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This paper examines the supply- and demand-side factors behind labour underutilisation in Bangladesh using the Quarterly Labour Force Survey 2022 data. A multivariate logit model was employed to analyse these factors. The study found that females and both younger and elders are more likely to face labour underutilisation. Being the household head reduces this likelihood while having children under 5 and disability increases it. The role of education and training in labour underutilisation appears to contradict the predictions of human capital theory. Rural and western region residents are more prone to underutilisation, highlighting the persistence of a dual economy. We found that individuals whose main source of family income is manufacturing or services experience lower underutilisation compared to agricultural income sources, while those relying on social protection schemes or remittances face higher underutilisation. Moreover, increased manufacturing employment and growth in non-agricultural employment in districts are associated with reduced underutilisation, indicating that structural transformation drives labour utilisation in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine beaches in the Amazon are valuable ecosystems for local populations, providing areas for recreation and classic beach activities. However, these ecosystems are subject to multiple pressures. The study presents the results of the willingness to pay (WTP) of 518 respondents at two beaches (Hawaii and Bora Bora) in the Peruvian Amazon (Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios). Over 58% of respondents indicated that they would use DAP to maintain beach ecosystem services (BES) beyond recreational use. The amount of payment was an average WTP value of USD 1.41/person/visit for Hawaii and USD 1.34/person/visit for Bora Bora. While factors related to environmental perception had a decisive influence, WTP at beaches was independent of economic factors such as income. The results can support decision-makers with quantitative data on social preferences regarding beach improvement policies in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved potato production plays a vital role in improving agricultural production and yield enhancing policy in central Ethiopia, particularly in the Duna district. Improved potato is a globally produced cash crop and it accounts for fourth place in the world yield. Improved potato yield is key crop in improving potato growers' income, and nutritional status. In the agriculture, improved potato is an essential means to leave poverty and food insecurity for many cultivators. Despite the district's better environment and good yield enhancing condition for improved potato, the production is meager. Hence, this research investigates factors affecting improved potato production in central Ethiopia, using data from 189 respondents in the 2022/23 main potato growing season in the Duna district. Both primary and secondary data were used for the data analysis. Descriptive and binary logit methods were applied in this study. The findings of the logit model indicated education, age, off-farm activity, access to land, livestock holding, household soil fertility, fertilizer use, use of credit, access to extension service, provision of improved seed, and the distance to market were important factors influencing improved potato production. The results show that improved potato production at the household level reduces rural farm households' food insecurity and poverty due to improving the income of improved potato growers. Therefore, the agricultural sector should give a vital role and attention to improved potato production. This is the key option to boost improved potato production in the study district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adaptation to climate change (ACC) is imperative to avoid deleterious consequences of climate change in agriculture. However, the uptake of adaptation measures has been slow among farmers because of low adaptive capacity (AC) in developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. Farmers and their supporting institutions have been successful in introducing technological innovations to respond and adapt to environmental challenges. The present study intended to determine the impact of farming technologies, along with human, financial, social, physical, natural, and climate information resources that support AC and hence ACC. Methods: The study collected data from 360 farmers in Punjab through a multi-stage random sampling technique. A binary logit model and odds ratio were used to identify the factors affecting ACC. The study also utilized correlation tests to show the correlation between each pair of variables included in the analysis. Results: The results indicated that physical capital such as ownership of tube wells, transportation, and sowing and harvesting tools by the farmers builds farmers' AC and consequently determines the ACC such as change crop variety (CCV), change crop type (CCT), change planting date (CPD), soil conservation (SC), water conservation (WC), and diversification strategies (DSs). The findings also revealed that human capital (age, education, family size, and labor), financial capital (off-farm employment, access to the marketing of produce, and agricultural credit), social capital (farmers-to-farmers extensions, access to extension services, and the farm association membership), and natural capital (land ownership, tenancy status, and the location of the farm) were importantly related to farm households' ACC strategies. The odds (likelihood) of adaptation were higher for the users of farm technology as compared to non-users. Discussion: The analysis conducted in this study showed that climate information resources amplify the adaptation to climate change: technology allows farming to be much more efficient, while climate change knowledge (CCK) self-motivates farmers to adopt more ACC measures. Our findings provide evidence that suggests the need to provide credits and financial support for farming technologies that speed up the ACC in the long run, while in the short run, climate information should be spread among farming communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies convergence clubs based on district-level income per taxpayer in Hungary and investigates how initial conditions and structural characteristics affect clubs' emergence. To do so, we perform a two-step procedure, using the log t-test to delineate districts that converge towards the same steady-state condition, and then employing ordinal logistic regression to analyse the role of factors that influence club membership. Our results demonstrate that no global convergence occurred in Hungarian districts between 2001 and 2020 after verifying the presence of six convergence clubs. Our analyses confirm the club convergence hypothesis, finding that clubs' formation is primarily influenced by initial conditions (initial income, human capital). Stable and persistent inequalities are evident between clubs, which do not seem to be resolved in the long run. The authors propose a club-specific development toolkit to address these inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava production in Africa is constrained by number of biotic factors, including cassava mosaic disease (CMD). In response to this challenge, the PlantVillage Nuru application, which employs artificial intelligence for CMD diagnosis, provides farmers with the ability to independently detect the disease. This study examines the factors influencing the adoption of the innovative Nuru application by farmers in Benin. Data were randomly collected from 305 farmers in three Agricultural Development Poles (PDAs 5, 6 and 7). A binary logit model was used to analyze the determinants of adoption. The results show that, despite the potential of the Nuru application, the adoption rate remained relatively low at 14.1%. The key drivers of adoption were found to be participation in CMD training, disease knowledge, ownership of an Android smartphone, education level and practice of crop association. These