoxazole preventive therapy, not given isoniazid prophylaxis, and presented with WHO clinical stages III and IV. Therefore, clinicians should emphasize for cotrimoxazole preventive therapy and isoniazid prophylaxis, for those living in rural areas, who present with poor adherence and WHO clinical stages III and IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer continues to threaten women's health, especially in low-resource settings. Regular follow-up after screening and treatment is an effective strategy for monitoring treatment outcomes. Consequently, understanding the factors contributing to patient non-attendance of scheduled follow-up visits is vital to providing high-quality care, reducing morbidity and mortality, and unnecessary healthcare costs in low-resource settings. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was done among healthcare providers and patients who attended the cervical cancer screening clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed in line with the social-ecological model to identify barriers and facilitators. Results: We conducted 23 in-depth interviews with 5 healthcare providers and 18 patients. Health system barriers included long waiting time at the facility, long turnaround time for laboratory results, congestion and lack of privacy affecting counselling, and healthcare provider training gaps. The most important interpersonal barrier among married women was lacking support from male partners. Individual-level barriers were lack of money for transport, fear of painful procedures, emotional distress, and illiteracy. Inadequate and inaccurate information was a cross-cutting barrier across the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of the socio-ecological model. The facilitators were social support, positive self-perception, and patient counselling. Conclusions: Our study revealed barriers to retention in care after cervical cancer screening, including lack of partner support, financial and educational constraints, and inadequate information. It also found facilitators that included social support, positive self-perception, and effective counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is a global health challenge, especially in low‐to‐middle‐income countries, where awareness and control are suboptimal. Despite available treatments, poor medication adherence hampers blood pressure control, leading to adverse outcomes and increased costs. In response, the GOI has initiated national action plans to address noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension. The study aimed to analyze patient retention rates in hypertension treatment across healthcare levels and understand providers' and patients' perspectives on control factors. Using a mixed‐method concurrent design in a North Indian district, retrospective data collection covered hypertensive patients registered from January 2020 to July 2020, followed for a year (August 2020–July 2021). Quantitative data included socio‐demographic characteristics and patient follow‐up rates. Qualitative data comprised focus group discussions (FGD) and in‐depth interviews (IDI) with healthcare providers (HCPs) and patients. Findings identified challenges in patient retention and medication adherence, notably among females and at higher‐level healthcare facilities, leading to substantial loss of follow‐up. Only 63% of hypertensive outpatients maintained controlled blood pressure in the past year. Male patients exhibited more consistent attendance than females. Despite sufficient HCP knowledge, patient retention was better at Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) levels, while blood pressure control was poorer at higher facilities. Barriers such as medication side effects, pill burden, and limited healthcare access hindered hypertension control, highlighting the need for improved primary care services, including extended clinic hours and diagnostic facilities. Improving hypertension control requires addressing medication adherence and healthcare access barriers. Strengthening primary care services and implementing patient‐centered interventions are crucial steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administrative claims databases often do not capture date or fact of death, so studies using these data may inappropriately treat death as a censoring event—equivalent to other withdrawal reasons—rather than a competing event. We examined 1-, 3-, and 5-year inverse-probability-of-treatment weighted cumulative risks of a composite cardiovascular outcome among 34 527 initiators of telmisartan (exposure) and ramipril (referent), who were aged ≥55 years, in Optum (United States) claims data from 2003 to 2020. Differences in cumulative risks of the cardiovascular endpoint due to censoring of death (cause-specific), as compared with treating death as a competing event (subdistribution), increased with greater follow-up time and older age, where event and mortality risks were higher. Among ramipril users, 5-year cause-specific and subdistribution cumulative risk estimates per 100, respectively, were 16.4 (95% CI, 15.3-17.5) and 16.2 (95% CI, 15.1-17.3) among ages 55-64 (difference = 0.2) and were 43.2 (95% CI, 41.3-45.2) and 39.7 (95% CI, 37.9-41.4) among ages ≥75 (difference = 3.6). Plasmode simulation results demonstrated the differences in cause-specific versus subdistribution cumulative risks to increase with increasing mortality rate. We suggest researchers consider the cohort's baseline mortality risk when deciding whether real-world data with incomplete death information can be used without concern. This article is part of a Special Collection on Pharmacoepidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Loss to follow-up (LTFU) in tuberculosis (TB) management increases morbidity and mortality, challenging effective control strategies. This study aims to develop and evaluate machine learning models to predict loss to follow-up in TB patients, improving treatment adherence and outcomes. Retrospective data encompassing tuberculosis patients who underwent treatment or registration at the National Center for Clinical Medical Research on Infectious Diseases from January 2017 to December 2021 were compiled. Employing machine learning techniques, namely SVM, RF, XGBoost, and logistic regression, the study aimed to prognosticate LTFU. A comprehensive cohort of 24,265 tuberculosis patients underwent scrutiny, revealing a LTFU prevalence of 12.51% (n = 3036). Education level, history of hospitalization, alcohol consumption, outpatient admission, and prior tuberculosis history emerged as precursors for pre-treatment LTFU. Employment status, outpatient admission, presence of chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis, drug adverse reactions, alternative contact availability, and health insurance coverage exerted substantial influence on treatment-phase LTFU. XGBoost consistently surpassed alternative models, boasting superior discriminative ability with an average AUC of 0.921 for pre-treatment LTFU and 0.825 for in-treatment LTFU. Our study demonstrates that the XGBoost model provides superior predictive performance in identifying LTFU risk among tuberculosis patients. The identification of key risk factors highlights the importance of targeted interventions, which could lead to significant improvements in treatment adherence and patient outcomes.

Abstract Objectives Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is shown to have a tendency for late recurrence, occurring 5 or more years after curative surgery. Imaging diagnosis is required for follow‐up, and there is no definitive answer as to how long this should continue. Some patients discontinue follow‐up visits at their own discretion. How best to predict late recurrence and loss to follow‐up (LF) remains unclear. Patients and methods This study targeted patients diagnosed with non‐metastatic RCC who underwent either radical or partial nephrectomy at Chiba University Hospital between 1988 and 2021. Follow‐up for patients with RCC is typically lifelong. We used random survival forests (RSFs), a machine learning‐based survival analysis method, to predict late recurrence and LF. For verification of prediction accuracy, we applied the time‐dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (t‐AUC). To analyse the risks of late recurrence and LF, SurvSHAP(t) and partial dependence plots were used. Results We analysed 1051 cases in this study. Median follow‐up was 58.5 (range: 0–376) months. The predictive accuracy of recurrence using RSF was t‐AUC 0.806, 0.761, 0.674 and 0.566 at 60, 120, 180 and 240 months postoperatively, respectively. The recurrence risk impact showed a time‐dependent increase up to approximately 50 months postoperatively. Beyond 50 months, there were no distinct risk factors characteristic of late recurrence. The predictive accuracy of LF using RSF was t‐AUC 0.542, 0.699, 0.685, 0.628 and 0.674 at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 months postoperatively, respectively. The risk of LF increased with advancing age beyond 70 years. Conclusion It is difficult to identify factors that predict late recurrence. For long‐term follow‐up observation, it is essential to pay particular attention to patients with RCC aged 70 years and above. Establishing frameworks to facilitate collaboration with local hospitals near patients' residences and providing care within the community is necessary.

Abstract Hypertension is a global health challenge, especially in low‐to‐middle‐income countries, where awareness and control are suboptimal. Despite available treatments, poor medication adherence hampers blood pressure control, leading to adverse outcomes and increased costs. In response, the GOI has initiated national action plans to address noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension. The study aimed to analyze patient retention rates in hypertension treatment across healthcare levels and understand providers' and patients' perspectives on control factors. Using a mixed‐method concurrent design in a North Indian district, retrospective data collection covered hypertensive patients registered from January 2020 to July 2020, followed for a year (August 2020–July 2021). Quantitative data included socio‐demographic characteristics and patient follow‐up rates. Qualitative data comprised focus group discussions (FGD) and in‐depth interviews (IDI) with healthcare providers (HCPs) and patients. Findings identified challenges in patient retention and medication adherence, notably among females and at higher‐level healthcare facilities, leading to substantial loss of follow‐up. Only 63% of hypertensive outpatients maintained controlled blood pressure in the past year. Male patients exhibited more consistent attendance than females. Despite sufficient HCP knowledge, patient retention was better at Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) levels, while blood pressure control was poorer at higher facilities. Barriers such as medication side effects, pill burden, and limited healthcare access hindered hypertension control, highlighting the need for improved primary care services, including extended clinic hours and diagnostic facilities. Improving hypertension control requires addressing medication adherence and healthcare access barriers. Strengthening primary care services and implementing patient‐centered interventions are crucial steps.

