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The Gesneriaceae consists of around 150 genera and c. 3750 species with a predominantly tropical and subtropical distribution across all continents. Although previous studies have proposed an American origin of Gesneriaceae, the biogeographic history of this pantropical plant family is still unclear, particularly in the Old World. To address this, we assembled the most comprehensively sampled matrix of Gesneriaceae with 143 Gesneriaceae genera and 355 species, including key samples from Sri Lanka analysed here for the first time. We generated molecular phylogenies based on four plastid gene regions (ndhF, matK, rps16 and trnL-F), obtained fossil-calibrated trees, and reconstructed ancestral areas and dispersal routes using Bayesian methods. Our results confirm the origin for the family in the Early Palaeocene (67. Ma) in the region of present day Central America & Andean South America, and that diversity in the Old World originated from a longdistance dispersal event from South America around 59 Ma, most likely to the Indian plate, which was an island at the time. This lineage then dispersed to Malesia and later East Asia, which would ultimately become a major centre of diversity and source of many dispersals to other regions. Our results thus highlight the Indian plate as a likely key player in the early diversification of Old World Gesneriaceae, even though it is now more diverse elsewhere, and hence offer novel insights into this plant family’s dispersal routes and areas of diversification in the Old World.

The recognition of plant biogeographic ranges over time and migration routes is crucial for understanding ancient global plate tectonic configurations. This paper deals with a new fossil plant from the uppermost part of the Taiyuan Formation (earliest Asselian) in the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China. It has a taeniopterid morphology comprising strap-shaped leaves with a prominent midrib and arching secondary veins, and it exhibits dimorphism between its fertile and vegetative leaves. The fertile leaf has a slightly lobed margin, with each lateral vein terminating in a marginal lobe that bears a synangium. Each synangium consists of primarily two, occasionally three, oval sporangia. Based on these distinctive characteristics it is identified as a new species of Ilfeldia. Previously, Ilfeldia had a highly restricted record in the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal and Germany into the lower Permian of Germany. The sedimentary and floral context suggests Ilfeldia was a xerophilous element that underwent long-distance dispersal during the Late Pennsylvanian to earliest Asselian, migrating from Gondwana (Iberia) to Cathaysia (North China) via Euramerica (Eastern Avalonia). The palaeogeographical distribution over time of Ilfeldia supports the continental model of the Wegenerian Pangaea configuration and underscores the continental connection between Euramerica and Cathaysia in the Late Pennsylvanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ducks are known to be important seed dispersers, but the role of geese in plant dispersal is less clear. Wintering populations of migratory geese are undergoing rapid changes in distribution and habitat use in response to climate change and changes in land use, and the implications for seed dispersal have not previously been studied. At the southern end of Eurasian goose flyways, numbers are declining through short‐stopping. The Doñana wetlands, or ‘marismas del Guadalquivir’, in south‐west Spain were formerly Europe's most important wintering grounds for the greylag goose Anser anser. There, we collected 151 faecal samples to compare seed dispersal by endozoochory in early and late winter in natural marshes and ricefields. We also tested seed germinability and simulated potential seed dispersal distances to assess the importance of this decreasing wintering population for dispersal of dry‐fruited plants previously assumed to rely on abiotic seed dispersal over short distances. We retrieved 1196 intact seeds belonging to 24 different taxa, including eight species not previously reported from waterfowl (Anatidae) vectors. Seeds were present in 47% of samples, with a peak of 90% in natural marshes in November, compared to only 27% in ricefields at the same time, or in the same marsh site in February. Seed abundance and richness per sample were significantly higher in early than late winter, and in natural compared to in artificial wetlands. Major differences in plant species composition between sampling sites were partly related to habitat differences and moisture requirements of individual species. Germinability in aquatic plants was higher when gut passage was followed by cold storage for 2 months prior to germination tests. We simulated seed dispersal events to and from our sampling sites using GPS tracking of three geese. This suggested that seeds can be dispersed up to 25 km during daily movements, with a median of 0.2–5 km, depending on the sampling site. The most frequent dispersal syndrome assigned to the plant species dispersed by geese was barochory (gravity), and geese disperse plants much farther than the mechanisms predicted by their syndromes. Geese likely have an important role in the dispersal and connectivity of plant populations within and beyond Mediterranean wetlands, providing an ecosystem service which is threatened by changes in migratory behaviour. Our results highlight the importance of studying seed dispersal interactions involving migratory waterbirds in the current context of species loss and distribution shifts, as many crucial interactions may be disappearing even before they are discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Pacific archipelagos are central in the biogeographic debate on the relative importance of vicariance and dispersal in shaping the distribution of species. However, each taxonomic group was subject to different processes and histories, and here, we reveal the historical biogeography of the diverse Eumolpinae leaf beetles, widely distributed in the region. Extensive taxon sampling focusing on South Pacific Eumolpinae was used to infer the first molecular phylogeny of the group using three single‐copy protein‐coding nuclear and two mitochondrial markers. Upon assessing the clade of interest for lineage‐specific variation in substitution rates, the age of the most recent common ancestors was estimated using out‐group calibration and multi‐gamma site models (MGSMs). Biogeographic analyses used standard event‐based inferences also incorporating phylogenetic uncertainty. Zealandian Eumolpinae are monophyletic and appear to have split from their global relatives in the transition from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene. Variation in the rates of molecular evolution affected the in‐group stem branch, with a significant drop in the substitution rate, and the MGSM correction recovered the crown age of Zealandian Eumolpinae during the Late Eocene–Oligocene transition. Biogeographic inference resolved the origin of the radiation in New Caledonia, favouring a null model without island age constraints, and repeated dispersal events to the other islands, including three independent but synchronous colonisations of New Zealand during the Miocene. New Caledonia, with a highly diverse Eumolpinae fauna of uncertain origin, acted as a hub and pump of biodiversity of these beetles in the entire South Pacific region, sending migrants to other islands through long‐distance dispersal with lineages establishing when land became available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide. To understand the impact of human migration and changes in agricultural practices on crop pathogens, here population genomic analysis with 245 representative strains from a collection of 4,427 field isolates of Fusarium asiaticum, the causal agent of FHB in Southern China is conducted. Three populations with distinct evolution trajectories are identifies over the last 10,000 years that can be correlated with historically documented changes in agricultural practices due to human migration caused by the Southern Expeditions during the Jin Dynasty. The gradual decrease of 3ADON‐producing isolates from north to south along with the population structure and spore dispersal patterns shows the long‐distance (>250 km) dispersal of F. asiaticum. These insights into population dynamics and evolutionary history of FHB pathogens are corroborated by a genome‐wide analysis with strains originating from Japan, South America, and the USA, confirming the adaptation of FHB pathogens to cropping systems and human migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hausdorf, B., Xu, J., BAMBERGER, S. (2024) Repeated colonization of the Northern Limestone Alps from the Southern Limestone Alps by the rock‐dwelling snail species Cochlostoma henricae—Zoologica Scripta, 00, 000–000. The evolution of biogeographic disjunctions in the Southern and Northern Limestone Alps has been studied only in a few taxa. Cochlostoma henricae (Strobel, 1851) is a land snail species restricted to limestone rocks showing such disjunctions. We studied the phylogeny and population structure of this species using genomic ddRAD data to better understand the differentiation of the species in the Southern Alps and the origin of the isolated occurrences in the Northern Limestone Alps. Phylogenetic and population‐genetic analyses of the ddRAD data revealed a subdivision of the C. henricae populations into a western cluster and an eastern cluster. These clusters were probably separated by glaciers that extended from the Piave Valley to the margin of the Alps. Such a longitudinal subdivision is a common pattern of several species in the Southern Limestone Alps. However, the boundaries between western and eastern population groups differ between taxa. Cochlostoma henricae colonized the Northern Limestone Alps at least twice. The population from Breitenwang in Tyrol originated from the western group, whereas the occurrences in the Salzkammergut are from the eastern group. These and similar disjunctions of several other land snails show that even species with limited dispersal abilities could cross the Alps repeatedly by passive long‐distance dispersal events. A subdivision of C. henricae into three subspecies, proposed based on shell characters, does not correspond to its population‐genetic structure. Instead, the eastern and western population groups represent distinct evolutionary