findings emphasize the necessity of intensifying farmers' training and raising awareness about CMD. Effective strategies to reach and train a significant number of farmers are crucial. Enhancing Nuru adoption can lead to more effective CMD management and improved cassava production, which will have a positive impact on food security in Africa and strengthen the resilience of farming communities against biotic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio-cultural leadership system in rural communities of developing countries is generally gender-biased, thus rendering female-headed households (FHHs) vulnerable to climate change risk. This study explored the factors influencing FHHs' adoption of a climate change adaptation strategy (CCAS) in Chivi District, Zimbabwe. We used a multistage sampling technique and logistic regression to evaluate 107 women household heads' livelihood and their decision to adopt the CCAS in Ward 25 of the Chivi District. The results show that the age of the female head significantly influenced the CCAS decision (R2 = −0.073), along with marital status (R2 = 0.110), agricultural training (R2 = 0.133), club membership (R2 = 0.084), and farm size (R2 = 0.014). Access to formal agricultural training plays a prominent role. At the same time, the institutional framework showed variations and laxity on the part of the local government, as access to extension services varies significantly. In addition, education level was reported to have an insignificant (p = 0.098) influence on CCAS adoption. Overall, multiple institutional and socio-economic factors are essential in influencing CCAS decisions. Hence, central and local governments are encouraged to improve outreach strategies on deploying supporting tools, extension agents, and vital stakeholders for strategic information dissemination to sensitize rural dwellers and community leaders on women's and FHHs' crucial role in food security and their resilience to climate change risk. Moreover, the educational syllabus can be enhanced at all rural education levels to reshape the norms of future generations against the customary impact of old age on farming approaches and to encourage women's participation in decision making and interventions, particularly those sensitive to their societal contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial for rural residents to consciously separate their domestic waste to improve their living environment and build beautiful villages. Exploring the decisive factors of household waste separation in rural China can offer more precise guidance for waste segregation, thereby contributing to the establishment of a more efficient and sustainable waste management system. Using the 2022 China rural revitalization comprehensive survey data (CRRS), this paper combined the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm with the Logit model to identify the determinants of waste separation in rural China from multiple aspects. It was found that families with better internet conditions, more equipment, and online training are more willing to participate in waste separation. Families who are more satisfied with the various tasks of the village committee are more willing to separate waste. Additionally, greater concern about food safety, and active learning of health knowledge are more inclined to engage in waste separation. Thus, this paper proposes improving internet conditions, enhancing satisfaction with village cadre work and promoting health awareness education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical gap/lag value for an uncontrolled intersection is an important parameter in estimating highway traffic capacity and developing micro stimulations of traffic movements. In manoeuvring an intersection, drivers decide to accept or reject the gap, based on several considerations. However, only a few studies have been carried out to estimate the critical gap on Sri Lankan roads; meanwhile, estimates of external factors are rare. This study found the influence of external factors on drivers’ gap acceptance decision and estimated the critical gap/ lag values using the Binary Logistic model. Analysis considered 4,233 gap acceptance decisions taken by drivers on minor roads. These were collected at three four-way and two three-way intersections and analysed across three vehicle categories: Motorcycle, Threewheeler, and Car/Van. Among the external factors studied, vehicle type, intersection type, size of the available gap, and type of traffic manoeuvre were found to have a significant influence on gap acceptance. Critical gap/lag values found in this study can be used for capacity estimation of three-way and four-way intersections in Sri Lanka.

In modern society, the improvement of women's education level has become one of the important indicators of national development and social progress. Although there are many useful explorations on the relationship between education and subjective well-being, the research on women's years of education and subjective well-being is very limited. The article focuses on women's years of education to determine whether and how to affect subjective well-being. This study is based on the China general social survey in 2021. The ordered Logit model was used to analyze the impact of women's years of education on subjective well-being, and a binary coupling coordination model was constructed to test the above two variables. The results show that the longer the education years of women, the stronger the subjective wellbeing. The benchmark regression results show that women's years of education have positive and negative effects on subjective well-being through economic status, physical and mental health, ecological environment, social cognition and personal cognition. The analysis of coupling coordination degree shows that the coupling between the years of education and subjective well-being of women in coastal areas and economically developed areas is the strongest, and the subjective well-being is better realized by increasing the years of education. Based on the above research results, this paper provides some practical suggestions for improving women's subjective well-being, and provides some valuable references for women to effectively balance husband-wife relationship, family relationship and work relationship, improve women's years of education and better obtain happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose an early warning system for the shipping industry in Korea using two approaches. The signal approach and the logit model are used to develop a comprehensive monitoring system. An early warning index based on the signal approach is constructed with 12 indicators. The index shows high accuracy in predicting crises. The logit model is then adopted to enhance the performance of the early warning system. The results of this study show that the complementary use of these two methods can establish an efficient market monitoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addressed two questions: (1) what are the associations of built environments with public bike use, and (2) how different are the associations among sociodemographic groups? The study sampled commuters entering or leaving the metro stations in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. Their mode choices of connecting trips between trip origins/destinations and metro stations were analyzed using logit and latent class models. Empirical evidence revealed that attributes of density, diversity, distance to transit, and distribution of rental stations result in more significant effects on public bike use than attributes of design and destination accessibility in general. The three segments of respondents that indicated partially dissimilar associations of built environments with public bike use were identified. The empirical results contributed new evidence to the study issues and benefited the development of customized strategies based on travelers' sociodemographic attributes and built environments for promoting public bike use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive oil is not only an essential culinary element in the