Abstract Background Loss to follow-up (LTFU) among under-five children from HIV care profoundly affects the treatment outcomes of this vulnerable population. It is a major factor that negatively affects the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current information about LTFU among HIV-positive under-five children on ART is essential for effective treatments. To far, nevertheless, limited research has been done in Ethiopia to address this issue. Thus, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of LTFU among HIV-infected under-five children receiving ART in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospitals. Methods A multicenter institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 435 HIV-infected under-five children on ART selected by simple random sampling from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019, and data were collected between December 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022. A standardized data extraction tool adapted from the ART entry and follow-up forms was used. The event of interest for this study was LTFU, whereas the absence of LTFU was censored. Before being transferred to STATA version 14 for analysis, the data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1. The Kaplan‒Meier curve was used to estimate an individual's survival-free probability at each specific point in time. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of LTFU. Results Among the 420 records included in the final analysis, 30 (7.14%) of the individuals were LTFUs. The incidence rate of LTFU was 3.4 per 1000 person-months of observation (95% CI: 2.43–4.87). The survival probabilities of children after 12, 24, 36, and 48 months were 0.97, 0.92, 0.88, and 0.77, respectively. The independent predictors of LTFU were HIV infection in under-five children who lived in rural areas (AHR = 3.64; 95% CI: 1.41, 9.37), poor adherence to ART (AHR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.59, 12.02), not receiving cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (AHR = 3.75; 95% CI: 1.39, 10.08), not receiving isoniazid prophylaxis (AHR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.29, 9.01), and having a severe WHO clinical stage (AHR = 5.43; 95% CI: 1.38, 11.43). Conclusion and recommendation The incidence of loss to follow-up was high, especially in the first two years after ART initiation. The risk of LTFU was greater for those who were rural residents, had poor adherence, lacked cotrimoxazole preventive therapy, not given isoniazid prophylaxis, and presented with WHO clinical stages III and IV. Therefore, clinicians should emphasize for cotrimoxazole preventive therapy and isoniazid prophylaxis, for those living in rural areas, who present with poor adherence and WHO clinical stages III and IV.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer continues to threaten women’s health, especially in low-resource settings. Regular follow-up after screening and treatment is an effective strategy for monitoring treatment outcomes. Consequently, understanding the factors contributing to patient non-attendance of scheduled follow-up visits is vital to providing high-quality care, reducing morbidity and mortality, and unnecessary healthcare costs in low-resource settings. Methods A descriptive qualitative study was done among healthcare providers and patients who attended the cervical cancer screening clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in southwestern Uganda. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed in line with the social-ecological model to identify barriers and facilitators. Results We conducted 23 in-depth interviews with 5 healthcare providers and 18 patients. Health system barriers included long waiting time at the facility, long turnaround time for laboratory results, congestion and lack of privacy affecting counselling, and healthcare provider training gaps. The most important interpersonal barrier among married women was lacking support from male partners. Individual-level barriers were lack of money for transport, fear of painful procedures, emotional distress, and illiteracy. Inadequate and inaccurate information was a cross-cutting barrier across the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of the socio-ecological model. The facilitators were social support, positive self-perception, and patient counselling. Conclusions Our study revealed barriers to retention in care after cervical cancer screening, including lack of partner support, financial and educational constraints, and inadequate information. It also found facilitators that included social support, positive self-perception, and effective counselling.

SETTING: Madang Province is located on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG), a critical mixing point between the populous highlands and more remote regions. Madang Province faces challenges with limited capacity to diagnose and treat TB. OBJECTIVE: To describe the TB caseload and investigate factors associated with known unfavourable treatment outcomes. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study using routinely collected TB programmatic data for treatments commenced 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021. Using multivariable logistic regression, factors associated with known unfavourable treatment outcomes—death, failure after treatment, and loss to follow-up (LTFU)—were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 4,668 registered and treated, 3,755 had an evaluated outcome, and 33% had unfavourable outcomes, most commonly LTFU (23%). Unfavourable treatment outcomes were significantly associated with HIV-untested (aOR 2.82 compared to HIV-negative; 95% CI 2.39–3.33), having drug-resistant TB (aOR 3.26 compared to drug-susceptible TB, 95% CI 1.18–9.00), and travel time to the health facility 1–

PurposeInfectious keratitis is a vision-threatening condition requiring close follow-up and disciplined eye drop administration to achieve resolution. Although patients presenting to county hospitals often have more severe presentations, there is a paucity of risk and outcomes data in this setting. This study investigates risk factors predicting loss to follow-up (LTFU), medication noncompliance, and poor outcomes for infectious keratitis in the county hospital setting.MethodsThis was a retrospective case-control study at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. Inclusion criteria were patients who had corneal cultures for suspected infectious bacterial or fungal keratitis between 2010 and 2021. Exclusion criteria were patients with viral keratitis only. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship of social and medical risk factors with LTFU, medication noncompliance, worsened visual acuity (VA), and delayed resolution time.ResultsOf 174 patients with infectious keratitis in this analysis, 69 (40.0%) had LTFU. Unemployment was associated with increased risk of LTFU (odds ratio 2.58, P = 0.049) and worse final VA ( P = 0.001). Noncompliance trended toward an association with homelessness (odds ratio 3.48, P = 0.095). Increasing age correlated with longer resolution time, with each 1-year increase associated with delayed resolution by 0.549 days ( P = 0.042).ConclusionsPatients experiencing unemployment, homelessness, or increased age demonstrate higher risk for treatment barriers including loss to follow-up and medication noncompliance, resulting in worse VA and delayed time to resolution. These risk factors should be considered when determining the need for more deliberate follow-up measures in patients with infectious keratitis.

Abstract Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of using cheaper-but-noisier outcome measures, such as a short questionnaire, for large simple clinical trials. Background To detect associations reliably, trials must avoid bias and random error. To reduce random error, we can increase the size of the trial and increase the accuracy of the outcome measurement process. However, with fixed resources, there is a trade-off between the number of participants a trial can enrol and the amount of information that can be collected on each participant during data collection. Methods To consider the effect on measurement error of using outcome scales with varying numbers of categories, we define and calculate the variance from categorisation that would be expected from using a category midpoint; define the analytic conditions under which such a measure is cost-effective; use meta-regression to estimate the impact of participant burden, defined as questionnaire length, on response rates; and develop an interactive web-app to allow researchers to explore the cost-effectiveness of using such a measure under plausible assumptions. Results An outcome scale with only a few categories greatly reduced the variance of non-measurement. For example, a scale with five categories reduced the variance of non-measurement by 96% for a uniform distribution. We show that a simple measure will be more cost-effective than a gold-standard measure if the relative increase in variance due to using it is less than the relative increase in cost from the gold standard, assuming it does not introduce bias in the measurement. We found an inverse power law relationship between participant burden and response rates such that a doubling the burden on participants reduces the response rate by around one third. Finally, we created an interactive web-app ( https://benjiwoolf.shinyapps.io/cheapbutnoisymeasures/ ) to allow exploration of when using a cheap-but-noisy measure will be more cost-effective using realistic parameters. Conclusion Cheaper-but-noisier questionnaires containing just a few questions can be a cost-effective way of maximising power. However, their use requires a judgement on the trade-off between the potential increase in risk of information bias and the reduction in the potential of selection bias due to the expected higher response rates.