units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thalassochory, the dispersal of propagules through marine currents, is a key long‐distance dispersal (LDD) mechanism with implications for global biogeography and particularly for island colonization. The propagules of coastal plant species are generally assumed to be better adapted for sea dispersal than those of inland plants, but this hypothesis remains largely untested.We conducted experiments on four genera (Juniperus, Daucus, Ferula, and Pancratium) and compared traits among nine species with different habitats and distributions.Our results showed that Juniperus spp. and P. maritimum have strong thalassochorous potential within the Mediterranean Basin. Interestingly, we did not find a clear association on the thalassochorous potential of coastal versus inland species within all the tested genera, apart from P. maritimum compared with the endemic inland P. illyricum.These findings suggest that thalassochory may be a more common dispersal mechanism than previously assumed. The apparently weak link of dispersal syndrome with species ecology broadens the possibility of dispersal by the sea also for inland plants, although considered to be poorly salt‐tolerant. Moreover, our results reveal significant differences in sea dispersal between endemic and widespread species, but do not rule out an important role of thalassochory in shaping the distribution patterns of archipelago endemic flora. The presented method is largely replicable and could be used for further studies with a larger set of species to better delineate trends of sea dispersal syndrome among species with different ecology or dispersal traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems survive on isolated oceanic islands in the path of circumpolar currents and winds that have raged for more than 30 million years and are shaped by climatic cycles that surpass the tolerance limits of many species. Surprisingly little is known about how these ecosystems assembled their native terrestrial fauna and how such processes have changed over time. Here, we demonstrate the patterns and timing of colonization and speciation in the largest and dominant arthropod predators in the eastern sub-Antarctic: spiders of the genus Myro. Our results indicate that this lineage originated from Australia before the Plio-Pleistocenic glacial cycles and underwent an adaptive radiation on the Crozet archipelago, from where one native species colonized multiple remote archipelagos via the Antarctic circumpolar current across thousands of kilometers. The results indicate limited natural connectivity between terrestrial macroinvertebrate faunas in the eastern sub-Antarctic and partial survival of repeated glaciations in the Plio-Pleistocene. Furthermore, our findings highlight that by integrating arthropod taxa from multiple continents, the climatically more stable volcanic Crozet archipelago played a critical role in the evolution and distribution of arthropod life in the sub-Antarctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large carnivores such as wolves (Canis lupus) at times disperse distances of several hundred kilometers, which may enable gene flow over vast distances. Such long‐distance dispersal events, however, often remain undetected, and documenting long‐distance dispersers and their movements typically depend on strong transboundary collaborations. Here, we report the dispersal of a wolf (MSV0FF) from the Alpine region of northern Slovenia to Bavaria in southern Germany, a straight‐line distance of around 300 km. The disperser originated in a pack with a genetically diverse breeding pair, where the father exhibited ancestry from the Dinaric and Italian Alpine populations. Genetic analysis of the mother indicated that she was an immigrant from a divergent population further south in the Dinaric‐Balkan region. Such a varied ancestry augments the probability of immigrants being genetically misclassified as wolf‐dog hybrids in their area of arrival, which increases the risk of unfavorable management decisions toward individuals that would be genetically highly valuable for the recipient population. Wolf MSV0FF therefore demonstrates the benefits of international collaborative monitoring networks and the value of sharing samples and analytical approaches for the monitoring of wide‐ranging species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Genetic diversity of marine forests results from complex interactions of eco‐evolutionary processes. Among them, oceanographic connectivity driven by dispersal through water transport is hypothesized to play a pivotal role, yet its relative contribution has not been addressed at the global scale. Here, we test how present‐day oceanographic connectivity is correlated with the distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests across the ocean. Location: Global. Time period: Contemporary. Major taxa studied: Marine forests of brown macroalgae (order: Fucales, Ishigeales, Laminariales and Tilopteridales). Methods: Through literature review, we compiled a comprehensive dataset of genetic differentiation, encompassing 699 populations of 30 species. A biophysical model coupled with network analyses estimated multigenerational oceanographic connectivity and centrality across the marine forest global distribution. This approach integrated propagule dispersive capacity and long‐distance dispersal events. Linear mixed models tested the relative contribution of site‐specific processes, connectivity and centrality in explaining genetic differentiation. Results: We show that spatiality‐dependent eco‐evolutionary processes, as described by our models, are prominent drivers of genetic differentiation in marine forests (significant models in 91.43% of the cases with an average R2 of 0.50 ± 0.07). Specifically, we reveal that 18.7% of genetic differentiation variance is explicitly induced by predicted contemporary connectivity and centrality. Moreover, we demonstrate that long‐distance dispersal is key in connecting populations of species distributed across large water masses and continents. Main conclusions: Our findings highlight the role of present‐day oceanographic connectivity in shaping the extant distribution of genetic diversity of marine forests on a global scale, with significant implications for biogeography and evolution. This understanding can pave the way for future research aimed at guiding conservation efforts, including the designation of well‐connected marine protected areas, which is particularly relevant for sessile ecosystems structuring species such as brown macroalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat contributes one‐fifth of the global food supply with an estimated 29% of global production in low and lower‐middle income countries. As production expands across southern Asia, yields are often negatively impacted by outbreaks of fungal rust diseases. A wheat rust early warning and advisory system comprising surveillance, near real‐time disease risk forecasts and advisory dissemination has been established in two target countries in South Asia, including Nepal and Bangladesh. However, as wheat rust spores can be aerially transmitted over long distances, near real‐time estimates of disease incidence are required from sources of infection in neighbouring regions. To address this challenge, we developed and tested a novel algorithm to generate proxy observations of infection sources using online media reports in two neighbouring countries, India and Pakistan. Media sampling could provide an effective alternative where data from ground surveys are not readily available in near real‐time. Our results show that west Nepal was exposed to a substantial inoculum pressure from aerially dispersed stripe rust spores originating from India and Pakistan. There were no outbreaks of stripe rust disease in Bangladesh with only very low levels of cross‐border dispersion and generally unfavourable environmental conditions for infection. We further describe how proxy observations informed farmer decision‐making in near real‐time in Nepal and filled a knowledge gap in identifying early sources of infection for a major outbreak of stripe rust during 2020 in Nepal. Our results highlight the importance of international cooperation in mitigating transboundary plant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We assessed the population genetic structure of the kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes bonadea across the Southwestern Pacific islands. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of overseas distances and, in particular, the Kerama gap, as potential drivers of genetic differentiation. If no relationship exists, then we assume dispersal following adaptive change as alternative non‐vicariant mechanism that generates divergence. Location: Southwestern Pacific Islands. Taxon: Argyrodes bonadea. Methods: We used mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) gene sequences and Restriction Site‐associated DNA Sequencing (RAD‐seq) for our analyses. Results: Two strongly supported lineages, an Amami‐Okinawa Lineage (AOL) and an Austral‐Asia Lineage (AAL), correspond to two separate clades, roughly divided by the Kerama Gap, in phylogenetic trees estimated here. However, species delimitation led to the interpretation of only a single species present. The AOL exhibits complex, geographically structured host web spider species specificity, wherein the Amami population utilizes Cyrtophora, but AOL samples in Okinawa associate exclusively with Nephila—and yet all broadly distributed AAL populations show no evidence of host web spider species specificity. Main Conclusion: The population boundary between AOL and AAL likely results from local adaptation to novel hosts—instead of isolation by the Kerama Gap—following long‐distance dispersal and range expansion. Our results suggest kleptoparasitic spiders have the capacity to overcome permanent deep‐sea barriers and colonize distant landmasses. Whereas peripheral populations (AOL) demonstrate the capacity for specialization to a single host, which may have contributed to genetic differentiation and isolation, the broadly distributed AAL persists and has successfully expanded its geographical range as a host generalist, which may contribute to ongoing gene flow inferred in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carex dianae Steud. is an endemic sedge of St. Helena, an isolated island in the South Atlantic. Our study provides the first molecular sequence data for this taxon. We generated sequence data for