diet of Mediterranean countries, but it is also becoming an increasingly attractive element from a tourism perspective. The olive grove landscape, ancient olive trees, and oil mills are increasingly attracting tourists eager to experience this type of tourism. This research analyzes the profile of the oleotourist in the four designations of the province of Córdoba (Spain). SARIMA models have been applied to predict oleotourism demand, resulting in a growing demand, which will create jobs in the towns dedicated to this cultivation. The main problem is the seasonality of this demand, which can be corrected by creating complementary activities such as olive oil festivals, cooking workshops, or tasting sessions. A logit model has also been developed to determine which variables influence the probability of being satisfied with the oleotourism experience, with environmental conservation and travel cost being the most influential. Regarding the bivariate analysis, motivation and satisfaction with the trip are closely related, as is the personal classification of the oleotourist; the more they know about the world of olive cultivation, the more satisfied they are with their experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: Attempts to offer the users of state money its new digital form with characteristics partially similar to cash and cryptocurrencies led to the creation of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) concept. In October 2020, the European Central Bank (ECB) published a report on the conditions for building the concept of the digital euro. On January 12, 2021, the ECB completed collecting the opinions of potential users (understood as natural persons) and representatives of companies, institutions, and experts on their expectations for the future digital euro. However, the survey only asked a few questions about the preferred features of the digital euro. The questionnaire form was only available on the website of the ECB, which made the respondents a specific group as only those who were interested in visiting the website replied. Representatives of companies, institutions, and experts also provided answers from the user’s point of view. The questions did not take into account the characteristics of the respondents ensuring the representativeness of the research sample. Purpose of the article: The article aims to define the relationship between the characteristics of consumers (individual users of money as a product of the central bank) from France and Germany and their acceptance of using the digital euro. Research methods: The analysis used data from a survey conducted using the CAWI method. The study was conducted in August 2021 on a group of adult internet users representative in terms of gender, age, and place of residence, including 638 German and 646 French respondents (full responses). Main findings: The results show that in both countries the consumers most willing to accept the digital euro are men rather than women, consumers already taking advantage of the opportunities offered by mobile banking, and consumers who believe that the money entrusted to banks is not safe. However, the differences observed in the example of only these two countries support the conclusion of other researchers about the need to conduct this type of research either in the entire eurozone or in selected eurozone countries with specific payment habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the impact of family doctor contracting on the utilization of basic public health services by middle-aged and elderly people in Ningxia. Methods Based on the program from the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia, a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select health-related data from 1 997 middle-aged and elderly individuals. The Logit model and propensity score matching method were employed to explore the impact of family doctor contracting on the utilization of basic public health services in Ningxia. The individuals who sign a contract with a family doctor were grouped into the treatment group, and individuals with similar characteristics who did not sign a contract were selected as the control group. Results The results from the Logit model and propensity score matching showed that the coefficients between family doctor contracting and the establishment of health records and utilization of health education were both significantly positive (P<0.01). The corresponding marginal effects were 0.437 and 0.358, indicating that compared to middle-aged and elderly individuals without a family doctor contract, those with a contract had a significantly higher probability of 43.7% and 35.8% for the establishment of health records and utilization of health education, respectively. After controlling for factors such as age, marital status, education level, financial support from children, and the presence of chronic diseases, the average effect of family doctor contracting on the establishment of health records ranged from 0.877 to 0.878, and the average effect on the utilization of health education ranged from 0.655 to 0.656. These results indicated that family doctor contracting had a positive promoting effect on the utilization of basic public health services by middle-aged and elderly people in Ningxia. Conclusion Signing with a family doctor is beneficial for increasing the utilization of basic public health services by middle-aged and elderly people in Ningxia. Efforts should be made to enhance publicity and improve the dissemination of information to increase awareness among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Additionally, providing a variety of personalized and precise family doctor services and strengthening policy support for family doctors to provide more service resources are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, poverty alleviation is a major concern. The marginalised population generally adopts migration as a livelihood strategy to improve their socio-economic position. Scholars have primarily focused on migration decisions from rural households, a dearth of literature talks about the migration decision by poor households. This study attempts to empirically investigate the factors determining migration from rural households particularly from 'poor households' in developing countries like India. Further, we separate the long-term and short-term driving forces of migration in poor households. Through nationally representative data from the India Human Development Survey (2011) and the logit model framework, the role of household composition, resources, shocks, debts, prevailing male wage in villages etc., in migration decision-making has been examined. Our findings indicate that long-term migration is likely to trigger in the presence of debt burden, household resources, belongingness to upper caste group, and major family events or shock. The result for short-term migration indicates that deprived groups such as Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) are especially inclined towards short-term migration. Debt, major shock and dependent members also trigger short-term migration from poor households. On the other hand, as rural male wage rises the tendency to engage in short-term migration declines, reflecting the need to generate local employment opportunities. The result highlights the compulsion that poor household faces while making migration decision particularly when it is for short duration. In order to achieve poverty elimination and inclusive development goal, there is a need to integrate migration and poverty for policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Public health interventions, such as social distancing and lockdown, play an important role in containing infectious disease outbreaks, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, these interventions could cause significant financial losses because of the disruption to regular socioeconomic activities. Moreover, an individual's activity level is influenced not only by public health policies but also by one's perception of the disease burden of infection. Strategic planning is required to optimize the timing and intensity of these public health interventions by considering individual responses. Methodology/results: We use the multinomial logit choice model to characterize individual reactions to the risk of infection and public health interventions and integrate it into a repeated Stackelberg game with the susceptible-infected-recovered disease transmission dynamics. We find that the individual equilibrium activity level is higher than the socially optimal activity level because of an individual's ignorance of the negative externality imposed on others. As a result, implementing lockdown and social distancing policies at moderate disease prevalence may be equivalently critical, if not more, compared with their implementations when the disease prevalence is at its peak level. To verify these findings, we conduct numerical studies based on representative COVID-19 data in Minnesota. Managerial implications: Our results call for policymakers' attention to consider the impact of individuals' responses in the planning for different pandemic containment measures. Individuals' responses in the pandemic may significantly affect the optimal implementation of lockdown and social distancing policies. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0514. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to develop a social pricing model for the consumption of a good such drinking water in order to finally uphold the ideal of consumer equality. A deficit results from the first-tier monopoly's price; furthermore, second-class pricing may have detrimental effects on fairness. The concern for equity does, in fact, necessitate the inclusion of social value in the price model. The empirical research demonstrates that the Greater Tunis region's households face an appreciation for the physical quality of this good when consuming drinking water, Social pricing is therefore primarily based on a customer's willingness to pay (WTP) in accordance with their preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic problems in China's river–valley-type cities are prominent. In order to solve these traffic problems, this paper presents four aspects of motorists' terrain spatial perception according to the characteristics of river–valley-type cities. Based on the structural equation model (SEM), four-dimensional terrain spatial perception is reduced by second-order confirmatory factor analysis. The SEM–Logit model was constructed to analyze the influences of individual socioeconomic attributes, objective built-environment attributes, travel characteristics, and terrain spatial perception on Park and Ride (P&R) use behavior, as well as the moderating effects of terrain spatial perception. The results show that the four latent variables can explain the terrain spatial perception of motorists in river–valley-type cities well. Objective built environments and motorists' subjective terrain spatial perception have significant impacts on the use of P&R facilities in river–valley-type cities. The terrain spatial perception of motorists in a river–valley-type city moderates the impact of work–residence distance, road slope, river crossing demand, group travel, departure time, and the time saved on P&R use behavior. The research results can provide some reference for solving traffic problems in river–valley-type cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food loss and waste are global problems for food security, as one-third of all food produced globally does not reach the consumer's table. These numbers seem unreasonable when the data presented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2021 accounts for more than 800 million undernourished people and about 2.3 billion without access to adequate food throughout the year. This study examines the determinants of food waste behavior at the consumer level in China, the most populous country in the world. The survey used data from 3,857 online questionnaires of families living in selected Chinese metropolitan areas across all provinces. The research methodology used an ordered multinomial logit model to estimate the impact of the explanatory variables on the frequency and amount of household food waste. The results showed that food waste increased with income, age, and education but at a decreasing rate. Additionally, the demographic characteristics of households, food planning, and meal preparation had a statistically significant influence on food waste. The findings of this study, therefore, provide evidence that household food waste is highly dependent on people's behavior, and its reduction may depend on public policies and educational campaigns to make families aware of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax evasion, a global concern, undermines government revenue, public services, and societal trust. It occurs when taxpayers deliberately avoid their tax obligations. This study primarily explores the link between government legitimacy and tax evasion decisions in Ethiopia. Aside from bridging the knowledge gap in tax evasion, the findings are instrumental for policymakers to develop more effective approaches to tax collection and promote a culture of voluntary tax compliance in Ethiopia. Using survey data from 768 respondents across five administrative zones in Southern Ethiopia. The research examines how taxpayers’ perceptions of government legitimacy influence their attitudes toward tax evasion. Methodologically, the study employed one-way ANOVA and a logistic regression model to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal a significant negative association between government legitimacy and tax evasion. Taxpayers who view the government as legitimate are less likely to consider evasion. However, other factors also play a role. The study identifies age, perceived corruption, penalty severity, and tax system complexity as positively influencing tax evasion attitudes, while education level has a negative effect. Based on these findings, the study recommends strategies to improve government legitimacy and strengthen tax compliance. these include promoting accountable and transparent governance, enhancing public service delivery, simplifying the tax system, increasing penalties for evasion, and tackling corruption. By addressing these aspects, Ethiopia can foster trust in institutions and ultimately reduce tax evasion.

Introduction. The problem of reducing the level of informal employment has worsened in the last 3 years against the background of geopolitical crises. A number of experts call the growth of its volumes one of the most important risks for the Russian labor market. Goal. The paper examines the scale and features of informal employment in the Russian labor market and identifies the factors determining the choice of the informal employment sector. Materials and methods. The information base of the study was compiled by RLMS HSE data for the period 2011-2022. In order to exclude a possible bias in the results due to differences in the sectoral structure of employment in the formal and informal sectors, the sample was limited. The authors evaluated a panel logit model to determine the factors influencing the choice between the formal and informal sec-tors. Wage determinants in the informal sector are identified through the analysis of fixed and random effects panel data. Results and discussion. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the choice of the informal sector as the main place of work is strongly influenced by marital status, the importance of social protection measures, and career expectations. At the same time, the factors influencing the level of remuneration in the in-formal sector include the age of the employee, the amount of working time (in hours), and the availability of managerial experience. Conclusion. The problem of reducing the share of informal employment has a great importance both at the micro level and at the level of the whole country. It leads to low collection of taxes to budgets and insurance contributions to state extra-budgetary funds, and to an increase in the number of cases of violation of workers’ labor rights, especially in terms of pay and labor protection.