Background: Close supervision of HIV infected infants is necessary because of the rapid progression of immune deterioration that may occur in the first months of life. Objectives: To determine the loss to follow-up rate, reasons and associated risk factors among mother-infant pairs in a routine PMTCT programme. Methods: This was a case control study that involved mother-infant pairs enrolled within 72 hours of delivery for follow-up in a PMTCT programme. Loss to follow-up was deemed to have occurred where more than two consecutive visits to the clinic had been missed. The defaulting mother-infant pairs were traced through telephone calls and home visits, where possible. Results: One hundred and seventy-eight mother-infant pairs were enrolled between August 2002 and February 2005, out of which 18 were excluded. Fifty-eight (36.25 percent) of the remaining 160 were lost to follow-up. Among the 58 defaulters, 28 (48.27 percent) could not be traced as a result of false contact addresses. The most common reason for loss to follow up among the 30 mother-infant pairs traced, was apparent good health in the babies. After tracking and counseling, 18 (60 percent) resumed regular follow-up. The mean ages of mothers and babies at the time of default were 28.87 years (SD+4.52 years) and 15.31 weeks (SD+14.05 weeks), respectively. Attainment of post-secondary education, non-membership in a support group and lack of partner notification were associated with increased risk of default. Conclusions: The high loss to follow-up rate from this study highlights the need to improve on the postnatal follow-up of HIV-exposed babies.

Background: Certain researchers have reported that a child-friendly clinic may improve patient/caregiver satisfaction at clinic attendance. This could serve as an innovation for reducing loss-to-follow up and increasing retention in care. Aim: To assess the impact of making the clinic more child-friendly on clinic experience, retention in care and loss-to-follow up of HIV -infected children. Method: The study was carried out in three phases. Phase one was a satisfaction survey to find out the patient/caregivers’ satisfaction of the clinic environment and services provided using a self- administered questionnaire. Phase two was the creation of the childfriendly environment and phase three was a post-provision of child-friendly clinic satisfaction survey. The loss-to-follow up rate (failure to return to clinic ≥3months after the last scheduled clinic appointment in a child not known to be dead or transferred out of the facility) and retention rate (remaining alive and receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy) were also determined before and after setting up the childfriendly clinic. Results: There were 146 respondents before the study and 206 respondents after the intervention. The retention rate increased from 62.5% to 82% (p=0.02), while the loss-to-follow up rate dropped from 27.7% to 7.0% (p=0.00). Conclusion: Making the clinic area child-friendly can impact greatly on HIV care by improving patient satisfaction and retention of HIVinfected children in care and reducing loss-to-follow up.