plastid matK and trnK regions and nuclear internal transcribed spacer and external transcribed spacer regions to determine the placement of C. dianae in the broader Carex phylogeny. The placement of C. dianae falls within Carex sect. Spirostachyae Drejer, and it is sister to a clade including Carex clavata Thunb., Carex aethiopica Schkuhr (both from the Cape region of S. Africa), and Carex gunniana Boott (southern Australia). The existence of three divergent nucleotype groups and two plastotypes is revealed from genetic variation within C. dianae. The results suggest that the ancestor of C. dianae likely originated in the Cape region of South Africa, followed by transoceanic dispersal to St. Helena estimated at 4.4–4.9 million years ago, likely by a bird vector. The most divergent population is that on an isolated hill known as "The Barn", which may represent a distinct taxon. The existence of highly structured molecular variation within an island only 16 km long is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In biogeography, vicariance and long‐distance dispersal are often characterised as competing scenarios. However, they are related concepts, both relying on collective geological, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence. This is illustrated by freshwater fishes, which may immigrate to islands either when freshwater connections are temporarily present and later severed (vicariance), or by unusual means when ocean gaps are crossed (long‐distance dispersal). Marine barriers have a strong filtering effect on freshwater fishes, limiting immigrants to those most capable of oceanic dispersal. The roles of vicariance and dispersal are debated for freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles. We review three active hypotheses [Cretaceous vicariance, Greater Antilles–Aves Ridge (GAARlandia), long‐distance dispersal] and propose long‐distance dispersal to be an appropriate model due to limited support for freshwater fish use of landspans. Greater Antillean freshwater fishes have six potential source bioregions (defined from faunal similarity): Northern Gulf of México, Western Gulf of México, Maya Terrane, Chortís Block, Eastern Panamá, and Northern South America. Faunas of the Greater Antilles are composed of taxa immigrating from many of these bioregions, but there is strong compositional disharmony between island and mainland fish faunas (>90% of Antillean species are cyprinodontiforms, compared to <10% in Northern Gulf of México and Northern South America, and ≤50% elsewhere), consistent with a hypothesis of long‐distance dispersal. Ancestral‐area reconstruction analysis indicates there were 16 or 17 immigration events over the last 51 million years, 14 or 15 of these by cyprinodontiforms. Published divergence estimates and evidence available for each immigration event suggests they occurred at different times and by different pathways, possibly with rafts of vegetation discharged from rivers or washed to sea during storms. If so, ocean currents likely provide critical pathways for immigration when flowing from one landmass to another. On the other hand, currents create dispersal barriers when flowing perpendicularly between landmasses. In addition to high salinity tolerance, cyprinodontiforms collectively display a variety of adaptations that could enhance their ability to live with rafts (small body size, viviparity, low metabolism, amphibiousness, diapause, self‐fertilisation). These adaptations likely also helped immigrants establish island populations after arrival and to persist long term thereafter. Cichlids may have used a pseudo bridge (Nicaragua Rise) to reach the Greater Antilles. Gars (Lepisosteidae) may have crossed the Straits of Florida to Cuba, a relatively short crossing that is not a barrier to gene flow for several cyprinodontiform immigrants. Indeed, widespread distributions of Quaternary migrants (Cyprinodon, Gambusia, Kryptolebias), within the Greater Antilles and among neighbouring bioregions, imply that long‐distance dispersal is not necessarily inhibitory for well‐adapted species, even though it appears to be virtually impossible for all other freshwater fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses an existential threat to coral reefs. A warmer and more acidic ocean weakens coral ecosystems and increases the intensity of hurricanes. The wind–wave–current interactions during a hurricane deeply change the ocean circulation patterns and hence potentially affect the dispersal of coral larvae and coral disease agents. Here, we modeled the impact of major hurricane Irma (September 2017) on coral larval and stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) connectivity in Florida's Coral Reef. We coupled high‐resolution coastal ocean circulation and wave models to simulate the dispersal of virtual coral larvae and disease agents between thousands of reefs. While being a brief event, our results suggest the passage of hurricane Irma strongly increased the probability of long‐distance exchanges while reducing larval supply. It created new connections that could promote coral resilience but also probably accelerated the spread of SCTLD by about a month. As they become more intense, hurricanes' double‐edged effect will become increasingly pronounced, contributing to increased variability in transport patterns and an accelerated rate of change within coral reef ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Most aquatic macrophytes are ecozone-endemic species, and approximately two-thirds of them have rare occurrence at global scale. These small-range plants are seriously under-studied at macroecological scale, despite their marked vulnerability to extinction through habitat loss and climate change. Aims: To identify global hotspots of endemism and rarity of aquatic macrophytes and examine the factors that resulted in speciation hotspots of macrophytes in some areas of the planet. Methods: We analysed a database of 3499 macrophyte species to locate speciation hotspots and assess the biogeographic and environmental drivers that maintain ecozone-endemic, and globally rare species within their current limited global areas of occupancy. Key results: Ecozone-endemic and globally rare macrophyte species hotspots across the planet showed similar occurrence patterns and drivers among ecozones. Ecozone environmental conditions, particularly harsh environments, influenced macrophyte phylogenetic diversity and structure. Most macrophyte species diversification is recent (<10 million years ago). A negative association with bird-mediated zoochory was seen for endemicity and rarity hotspots. Conclusions: This study identified hotspots of endemicity and rarity, and potential cradle and museum speciation areas. Implications: Our findings could inform global action to conserve the macrophyte diversity of wetlands, and other inland aquatic habitats, across the world. We identified global hotspots of aquatic macrophyte endemism and rarity, and identified factors associated with speciation hotspots of macrophytes in some areas of the planet. We found a total global pool of world-rare macrophytes of 2296 species, each present in <5% of the total world area of inland aquatic habitats. Our findings help identify the locations of potential cradle and museum speciation areas for these plants, that could usefully inform global actions to conserve freshwater macrophyte diversity across the world. This article belongs to the collection Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primacy of endozoochory for the maintenance and expansion of many woody plant populations is well known, but seed dispersal is not well understood for most species. This is especially true for rare species, where small population size and low fruit production can limit field- or observation-based experiments. Additionally, the effect of environmental heterogeneity on disperser movement is rarely investigated but has been shown to improve estimates of plant population spatial patterns and dynamics. We used simulation experiments to explore the effects of environmental heterogeneity and disperser movement on Lindera subcoriacea seed dispersal, a rare shrub from the southeastern United States with avian-dispersed seeds. Our experiments incorporated environmental heterogeneity and simulated disperser movement for five bird species, based on either landscape permeability or straight path rules. We anticipated that permeability-based movement would result in greater dispersal distances and seed dispersal effectiveness, which characterizes both quantity and quality. Generally, we did not find differences in seed dispersal between permeability and straight path experiments. However, we did find that permeability-based experiments had greater deposition into suitable habitat during flight (23 vs. 1%). These rare but longer distance depositions may be especially important for plants that are influenced by gap or interpopulation dynamics. We also found consistently greater dispersal into high quality habitats regardless of disperser species in permeability experiments, implying that incorporating species-specific assessments of landscape utilization (occupancy) could influence the effectiveness of seed dispersal. Our study suggests that including environmental heterogeneity in seed dispersal models can provide additional insights not provided by avian parameters (e.g., gut capacity, seed retention time, and flight speed) commonly used to inform dispersal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat diseases worldwide. To understand the impact of human migration and changes in agricultural practices on crop pathogens, here population genomic analysis with 245 representative strains from a collection of 4,427 field isolates of Fusarium asiaticum, the causal agent of FHB in Southern China is conducted. Three populations with distinct evolution trajectories are identifies over the last 10,000 years that can be correlated with historically documented changes in agricultural practices due to human migration caused by the Southern Expeditions during the Jin Dynasty. The gradual decrease of 3ADON‐producing isolates from north to south along with the population structure and spore dispersal patterns shows the long‐distance (>250 km) dispersal of F. asiaticum. These insights into population dynamics and evolutionary history of FHB pathogens are corroborated by a genome‐wide analysis with strains originating from Japan, South America, and the USA, confirming the adaptation of FHB pathogens to cropping systems and human migration.