Abstract Background Climate change is one of humanity's biggest problems. CSA offers a once-in-a-lifetime chance to adapt to global climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. UA can improve food security by providing affordable, nutritious alternatives to commercially produced food, especially for economically disadvantaged people. This study examined the factors influencing the adoption of UA as CSA practices, as well as their effects on food security in Wolaita Sodo City, South Ethiopia. Methods Data was collected from primary and secondary sources, both qualitative and quantitative form. A structured and semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 384 randomly chosen urban households through surveys/interviews, focus group conversations, and observation. The percentage and mean differences between UA adopters and non-adopters were calculated using the chi-square test and t-test. A propensity score matching (PSM) model assessed UA's impact on food security. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors influencing adoption of UA as CSA practice in the study area. Results The descriptive analysis showed that 53.53% of respondents used UA. Statistics showed the existence of a significant mean differences between adopters and non-adopters in employment level, UA attitudes, and household size. Logit model computations showed that family size, home ownership, the household head's occupation, perceptions of UA, market demand, and access to training and support influenced UA adoption as a climate-smart farming practice. Conclusions As per the study's findings, there could be a correlation between specific factors and the adoption of UA as CSA in the studied area. The PSM study confirmed that UA deployment significantly improves food security. UA adoption increased food security by 0.685-fold. The report recommends that municipal education offices, UA offices, and cooperative offices create an integrated functional adult education programme for urbanites. Since UA is vital to fighting food insecurity, it suggests increasing support for cooperative entities.

Human capital is widely regarded as a fundamental driver of economic growth, at least in the innovative and knowledge-based economy. However, the empirical evidence linking human capital with economic outcomes has been problematic both at macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. The estimates obtained in this study, based on RLMS data, show that the conditional probability of a worsening financial situation for people with higher education increased significantly in 2020 and 2022 compared to 2019. Using logit analysis, we calculated the odds ratios for worsening finances for three groups: currently employed versus not employed, reported poor health versus good health, and with tertiary education versus no tertiary education. Individuals with poor health are 20 % more likely to experience a decline in income than those in good health, but worryingly, after 2020 those with tertiary education are also about 1.2 times more likely to experience a decline in income than those with secondary education or less. It does not cast doubt on the positive impact of human capital on the knowledge-based economy. But it raises the question to what extent the characteristics of the knowledge-based economy are maintained during crises. The other question is the extent to which tertiary education today meets the expectations of the labour market and whether the education system has the foresight to ensure a high return on investment in human capital.

Global trade and social relationships are greatly facilitated by transportation. However, the majority of nations, including Bahrain, face substantial challenges with their transportation systems. For the development of technical solutions that can promote the progress of these transport systems, it is now crucial to have a complete understanding of travel demands and driver's characteristics. This paper aims to explore the influential factors concerning travel mode choice in Bahrain and utilize mode choice models to forecast the probable utilities of various future public transport modes. The study utilizes diverse, 3864 data records extracted from previous surveys as well as a recent one conducted within this research. Subsequently, using Minitab software, two types of mode choice models were built, namely the logit model and the classification tree model, focusing on modelling the future transportation system, considering potential public transport modes (Public Bus, Metro, and Tram). The analysis of the data identified trip cost as the top predictor, moreover, direct, and quick travel, accessibility, and convenience were also found to significantly influence the choice of travel mode in Bahrain. Additionally, the findings indicate that the metro is the preferred choice for future public transport, with a strong preference observed for a combination of metro and tram. The research also suggests, in terms of model performance, that when capturing more complex patterns, as in this study, the classification tree outperforms the multinomial Logit model. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into mode choice in Bahrain and highlights the important factors influencing commuting decisions. The results of this study can support the development of an efficient public transportation system that would satisfy the needs and preferences of commuters in Bahrain and ultimately lead to a sustainable and accessible transportation infrastructure in the country.

Background: Climate change is one of humanity's biggest problems. CSA offers a once-in-a-lifetime chance to adapt to global climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. UA can improve food security by providing affordable, nutritious alternatives to commercially produced food, especially for economically disadvantaged people. This study examined the factors influencing the adoption of UA as CSA practices, as well as their effects on food security in Wolaita Sodo City, South Ethiopia. Methods: Data was collected from primary and secondary sources, both qualitative and quantitative form. A structured and semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 384 randomly chosen urban households through surveys/interviews, focus group conversations, and observation. The percentage and mean differences between UA adopters and non-adopters were calculated using the chi-square test and t-test. A propensity score matching (PSM) model assessed UA's impact on food security. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors influencing adoption of UA as CSA practice in the study area. Results: The descriptive analysis showed that 53.53% of respondents used UA. Statistics showed the existence of a significant mean differences between adopters and non-adopters in employment level, UA attitudes, and household size. Logit model computations showed that family size, home ownership, the household head's occupation, perceptions of UA, market demand, and access to training and support influenced UA adoption as a climate-smart farming practice. Conclusions: As per the study's findings, there could be a correlation between specific factors and the adoption of UA as CSA in the studied area. The PSM study confirmed that UA deployment significantly improves food security. UA adoption increased food security by 0.685-fold. The report recommends that municipal education offices, UA offices, and cooperative offices create an integrated functional adult education programme for urbanites. Since UA is vital to fighting food insecurity, it suggests increasing support for cooperative entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background-Since the 21st century, the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in China has not only intensified the differentiation of rural households, but also brought severe challenges to the implementation of the forestland contract responsibility system of rural households in collective forest areas. It is an important premise for promoting the implementation of rural households' forestland contract responsibility system to deeply understand and grasp the non-performance behaviors of forestland contract management of heterogeneous rural households. (2) Methods-The research data came from the research group' s survey in Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Yunnan provinces from July to September 2021, and a total of 400 valid questionnaires were obtained. In this paper, whether there is non-performance behaviors in rural households' forestland contract management was selected as the explained variable, the degree of rural