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of using cheaper-but-noisier outcome measures, such as a short questionnaire, for large simple clinical trials. Background: To detect associations reliably, trials must avoid bias and random error. To reduce random error, we can increase the size of the trial and increase the accuracy of the outcome measurement process. However, with fixed resources, there is a trade-off between the number of participants a trial can enrol and the amount of information that can be collected on each participant during data collection. Methods: To consider the effect on measurement error of using outcome scales with varying numbers of categories, we define and calculate the variance from categorisation that would be expected from using a category midpoint; define the analytic conditions under which such a measure is cost-effective; use meta-regression to estimate the impact of participant burden, defined as questionnaire length, on response rates; and develop an interactive web-app to allow researchers to explore the cost-effectiveness of using such a measure under plausible assumptions. Results: An outcome scale with only a few categories greatly reduced the variance of non-measurement. For example, a scale with five categories reduced the variance of non-measurement by 96% for a uniform distribution. We show that a simple measure will be more cost-effective than a gold-standard measure if the relative increase in variance due to using it is less than the relative increase in cost from the gold standard, assuming it does not introduce bias in the measurement. We found an inverse power law relationship between participant burden and response rates such that a doubling the burden on participants reduces the response rate by around one third. Finally, we created an interactive web-app (https://benjiwoolf.shinyapps.io/cheapbutnoisymeasures/) to allow exploration of when using a cheap-but-noisy measure will be more cost-effective using realistic parameters. Conclusion: Cheaper-but-noisier questionnaires containing just a few questions can be a cost-effective way of maximising power. However, their use requires a judgement on the trade-off between the potential increase in risk of information bias and the reduction in the potential of selection bias due to the expected higher response rates. Key messages: A cheaper-but-noisier outcome measure, like a short form questionnaire, is a more cost-effective method of maximising power in large simple clinical trials than an error free gold standard measure when the percentage increase in noise from using the cheaper-but-noisier measure is less than the relative difference in the cost of administering the two measures. We have created an R-shiny app to facilitate the exploration of when this condition is met at https://benjiwoolf.shinyapps.io/cheapbutnoisymeasures/ Cheaper-but-noisier outcome measures are more likely to introduce information bias than a gold standard but may reduce selection bias because they reduce loss-to-follow-up. Researchers therefore need to form a judgement about the relative increase or decrease in bias before using a cheap-but-noisy measure. We encourage the development and validation of short form questionnaires to enable the use of high quality cheaper-but-noisier outcome measures in randomised controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in Brazil remains a challenge in achieving the goals set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Patients who are lost to follow-up during treatment pose a significant public health problem. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with unfavorable ATT outcomes among those undergoing retreatment in Brazil. Methods We conducted an observational study of patients aged ≥18 years with tuberculosis (TB) reported to the Brazilian National Notifiable Disease Information System between 2015 and 2022. Clinical and epidemiologic variables were compared between the study groups (new cases and retreatment). Regression models identified variables associated with unfavorable outcomes. Results Among 743 823 reported TB cases in the study period, 555 632 cases were eligible, consisting of 462 061 new cases and 93 571 undergoing retreatments (44 642 recurrent and 48 929 retreatments after loss to follow-up [RLTFU]). RLTFU (odds ratio [OR], 3.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.83–4.1]) was a significant risk factor for any type of unfavorable ATT. Furthermore, RLTFU (OR, 4.93 [95% CI, 4.76–5.11]) was the main risk factor for subsequent LTFU. For death, aside from advanced age, living with HIV (OR, 6.28 [95% CI, 6.03–6.54]) was the top risk factor. Conclusions Retreatment is a substantial risk factor for unfavorable ATT outcomes, especially after LTFU. The rates of treatment success in RLTFU are distant from the WHO End TB Strategy targets throughout Brazil. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve treatment adherence and outcomes in persons who experience RLTFU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the outcomes of children, adolescents and young adults with HIV reported as lost to follow‐up, correct mortality estimates for children, adolescents and young adults with HIV for unascertained outcomes in those loss to follow‐up (LTFU) based on tracing and linkage data separately using data from the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS in Southern Africa. Methods: We included data from two different populations of children, adolescents and young adults with HIV; (1) clinical data from children, adolescents and young adults with HIV aged ≤24 years from Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe; (2) clinical data from children, adolescents and young adults with HIV aged ≤14 years from the Western Cape (WC) in South Africa. Outcomes of patients lost to follow‐up were available from (1) a tracing study and (2) linkage to a health information exchange. For both populations, we compared six methods for correcting mortality estimates for all children, adolescents and young adults with HIV. Results: We found substantial variations of mortality estimates among children, adolescents and young adults with HIV reported as lost to follow‐up versus those retained in care. Ascertained mortality was higher among lost and traceable children, adolescents and young adults with HIV and lower among lost and linkable than those retained in care (mortality: 13.4% [traced] vs. 12.6% [retained‐other Southern Africa countries]; 3.4% [linked] vs. 9.4% [retained‐WC]). A high proportion of lost to follow‐up children, adolescents and young adults with HIV had self‐transferred (21.0% and 47.0%) in the traced and linked samples, respectively. The uncorrected method of non‐informative censoring yielded the lowest mortality estimates among all methods for both tracing (6.0%) and linkage (4.0%) approaches at 2 years from ART start. Among corrected methods using ascertained data, multiple imputation, incorporating ascertained data (MI(asc.)) and inverse probability weighting with logistic weights were most robust for the tracing approach. In contrast, for the linkage approach, MI(asc.) was the most robust. Conclusions: Our findings emphasise that lost to follow‐up is non‐ignorable and both tracing and linkage improved outcome ascertainment: tracing identified substantial mortality in those reported as lost to follow‐up, whereas linkage did not identify out‐of‐facility deaths, but showed that a large proportion of those reported as lost to follow‐up were self‐transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a global public health concern. However, weaknesses in its management regarding access to integrated HIV care include treatment gaps and loss to follow-up (LTFU) from antiretroviral treatment (ART). This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological and clinical profiles of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in LTFU from HIV care in Campo Grande, Central Brazil. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2021 and April 2022 using secondary data from PLHA who had LTFU in Campo Grande. A total of 852 patients with PLHA were included in this study. The majority of participants in LTFU were male (63.1%), had a CD4 cell count > 200 cells/mm3 (68.2%), and had been treated for ≥ 3 months (86.4%). Only 287 (33.7%) participants had undetectable HIV viral load. Of the total number of patients who returned to treatment during the study period, 448 (54.3%) were LTFU-positive. The tracking strategy was not applied to 556 (65.26%) patients, and 44.4% of the participants had been in spontaneous demand. These results highlight the relevance of patient-centered interventions and the need to ensure early treatment and promote retention in care systems with consequent viral suppression, impacting the healthcare indicators of the population, with emphasis on health managers and stakeholders in HIV care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Findings from studies assessing Long Covid in children and young people (CYP) need to be assessed in light of their methodological limitations. For example, if non-response and/or attrition over time systematically differ by sub-groups of CYP, findings could be biased and any generalisation limited. The present study aimed to (i) construct survey weights for the Children and young people with Long Covid (CLoCk) study, and (ii) apply them to published CLoCk findings showing the prevalence of shortness of breath and tiredness increased over time from baseline to 12-months post-baseline in both SARS-CoV-2 Positive and Negative CYP. Methods: Logistic regression models were fitted to compute the probability of (i) Responding given envisioned to take part, (ii) Responding timely given responded, and (iii) (Re)infection given timely response. Response, timely response and (re)infection weights were generated as the reciprocal of the corresponding probability, with an overall 'envisioned population' survey weight derived as the product of these weights. Survey weights were trimmed, and an interactive tool developed to re-calibrate target population survey weights to the general population using data from the 2021 UK Census. Results: Flexible survey weights for the CLoCk study were successfully developed. In the illustrative example, re-weighted results (when accounting for selection in response, attrition, and (re)infection) were consistent with published findings. Conclusions: Flexible survey weights to address potential bias and selection issues were created for and used in the CLoCk study. Previously reported prospective findings from CLoCk are generalisable to the wider population of CYP in England. This study highlights the importance of considering selection into a sample and attrition over time when considering generalisability of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss to follow‐up (LTFU) within cervical screening programmes can result in missed clinically relevant lesions, potentially reducing programme effectiveness. To examine the health impact of losing women during the screening process, we determined the proportion of women LTFU per step of the Dutch hrHPV‐based screening programme. We then determined the probability of being LTFU by age, screening history and sampling method (self‐ or clinician‐sampled) using logistic regression analysis. Finally, we estimated the number of missed CIN2+/3+ lesions per LTFU moment by using the CIN‐risk in women compliant with follow‐up. Data from the Dutch nationwide pathology databank (Palga) was used. Women eligible for screening in 2017 and 2018 were included (N = 840,428). For clinician collected (CC) samples, the highest proportion LTFU was found following 'referral advice for colposcopy' (5.5% after indirect referral; 3.8% after direct referral). For self‐sampling, the highest proportions LTFU were found following the advice for repeat cytology (13.6%) and after referral advice for colposcopy (8.2% after indirect referral; 4.3% after direct referral). Self‐sampling users and women with no screening history had a higher LTFU‐risk (OR: 3.87, CI: 3.55–4.23; OR: 1.39, CI: 1.20–1.61) compared to women that used CC sampling and women that have been screened before, respectively. Of all women LTFU in 2017/18, the total number of potentially missed CIN2+ was 844 (21% of women LTFU). Most lesions were missed after 'direct referral for colposcopy' (N = 462, 11.5% of women LTFU). So, this indicates a gap between the screening programme and clinical care which requires further attention, by improving monitoring of patients after referral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess risk factors associated with loss to follow up in patients referred for colposcopy after abnormal cervical cytology during pregnancy in a Southern safety net hospital population. An urban colposcopy center was queried for patients referred for follow up of abnormal cervical cytology during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Patients were identified through a standardized referral code in the electronic medical record. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare patient characteristics between those who followed up for colposcopy and those lost to follow up. Independent risk factors assessed included age, parity, race, insurance, HIV status, history of mental illness, BMI, gestational age and trimester at screening, cytology at colposcopy referral, interval days until colposcopy, and biopsy histology. 1063 patients were identified, with 40.8% of patients who completed referred colposcopy. Patient characteristics predictive for colposcopy follow up included: maternal age at referral cervical cytology >30 years (1.67; 1.27–2.20; < 0.003), gestational age < 18 weeks at abnormal cervical cytology (1.57; 1.23–2.01; <0.0002), maternal race non-African American (2.20; 1.32–3.65; <0.0024) and with high grade cervical cytology (2.42; 1.81–3.24; <0.0001). In this population, inadequate follow up for abnormal cervical cytology during pregnancy is prominent, especially among those with younger maternal age, African American (AA) race, cervical cytology completed at later gestational ages of pregnancy, and low-grade initial cytology. Higher no-show rate among AA patients supports well-documented health disparities and need for further investigation and protocols to identify those at risk for loss to follow up. • Pregnancy is an ideal time to capture those who may otherwise have inadequate follow up for abnormal cervical cytology. • Risks for lack of follow up include young age, African American race, testing later in pregnancy and low-grade cytology. • Culturally responsive programs and education about cervical cancer screening are crucial to address healthcare disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Lifelong continuity of care is essential for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) to maximize health outcomes; unfortunately, gaps in care (GIC) are common. Trends in GIC and of social determinants of health factors contributing to GIC are poorly understood. Methods and Results This retrospective cohort study included patients with CHD, aged 0 to 34 years, who underwent surgery between January 2003 and May 2020, followed up at a pediatric subspeciality hospital. Patients were categorized as having simple, moderate, and complex CHD based on 2018 American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology guidelines. Social determinants of health, such as race, ethnicity, language, insurance status, and Child Opportunity Index, based on home address zip code, were analyzed. Of 2012 patients with CHD, a GIC of ≥3 years was identified in 56% (n=1119). The proportion of patients with GIC per year increased by 0.51% (P

Abstract Background Identifying patients at increased risk of loss to follow-up (LTFU) is key to developing strategies to optimize the clinical management of tuberculosis (TB). The use of national registry data in prediction models may be a useful tool to inform healthcare workers about risk of LTFU. Here we developed a score to predict the risk of LTFU during anti-TB treatment (ATT) in a nationwide cohort of cases using clinical data reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN). Methods We performed a retrospective study of all TB cases reported to SINAN between 2015 and 2022; excluding children (

BACKGROUND: Mid-treatment cross-border migration of patients with TB increases the risk of treatment interruption. OBJECTIVE: To establish a cross-border referral process for patients with TB in Japan, and enhance their access to health facilities and treatment outcomes. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study describes and assesses the process of foreign-born patients with TB who returned to their home countries during treatment, focusing on their access to healthcare facilities and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: We enrolled 135 foreign-born patients with TB, and confirmed that 112 (83.0%) were referred to and accessed healthcare facilities after returning to their home countries. Of 102 patients due to complete treatment as of July 2023, 87 (85.3%) completed their treatment. We did not identify significant differences in the treatment success rate among patient characteristics, except between the patients with confirmed access to a healthcare facility and those without (P < 0.001). We confirmed that 49/87 (56.3%) patients had completed treatment with official data. CONCLUSION: The access and treatment success rates of the cross-bordered patients with TB from Japan were >80%; however, we should further improve this proportion by confirming the treatment outcomes with official data.