The primacy of endozoochory for the maintenance and expansion of many woody plant populations is well known, but seed dispersal is not well understood for most species. This is especially true for rare species, where small population size and low fruit production can limit field- or observation-based experiments. Additionally, the effect of environmental heterogeneity on disperser movement is rarely investigated but has been shown to improve estimates of plant population spatial patterns and dynamics. We used simulation experiments to explore the effects of environmental heterogeneity and disperser movement on Lindera subcoriacea seed dispersal, a rare shrub from the southeastern United States with avian-dispersed seeds. Our experiments incorporated environmental heterogeneity and simulated disperser movement for five bird species, based on either landscape permeability or straight path rules. We anticipated that permeability-based movement would result in greater dispersal distances and seed dispersal effectiveness, which characterizes both quantity and quality. Generally, we did not find differences in seed dispersal between permeability and straight path experiments. However, we did find that permeability-based experiments had greater deposition into suitable habitat during flight (23 vs. 1%). These rare but longer distance depositions may be especially important for plants that are influenced by gap or interpopulation dynamics. We also found consistently greater dispersal into high quality habitats regardless of disperser species in permeability experiments, implying that incorporating species-specific assessments of landscape utilization (occupancy) could influence the effectiveness of seed dispersal. Our study suggests that including environmental heterogeneity in seed dispersal models can provide additional insights not provided by avian parameters (e.g., gut capacity, seed retention time, and flight speed) commonly used to inform dispersal models.

Munidopsid squat lobsters are among the most abundant decapods at abyssal depths and the most diverse squat lobster group in the East Pacific region. During recent cruises along the East Pacific, many deep-sea squat lobsters were collected. Among these, we described five new munidopsid species supported both by morphological characters and molecular phylogenetics: Munidopsis girguisi sp. nov., M. nautilus sp. nov., M. testuda sp. nov., M. cortesi sp. nov. and M. hendrickxi sp. nov. We also report new records of several Munidopsis species across the East Pacific that increase the species distribution ranges. Here, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of the East Pacific species in relation to other Galatheoidea using one nuclear and two mitochondrial gene fragment(s); we also performed single locus species delimitation analyses to explore the species status of various East Pacific munidopsid taxa. The new taxa were photographed, illustrated and imaged with micro-computed tomography. The phylogenetic results show that: (1) Janetogalathea californiensis, previously included in the family Galatheidae, nests within Munidopsidae; (2) the phylogenetic position of Phylladiorhynchus and Coralliogalathea as belonging in Galatheidae is not supported; and (3) Munidopsis is paraphyletic, agreeing with recent systematic hypotheses. Short genetic distances and species delimitation analyses suggested that a clade mostly constituted by abyssal species might include fewer species than currently considered, as species show a wider geographic range than previously considered, conforming with traditional hypotheses of cosmopolitanisms in abyssal species. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CED9EB18-7061-47A7-B2FF-7F1DAFCC7B12.

Background and Aims The staghorn fern genus Platycerium is one of the most commonly grown ornamental ferns, and it evolved to occupy a typical pantropical intercontinental disjunction. However, species-level relationships in the genus have not been well resolved, and the spatiotemporal evolutionary history of the genus also needs to be explored. Methods Plastomes of all the 18 Platycerium species were newly sequenced. Using plastome data, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among Polypodiaceae members with a focus on Platycerium species, and further conducted molecular dating and biogeographical analyses of the genus. Key Results The present analyses yielded a robustly supported phylogenetic hypothesis of Platycerium. Molecular dating results showed that Platycerium split from its sister genus Hovenkampia ~35.2 million years ago (Ma) near the Eocene–Oligocene boundary and began to diverge ~26.3 Ma during the late Oligocene, while multiple speciation events within Platycerium occurred during the middle to late Miocene. Biogeographical analysis suggested that Platycerium originated in tropical Africa and then dispersed eastward to southeast Asia–Australasia and westward to neotropical areas. Conclusions Our analyses using a plastid phylogenomic approach improved our understanding of the species-level relationships within Platycerium. The global climate changes of both the Late Oligocene Warming and the cooling following the mid-Miocene Climate Optimum may have promoted the speciation of Platycerium , and transoceanic long-distance dispersal is the most plausible explanation for the pantropical distribution of the genus today. Our study investigating the biogeographical history of Platycerium provides a case study not only for the formation of the pantropical intercontinental disjunction of this fern genus but also the 'out of Africa' origin of plant lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal migration is an underappreciated driver of animal diversification. Changes in migratory behaviour may favour the establishment of sedentary founder populations and promote speciation if there is sufficient reproductive isolation between sedentary and migratory populations. From a systematic literature review, we here quantify the role of migratory drop-off—the loss of migratory behaviour—in promoting speciation in birds on islands. We identify at least 157 independent colonization events likely initiated by migratory species that led to speciation, including 44 cases among recently extinct species. By comparing, for all islands, the proportion of island endemic species that derived from migratory drop-off with the proportion of migratory species among potential colonizers, we showed that seasonal migration has a larger effect on island endemic richness than direct dispersal. We also found that the role of migration in island colonization increases with the geographic isolation of islands. Furthermore, the success of speciation events depends in part on species biogeographic and ecological factors, here positively associated with greater range size and larger flock sizes. These results highlight the importance of shifts in migratory behaviour in the speciation process and calls for greater consideration of migratory drop-off in the biogeographic distribution of birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal is an important behavioral process that plays a significant role in, among others, speciation, population viability, and individual fitness. Despite progress in avian dispersal research, there are still many knowledge gaps. For example, it is of interest to study how dispersal propensity relates to age- and/or sex-specific patterns. Here, we investigated the role of sex and life stage on natal (i.e., movement from birth site to first breeding site) and breeding dispersal (i.e., movement between sequential breeding sites) in the Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) for dispersal events of more than 10 km. This small and inconspicuous wader is characterized by flexible mating behavior that includes monogamy, and serial polygynandry. Using a continent-wide dataset of ringing and re-encounter data throughout the species' range in Europe, we found that adult females generally dispersed further than adult males between seasons, but we detected no sex difference in natal dispersal distances and no general difference between natal and breeding dispersal distances. Furthermore, females were the main group exhibiting 'long-distance' breeding dispersal, which we defined as dispersal greater than ≥ 108 km, i.e., the upper 10% percentile of our dataset. The data set included dispersal of two females that first bred in the Mediterranean before being detected breeding at the North Sea in the subsequent year, having dispersed 1290 and 1704 km, respectively. These observations represent the longest breeding dispersal observed within the genus Charadrius. Our long-distance dispersal records are consistent with low genetic differentiation between mainland populations shown in previous work. The dispersal of the Kentish Plover is likely linked to its breeding behavior: polyandrous females exhibit extensive mate searching and habitat prospecting. We recommend that the dispersal traits of Kentish Plover be incorporated into the species' conservation and management planning to more accurately inform models of population connectivity and metapopulation dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how spatial patterns of mating and gene flow respond to habitat loss and geographical isolation is a crucial aspect of forest fragmentation genetics. Naturally fragmented riparian tree populations exhibit unique characteristics that significantly influence these patterns. In this study, we investigate mating patterns, pollen‐mediated gene flow, and genetic diversity in relict populations of Frangula alnus in southern Spain by testing specific hypotheses related to the riparian habitat. We employ a novel approach that combines paternity analysis, particularly suited for small and isolated populations, with complex network theory and Bayesian models to predict mating likelihood among tree pairs. Our findings reveal a prevalence of short‐distance pollination, resulting in spatially driven local mating clusters with a distinct subset of trees being highly connected in the mating network. Additionally, we observe numerous pollination events over distances of hundreds of metres and considerable pollen immigration. Local neighbourhood density is the primary factor influencing within‐population mating patterns and pollen dispersal; moreover, mating network properties reflect the population's size and spatial configuration. Conversely, among‐population pollen dispersal is mainly determined by tree size, which influences floral display. Our results do not support a major role of directional pollen dispersal in longitudinal trends of genetic diversity. We provide evidence that long‐term fragmented tree populations persist in unique environments that shape mating patterns and impose constraints to pollen‐mediated gene flow. Nevertheless, even seemingly strongly isolated populations can maintain functional connectivity over extended periods, especially when animal‐mediated mating networks promote genetic diversity, as in this riparian tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Wheat contributes one‐fifth of the global food supply with an estimated 29% of global production in low and lower‐middle income countries. As production expands across southern Asia, yields are often negatively impacted by outbreaks of fungal rust diseases. A wheat rust early warning and advisory system comprising surveillance, near real‐time disease risk forecasts and advisory dissemination has been established in two target countries in South Asia, including Nepal and Bangladesh. However, as wheat rust spores can be aerially transmitted over long distances, near real‐time estimates of disease incidence are required from sources of infection in neighbouring regions. To address this challenge, we developed and tested a novel algorithm to generate proxy observations of infection sources using online media reports in two neighbouring countries, India and Pakistan. Media sampling could provide an effective alternative where data from ground surveys are not readily available in near real‐time. Our results show that west Nepal was exposed to a substantial inoculum pressure from aerially dispersed stripe rust spores originating from India and Pakistan. There were no outbreaks of stripe rust disease in Bangladesh with only very low levels of cross‐border dispersion and generally unfavourable environmental conditions for infection. We further describe how proxy observations informed farmer decision‐making in near real‐time in Nepal and filled a knowledge gap in identifying early sources of infection for a major outbreak of stripe rust during 2020 in Nepal. Our results highlight the importance of international cooperation in mitigating transboundary plant pathogens.