households' differentiation was selected as the core explanatory variable, the main factors of family characteristics, household head characteristics and forest resources characteristics were selected as the control variables, the commercial capital investment in forestry production was selected as the mediating variable, and whether there is characteristic forest planting in the village was selected as the instrumental variable. First, the Logit model and the intermediary effect model were used to empirically analyze the non-performance behaviors of rural households ' forestland contract management and its influencing factors. Then, the paper compared and analyzed the different characteristics of the non-performance behaviors in forest-land contract management of rural households with high and low differentiation degrees, and the mediating effect of commercial forestry capital investment on the non-performance behaviors of ruralhouseholds ' forestland contract management. (3) Results-First, compared with pure rural households, the probability of non-performance behaviors of forestland contract management of type I part-time rural households, type H part-time rural households and off-land rural households increased by 11.4%, 17.2% and 32.1%, respectively. Second, compared with the rural households with low differentiation degree, the rural households with high differentiation degree had a more significant impact on the non-performance behaviors of rural households' forestland contract management in terms of the characteristics of the household owners and forestland resources. Third, the commercial forestry investment had a negative impact on the non-performance behaviors of rural households' forestland contract management at a significant level of 10%. (4) Conclusions and Discussions-The differentiation of rural households has a significant positive impact on the non-performance behaviors of rural households' forestland contract management. The effect of different degree of rural households differentiation on the non-performance behaviors of rural households' forestland contract management is different. The differentiation of rural households will increase the commercial capital investment in forestry industry, which will have a restraining effect on the non-performance behaviors of rural households' forestland contract management to a certain extent. Based on the above research conclusions, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, establish a constraint mechanism of rural households' forestland contract management by means of "legal constraint + contract constraint". Second, establish the incentive mechanism of different rural households' forestland contract management with economic benefits as the core driving force. Third, improve and optimize forestry financial support policies and measures, and actively guide and expand forestry capital investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperatives and worker-owned companies, as representatives of the Social Economy, prioritize people over capital. This prioritization is reflected in more equitable and inclusive workforces. Comparative analyses of these types of enterprises compared to commercial enterprises show smaller gender gaps, both in employment participation and in working conditions. The purpose of this paper is to determine the probability of access to positions of greater responsibility in these enterprises and to see whether women have a greater probability of access in these social economy enterprises than in commercial enterprises, concluding that they face fewer obstacles and that the glass ceiling is more fragile. Based on a decade-long analysis of labor trajectories and social security registration data, estimates indicate that female employees in cooperatives and worker-owned companies have a higher probability of reaching the highest contribution group than men. During the analyzed period, these companies have prioritized the integration of women into decision-making roles and have not faced a glass ceiling. This trend is particularly evident among workers aged over 30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and objectives: To express the role and importance of the environment and convert it to monetary values, these resources need to be valued using appropriate methods. Environmental attitude is a crucial factor in improving the description and prediction of economic models. The new environmental paradigm (NEP) is the most widely used measure of environmental attitude among the variables used in contingent valuation and willingness to pay. This study aims to estimate the recreational value and willingness to pay of tourists, considering the new environmental paradigm in the Helen Protected Forest, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, using the contingent valuation method. Methodology: This study examines the visitor population of the Helen Protected Forest. To estimate the sample size, a pre- questionnaire was designed and completed by the tourists to determine the variance of the trait under investigation. The number of 230 samples was determined using Cochran’s formula and the information obtained from the pre-questionnaire. The contingent valuation method was applied to assess the willingness of forest tourists to pay, using the Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice questionnaire. In this method, the estimated value is determined based on the conditions of a hypothetical market. Additionally, to investigate environmental attitude, the new environmental paradigm questionnaire was used. This questionnaire contains 15 items in the form of a Likert scale. The required statistics and information were collected through random sampling on different days of the week in different seasons of 2022 with face-to-face interviews of visitors from the mentioned area. In the contingent valuation method, the logit regression model was used to investigate the effect of explanatory variables on visitors’ willingness to pay, and the parameters of this model were estimated based on the maximum likelihood method. Furthermore, using the truncated average willingness to pay, the visitors’ willingness to pay was calculated. For data analysis and estimation of the logit regression economic model, as well as for statistical analysis, the software packages Shazam and Excel were employed. Results: The results showed that 83.04% of visitors are willing to pay for recreational use of the Helen Protected Forest. The logit model indicated that the variables of the proposed amount and the number of annual visits have negative effects, while the variable of the new environmental paradigm has a positive and significant effect on people’s willingness to pay. The willingness of men and native people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province to pay was significantly higher than that of women and non-native people. The variables of age, education, and income have positive and significant effects on people’s willingness to pay. The environmental statement (Ethics and Consequentialist) showed that the average willingness to pay of ethics people was higher than that of consequentialist people. The contingent valuation method estimated an average WTP of 199,793 IR Rials per household per visit and 519,461.8 IR Rials annually per family. The total annual recreation value for the Helen Protected Forest was estimated at 2,374,683,2564 IR Rials. Significantly, visitors’ environmental attitude emerged as a key factor influencing WTP. Analysis of the NEP scale revealed the highest average score (4.28) for the item “Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist,” suggesting that visitors recognize the intrinsic value of nature. Conclusion: The use of the new environmental paradigm, along with socio-economic variables, is one of the most important factors affecting people’s willingness to pay for recreational use of Helen Protected Forest. The high percentage of willingness to pay for using the recreation service of this forest is promising from a management perspective. These results indicate the possibility of expanding recreational services, which may consequently increase economic, social, and cultural development. Additionally, the findings from this research can help adopt a suitable pricing policy to protect the natural resources of Helen Forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Iran receives less than one-third of the global average rainfall, which is also unevenly distributed. The majority of the country's surface is arid and semi-arid, leading to a heavy reliance on water irrigation for agriculture and horticulture. This paper aims to