OBJECTIVES: Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines recommend surveillance with duplex ultrasound scanning at baseline (within 3 months from discharge), every 6 months for 2 years, and annually afterward following carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting. There is a growing concern regarding the significance of postoperative follow-up after several vascular procedures. We sought to determine whether 1-year loss to follow-up (LTF) after carotid revascularization was associated with worse outcomes in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) linked to Vascular Implant Surveillance and Interventional Outcomes Network (VISION) database. METHODS: All patients who underwent carotid revascularization in the VQI VISION database between 2003 and 2016 were included. LTF was defined as failure to complete 1-year follow-up in the VQI long-term follow-up dataset. Data about stroke and mortality were captured in the VISION dataset using a list of Current Procedural Terminology, International Classification of Diseases (Ninth Revision), and International Classification of Diseases (Tenth Revision) codes linked to index procedures in VQI. Kaplan-Meier life-table methods and Cox proportional hazard modeling were used to compare 5- and 10-year outcomes between patients with no LTF and those who were LTF. RESULTS: A total of 58,840 patients were available for analysis. The 1-year LTF rate was 43.8%. Patients who were LTF were older and more frequently symptomatic, with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, chronic kidney diseases, and congestive heart failure. Also, patients who underwent carotid artery stenting were more likely to be LTF compared with carotid endarterectomy patients (54.5% vs 42.3%; P < .001). The incidence of postoperative (30 days) stroke was higher in the LTF group (2.9% vs 1.7%; P < .001). Cox regression analysis revealed that LTF was associated with an increased risk of long-term stroke at 5 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-1.6; P < .001) and 10 years (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.5; P < .001). It was also associated with significantly higher mortality at 5 years (HR: 2.5, 95% CI: 2.3-2.8; P < .001) and 10 years (HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.9-2.5; P < .001). Stroke or death was significantly worse in the LTF group at 5 years (HR: 2.3, 95% CI: 2.1-2.5; P < .001) and up to 10 years (HR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.8-2.3; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: One-year follow-up after carotid revascularization procedures was found to be associated with better stroke- and mortality-free survival. Surgeons should emphasize the importance of follow-up to all patients who undergo carotid revascularization, especially those with multiple comorbidities and postoperative neurological complications.

Background: Identifying patients at increased risk of loss to follow-up (LTFU) is key to developing strategies to optimize the clinical management of tuberculosis (TB). The use of national registry data in prediction models may be a useful tool to inform healthcare workers about risk of LTFU. Here we developed a score to predict the risk of LTFU during anti-TB treatment (ATT) in a nationwide cohort of cases using clinical data reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Disease Information System (SINAN). Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all TB cases reported to SINAN between 2015 and 2022; excluding children (< 18 years-old), vulnerable groups or drug-resistant TB. For the score, data before treatment initiation were used. We trained and internally validated three different prediction scoring systems, based on Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and Light Gradient Boosting. Before applying our models we splitted our data into training (~ 80% data) and test (~ 20%) sets, and then compared the model metrics using the test data set. Results: Of the 243,726 cases included, 41,373 experienced LTFU whereas 202,353 were successfully treated. The groups were different with regards to several clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. The directly observed treatment (DOT) was unbalanced between the groups with lower prevalence in those who were LTFU. Three models were developed to predict LTFU using 8 features (prior TB, drug use, age, sex, HIV infection and schooling level) with different score composition approaches. Those prediction scoring systems exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) ranging between 0.71 and 0.72. The Light Gradient Boosting technique resulted in the best prediction performance, weighting specificity and sensitivity. A user-friendly web calculator app was developed (https://tbprediction.herokuapp.com/) to facilitate implementation. Conclusions: Our nationwide risk score predicts the risk of LTFU during ATT in Brazilian adults prior to treatment commencement utilizing schooling level, sex, age, prior TB status, and substance use (drug, alcohol, and/or tobacco). This is a potential tool to assist in decision-making strategies to guide resource allocation, DOT indications, and improve TB treatment adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses risk factors of loss to follow-up (LTFU) and estimates mortality risk among female sex workers (FSW) with HIV in Durban, South Africa, in 2018–2021. We used data from the Siyaphambili trial, which evaluated strategies for improved viral suppression. FSW with HIV aged ≥ 18 years with viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL were followed up for 18 months. LTFU was defined as absence from study or intervention visits for 6 months. We traced LTFU participants by calling/in-person visit attempts to ascertain their vital status. We used Cox regression to determine risk factors of LTFU and inverse probability of tracing weights to correct mortality risk. Of 777 participants, 10 (1.3%) had died and 578 (74.4%) were initially LTFU. Among those LTFU, 36.3% (210/578) were traced successfully, with 6 additional deaths ascertained. Recent physical and sexual violence, and non-viral suppression were associated with increased LTFU. The unweighted and weighted 18-month mortality risks were 2.4% (95% CI: 0.8%−3.9%) and 3.7% (95% CI: 1.8%−5.9%), respectively. LTFU is common among FSW with HIV in South Africa with additional investigation of vital status demonstrating under-ascertained mortality. These data suggest the need for comprehensively addressing risks for mortality among FSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the World Health Organization's guidelines for rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation [≤7 days after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis], China implemented Treat-All in 2016 and has made significant efforts to provide timely ART since 2017. This study included newly diagnosed HIV adults from Tianjin, China, between 2016 and 2022. Our primary outcome was loss to follow-up (LTFU) at 12 months after enrollment. The secondary outcome was 12-month virological failure. The association between rapid ART and LTFU, as well as virological failure, was assessed via Cox regression and logistic regression. A total of 896 (19.1%) of 4688 participants received ART ≤7 days postdiagnosis. The rate of rapid ART has increased from 7.5% in 2016 to 33.3% by 2022. The rapid ART group had an LTFU rate of 3.3%, as opposed to 5.0% in the delayed group. The rapid ART group had a much reduced virological failure rate (0.6% vs. 1.8%). Rapid ART individuals had a reduced likelihood of LTFU [adjusted hazard ratio: 0.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.44–0.96] and virological failure (adjusted odds ratio: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.12–0.80). The real-world data indicated that rapid ART is practicable and beneficial for Chinese people with HIV, providing evidence for its widespread implementation and scaling up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapies for hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) lead to excellent rates of sustained virological response (SVR). However, loss to follow‐up (LTFU) for SVR testing remains a challenge. We examine factors associated with LTFU in a real‐world setting. Methods: Adults who received DAA therapy for HCV in one of 26 centers across Australia during 2016–2021 were followed up for 2 years. Data sources included the patient medical records and the national Pharmaceutical and Medicare Benefits Schemes. Linkage to Medicare provided utilization data of other health‐care providers and re‐treatment with DAAs. LTFU was defined as no clinic attendance for SVR testing by at least 52 weeks after DAA treatment commencement. Multivariable logistic regression assessed factors associated with LTFU. Results: In 3619 patients included in the study (mean age 52.0 years; SD = 10.5), 33.6% had cirrhosis (69.4% Child–Pugh class B/C), and 19.3% had HCV treatment prior to the DAA era. Five hundred and fifteen patients (14.2%) were LTFU. HCV treatment initiation in 2017 or later (adj‐OR = 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25–3.54), younger age (adj‐OR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.80–3.84), Indigenous identification (adj‐OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.23–3.21), current injection drug use or opioid replacement therapy (adj‐OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.25–2.20), depression treatment (adj‐OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.17–1.90), and male gender (adj‐OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.04–1.66) were associated with LTFU. Conclusions: These findings stress the importance of strengthening the network of providers caring for patients with HCV. In particular, services targeting vulnerable groups of patients such as First Nations Peoples, youth health, and those with addiction and mental health disorders should be equipped to treat HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Understanding why patients experience loss to follow-up (LTFU) is essential for TB control. This analysis examines the impact of travel distance to RR-TB treatment on LTFU, which has yet to be analyzed within South Africa. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1436 patients treated for RR-TB at ten South African public hospitals. We linked patients to their residential ward using data reported to NHLS and maps available from the Municipal Demarcation Board. Travel distance was calculated from each patient’s ward centroid to their RR-TB treatment site using the georoute command in Stata. The relationship between LTFU and travel distance was modeled using multivariable logistic regression. Results Among 1436 participants, 75.6% successfully completed treatment and 24.4% were LTFU. The median travel distance was 40.96 km (IQR: 17.12, 63.49). A travel distance > 60 km increased odds of LTFU by 91% (p = 0.001) when adjusting for HIV status, age, sex, education level, employment status, residential locale, treatment regimen, and treatment site. Conclusion People living in KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape travel long distances to receive RR-TB care, placing them at increased risk for LTFU. Policies that bring RR-TB treatment closer to patients, such as further decentralization to PHCs, are necessary to improve RR-TB outcomes.