The Eurasian golden jackal (Canis aureus) has been rapidly expanding its distribution range in Europe. Whether jackals will be able to adapt to new environmental conditions in northern Europe remains largely unresolved. Herein we provide additional evidence for the species' ability to colonize northern environments by presenting the new records of golden jackal occurrence in Finland. During 2018–2022, golden jackals were recorded at six localities of which one located in southern, four in central and one in northern Finland. We drafted potential main routes of dispersal movements by jackals in northern Europe, and discuss ecology and management of this newly colonizing species in Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding dispersal patterns and demographic processes is crucial for the development of evidence-based conservation practices. Obtaining such information relies on the ability to identify and track individuals across spatial and temporal scales relevant to the life-history events under investigation. This knowledge can be achieved by combining photographic and sighting data collected by various sources with a high accuracy automated individual identification platform. Here, we present the African Carnivore Wildbook (ACW), an AI-based graphical user interface tool capable of identifying individuals of several African carnivore species and specifically developed to accommodate the above outlined needs. We showcase the ACW functionality using the endangered African wild dog as an example. Pictures collected over an area >56,000 km² and submitted to ACW allowed inferences on movement patterns and dispersal at regional and international scales; for instance, transboundary dispersal events >200 km were documented. ACW furthermore enabled monitoring some individuals for >4 years; such information is invaluable for reliable survival analyses. We discuss how the ACW can contribute to data collection at appropriate spatial and temporal scales to support population monitoring, scientific research and management of African wild dogs and other apex carnivores and to the conservation of these charismatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of plant reproduction is highly dependent on effective seed dispersal. This study aimed to evaluate the potential seed dispersal effectiveness of cattle for Malus sieversii. The impact of cattle on the dispersal quantity and dispersal quality of M. sieversii seeds was explored based on camera trapping, GPS tracking, and germination trials. The results showed that, on average, cattle visited M. sieversii trees 477.33 times during a two-month observation period. Out of these visits, 315 were specifically for fruit removal. The fruit removal rate per cattle visit was as high as 96.67%. Additionally, cattle were able to disperse M. sieversii seeds up to a maximum distance of 533.67 m, with an average dispersal distance of 134.62 m. The average distance of cattle movement was recorded as 176.95 m/h, with peak activity observed during 11:00–13:00 and 19:00–21:00. The germination rate of M. sieversii seeds that passed through the digestive tract of cattle was significantly higher than that of control seeds. Finally, the emergence rate and survival rate of seeds dispersed by cattle to forest edges and gaps were significantly higher than those dispersed to understory. These findings suggest that cattle can serve as effective long-distance dispersers of M. sieversii seeds and may play a crucial role in the regeneration and expansion of M. sieversii populations in the Ili Botanical Garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postglacial vegetation colonization that followed ice retreat and proglacial lakes drainage in north-eastern America occurred rapidly, more rapidly than expected based on the modern dispersal capacities of boreal mixedwood trees. Paleo-islands from proglacial Lake Ojibway in Québec (Canada) were afforested early, before the final drainage of the lake. We hypothesized that these paleo-islands could have acted as outposts of migration and thus, could explain the rapid afforestation of lowlands observed. To determine if postglacial colonization occurred as a south-north front from the southern margin of Lake Ojibway or if islands acted as migration outposts, we estimated the date of first arrival of the main taxa of the current boreal mixedwood forest. We studied southern sites never covered by proglacial Lake Ojibway, sites that were islands within Lake Ojibway, and northern lowland sites that were liberated after the final drainage of proglacial Lake Ojibway. Taxa arrival was estimated as a sharp rise of the pollen percentage or as the occurrence of macro-remains within the sediments of small lakes dated with radiocarbon. Then we compared migration scenarios where colonization occurred gradually from south to north from the southern margin of proglacial Lake Ojibway and where paleo-islands of Lake Ojibway were first colonized through long-distance dispersal, thus becoming sources of seeds readily available to colonize lowland sites after the final drainage of Lake Ojibway. Finally, we compared the migration rates from the scenarios with the current mean dispersal capacities of the studied taxa. The migration rates estimated without taking the paleo-islands into account are too slow to explain the rapid afforestation observed following the final drainage of proglacial Lake Ojibway. Only the migration rates estimated from the scenarios with paleo-islands were comparable to the current mean dispersal capacity of the boreal mixedwood taxa. Thus, paleo-islands acted as stepping stones during postglacial migration, which explains why the lowlands were rapidly colonized. Larger paleo-islands and those located closer to the southern margin of the proglacial Lake were colonized first, in line with the theory of island biogeography.