examine the factors influencing almond and peach gardeners' willingness to pay for each cubic meter of Zaindeh-Rood water in Saman city in 2017. Materials and Methods: This research utilizes the conditional valuation approach and the logit model to investigate the economic value of agricultural water. Findings: Through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires completed by 152 gardeners selected through random sampling, it was estimated that gardeners are willing to pay 14,860 rials for each cubic meter of water. The results of the logit model indicate that factors such as education level, distance from the river, garden value, age of the garden, and type of product have a positive effect on willingness to pay. Conversely, the suggested price, gardening history, and water rights have a negative effect. The type of product has a direct relationship with willingness to pay, while distance from the river has an inverse relationship. Conclusion: It is recommended to carefully and gradually transition from almond orchards to peach orchards, with a preference for orchards located further away from the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unemployment remains a pressing issue in Nigeria, with a significant portion of its population unable to secure sustainable employment opportunities. In recent years, agricultural programmes have emerged as potential solutions to address the challenges of unemployment. This study explores the effectiveness of agricultural programmes in reducing unemployment rate in Nigeria. The agricultural sector in Nigeria holds immense potential for job creation, considering the country's vast arable land, favourable climate, and agricultural resources. However, the sector has been underutilized and faced numerous challenges, leading to high unemployment rates. Agricultural programmes have garnered attention as they aim to revitalize the sector, promote sustainable farming practices, and create employment opportunities for the burgeoning youth population. Consequently, the paper examines the impact of key agricultural programmes such as the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS), Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS), Nigerian Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural Lending (NIRSAL), and FADAMA, introduced by successive Nigerian governments at various times in reducing the unemployment rate in the country. Some of these programme though new, are just a transmutation from older ones, with the operations remaining the same. These programmes have demonstrated positive impacts in several ways according to statistics; contributing to the diversification of the economy of Nigeria and reducing the country's heavy reliance on oil revenue. The question is, how effective have these programmes been in reducing the unemployment rate? Therefore, the paper's main objective was to analyse how successful these programmes have been in checking the problem. The study uses the Logit model to investigate the effectiveness of these key Agricultural programmes in curbing the unemployment rate in the country. Data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) were used in the analysis. The results reveal that, of the four prominent programmes introduced by the government based on participants employed, the Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme (CACS) had the likelihood or greater probability at reducing the unemployment rate in the country. The study, consequently, concludes that, subsequent programmes should be designed according to the operations and modus operandi of CACS and that other programmes should either be upgraded to CACS module or be scrapped since their impact on reducing unemployment is not felt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location of schools is one of the most important factors for encouraging active school transportation. The study identifies a gap that children lose a considerable amount of time in their school trips. The reason behind this is also identified: the ignorance of the population's preferences while planning for this infrastructure. Location of schools in Kharagpur city is evaluated in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Global Moran's I test and hot spot cluster analysis provided the existing spatial distribution of schools. Desire line maps are prepared to note the distances children are traveling for schools. Parents' preference patterns are comprehended in the SERVQUAL framework. Cluster analysis is performed to identify the different categories of parents with respect to their preference patterns. These categories are profiled with their demographic characteristics using logit model. Next, multinomial logit model is used to ascertain the type of schools selected by the parents of each identified category. The framework developed to assess the expectations and perceptions of parents from schools will help the school providers understand the satisfaction level of their users. Schools of different categories will be able to customize their serviceability. If preference is included in the location planning of schools, it will encourage children for active school transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem service values are divided into three categories: direct use values, indirect use values, and non-use values. In this research, the economic value of ecosystem services in canola (Brassica napus L.) fields was investigated during 2020–2021. These fields are located in Gorgan County (Sorkhankalateh region) north of Iran. We calculated the carbon sequestration by the carbon emission tax policy as shadow value of carbon, and to estimate some ecosystem services including the oxygen supply, grain yield and soil conservation, we applied the substitute cost methods, direct market method and replacement cost, respectively. Also, the value of pollination service was estimated along with the effect of pollinators on yield production, and the value of agrotourism estimated based on contingent valuation method. In this research, the logit model was used by the maximum likelihood method to investigate the influencing factors on people's willingness to pay. The required data for each of these variables were collected through field methods, questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with 117 visitors from the mentioned region. The results showed that the average total value of ecosystem services was equal to 3,685.91$ ha−1 yr−1. In this research, the value of the provisioning service was equal to 1,720.81$ ha−1. Also, the grain yield had the highest value among ecosystem services and accounted as 46.69 percent of all the ecosystem services. While, atmospheric services (oxygen production and carbon sequestration) included 1,155.12$ (31.34%), pollination 516.24$ (14.01%) and soil conservation 292.19$ (7.93%) of the total economic value. The share of agrotourism service from the total value of services was about 1.53$ (0.04%). In general, canola fields are more important in terms of provisioning services (grain yield) than regulating services such as oxygen production, carbon sequestration, soil conservation and pollination, as well as agrotourism services. Therefore, maintaining and enhancing market and non-market services in the canola fields of the study area is crucial for both the human and economic aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Statistician / Wiadomości Statystyczne is the property of State Treasury - Statistics Poland and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to model the predictors of poverty in agricultural households in Uganda. The study's specific objectives were to examine the effect of individual predictors of poverty and analyze the contribution of community predictors of poverty in agricultural households. The study utilized data from the Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS, 2019/20) obtained from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics. A sample of 13,732 households was randomly selected from the total weighted sample representation of 11.3 million households involved in agricultural activities. A logit model was used in the analysis and estimates were provided using multilevel and interaction methods. Key findings suggest that poverty in agricultural households was positively and significantly influenced by the gender of the household head, marital status of the household head, income stability of the household, age of the household head and livestock ownership. Additionally, regional differences accounted for 17.9 % of the variations in poverty levels in Uganda and understanding such regional differences and their influence on poverty levels can assist policymakers and organizations in designing targeted interventions and policies to reduce poverty levels among households. Such measures can address the specific challenges faced by different regions and promote more equitable development across the country. However, poverty in agricultural households was negatively and significantly influenced by residence status, savings account ownership and household size. Based on the study's findings, the key policy recommendations were that; the government should continue implementing gender-focused interventions to address gender disparities among women empowerment programs that involve access to resources including land, equal access to employment opportunities and equal access to education to reduce poverty among women. Regarding income instabilities in agricultural households due to price fluctuations, the government should empower farmers to form farmer groups where they can collectively increase their bargaining power to avoid price fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural credit plays a significant role in boosting cash and food crop production for household consumption, domestic and foreign markets. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants that affect smallholder farmer's access to bank credit in Uganda. The study used data from the Uganda National Household Survey 2019/2020 (UNHS). The study utilized a logit regression model for the analysis of data. The findings from the model showed that farmer's access to bank credit in Uganda was positively and significantly influenced by sex of the household head, income level of the household head, marital status of the household head, age of the household head and ownership of a bank savings account. The study's conclusions led to the development of key policy recommendations. These include promoting a savings culture through various initiatives, providing incentives such as special savings accounts or matching deposit programs, creating customized banking products to carter to farmers needs and offering free tertiary education to graduates of Universal Primary Education, Universal Secondary Education, and Universal Post O Level Education and Training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we describe the mixrandregret command, which extends the randregret command introduced in Gutiérrez-Vargas, Meulders, and Vandebroek (2021, Stata Journal 21: 626–658) by allowing random coefficients in random regret minimization models. The newly developed mixrandregret command allows the user to specify a combination of fixed and random coefficients in the regret function of the classical random regret minimization model introduced in Chorus (2010, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 10: 181–196). In addition, the user can specify normal and lognormal distributions for the random coefficients using the appropriate command's options. The models are fit by maximum simulated likelihood estimation using numerical integration to approximate the choice probabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is evident that in developing countries, agriculture serves as a foundation for economic activities. It plays an active role in determining the wealth, social and political system of a society. Therefore, policies and programmes as well as research and development in the sector is necessary for increased productivity and marketing. This study examines the variables influencing yam farmers’ access to markets in Benue State. The level to which the produce intended for sale the previous season was actually sold was used to determine whether or not the market was accessible. Data were collected with the use of a structured questionnaire from three local governments in Sankera Zone, the dominant yam producing zone of Benue state. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed the variables that affected the likelihood that a farmer in the study area would have easy access to markets. Gender, educational attainment, prior farming experience, vehicle ownership, and market space all showed positive and had a significant impact on the likelihood that a farmer would have simple access to the market. However, the age of the household and size had a negative effect, and were statistically significant. A farmer training programme is strongly recommended to equip farmers with modern farming techniques. Additionally, the establishment of infrastructural facilities, market boards, and yam processing factories were recommended to support their endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the intricate relationship between corporate innovation and public support, underscoring innovation's vital role in driving economic growth and competitiveness. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of innovation, from product and process improvements to organizational and marketing innovations, we examine how specific business characteristics and sectoral specificities condition access to public research and development (R&D) support, both nationally and at the European level. We analyze data from five Community Innovation Survey (CIS) reports spanning from 2008 to 2018 using ordered logit models. This approach evaluates the likelihood of companies receiving recurring public support for R&D based on internal R&D investments, interinstitutional collaboration, employee qualifications, and sectoral attributes. The findings reveal that internal R&D investments and collaboration with other entities significantly increase the likelihood of a company receiving recurrent public support. Furthermore, companies in high-tech sectors are more prone to receive public assistance. However, the analysis of European support shows no widespread statistical significance of the considered variables, suggesting the influence of evolving funding policies and an imbalanced dependent variable distribution. We conclude that the ability to secure public R&D support is influenced by a mix of company-internal and -external factors, highlighting the need for comprehensive and adaptable innovation policies. This study's limitations, including potential sample non-representativeness and the dynamics of funding policies, underscore the importance of further, more encompassing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the relationship between perceived service quality and visitors' sustainable visit intentions in theme parks, specifically focusing on Guangzhou Sunac Land during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study finds that service quality is the most important factor influencing sustainable visit intentions, with the effects being influenced by the pandemic. Factors such as cleanliness, disinfection, and staff friendliness are important for attracting tourists. The study provides insights for policymakers and managers in developing theme park recovery policies in the post-pandemic era. However, the study has limitations in terms of its focus on a specific theme park and the representativeness of the survey sample. Further research is needed to explore the impact of preventive measures in a post-pandemic context. [Extracted from the article]

The significance of an inclusive financial system is widely acknowledged in the policy community, and it is now a top priority in many nations, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to analyze the elements that affect financial inclusion in rural areas and how to increase it among customers and residents of Gambella People's National Regional State in Ethiopia. The population was condensed to include only the staff of the Gambella Saving and Credit Institution in Gambella town. The study employed primary data, and STATA 13 and the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) 23 were used to analyze the data. Data were collected in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. The study discovered that characteristics that affect financial inclusion had statistically significant and positive relationships with sex, marital status, religion, degree of education, service quality, income, and trust in financial services. However, the proximity to a financial institution's branch and a resident's ID card had a detrimental impact on the characteristics that influence financial inclusion. The report also suggests managers and decision-makers at the Oromia Credit and Saving Association should take great care in how they carry out their duties and consistently seek to inspire and raise awareness among the people by emphasizing the value and benefits of being financially integrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]