Siraj Benti Biratu,1 Abreha Addis Gesese2 1Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; 2Department of Clinical Nursing, Gambella Teachers Education and Health Science College, Gambella, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Abreha Addis Gesese, Email abrhaddis09@gmail.comBackground: Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, clients loss to follow-up (LTFU) from the treatment poses a paramount problem to the public, healthcare, and patient outcome. Thus, this study identified determinants of loss to follow-up to ART among adult clients in West Wollega hospitals, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2021.Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted and a systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected from patient charts by three BSC nurses and three card reporters using a structured checklist. Then, it was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used to present the results. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed using the backward stepwise method. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and p-values < 0.05 were used to declare significant association with loss to follow-up. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit.Results: A total of 399 (133 patients and 266 controls) participated in this study. Rural residents (AOR:3.46, 95% CI:1.65, 7.25), male patient (AOR: 2.65 95% CI 1.54,4.55), lack of formal education (AOR: 4.35, 95% CI 1.53, 12.41), base line CD4 ≤ 350 (AOR: 5.25, 95% CI 1.93,14.24), poor functional status (AOR: 4.298, 95% CI 5.33,34.62) and WHO stages III & IV (AOR: 2.65, 95% CI 1.68,4.19), and tuberculosis co-infection (AOR: 2.82, 95% CI 1.11,7.45) were determinant factors of loss to follow up.Conclusion: Rural residence, male sex, daily laborer, no formal education, baseline CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3, baseline advanced WHO clinical stage, and TB co-infection were determinants of LTFU. Therefore, emphasis should be given to the identified factors along with awareness creation and health education sessions. Regular TB screening, optimal adherence regardless of their stay on ART, and follow-up study are recommended.Keywords: ART, loss to follow-up, adults, determinants, People Living with HIV, West Ethiopia

Abstract Objective To assess the loss to follow-up after emergency care and during 6-months of outpatient follow-up, and the associated variables, among adolescent sexual violence survivors. Methods This is a retrospective study with review of the medical records of 521 females, aged 10 to 18 years, who received emergency care in a referral service in São Paulo, Brazil. The variables were sociodemographic; personal history; characteristics of abuse, disclosure, and reactions triggered after abuse (physical and mental disorders as well as social changes), psychotropic prescription needs, and moment of abandonment: after emergency care and before completing 6 months of outpatient follow-up. To compare groups of patients lost to follow-up at each time point, we used the Chi-square and Fisher exact tests followed by multiple logistic regression with stepwise criterion for selection of associated variables. We calculated the odds ratio with confidence interval (OR, CI 95%). The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results A total of 249/521 (47.7%) adolescents discontinued follow-up, 184 (35.3%) after emergency care and 65 (12.4%) before completing outpatient follow-up. The variables of living with a partner (OR = 5.94 [CI 95%; 2.49–14.20]); not having a religion (OR = 2.38 [CI 95%;1.29–4.38)]), having a Catholic religion [OR = 2.11 (CI 95%; 1.17–3.78)]; and not disclosing the abuse [OR = 2.07 (CI 95%; 1.25–3.44)] were associated with loss to follow-up after emergency care. Not needing mental disorder care (OR = 2.72 [CI 95%; 1.36–5.46]) or social support (OR = 2.33 [CI 95%; 1.09–4.99]) were directly associated with loss to outpatient follow-up. Conclusion Measures to improve adherence to follow-up should be aimed at adolescents who live with a partner and those who do not tell anyone about the violence.

Abstract Background HIV Early Infant Diagnosis (HEID) is critical for the timely initiation of HIV treatments and improved health outcomes among HIV-infected infants. However, the uptake of HEID remains largely low in Tanzania. This descriptive scoping review of evidence on HEID among HIV-exposed infants in Tanzania seeks to understand the dynamics of HEID, ART use and adherence to inform targeted interventions and promote its uptake. Methods The Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework guided this scoping review. We searched for peer-published articles on HEID in Tanzania through PubMed and Google Scholar with full-text retrieval from HINAR. We included only English language articles published between 2013 and 2022. Further searches for the materials on the reference lists of the publications yielded additional relevant articles. We carried out an inductive thematic analysis to analyze and synthesize the data. Results In all, nine articles met the inclusion criteria and, hence, qualified for the review. The variations in the uptake of HEID in the empirical literature reviewed indicate an upward trend. HEID increased from 77.2% in 2009 to 97.8% in 2011 in Kilimanjaro, Mbeya and Tanga and from 53.2% in 2014 to 69.2% in 2016 in Dar es Salaam. The median age at the initial test ranged from 5.6 weeks in Kilimanjaro to 8.6 weeks in Mbeya. The uptake of HEID was necessitated by individual, household and health facility factors. Unknown HIV status at conception, low level of education of the household head, and large household size negatively affected uptake of HEID. The health facility factors such as unavailability of the test kits, long distances to the facility and transport costs negatively influenced HEID uptake. The percentage of HIV-positive infants on ART ranged from 52.7 to 61%, and loss to follow ranged from 31 to 61%. Conclusion The uptake of HEID varied among regions depending on individual, household and health facility factors. Multifaced efforts are needed to address these factors for accelerated uptake of HEID and improved health outcomes and survival among this strategic population group.