Aim: Although Antarctica hosted a diverse fauna and flora in the past, its modern climate is too extreme for many lineages: their recent extinction makes it difficult to include the continent in historical biogeographical analyses. We use southern temperate stream‐inhabiting beetles as a model to explore whether Antarctica may be included in historical biogeographic reconstructions in a group absent from Antarctica today, and to test its role in shaping the current distribution of stream‐inhabiting insects. Taxon: Coleoptera, Elmidae. Location: Southern Hemisphere temperate regions and Antarctica. Methods: We included Antarctica in historical biogeographic analyses indirectly, as a component of distance matrices specifying the relative positions of continents, or by specifying Antarctica as a stepping‐stone between remaining continents (in LEMAD). We used a newly constructed dated phylogeny of Elmidae to test the performance of these constrained analyses under different parameter settings and geographical scenarios. Results: Antarctica can be implemented into historical biogeographic analyses via indirect constraints to produce biologically relevant reconstructions when long‐distance dispersal events are highly penalized, the maximum number of areas per species is low, and expected extinction rates are high (in LEMAD). Unconstrained models, including those without Antarctica, result in simpler scenarios with fewer biogeographic events and better fit to data. The origin of austral clades of Elmidae post‐date the separation of Gondwanan landmasses. Main Conclusions: Antarctica can be included in historical biogeographic reconstructions under a priori assumptions that (1) it was part of the ancient biogeography of the clade, (2) the taxon has limited dispersal ability, making long‐distance dispersal highly unlikely and (3) maximum range size is limited. These assumptions may be biologically justified for many animal groups. Over‐water dispersal has been crucial in shaping the modern distribution of austral stream‐inhabiting beetles, likely facilitated by ocean currents and dispersal through Antarctica until the Oligocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring how organisms overcome geographical barriers to dispersal is a fundamental question in biology. Passive long-distance dispersal events, although infrequent and unpredictable, have a considerable impact on species range expansions. Despite limited active dispersal capabilities, many stick insect species have vast geographical ranges, indicating that passive long-distance dispersal is vital for their distribution. A potential mode of passive dispersal in stick insects is via the egg stage within avian digestive tracts, as suggested by experimental evidence. However, detecting such events under natural conditions is challenging due to their rarity. Therefore, to indirectly assess the potential of historical avian-mediated dispersal, we examined the population genetic structure of the flightless stick insect Ramulus mikado across Japan, based on a multifaceted molecular approach [cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes, nuclear simple sequence repeat markers and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms]. Subsequently, we identified unique phylogeographic patterns, including the discovery of identical COI genotypes spanning considerable distances, which substantiates the notion of passive long-distance genotypic dispersal. Overall, all the molecular data revealed the low and mostly non-significant genetic differentiation among populations, with identical or very similar genotypes across distant populations. We propose that long-distance dispersal facilitated by birds is the plausible explanation for the unique phylogeographic pattern observed in this flightless stick insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) is the tropics' most iconic flower, prominent in art, fashion, decoration and medicine. However, it has never been found growing in the wild and its origins are perplexing. Carl Linnaeus named Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in 1753, basing his description on plants with bright red, double flowers in cultivation in India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Its postulated origins have included China, southeast and south Asia, Indian Ocean islands, East Africa and the Americas. In 1769, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander made collections of a red, double-flowered hibiscus growing in gardens in the Society Islands, eastern Polynesia. Polynesians refer to this hibiscus as kaute or cognate names; it was long considered a pre-European introduction to the South Pacific islands from Asia and to be conspecific with H. rosa-sinensis. Recent linguistic and botanical studies have shown kaute to be a critically endangered new species, H. kaute L.A.J. Thomson & Butaud. In pre-European times, Polynesians domesticated H. kaute and apparently took it westwards across the South Pacific Ocean, in traditional canoes sailing over distances of more than 5,000 km, demonstrating its importance in Polynesian culture and medicine. The related spectacular, variegated Hibiscus cooperi J.J. Veitch was described from cultivation in Britain in 1863. In 2020 H. cooperi was shown to be native to Erromango Island, Vanuatu. Molecular and leaf morphological data reveal that Hibiscus × rosasinensis is a pre-historic hybrid between H. kaute and H. cooperi ; two species whose natural ranges are separated by more than 4,000 km of Pacific Ocean. This cross produces hybrid offspring with an array of petal colours and floral forms but with generally uniform foliage intermediate between the parental species. As a nothospecies (hybrid species), its correct scientific name is to be rendered as Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are probably the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms in the Antarctic continent and nearby archipelagos, and they dominate communities in either mild or harsh habitats. However, our knowledge of their global distribution ranges and the temporal origins of their Antarctic populations is rather limited or almost absent, especially for species that do not lichenize. We focused for the first time on elucidating the taxonomic identity and phylogenetic relationships of several Antarctic collections of the deadly fungal Basidiomycota genus Galerina. By using molecular sequence data from the universal fungal barcode and a dataset encompassing 178 specimens, the inferred phylogeny showed that the Antarctic specimens corresponded with the sub-cosmopolitan species Galerina marginata , Galerina badipes and Galerina fallax , and their most closely related intraspecific genetic lineages were from northern Europe and North America. We found that these species probably host Antarctic-endemic intraspecific lineages. Furthermore, our dating analyses indicated that their Antarctic populations originated in the Pleistocene, a temporal frame that agrees with that proposed for the Antarctic colonization of plants such as the grass Deschampsia antarctica , mosses and some amphitropical lichens. Altogether, these findings converge on the same temporal scenario for the assembly of the most conspicuous terrestrial Antarctic plant and fungal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: How plants can disperse in response to global change is a critical question, yet major knowledge gaps persist about long‐distance dispersal (LDD) mechanisms. We studied the potential a migratory waterfowl has for LDD of flowering plants via gut passage of seeds (endozoochory), comparing spring and autumn migration. Location: United Kingdom and Iceland. Taxon: Pink‐footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus, Baillon) and Angiosperma. Methods: We studied endozoochory by Pink‐footed geese migrating within and between the UK and Iceland by faecal sampling and GPS tracking. We collected 614 faecal samples from 14 areas in the UK and one in Iceland. Using GPS tracks to and from these areas, we estimated how far seeds can be dispersed by Pink‐footed geese, and where to or from. Results: We recorded 5507 intact seeds of 35 species (27 terrestrial) from 15 plant families, with lower seed abundance per dropping when birds were migrating northwards in the UK during spring than upon their arrival in autumn. Species richness of plant seeds was highest in Iceland and in autumn. Only four plant species dispersed had an "endozoochory syndrome". GPS movements showed that seeds retained in guts for up to 24 h can be readily dispersed in both directions between the UK and Iceland, with maximum distances exceeding 2000 km, as well as between UK localities separated by 100 s of km. Movements northwards of ≤400 km were even recorded in autumn. While at stopover sites, daily movements between roost and feeding sites often exceed 20 km. Main Conclusions: Pink‐footed geese are LDD vectors for plants previously assumed to lack an LDD mechanism. Spring migration is not the only period when geese move plants to cooler latitudes. The pink‐footed goose can allow terrestrial and aquatic plants to cross the ocean and to keep pace with climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Balkan chamois Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica Bolkay, 1925 has a highly fragmented distribution in the mountainous regions of the Balkan Range, including Bulgaria. In 2022, we recorded chamois using camera traps in two locations outside its known distribution range, i.e. in the municipality of Chuprene on the territory of State Forestry Enterprise Midzhur. This is the first well-documented evidence of the presence of the species in the Western Stara Planina Mtn., Bulgaria. The origin of the animals is, most probably, associated with a poorly documented attempt to reintroduce 12 individuals in the region in 2016, with no proper follow-up monitoring or official progress report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal plays an important role in the survival and spread of plant populations. However, when grown under stress, a plants' architecture and fecundity may be modified, which can compromise seed dispersal. While populations within a species exhibit trait variation in response to their environment, a mechanistic understanding of how trade‐offs between dispersal ability and competitive ability vary across species' ranges is currently lacking.Using a common garden design, populations of a widespread weedy species (Cardamine hirsuta) were grown to (1) characterize how traits that influence dispersal differ between populations and (2) identify whether a trade‐off between dispersal ability and competitive ability varies among populations in response to intraspecific competition. We measured trait differences between populations and characterized dispersal kernels through exhaustively capturing seeds.In the absence of competition, populations exhibited differences in fecundity and height. Of these traits, fecundity varied more strongly between populations and had a stronger influence on dispersal capacity.The experimental data were then used to parameterize cellular automaton models to explore the consequences of these trait‐mediated dispersal responses for long‐term population dynamics. These simulations identified intraspecific competitive effects on fecundity as the primary driver of variation in spread and patch density among populations.Within‐species variation of dispersal traits occurs among populations across the range of C. hirsuta. In response to conspecific competition, populations also have unequal fecundity and long‐distance dispersal (LDD). Model simulations suggest predictions of species spread are highly modified by characterization of metapopulation life‐history traits such as high fecundity and maintenance of LDD. These mechanisms creating within‐species variation would be important to incorporate in population models of species range expansion and stability. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Recent investigations on the floristic exchange between Southeast Asia and Australia have shown a clear dispersal directionality bias (West to East) of wet‐adapted plant taxa. However, dispersal routes and directions of wet forest taxa into the South Pacific remain insufficiently known. We here aimed to establish the most likely routes and directions of plant dispersal into the Southwest Pacific islands. Location: Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Southwest Pacific. Taxon: Dysoxylum s.l. (Meliaceae). This includes Dysoxylum s.s., Didymocheton, Epicharis, Goniocheton, Pseudocarapa, and Prasoxylon. Method: We sampled 75% of the species diversity in Dysoxylum s.l., covering the entire distribution range, all genera and major lineages. Phylogenetic relationships of 149 accessions were reconstructed using Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis and two internal constraints. The dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis variant, founder‐event speciation (DEC+J), was used for reconstructing the biogeographic history, and 100 Biogeographical Stochastic Mappings were simulated. Results: Dysoxylum s.l. originated and firstly diversified in the western part of its current distribution range (including Indochina) during the Miocene to Pliocene, followed by an overall eastern range expansion towards Malesia, Australia and the Southwest Pacific in the Pliocene. Main Conclusions: The south‐eastward expansion of lineages into Wallacea and Australia is in temporal agreement with the convergence of the Asian and Australian tectonic plates since the Miocene. Long‐distance dispersal is the main mechanism that led to the current distribution. Two dispersal pathways into the Southwest Pacific are identified, (1) through New Guinea and the Solomon Islands to Fiji, and (2) from New Zealand to Fiji. For both routes, Fiji was an important secondary source area for dispersal into the Southwest Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our knowledge of Pleistocene refugia and post‐glacial recolonization routes of forest understorey plants is still very limited. The geographical ranges of these species are often rather narrow and show highly idiosyncratic, often fragmented patterns indicating either narrow and species‐specific ecological tolerances or strong dispersal limitations. However, the relative roles of these factors are inherently difficult to disentangle. Location: Central and south‐eastern Europe. Time period: 17,100 BP – present. Major taxa studied: Five understorey herbs of European beech forests: Aposeris foetida, Cardamine trifolia, Euphorbia carniolica, Hacquetia epipactis and Helleborus niger. Methods: We used spatio‐temporally explicit modelling to reconstruct the post‐glacial range dynamics of the five forest understorey herbs. We varied niche requirements, demographic rates and dispersal abilities across plausible ranges and simulated the spread of species from potential Pleistocene refugia identified by phylogeographical analyses. Then we identified the parameter settings allowing for the most accurate reconstruction of their current geographical ranges. Results: We found a largely homogenous pattern of optimal parameter settings among species. Broad ecological niches had to be combined with very low but non‐zero rates of long‐distance dispersal via chance events and low rates of seed dispersal over moderate distances by standard dispersal vectors. However, long‐distance dispersal events, although rare, led to high variation among replicated simulation runs. Main conclusions: Small and fragmented ranges of many forest understorey species are best explained by a combination of broad ecological niches and rare medium‐ and long‐distance dispersal events. Stochasticity is thus an important determinant of current species ranges, explaining the idiosyncratic distribution patterns of the study species despite strong similarities in refugia, ecological tolerances and dispersal abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Seed dispersal is a critical process in plant colonisation and demography. Fruits and seeds can be transported by several vectors (typically animals, wind and water), which may have exerted strong selective pressures on plant’s morphological traits. The set of traits that favour dispersal by a specific vector have been historically considered as seed dispersal syndromes. As seed dispersal syndromes have a great potential to predict how seeds move (i.e. the relative importance of the standard mechanisms of seed dispersal), they have attracted the attention of naturalists and researchers for centuries. However, given that observations of actual dispersal events and colonisation are seldom reported, there is still much confusion in current studies failing to properly discriminate between seed dispersal syndromes (i.e. sets of traits that favour a particular mechanism) and actual seed dispersal (i.e. the vector that moves a given seed in one dispersal event). This distinction is important because the presence of any seed dispersal syndrome does not preclude the seed being occasionally dispersed by other non-standard mechanisms (i.e. different from the one predicted). Similarly, the absence of seed dispersal syndromes does not prevent seeds from being dispersed. The correct coding of seed dispersal syndromes thus requires a systematic and evolutive, rather than a phenomenological approach. Unfortunately, such approach has rarely been implemented at a community-level and no comprehensive datasets of seed dispersal syndromes are yet available for any entire flora. New information This database contains categorisation of the native European flora into eight seed dispersal syndromes. Information for a total of 9,874 species retrieved from the volumes of Flora Europaea were analysed. Earlier versions of this database, which only coded for the presence of four long-distance dispersal syndromes (endozoochorous, epizoochorous, thalassochorous and anemochorous diaspores), were used in four previous studies. Here, we present a fully revised and expanded database, including the presence of four additional short-distance dispersal syndromes (myrmecochorous, vertebrate hoarding, freshwater hydrochorous and ballochorous diaspores), a nomenclatural update for all species and the codification of 416 additional species. Roughly half (51.3%) of the native European flora produce diaspores without traits clearly associated with facilitating seed dispersal. The other half (48.7%) of the European plant species produces diaspores with some specialised traits associated with seed dispersal, most of which (79.9%) with a potential to facilitate long-distance dispersal events. The most common diaspores are those with anemochorous (23.5%), epizoochorous (8.0%), endozoochorous (7.8%), myrmecochorous (7.2%), thalassochorous (2.3%), freshwater dispersal (2.1%), ballochorous (4.6%) and vertebrate hoarding associated traits (0.2%). Two-thirds (66.3%) of the European shrub and tree species have diaspores with some specialisation for biotic seed dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syntrichia lithophila (Dusén) Ochyra & R.H.Zander is reported for the first time from the northern hemisphere from Oregon, U.S.A., based on specimens collected during a project to better understand the bryoflora of eastern Oregon. This species represents a new amphitropical disjunct moss species to the Americas. We provide a full description of the species, photographs, and location map of the new Oregon specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Afromontane and Afroalpine areas constitute some of the main biodiversity hotspots of Africa. They are particularly rich in plant endemics, but the biogeographic origins and evolutionary processes leading to this outstanding diversity are poorly understood. We performed phylogenomic and biogeographic analyses of one of the most species-rich plant genera in these mountains, Helichrysum (Compositae-Gnaphalieae). Most previous studies have focused on Afroalpine elements of Eurasian origin, and the southern African origin of Helichrysum provides an interesting counterexample. We obtained a comprehensive nuclear dataset from 304 species (≈50% of the genus) using target-enrichment with the Compositae1061 probe set. Summary-coalescent and concatenation approaches combined with paralog recovery yielded congruent, well-resolved phylogenies. Ancestral range estimations revealed that Helichrysum originated in arid southern Africa, whereas the southern African grasslands were the source of most lineages that dispersed within and outside Africa. Colonization of the tropical Afromontane and Afroalpine areas occurred repeatedly throughout the Miocene–Pliocene. This timing coincides with mountain uplift and the onset of glacial cycles, which together may have facilitated both speciation and intermountain gene flow, contributing to the evolution of the Afroalpine flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are about 140 species of Callicarpa L. 1753 (Lamiaceae), with more species richness in tropical to subtropical Asia and the New World. The genus might provide an insight into the amphi-Pacific disjunction pattern of tropical and subtropical vegetation. This study has greatly improved the phylogenetic underpinning for Callicarpa, derived from more inclusive taxonomic samplings, and employing data on both two-nuclear and eight-chloroplast regions. To address time and patterns of diversification in Callicarpa, we conducted divergence time and biogeographic analyses, and inferred shifts in the distribution areas across the phylogenetic clades. Our phylogenetic results show that Callicarpa is monophyletic with respect to the groups considered, and eight well-supported primary clades were discerned in the combined analyses. Our estimates indicated that the crown group of Callicarpa originates around the Late-Eocene (ca. 36.23 Ma) and diversification within most clades is concentrated in the Miocene and continued to the Pleistocene. In addition, our biogeographic analyses suggested that the probable ancestor of the Callicarpa crown clade originated in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Multiple dispersal and vicariance events contributed to the current distribution of the taxa. Furthermore, this genus expanded eastward out of East and Southeast Asia to the New World by long-distance dispersal, which inspired us to better understand the amphi-Pacific disjunct distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under habitat fragmentation, plant species' survival hinges on the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat patch to another. While there is evidence that severe habitat fragmentation leads to evolution of reduced dispersal ability and that such decreased mobility is generally detrimental