Background: Understanding why patients experience loss to follow-up (LTFU) is essential for TB control. This analysis examines the impact of travel distance to RR-TB treatment on LTFU, which has yet to be analyzed within South Africa. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1436 patients treated for RR-TB at ten South African public hospitals. We linked patients to their residential ward using data reported to NHLS and maps available from the Municipal Demarcation Board. Travel distance was calculated from each patient’s ward centroid to their RR-TB treatment site using the georoute command in Stata. The relationship between LTFU and travel distance was modeled using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Among 1436 participants, 75.6% successfully completed treatment and 24.4% were LTFU. The median travel distance was 40.96 km (IQR: 17.12, 63.49). A travel distance > 60 km increased odds of LTFU by 91% (p = 0.001) when adjusting for HIV status, age, sex, education level, employment status, residential locale, treatment regimen, and treatment site. Conclusion: People living in KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape travel long distances to receive RR-TB care, placing them at increased risk for LTFU. Policies that bring RR-TB treatment closer to patients, such as further decentralization to PHCs, are necessary to improve RR-TB outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), loss to follow-up (LTFU) leads to unplanned interruptions in therapy and the risk of visual loss. Methods: This retrospective and prospective case–control cohort study compared AMD patients with (LTFU YES) and without (LTFU NO) LTFU during anti-VEGF treatment over 12 years. LTFU was defined as missing any treatment or monitoring visits, or not scheduling follow-ups for six months. Results: Significant differences between LTFU NO (n = 298) and LTFU YES (n = 174) groups were age, treatment phase, baseline and final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), type of anti-VEGF drug, treatment switch, commuting distance, and escort during commuting. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the need for an escort during the commuting and treatment phase as the only significant difference. The four most common reasons for LTFU were general health worsening (21.8%), patient-missed appointments (16.7%), COVID-19-related issues (14.9%), and treatment dissatisfaction (8.6%). Conclusions: The factors associated with increased LTFU rates were older age, inactive treatment phase, lower baseline and final BCVA, bevacizumab treatment, monotherapy, longer travelling distance, and commuting with an escort. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the escort during the commuting and treatment phases was significant. These findings could direct research to explore social support in treatment adherence and highlight the importance of treatment phases in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, clients loss to follow-up (LTFU) from the treatment poses a paramount problem to the public, healthcare, and patient outcome. Thus, this study identified determinants of loss to follow-up to ART among adult clients in West Wollega hospitals, Oromia, Ethiopia, in 2021. Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted and a systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected from patient charts by three BSC nurses and three card reporters using a structured checklist. Then, it was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used to present the results. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed using the backward stepwise method. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and p-values < 0.05 were used to declare significant association with loss to follow-up. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit. Results: A total of 399 (133 patients and 266 controls) participated in this study. Rural residents (AOR:3.46, 95% CI:1.65, 7.25), male patient (AOR: 2.65 95% CI 1.54,4.55), lack of formal education (AOR: 4.35, 95% CI 1.53, 12.41), base line CD4 ≤ 350 (AOR: 5.25, 95% CI 1.93,14.24), poor functional status (AOR: 4.298, 95% CI 5.33,34.62) and WHO stages III & IV (AOR: 2.65, 95% CI 1.68,4.19), and tuberculosis co-infection (AOR: 2.82, 95% CI 1.11,7.45) were determinant factors of loss to follow up. Conclusion: Rural residence, male sex, daily laborer, no formal education, baseline CD4 count < 350 cells/mm3, baseline advanced WHO clinical stage, and TB co-infection were determinants of LTFU. Therefore, emphasis should be given to the identified factors along with awareness creation and health education sessions. Regular TB screening, optimal adherence regardless of their stay on ART, and follow-up study are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) patients default their treatment during the treatment course. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the demographic characteristics of the patient who missed follow-ups and identify the reasons for missed appointments or defaulted their treatment. Methods The records of patients diagnosed with TB follow-up at the chest clinic from January to June 2023 were reviewed based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted based on the data collected. Based on the study sample (n=33), the result shows that the majority of the defaulted patients were male in gender (n=22). Most of the missed appointments patients and defaulters are of Malay (39.4%) ethnicity and Malaysian nationality (66.7%). Most patients gave the transport issues as the reason for missed appointments followed by financial issues and feeling healthy. The majority of them missed follow-up in the first month after starting anti-TB. Conclusions In conclusion, missed appointments, treatment compliance and defaulted cases in TB treatment remain as one of the main challenges in the effort to end TB epidemics. Further in-depth research is required to propose effective measures to solve this issue and improve the national TB control program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Much has been written about the loss to follow-up in the transition between pediatric and adult Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) care centers. Much less is understood about the loss to follow-up (LTF) after a successful transition. This is critical too, as patients lost to specialised care are more likely to experience morbidity and premature mortality. Aims: To understand the prevalence and reasons for loss to follow-up (LTF) at a large Australian Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) centre. Methods: Patients with moderate or highly complex CHD and gaps in care of >3 years (defined as LTF) were identified from a comprehensive ACHD data-base. Structured telephone interviews examined current care and barriers to clinic attendance. Results: Overall, 407 (22%) of ACHD patients (n = 1842) were LTF. The mean age at LTF was 31 (SD 11.5) years and 54% were male; 311 (76%) were uncontactable. Compared to adults seen regularly, lost patients were younger, with a greater socio-economic disadvantage, and had less complex CHD (p < 0.05 for all). We interviewed 59 patients (14%). The top 3 responses for care absences were "feeling well" (61%), losing track of time (36%), and not needing follow-up care (25%). Conclusions: A large proportion of the ACHD population becomes lost to specialised cardiac care, even after a successful transition. This Australian study reports younger age, moderate complexity defects, and socio-economic disadvantage as predictive of loss to follow-up. This study highlights the need for novel approaches to patient-centered service delivery even beyond the age of transition and resources to maintain patient engagement within the ACHD service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In order to effectively manage tuberculosis (TB), health professionals affiliated with the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) and the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) are essential. Healthcare personnel' attitudes, expertise, and procedures about tuberculosis have a substantial impact on whether a patient receives treatment successfully or not. The purpose of this study is to evaluate healthcare personnel's knowledge, training, and sociodemographic profile in relation to NTEP/RNTCP in the context of patient loss to follow-up. Methodology: This observational study at BMIMS, Nalanda, Bihar, assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of all medical personnel involved in the NTEP over one year (January 2022 to March 2023). Through semi-structured interviews, it evaluated socio-demographic profiles, training status, and tackled potential selection biases. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel, focusing on variables related to TB management and healthcare worker profiles. Results: The bulk of the medical staff consisted of educated men in their thirties who were wellversed in the causes and modes of transmission of tuberculosis. Almost all had taken part in training related to their line of work. A sizable majority (71.41%) believed that the main causes of patients' failure to follow up with TB treatment were adverse drug reactions, patients' sense of wellbeing (57.62%), and patients' alcohol use (33.48%). Conclusions: In particular, 19.7% of healthcare personnel did not know the definition of loss to follow-up. Many believe that medicine side effects, a sense of well-being, and alcohol usage are the main causes of TB patients' follow-up loss. To prevent loss to follow-up, educational activities must be improved and more female health workers must be recruited. Recommendation: To address the gaps identified in the study, it is recommended to implement comprehensive and ongoing training programs for healthcare workers associated with NTEP/RNTCP, focusing on the accurate understanding of loss to follow-up and its contributing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes in a National HIV Treatment program. People living with HIV aged ≥18 years initiating first-line ART who switched to second-line protease inhibitor-based regimens from January 2008 to May 2019, with a minimum of 1-year follow-up were studied. The primary outcome was second-line treatment failure (two consecutive virological failure episodes (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL)). Of 318,506 PLH initiating ART, 29,015 (9.1%) switched to second-line regimens after a median (IQR) ART duration of 1.63 (0.60-3.59) years. Lost to follow-up (LTFU) occurred in 5316 (18.3%) of whom 1376 (5%) remained LTFU and alive; 4606 (15.9%) died. Cumulative second-line failure incidence was 9.8% at 6 years, more common in females, younger PLH those with lower switch CD4 cell counts. Multidisciplinary, innovative support systems are needed to improve second-line treatment outcomes, particularly those relating to modifiable risk factors. Plain Language Summary: Outcomes after switching to second line antiretroviral regimens in the Thai National Treatment program We assessed the rates of virological failure, losses to follow-up and death in 29,015 people who switched to second line antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. The cumulative rate of virological failure was a 9.8% at 6 years, loss to follow-up occurred in 18.3% (5% who remained alive) and 15.9% died. Women and those with lower CD4 counts at switch had the highest risk of virological failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV Early Infant Diagnosis (HEID) is critical for the timely initiation of HIV treatments and improved health outcomes among HIV-infected infants. However, the uptake of HEID remains largely low in Tanzania. This descriptive scoping review of evidence on HEID among HIV-exposed infants in Tanzania seeks to understand the dynamics of HEID, ART use and adherence to inform targeted interventions and promote its uptake. Methods: The Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework guided this scoping review. We searched for peer-published articles on HEID in Tanzania through PubMed and Google Scholar with full-text retrieval from HINAR. We included only English language articles published between 2013 and 2022. Further searches for the materials on the reference lists of the publications yielded additional relevant articles. We carried out an inductive thematic analysis to analyze and synthesize the data. Results: In all, nine articles met the inclusion criteria and, hence, qualified for the review. The variations in the uptake of HEID in the empirical literature reviewed indicate an upward trend. HEID increased from 77.2% in 2009 to 97.8% in 2011 in Kilimanjaro, Mbeya and Tanga and from 53.2% in 2014 to 69.2% in 2016 in Dar es Salaam. The median age at the initial test ranged from 5.6 weeks in Kilimanjaro to 8.6 weeks in Mbeya. The uptake of HEID was necessitated by individual, household and health facility factors. Unknown HIV status at conception, low level of education of the household head, and large household size negatively affected uptake of HEID. The health facility factors such as unavailability of the test kits, long distances to the facility and transport costs negatively influenced HEID uptake. The percentage of HIV-positive infants on ART ranged from 52.7 to 61%, and loss to follow ranged from 31 to 61%. Conclusion: The uptake of HEID varied among regions depending on individual, household and health facility factors. Multifaced efforts are needed to address these factors for accelerated uptake of HEID and improved health outcomes and survival among this strategic population group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Birth HIV point-of-care (POC) tests curtail analytical testing issues and expedite diagnosis, potentially allowing for earlier mother-infant pair engagement and improved outcomes. Many children are lost post antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation within the first 6 months of follow-up. Objectives: We compared 6-month retention in care, HIV viral load (VL) suppression and mortality among infants diagnosed with HIV at birth, using laboratory-based versus POC HIV PCR testing. Method: From 2018 to 2019, infants exposed to HIV underwent birth HIV PCR POC testing at Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital in Tshwane District. Their outcomes were compared to a historical control born between 2014 and 2016, who exclusively underwent laboratory-based HIV PCR testing. Both groups received comparable HIV care following national guidelines. Results: Fifty-seven infants were studied (POC: 27; Control: 30). The POC turnaround time was significantly shorter (POC: 15.5 h [IQR: 4.3–24.7], Control: 68.3 h [IQR 46.0–93.9]; p = 0.0001). Both populations had the same elapsed time from HIV diagnosis to ART initiation (median: 13 days, POC: IQR 8–21 days; Control: IQR 9–36 days). Six infants were never initiated (POC: 2 [7%]; Control: 4 [13%]). At 6 months, overall care retention was 72% (41/57), higher among the Control group (Control 23/30, 77%; POC: 18/27, 67%). HIV viral suppression at 6 months was higher among the POC group (POC: 14/18, 78%; Control: 9/19, 47%, p = 0.09). No deaths were reported. Conclusion: Poor care retention at 6 months post ART initiation is concerning. Initial mother-infant visits should be effectively utilised to assess and manage potential risk factors for loss of follow-up. Contribution: This study highlights the ongoing need to find workable solutions to improve retention in care, thereby ensuring the benefits of expedited HIV diagnosis and ART initiation.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic challenged the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. How the COVID-19 pandemic affected HIV retention in care and whether it has disproportionally affected migrant people with HIV (PWH) remained to be investigated. Methods: PWH in ICONA Cohort in follow-up in each of the study periods were included: 01/09/2019-29/02/2020 (pandemic period) and 01/03/2018-31/08/2018 (historical period, as a control). Risk of temporary loss to follow-up (LTFU, defined as no data recorded for a person for one year) was analyzed by logistic regression, with migrant status as the main exposure variable. Difference in difference (DID) analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic in the different risk of LTFU between natives and migrants. Results: 8864 (17.1% migrants) and 8071 (16.8% migrants) PWH constituted the pandemic and the historical period population, respectively.Proportion of PWH defined as LTFU in the pandemic period was 10.5% in native and 19.6% in migrant PWH.After controlling for age, sex and geographical location of enrolling site, risk of temporary LTFU was higher for migrants than native PWH [adjusted odds ratio 1.85 (95%CI 1.54–2.22)] in pandemic period. In PWH contributing to both periods, LTFU was 9.0% (95% CI 8.3–9.8) in natives vs 17.0% (95% CI 14.7–19.4) in migrants during the pandemic. Instead, LTFU was 1.2% (95%CI 0.9, 1.5) in natives vs 2.2% (95% CI 1.3–3.1) in migrants during the historical period, with a resulting DID of 7.0% (95% CI 4.4–9.6). Conclusions: A greater proportion of LTFU in migrant PWH was observed in both periods, which remained unaltered over time. Interventions to reduce LTFU of migrants are necessary.

Abstract Background COVID-19 and the subsequent intermittent lockdown measures from 2020 to 2022 in China critically disrupted regular medical activities, including dental care. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on long-term follow-up at the Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and to evaluate potential causes of loss to follow-up. Methods A total of 1062 patients with periodontitis who visited the hospital from January 2019 to June 2022 were included in this study, and patient information was collected retrospectively in the form of a telephone questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions in four areas: demographic characteristics, clinical periodontal parameters, oral hygiene habits, and follow-up-related open-ended questions (specific reasons for loss to follow-up, attitudes toward follow-up and suggestions for increasing participation in future follow-ups). Regression analysis of factors influencing the follow-up of patients with periodontitis were analyzed by regression analysis using R (v4.2.3) software. Results A total of 536 (50.47%) valid questionnaires were collected from 1062 patients. Personal factors (42.5%), instead of the COVID-19 epidemic (20.0%), were the main factors that impacted the loss to follow-up in long-term periodontal treatment, while work factors (19.8%), hospital factors (16.4%), and transportation or distance factors (14.7%) were all important factors. A family history of periodontitis [odds ratio (OR) = 0.567, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.393, 0.817, p = 0.002], as well as frequent use of dental devices (OR = 0.540, 95% CI: 0.375, 0.777, p = 0.001), were significantly associated with a “negative” attitude toward follow-up visits. Conclusion This survey suggests that the COVID-19 epidemic factor was an important cause contributed to the loss to follow-up during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) among a variety of potential factors. Majority of patients had negative attitudes toward subsequent continued participation in supportive care.

BackgroundUnderstanding the reasons for loss to follow-up (LTFU) in cohort studies, especially among marginalized groups such as people who inject drugs (PWID), is needed to strengthen the rigor of efficacy trials for prevention and treatment interventions. We assessed the proportion and reasons for loss to follow-up in a recent cohort of PWID enrolled in the southeast of Iran.MethodsUsing respondent-driven sampling, we recruited 98 PWID age 18 years or older who reported injecting drugs in the past 6 months, and were negative for HIV and HCV at initial screening. Participants were followed at 6 week intervals, alternating a short six-week visit and long 12-week or quarterly visit to measure incidence of HIV and HCV. Methods to enhance retention included incentives for completing each visit, tracking people who missed the scheduled visits through their peer referral networks, engaged outreach teams to explore hotspots and residences, and photos. LTFU was defined as participants who missed their quarterly visits for two or more weeks.ResultsMean (SD) age of participants was 39.7 years (SD 9.6). Of 98 enrolled, 50 participants (51.0%) were LTFU by missed their scheduled quarterly visits for 2 weeks or more. For those whose reasons for LTFU could be defined (46.0%, 23 of 50), main reasons were: forgetting the date of visit (43.5%, 10 of 23), being incarcerated (39.1%, 9 of 23), and moving out of the city (17.4%, 4 of 23).ConclusionThis study highlighted the difficulty in retaining PWID in longitudinal studies. Despite having several retention strategies in place, over half of PWID were LTFU. The LTFU might be reduced by setting up more effective reminder systems, working closely with security systems, and online means to reach those who move outside the study area.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a serious public health threat that affects the most vulnerable populations. Patients who are lost to follow-up (LTFU) after TB diagnosis still represent one of the biggest challenges to TB control. Method: In this prospective observational study, we aimed to identify and analyse the risk factors associated with LTFU among TB patients who started first-line TB treatment in the Sanatorium Hospital in Luanda. Result: A total of 113 patients with TB (non-multidrug resistant) were included between August 2018 and September 2019. Seventy-six (67.3%) patients were cured, 27 (23.9%) were LTFU, 5 (4.4%) died, 4 (3.5%) were transferred and 1 (0.9%) presented treatment failure. After excluding those who died, were transferred or failed treatment, we observed that severe TB at the time of diagnosis (OR 9.24, 95% CI 2.18–39.04) and food insecurity were significantly associated with LTFU (OR 5.96, 95% CI 1.66–21.41). Conclusions: The findings of our study can contribute to understanding the reasons for the LTFU of patients with TB and can guide policies and facilitate designing measures to allow better adherence and, therefore, greater treatment success.

BACKGROUND: Half of India´s three million TB patients are treated in the largely unregulated private sector, where quality of care is often poor. Private provider interface agencies (PPIAs) seek to improve private sector quality of care, which can be measured in terms of case fatality and recurrence rates.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort survey of 4,000 private sector patients managed by the PATH PPIA between 2014 and 2017. We estimated treatment and post-treatment case-fatality ratios (CFRs) and recurrence rates. We used Cox proportional hazards models to identify predictors of fatality and recurrence. Patient loss to follow-up was adjusted for using selection weighting.RESULTS: The treatment CFR was 7.1% (95% CI 6.0-8.2). At 24 months post-treatment, the CFR was 2.4% (95% CI 1.7-3.0) and the recurrence rate was 1.9% (95% CI 1.3-2.5). Treatment fatality was associated with age (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02-1.03), clinical diagnosis (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.84), treatment duration (HR 0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.10) and adherence. Post-treatment fatality was associated with treatment duration (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.79-0.91) and adherence.CONCLUSIONS: We found a moderate treatment phase CFR among PPIA-managed private sector patient with low rates of post-treatment fatality and recurrence. Routine monitoring of patient outcomes after treatment would strengthen PPIAs and inform future post TB interventions.