for species' survival, it is unknown whether species adapt via a gradual loss in dispersal ability or via a sudden shift from frequent to infrequent dispersal between patches (i.e., a critical transition). Using both a spatially explicit deterministic and individual‐based stochastic model of hydrochorous seed dispersal, we show that a small increase in inter‐patch distance can generate an abrupt shift in plant seed dispersal strategy from long to short distances. Most importantly, we found that a substantial increase in connectivity between habitat fragments is required to reverse this loss of long‐distance dispersal, due to an evolutionary hysteresis effect. Our theory prompts for re‐consideration of the eco‐evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation as restoring habitat connectivity may require restoration of much higher connectivity levels than currently assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-distance dispersal (LDD) beyond the range of a species is an important driver of ecological and evolutionary patterns, but insufficient attention has been given to postdispersal establishment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the post-LDD establishment phase in plant colonization, identify six key determinants of establishment success, develop a general quantitative framework for post-LDD establishment, and address the major challenges and opportunities in future research. These include improving detection and understanding of LDD using novel approaches, investigating mechanisms determining post-LDD establishment success using mechanistic modeling and inference, and comparison of establishment between past and present. By addressing current knowledge gaps, we aim to further our understanding of how LDD affects plant distributions, and the long-term consequences of LDD events. Dispersal is a central process in the ecology and evolution of living organisms, reducing inbreeding and competition, shaping local spatial dynamics, and allowing tracking of establishment opportunities in changing environments. Long-distance dispersal (LDD), beyond the range of a species, is rare and cannot be studied directly, but it is a central process in biogeography, contributing to both the assembly of natural biotas over millions of years and the spread of invasive species during the Anthropocene. Studies of plant LDD at biogeographical scales have focused on the initiation and transport stages but have paid little attention to the subsequent establishment stage, although establishment is necessary for LDD to impact biogeography. Establishment success is influenced by many factors, including propagule pressure, functional traits, extreme events and anthropogenic disturbances, interactions with predators, competitors and mutualists, niche flexibility, and Allee effects. We integrate quantitative LDD frameworks with phylogeographic tools to provide a general framework for estimating the probability of colonizing a new site. This integration between biogeography and movement ecology is expected to yield important new tools and insights into the interplay between ecology, evolution, and biogeography in shaping patterns of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Alps show a high degree of endemism associated mainly with the location of glacial refugia and environmental heterogeneity. Several Alpine endemics have evolved in the genus Alyssum. Here we study perennial Alyssum populations in the Western Alps, mainly distributed in the Aosta Valley region, which hosts high species diversity, although endemics are rare. We addressed the recently described stenoendemic A. rossetii and taxonomically uncertain populations usually attributed to A. montanum s.s. to clarify their phylogenetic position and morphological differentiation. The latter entity has been shown to be distinct from A. montanum s.s. and is described as a new species, Alyssum cognense , phylogenetically placed in the A. montanum–A. repens species complex. Both morphological and genetic patterns revealed that its closest relative occurs in the central Balkans. We present detailed ecological characteristics and morphological differentiation of A. cognense sp. nov. from its relatives and geographically closest species and speculate on its biogeographic origin. Genetic patterns (reduced diversity and nestedness) suggest long-distance dispersal from the central Balkan Peninsula. The second studied species, A. rossetii , is phylogenetically distant and belongs to the mainly Asian Alyssum section Gamosepalum lineage, which includes few representatives in southern and eastern Europe. The phylogenetically closest species of A. rossetii are Anatolian endemics, so this extreme disjunction remains puzzling. The present study illustrates the need for in-depth taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, even in well-explored Alpine regions, and also shows that the processes underlying the evolution of endemics can be complex and poorly understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Researchers often use ecological niche models to predict where species might establish and persist under future or novel climate conditions. However, these predictive methods assume species have stable niches across time and space. Furthermore, ignoring the time of occurrence data can obscure important information about species reproduction and ultimately fitness. Here, we assess compare ecological niche models generated from full‐year averages to seasonal models. Methods: In this study, we generate full‐year and monthly ecological niche models for Capsella bursa‐pastoris in Europe and North America to see if we can detect changes in the seasonal niche of the species after long‐distance dispersal. Results: We find full‐year ecological niche models have low transferability across continents and there are continental differences in the climate conditions that influence the distribution of C. bursa‐pastoris. Monthly models have greater predictive accuracy than full‐year models in cooler seasons, but no monthly models can predict North American summer occurrences very well. Conclusions: The relative predictive ability of European monthly models compared to North American monthly models suggests a change in the seasonal timing between the native range to the non‐native range. These results highlight the utility of ecological niche models at finer temporal scales in predicting species distributions and unmasking subtle patterns of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ipomoeapes-caprae (L.) (IPC) is a common species in tropical and subtropical coastal areas and one of the world's most widely distributed plants. It has attracted researchers for its outstanding biological, ecological and medicinal values. It has been reported that the genetic diversity of IPCs located on different continents is very low because of their frequent gene flow. During the long journey of evolution, every aspect of the plant morphologies has evolved to the best adaptivity to the environment, seeking their survival and progeny expansion. However, the fundamental genetic characteristics of IPC and how their seed adapted to the success of population expansion remain unknown. In this study, the fundamental genetic characteristics, including the genome size and the chromosome number of IPC, were investigated. The results showed that IPC's genome size is approximately 0.98-1.08 GB, and the chromosome number is 2n=30, providing the basic information for further genome analysis. In order to decipher the long-distance dispersal secret of this species, the fruit and seed developments, seed morphology, and seed germination were extensively investigated and described. The results showed an exquisite adaptive mechanism of IPC seeds to fulfil the population expansion via ocean currents. The large cavity inside the seeds and the dense tomenta on the surface provide the buoyancy force for the seeds to float on the seawater. The hard seed coats significantly obstructed the water absorption, thus preventing the seed from germination during the dispersal. Meanwhile, the fully developed embryos of IPC also have physiological dormancy. The physical and physiological characteristics of IPC seeds provide insight into the mechanism of their long-distance dispersal across the oceans. Moreover, based on morphological observation and semisection microscopy, the development pattern of IPC glander trichomes was described, and their physiological functions were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vachellia caven has a disjunct distribution at the southern cone of South America, occupying two major ranges: west of Andes (Central Chile) and east of them (mainly the South American Gran Chaco). For decades, the species has been subject to various ecological and natural history studies across its distribution, but questions concerning its origin in the western range remain unresolved. Thus far, it is unclear whether Vachellia caven was always a natural component of the Chilean forests, and ''how'' and ''when'' the species arrived in the country. In this study, we revised the dispersal syndromes of the species and contrast the two main hypotheses of dispersion to the west of Andes that have been proposed in the 90's, namely animal versus human-mediated dispersal. For this, we reviewed all scientific literature on the species and explored the available information on morphology, genetics, fossil records and distribution patterns of closely related species. Here we illustrate how the collected evidence provides support for the human-mediated dispersal hypothesis, by including a conceptual synthesis that summarizes the outcomes of different dispersal scenarios. Lastly, and regarding the positive ecological effects this species has in the introduced area, we suggest reconsidering the (underappreciated) historical impacts of archaeophytes and rethinking the role that indigenous human tribes may have had in the dispersion of different plants in South America.

The success of plant reproduction is highly dependent on effective seed dispersal. This study aimed to evaluate the potential seed dispersal effectiveness of cattle for Malus sieversii. The impact of cattle on the dispersal quantity and dispersal quality of M. sieversii seeds was explored based on camera trapping, GPS tracking, and germination trials. The results showed that, on average, cattle visited M. sieversii trees 477.33 times during a two-month observation period. Out of these visits, 315 were specifically for fruit removal. The fruit removal rate per cattle visit was as high as 96.67%. Additionally, cattle were able to disperse M. sieversii seeds up to a maximum distance of 533.67 m, with an average dispersal distance of 134.62 m. The average distance of cattle movement was recorded as 176.95 m/h, with peak activity observed during 11:00–13:00 and 19:00–21:00. The germination rate of M. sieversii seeds that passed through the digestive tract of cattle was significantly higher than that of control seeds. Finally, the emergence rate and survival rate of seeds dispersed by cattle to forest edges and gaps were significantly higher than those dispersed to understory. These findings suggest that cattle can serve as effective long-distance dispersers of M. sieversii seeds and may play a crucial role in the regeneration and expansion of M. sieversii populations in the Ili Botanical Garden.